paper7

IMAGE PROCESSING

T.REVANTH

N.ADITYA SRINIVASA VARMA

EC E II

ST.MARTINS ENGINEERING C OLLEGE

HYDERABAD .

IMAGE PROCESSING

T.REVANTH

AUTHORS N.ADITYA SRINIVASA VARMA

C OLLEGE NAME ST.MARTINS ENGINEERING C OLLEGE

ADDRESS
N.ADITYA SRINIVASA VARMA T.REVANTH

S/O N S RAJU , S/O T .RAMASUBBAIAH

PLOT NO 63, MIGH 65,

SRI DURGA ESTATES, FLAT NO 102,

BEHIND SUC HITRA, C HAYADEVI RESIDENC Y

MEDC HAL ROAD , MEHDIPATNAM

HYDERABAD-55. HYDERABAD-28

Ph: 9441365808 Ph:9989436493

revanth143@gmail.com
EMAIL ID
nasvarma@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
The technical developments in various fields have led to drastic changes in our lives especially in
the field of computers. In the field of IMAGE PROC ESSING, the analog methods are proving to be
expensive and also inefficient. Due to significant increase in computer speed, today these analog
techniques are increasingly being replaced by digital techniques. Our paper discusses about the
digital methods in image processing in present day applications.

Image processing is a technique to enhance raw images received from cameras/sensors placed on
satellites, space probes and aircrafts or pictures taken in normal day-to-day life in various
applications. The data from an image is digitized and various mathematical operations are applied
to the data, generally with a digital computer, in order to create an enhanced image that is more
useful or pleasing to a human observer, or to perform some of the interpretation and recognition
tasks usually performed by humans.

Various techniques have been developed in image processing during the last four to five decades.
Most of the techniques are developed for enhancing images obtained from unmanned aircrafts,
space probes and military reconnaissance flights. Image processing systems are becoming popular
due to easy availability of powerful personal computers, large size memory devices, graphic
softwares etc. Today major changes in this technology have resulted in a more economical form of
IMAGE PROC ESSING, which the present paper deals with.

Finally our paper concludes with the applications and future challenges of “IMAGE PROC ESSING”.

INTRODUCTION
Image processing is in many cases concerned with taking one array of pixels as input and
producing another array of pixels as output, which in some way represents an improvement to the
original array. Most image processing techniques involve treating the image as a two-dimensional
signal and applying standard signal processing techniques to it.

For example, this processing

• May remove noise,

• Improve the contrast of the image,

• Remove blurring caused by movement of the camera during image acquisition

• It may correct for geometrical distortions caused by the lens.

Methods of Image processing

There are two methods available in Image processing:

l Analog Image processing

l Digital Image processing.

A few decades ago, image processing was done largely in the analog domain, chiefly by optical
devices. Analog image processing refers to the alteration of image through electrical means. These
optical methods are still essential to applications such as holography because they are inherently
parallel; however, due to the significant increase in computer speed, these techniques are
increasingly being replaced by digital image processing methods.

Digital image processing techniques are generally more versatile, reliable, and accurate; they have
the additional benefit of being easier to implement than their analog counterparts. Digital computers
are used to process the image. The image will be converted to digital form using a digitizer and then
process it. Today, hardware solutions are commonly used in video processing systems. However,
commercial image processing tasks are more commonly done by software running on conventional
personal computers.

Commonly used signal processing techniques

Most of the signal processing concepts that apply to one-dimensional signals also extend to the two-
dimensional image signal. Some of these one-dimensional signal processing concepts become
significantly more complicated in two-dimensional processing. Image processing brings some new
concepts, such as connectivity and rotational invariance that are meaningful only for two-
dimensional signals.

One-dimensional techniques

l Resolution
l Dynamic range
l Bandwidth
l Filtering
l Differential operators
l Edge detection
l Domain modulation
l Noise reduction

Two-dimensional techniques

l Image representation
l Image preprocessing
l Image enhancement
l Image restoration
l Image analysis
l Image reconstruction
l Image data compression

Image Representation
An image defined in the "real world" is considered to be a function of two real variables, for
example, f (x, y) with f as he amplitude (e.g. brightness) of the image at the real coordinate
position (x, y).

The 2D continuous image f (x, y) is divided into N rows and M columns. The intersection of a row
and a column is called s pixel. The value assigned to the integer coordinates [m, n] with
{m=0,1,2,.........M-1} and {n=0,1,2,.............N-1} is f {m, n}. In fact in most cases f (x, y) -- we
might consider to be the physical signal that impinges on the face of the sensor. Typically an image
file such as BMP, JPEG, TIFF etc., has some picture and header information. A header usually
includes details like format identifier (typically first information), resolution, number of bits/pixel,
compression type etc.

Image resolution
Image resolution describes the detail an image holds. The term applies equally to digital images,
film images, and other types of images. Higher resolution means more image detail. It is illustrated
by following image.

