Advanced Placement United States History 1.

Colonization Bad in Europe Economic difficulties Need for raw materials Religious fighting Good in Americas Settled 40,000 years ago 75 million people Cities, art, religion, culture 1492 Columbus sailed the Ocean Blue 2. Spains Empire Spain wanted: Gold major prize for gold God converting the savages Glory conquering and exploiting the natives Spain brought: The Roman Catholic religion Guns Horses Diseases Native Americans saw Europeans as fascinating gods. Columbus and the conquistadores: Tricked and cheated the Indians Drove them from their land Mistreated, exploited, and nearly exterminated them Through Europeans who came to the America depended on Indians for labor, trade, and knowledge the barbarity of the conquest of the New World brought death to thousands of Native Americans. 3. Englands Empire England based their claims to the New World on the explorations of John Cabot. Unlike Spain, these two nations were slow to follow exploration with permanent settlement. Spain was powerful, but: Spains economy unraveled The Protestant Reformation disrupted the Catholic Church Queen Elizabeth supported colonization efforts by Englishmen such as Sir Walter Raleigh on Roanoke Island. 4. Englands Colonies The dismal early experienced of the English had shown that the cost of colonization was too expensive for any individual investor. It was merchant capitalists in quest of quick profits, and not the queen and larger national interests, that was the primary organizing force behind English efforts to found colonies in North America. In 1607, the joint-stock Condon Company founded Jamestown = Englands first permanent settlement in America.

Problems: Colony located on a swamp. Settlers lacked agricultural skilledmany starved Company officers, looking for quick profits, directed settlers to dig for gold instead of plant crops. Lack of common purpose Infections and disease Indian attacks Jamestown was saved when it began to produce its own food supply and John Rolfe initiated the cultivation of tobacco for export. To attract new settlers, the company made it easier for settlers to obtain their own land (headright system). Gave them a rudimentary form of self-government in the House of Burgesses. The profitless colony lost its charter in 1624 and Virginia became a royal colony. Most settlers came for moneyPuritans came for religion. They accused the Anglican church of Arminianismpreaching a doctrine of good works instead of pre-determination. Though tried to purify the church of its pope-ish elements most Puritans remained members of the Anglican Church. More radical Puritans, called Separatists, withdrew their membership from the Anglican Church and migrated to America. These Pilgrims elected William Bradford as the governor of their Plymouth Plantation in New England. The Mayflower Compact established a society based on law chosen by its members. The Indian named Squanto helped the hard-working settlers, but Plymouth never grew rich nor well populated. Their Great Migration began in 1630, and their carefully planned colony maintained a constant influx of industrials and prosperous settlers. The colonys government was a practical democracy headed by an elected legislature the General Courtchosen by the vote of male church members, and by an elected governor, John Winthrop. English Puritans organized the Massachusetts Bay Colony to establish a religious refuge in America. Church membership was obtained through a conversion experience. Most early male settlers satisfied this standard and could vote for governor and deputies of the General Court.

5. Review Mercantilism England makes money by trading with the colonies (colonies export raw materials, imported manufactured goods) Spanish Empire Building Conquest of the natives for God, Gold, and Glory Columbian Exchange food, plants, and raw materials from America; diseases and livestock from Europe Joint-stock company goal is to make profit Tobacco Cash crop produced in southern states Indentured servants Main source labor, the settlers worked as slaves for freedom Headright system Pay or work in the fields to earn your own land.

Puritans Came in family groups. John Winthrop tries to create the city upon a hills (ideal Christian society with strict moral codes). Close associate of church and state. Mayflower Compact Early representative government Women had no separate legal identity from husband (no property) Slavery spreads due to tobacco farms Europe is economically dominant due to mercantilism and the Navigation Acts (colonies may only trade with England) Puritanism is easing New colonies with religious freedom Republicanism spread belief in self-government and widespread ownership of property Natives are decimated 6. Changing Colonies Bigger colonies Greater reliance on slaves From indentured servants to slaves Bacons Rebellions: Cause: High taxes and low tobacco prices Effect: Bacon gets into the House of Burgesses Tobacco cultivation requires cheap labor Slavery is legal in all 13 colonies by 1700 Most Africans maintain cultural practices Stono Rebellion (1739): Organized and led by slaves Defeated owners until caught by militia Negro Act forbade education of slaves, and set punishments for harsh treatment of slaves The Great Awakening (1730s): Wave of religious revivals New light ministries Emotional faith Promote higher education and religious diversity Renewed missionary spirit (converted slaves) Women enter church congregations 7. Road to Revolution French and Indian War England (colonists) defeat France (Natives) France relinquishes it North American Empire England dominates to the Mississippi Britain put new taxes on colonies Stamp Act (1765) All legal documents required an expensive royal stamp Purpose raise money for British troops in America Americans mad because they had no voice in British Parliament Effects of Stamp Act Colonists willing to use violence against England England claims legal hold over colonies

