CE Transistor Characteristics Experiment No: 2 Date:

Objective: Graphical measurement of h-parameters of the given transistor in CE configuration Equipment: CE Transistor Characteristics board, dual power supply, connection wires, and digital multimeters Theory: Transistor Model : A Bipolar transistor as a two port device is represented with two voltages and currents. Out of which input voltage and the output current are treated as dependent variables, with respect to the input current and the output voltage as independent variables. Thus the parameters which relate these variables do not have same units, and are called Hybrid Parameters (h-parameters). A transistor is represented with an h-parameter model defined by the two functional relationship equations. V1 = hi I1 + hr V2 ---------- (1) I2 = hf I1 + ho V2 ---------- (2) Transistor Characteristics: Transistor characteristics are the curves, which represent relationship between different DC currents and voltages of a transistor. The two types of characteristics of a transistor are: 1. Input characteristic, relating the variables of equation (1) 2. Output characteristic, relating the variables of equation (2) The transistor is biased in the active region for plotting these two sets of the curves (graphs). The individual H-parameters in given configuration can be calculated from the transistors input and output characteristic curves

Common-Emitter Configuration: In common base configuration, input characteristic curves are plotted between the input current IE versus input voltage VBE for various constant values of output voltage VCE. With the input junction forward biased, IB increases in a manner that closely resembles a forward biased diode as VBE increases; for a fixed value of VCE. The reverse bias at the output junction affects the curves due to the early effect. The output characteristic curves are plotted between the output current Ic versus output voltage VCE for various constant values of input current I B. The output characteristic has three basic regions of interest; the active region, cutoff region and saturation region. The curves plotted will show the active region of the transistor due to the biasing voltages used in this case.
Since the terminal voltages and currents are different for different transistor configurations, Hparameters are also different. For CE configuration these are defined by, Vb = hie Ib + hre Vc ---------- (a) Ic = hfe Ib + hoe Vc ---------- (b)

1/3

CE Transistor Characteristics

Circuit Diagram:

2/3

CE Transistor Characteristics
Procedure:

1. Set 5 volts and 12 volts on the dual power supply given to you.
2. Switch off the power supply 3. Carefully examine the circuit board and connect 5V and 12V DC volts with the correct polarity (indicated on the board) using the patch cords to points shown on the board. To plot the input characteristics proceed as follows: 1. Rotate both the potentiometer P1 and P2 fully in CCW (counter clockwise direction). 2. Connect the Ammeter between test point 2 and 3 to measure input current IB (in uA). 3. Short or connect a 2mm patch cord between test point 4 and 5. 4. Connect one voltmeter between test point 1 and ground to measure input voltage VBE and another between test point 6 and ground to measure output voltage VCE. 5. Switch on the power supply. 6. Vary potentiometer P2 and set a value of output voltage VCE at some constant value 7. Vary the potentiometer P1 so as to increase the value of input voltage VBE from zero to 0.8V and measure the corresponding values of input current IB for different constant value of the output voltage VCE in an observation Table 1. 8. Rotate potentiometer P1 fully in CCW direction. 9. Repeat the procedure from step 6 for different sets of output voltage V CE (1V, 5V, and 11V) 10. Plot the curves between input voltage VBE and input current IB using suitable scale with the help of observation table 1. 11. Use these curves to calculate h-parameters. To plot the output characteristics proceed as follows:

1. Switch off the power supply.

2. Rotate both the potentiometer P1 and P2 fully in CCW (counter clockwise direction). 3. Connect the voltmeter between test point 6 and ground to measure output voltage VCE. 4. Connect one Ammeter between test point 2 and 3 to measure input current IB(uA) and another Ammeter between test point 4 and 5 to measure output current IC(mA). 5. Switch on the power supply. 6. Vary potentiometer P1 and set a value of input current IB at some constant value 7. Vary the potentiometer P2 so as to increase the value of output voltage VCE from zero to maximum value in steps of 1 volt and measure the corresponding values of output current IC for a constant value of input current IB in an observation table 2. 8. Rotate potentiometer P2 fully in CCW direction. 9. Repeat the procedure from step 6 for different sets of input current IB. (10uA, 20uA,30uA) 10. Plot the curves between output voltage VCE and output current IC using suitable scale with the help of observation table 2. 11. Use these curves to calculate h-parameters as shown

3/3