Image resolution can be measured in various ways. Basically, resolution quantifies how close lines
can be to each other and still be visibly resolved. Resolution units can be tied to physical sizes (e.g.
lines per mm, lines per inch) or to the overall size of a picture (lines per picture height, also known
simply as lines, or TV lines). Furthermore, line pairs are often used instead of lines. A line pair is a
pair of adjacent dark and light lines, while lines count both dark lines and light lines. A resolution of
10 lines per mm means 5 dark lines alternating with 5 light lines, or 5 line pairs per mm.
Photographic lens and film resolution are most often quoted in line pairs per mm.

Since digital images are matrices or girds of numbers, it isn't surprising that one can perform
mathematical operations on them. For instance, to add to images of the same size and shape
together, one simply sums up the values for each pixel, pixel by pixel, and places the result in a
new image.

A diagram showing how two images can be added to each other, pixel-by-pixel.

Similarly, one can subtract, divide, multiply, average, and perform many other operations on
images - even more exotic operations like square roots or powers or trigonometric functions like
sine and cosine - by doing the operation pixel by pixel. Of course, we can also add or multiply an
image by some number by adding or multiplying that number to or into each pixel in the image.

Image Preprocessing
Scaling

Scaling is defined as the increase or reduction of image size by a fixed ratio. The theme of the
technique of magnification is to have a closer view by magnifying or zooming the interested part in
the imagery. By reduction, we can bring the unmanageable size of data to a manageable limit.

I. Magnification
This is usually done to improve the scale of display for visual interpretation or sometimes to match
the scale of one image to other. To magnify an image by a factor 2, each pixel of the original image
is replaced by block of 2 x 2 pixels, all with the same brightness value as the original pixel.

II. Reduction

Image reduction increases the incidence of high frequencies and causes several pixels to collapse
into one. To reduce a digital image of the original data, every m th row, m th column of the original
imagery is selected and displayed. Another way of accomplishing the same is by taking the average
in ‘m x m' block and displaying this average after proper rounding of the resultant value.

2-dimensional image scaling

In the above signal, the image is magnified vertically and reduced horizontally.

Rotation

Image rotation is performed by computing the inverse transformation for every destination pixel.
Rotation is used in image mosaic, image registration etc. One of the techniques of rotation is 3-pass
shear rotation, where rotation matrix can be decomposed into three separable matrices.

Image rotation

Mosaic

Mosaic is a process of combining two or more images to form a single large image without
radiometric imbalance. Mosaic is required to get the synoptic view of the entire area, otherwise
capture as small images.

Image mosaicking

Image enhancement

Image enhancement is the improvement of digital image quality, without knowledge about the
source of degradation. In Image enhancement, the goal is to accentuate certain image features for
subsequent analysis or for image display. If the source of degradation is known, one calls the
process image restoration. Both are iconical processes, viz. input and output are images.

It is quite easy, for example, to make an image lighter or darker, or to increase or decrease
contrast, pseudo colouring, noise filtering, sharpening and magnifying. Advanced image
enhancement software also supports many filters for altering images in various ways. Programs
specialized for image enhancements are sometimes called image editors.

The aim of image enhancement is to improve the interpretability or perception of information in

images for human viewers, or to provide `better' input for other automated image processing
techniques. It is illustrated as follows:

Image enhancement

An image is enhanced when it is modified so that the information it contains is more clearly evident,
but enhancement can also include making the image more visually appealing. An example is noise
smoothing.

Another example of enhancement is contrast manipulation, where each pixel's value in the new
image depends solely on that pixel's value in the old image; in other words, this is a point
operation. C ontrast manipulation is commonly performed by adjusting the brightness and contrast

Image noise reduction

Images taken with both digital cameras and conventional film cameras will pick up noise from a
variety of sources. Many further uses of these images require that the noise will be (partially)
removed - for aesthetic purposes as in artistic work or marketing, or for practical purposes such as
computer vision

Noise filtering is used to filter the unnecessary information from an image. It is also used to remove
various types of noises from the images.

Noise reduction

Image restoration

Images typically suffer from a range of imperfections including geometric distortion, non-uniform
contrast, and noise. Image restoration removes or minimizes some known degradations in an
image. It can be seen as a special kind of image enhancement. Image restoration is to
"compensate for" or "undo" defects, which degrade an image. Degradation comes in many forms
such as motion blur, noise, and camera misfocus. In cases like motion blur, it is possible to come up
with an very good estimate of the actual blurring function and "undo" the blur to restore the original
image. In cases where the image is corrupted by noise, the best we may hope to do is to
compensate for the degradation it caused.

The most common degradations have their origin in imperfections of the sensors, or in
transmission.

Image restoration

The aim of restoration is also to improve the image, but unlike enhancement, knowledge of how the
image was formed is used in an attempt to retrieve the ideal (uncorrupted) image. Any image-
forming system is not perfect, and will introduce artifacts (for example, blurring, aberrations) into
the final image that would not be present in an ideal image.