 Patriots claim British birthrights Act repealed 8. Boston Tea Party Boston Tea Party Colonists destroy English Tea in protest because of unfair taxing No taxation without representation The Coercive Acts Britains response to the Boston Tea Party Closed Boston ports until damages The Enlightenment Reason can improve the human condition Natural Rights People give government power Government exists to help the people Jefferson and Franklin 9. Independence Thomas Paine Writes strongly worded common sense calling for independence Opposed monarchy Defended democracy Deism God created the universe that is governed by natural laws Human reason can discover these laws God is hands-off Declaration of Independence Based on the philosophy of natural rights (John Locke) Appealed to the sympathies of the English Accused King George III of tyranny 10. Revolutionary War Colonists Reasons George III was a tyrant No voice in Parliament British officials were corrupting them Quartering British troops Preserve local autonomy The Battle of Saratoga (1777) Turning point of the war Huge victory for Americans Convinced the French to join fully The French Alliance Wanted to weaken the British Supported with money and troops Forced England to sign the Treaty of Paris The Treaty of Paris (1783) American Independence New American boundaries

 11. Review

No persecution of loyalists

1492 Columbus sailed the Ocean Blue Spanish conquistadores eagerly explored the New World for gold, god, and glory Spains power fades, economy unravel, and start of the Protestant Reformation. Jamestown (Chesapeake Bay) South, settled by companies, grow tobacco Massachusetts Bay (Puritans) North, strict religion Indentured Servants 7 years as slave, then you get freedom Once free, they were still poor Slavery Need for cheap labor leads to legalized slavery (Stono Rebellion) The Great Awakening emotional faith higher education Women enter church congregations Enlightenment Government serves the people French/Indian War leads to new taxes Stamp Act eventually repealed Tea Tax leads to the Boston Tea Party No taxation without representation! French are key ally Saratoga is a key victory Treaty of Paris ends the war 12. Articles of Confederation Limited government No authority to tax. No authority over the states. Northwest Ordinance (1787) Created new states (Ohio the first) Excluded slavery in Ohio region Supported public education Shays Rebellions Causes Economic frustrations of Massachusetts farmers who could not pay debts in hard currency. High taxes, deflation, foreclosures, crowding of debtors prisons. Demands End to farm foreclosure End to debt prisons Relief from high taxation Increased circulation of paper money Effects Convinces leaders that the Articles of Confederation is too weak. Shows need for stronger central government Federalists 13. Constitution

The Philadelphia Convention Alexander Hamilton, a pro-centralizing nationalist from New York, proposed a convention to address constitutional reforms. Congress endorsed this Philadelphia Convention, and all states except Rhode Island sent delegates. The convention elected George Washington as their president. The Founding Fathers were: politically experienced pragmatic optimistic about America They agreed we need a system: of federal republican government. that gets the authority from the people that remains responsible to the people How should representation of each state be decided? population How should slaves be counted? North: taxes South: votes The Great (Connecticut) Compromise creates: The House of Representatives where representation was proportional. The Senate where each state had equal representation. The Three-Fifths Compromise Three-fifths of the slaves would be counted for both purposes. The Constitution Checks and balances President = administrative, military, diplomatic, appointive, and veto powers Court system = declares law void when they conflicted with the Constitution. 14. Anti-Federalism The Federalist Papers (1787) Hamilton and Madison wrote the federalists papers to support the constitution. A large republic will protect majority rights. Anti-Federalists Opposed federalism and worried about federal tyranny Drew support from rural areas Argued that the president would have too much power Feared congressional taxes Worried the states would be overrun. Argued for individual rights 15. Hamilton Goals Promote growth Give financial interests a stake in the new country National debt = blessing Proposals Establish a national bank

 Protective tariffs Fund the national debt Tax liquor Expand domestic manufacturing Controversy with Jefferson Necessary and proper clause Implied powers: what the constitution does not forbid; it permits (Jefferson was the opposite) 16. Jefferson The Revolution of 1800 Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans win the election They end the federalist decade The party in power leaves peacefully Jeffersonian Democracy The farmers best exemplifies virtue/independence The Federalist government must not violate the rights of the states (Kentucky/Virginia Resolutions) Freedom of Speech and Press are essential (Alien and Sedition Acts are violations) The scope/power of the Federal government should be reduced. 17. Louisiana Louisiana Purchase Haitian slave revolt leads to France selling territory The purchase violated Jeffersons anti-federalism (pragmatism) USs largest acquisition of land Marshall Court Chief Justice John Marshall = federalist Opposed states rights Marbury v. Madison (1803) establishes judicial review. Court upholds supremacy of federal government 18. War of 1812 Causes British impressments of U.S. Seamen British interference with U.S. commerce British aid to Natives on the frontier Effects Contributed to the end of the federalist party. Intensified nationalism Promoted industrialization James Monroe (1817-1825) Democratic-Republicans take over Still tensions, tariffs, aid for states, slavery Monroe Doctrine Unilateral declaration of independence from European foreign policy Warned Europe about further colonization in the West Remaining Tensions North and South fighting over slavery, resources, and power

Missouri Compromise Settlers slavery debate Missouri enters the union as a slave state to preserve the balance Maine joins the union as a free state Louisiana divided