Image Analysis

Image analysis is concerned with making quantitative measurements from an image to produce a
description of it. In the simplest form, this ask could be reading a label on a grocery item, sorting
different pars on an assembly line, or measuring he size ad orientation of blood cells in medical
image. More advanced image analysis systems measure quantitative information and use it to make
a sophisticated decision, such as controlling the arm of a robot to move an object after identifying i
or navigating an aircraft with he aid of images acquired along its trajectory.

Image Reconstruction

Image reconstruction is a special class of image restoration, where a two- dimensional object is
reconstructed from several One-dimensional projections. Each projection is obtained by projecting a
parallel X-ray (or other penetrating radiation) beam through the object. Planar projections are thus
obtained by viewing the object from many different angles. Reconstruction algorithms derive an
image of a thin axial slice of the object, giving an inside view otherwise unobtainable without
performing extensive surgery. Such techniques are important in medical imaging (ct scanners)
astronomy, radar imaging, geological exploration, and non-destructive testing of assemblies.

Image Compression

Image C ompression (often known as Image C oding) is the art / science of representing images with
the least information (no. of bits) consistent with achieving an acceptable image quality /
usefulness.

C ompression is a way of representing an image by fewer numbers, at the same time minimizing the
degradation of the information contained in the image. C ompression is important because of the
large quantities of digital imagery that are sent electronically and stored. Digital high-definition
television relies heavily on image compression to enable transmission and display of large-format
color images. Once the image is compressed for storage or transmission, it must be uncompressed
for use, by the inverse of the compression operations. There is a trade-off between the amount of
compression and the quality of the uncompressed image. High compression rates are acceptable
with television images, for example. However, where high image quality must be preserved (as in
diagnostic medical images), only compression rates as low as three to four may be acceptable.

Image compression can be lossy or lossless. Lossless compression is sometimes preferred for
artificial images such as technical drawings, icons or comics. This is because lossy compression
methods, especially when used at low bit rates, introduce compression artifacts. Lossless
compression methods may also be preferred for high value content, such as medical imagery or
image scans made for archival purposes. Lossy methods are especially suitable for natural images
such as photos in applications where minor (sometimes imperceptible) loss of fidelity is acceptable
to achieve a substantial reduction in bit rate.

Image compression

The best image quality at a given bit-rate (or compression rate) is the main goal of image
compression.

Applications

l Photography and printing

l Satellite image processing
l Medical image processing
l Face detection, feature detection, face identification
l Microscope image processing
l C ar barrier detection
l Morphological image processing

Face detection

Face detection is a computer technology that determines the locations and sizes of human faces in
arbitrary (digital) images. It detects facial features and ignores anything else, such as buildings,
trees and bodies.

Microscope image processing

Microscope image processing is a broad term that covers the use of digital image processing
techniques to process, analyze and present images obtained from a microscope.

Medical imaging

Medical imaging designates the ensemble of techniques and processes used to create images of the
human body for clinical purposes or medical science.

Morphing

Morphing is a special effect in motion pictures and animations that changes (or morphs) one image
into another through a seamless transition. Most often it is used to depict one person turning into
another through some magical or technological means.

Morphing

Research

Image processing is an active area of research in such diverse fields as medicine, astronomy,
microscopy, seismology, defense, industrial quality control, and the publication and entertainment
industries. The concept of an image has expanded to include three-dimensional data sets (volume
images), and even four-dimensional volume-time data sets. An example of the latter is a volume
image of a beating heart, obtainable with x-ray computed tomography (C T), ultrasound, confocal
microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and other modalities have
been developed to provide digitized images directly. Digital images are widely available from the
Internet, C D-ROMs, and inexpensive charge-coupled-device (C C D) cameras, scanners, and frame
grabbers. Software for manipulating images is also widely available.

Conclusion

We all know that new technologies, at first perceived as unwelcome, subjected to some
modifications, usually lead to better, more productive situations for everyone. In the case of image
processing, the potential benefits are many: refined images can be obtained, faster report
turnaround, easing of growing workload, etc... By embracing the new image processing
technologies and further refinements in image processing techniques, users are likely to find it more
beneficial, not less, in future, while more refinements in image processing techniques will be
appreciated at a reduced cost. Overall, Image processing is a good option that deserves a careful
look.

Result

In recent years there were many improvements in the areas of image processing, more specifically,
the areas of block artefact and mosquito noise reduction... Other typical areas of image processing
improvements include adaptive contrast enhancement, sharpness and texture enhancement, and
selective colour correction. The latest advancements also resulted in the compression rates, which
turned up to squeeze as much video content as possible in to available distribution channels and
onto media.

Advanced compression techniques are replacing previous-generation technology, offering

enhancements such as better streaming capability, higher compression for a given quality and lower
latency. As a result of all these techniques image processing is including motion compensated
processing in itself. As it is incorporating new levels of processing (based on motion compensation)
we will be able to see a wide variety of offerings and various levels of quality and capabilities.

References

Digital image processing -A. Gonzalvez (II -edition)

www.wikipedia.com

www.cnx.org

www.seminar4u.com

www.howstuffworks.com

Electronics Today (magazine)

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