19. Jackson Jackson was a war hero from the War of 1812 Had great respect for the common man Was seen as a common man Dramatically expanded suffrage for white males Nominating conventions replace legislative caucuses Special privileges (for eastern elites) do not work for promoting/protecting the common man. Rewarding supporters and punishing opponents with appointments 20. Trails of Tears The Bank War Jackson vetoes the Second Bank of the US (BUS) because: It was a bastion of special privilege It would hurt the common man Consequences Explosion of credit State banks increase 2 party system emerges Whigs follow Clay and the American System Jacksons Forced Removal of Natives Forced the Cherokee off their land Cherokee go to the Supreme Court to challenge the removal order Worchester v. Georgia = Supreme Court upholds the right of the Cherokee to their land Jackson did not recognize the decision Trail of Tears Cherokee thrown off their land and put on reservations 1/4th of the population die on the trail Trail of Tears = route they took on the relocation 21. Tariff of 1828 Tariff of Abominations (1828) First protective tariffs in US The South hates it because it increased costs of manufactured goods and decreased cost of raw material Calhouns doctrine of nullification Declared that the tariffs unconstitutional and unenforceable in South Carolina Based on states rights arguments of the Kentucky/Virginia Resolutions Opposition to Nullification Jackson opposed 22. The South King Cotton

Cotton Gin makes cotton SUPER profitable Textile manufacturing increases demand New land expands jobs and slavery Southern Society Majority of white male were poor farmers Majority of white families owned no slaves Small, wealthy families (20 or more slaves) dominate Slave Society Social network, marriages, and kindred friends Increase birth rates = increased slave labor Free African Americans can own property Slaves create a separate culture Revolts infrequent, but slaves resist Transportation Revolution Erie Canal sparks canal building Steam boat usage increases Railroad built (30,000 miles in 30 years) East connects with west (south left out) Trade opens 23. Rights Movements Cult of domesticity Women could not vote, or serve on juries Republican Motherhoodwomen should be wives and mothers and focus on domestic/family matters Womens Movement Middle Class women fight for legal and educational rights Closely linked with anti-slavery movements Centered in the North Seneca Falls (1848) All men and women are created equal Fight for womens: Suffrage Property rights Divorce/custody rights Educational opportunity Abolition Second great awakening as people become more aware of slavery Colonization society Worked to return freed slaves to Africa William Lloyd Garrison The Liberator: Abolitionist paper Anti-Slavery Society Support of Womens rights split supporters Frederick Douglass Prominent Black Abolitionist Also fought for women and natives 24. Expansion

Utopian Communities Escape the world and build a life of: Morality Non-competiveness Cooperation Education Proliferation of newspapers Compulsory school laws Teacher-trained schools State/local taxes for schools Manifest Destiny Belief that the US would inevitably expand to the Pacific Ocean Used to gain support for expansion Expansion Texas Lone Star Republic until 1836 Not admitted to union because it was a slave state Oregon President Polk took land from the British Fifty-fifty compromise The Mexican War Polk US soldiers were killed by Mexican Soldiers who crosses the border Led by Lincoln (Whigs) US gains California and New Mexico 25. Road to War Douglas Popular Sovereignty Settlers of a given territory should decide on whether or not they allowed slavery This was cemented in the Kansas-Nebraska Act The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) Repealed Missiouri Compromise Increased tensions/debate over slavery Created the Republican party Fight over Kansas Split the Democrats Expanded slavery into the territories The Dread-Scott Case (1857) Slave sues owner for freedom after they pass into a free state Supreme court rules that slaves are not citizens and cannot sue the government The election of 1860 Lincoln (Republicans) accepted slavery where it existed, but opposed expansion Democrats split: North and South Lincoln won the electoral vote but not the popular vote South Carolina lead 7 states to succeed 26. North vs. South The North (Union) Strong industrial base Extensive railroad network Larger population

 Superior navy Abundant food Few trained officers Divided population The South (Confederacy) Defensive war front (home field) Long coastline (cant blockade) Experienced commanders Money from cotton Close economic ties with England Smaller population Less industry Emancipation Proclamation Delayed to appease slave owners in border states Strengthened Norths moral cause Rallied anti-slavery support in Europe Did not free slaves in border states (only rebel states Congress in the Civil War National Bank system (national currency) Chartered transcontinental railroad High tariffs to protect US industry 27. Reconstruction The 13th Amendment Abolished slavery and involuntary services The 14th Amendment Made former slaves citizens (negated Dread-Scott) Provided equal legal protection for all citizens Enforced laws guaranteeing civil rights to freed slaves The 15th Amendment Suffrage for black males Split womens rights groups Some supported (Douglas) some opposed (should be universal) 28. Black Codes Radical Reconstruction In the South: Race riots Confederates elected Attempts to get around the 14th amendment The Nadirextreme racism and discrimination Black Codes Programs and Policies Military occupation of the South Restrictions of Andrew Johnson Johnson impeached by congress for obstructing the reconstruction acts Achievements Improved schools

African Americans in the House and Senate Slaves to Sharecroppers Most freedmen entered into sharecropper agreements with owners Led to a cycle of debt for tenant farmers (debt peonage) Freedmen did not get 40 acres and a mule

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