Ub|ect Uriented Concepts and Principals

Ub|ect oriented paradigm

1he followlng flgure shows Lhe ob[ecL orlenLed process model lL ls slmllar Lo Lhe convenLlonal
sofLware englneerlng model buL lL ls ln conLexL of ob[ecL orlenLed concepLs


1he CC process moves Lhrough an evoluLlonary splral LhaL sLarLs wlLh cusLomer
communlcaLlon 1he problem domaln ls dened and LhaL baslc problem classes are
ldenLled lannlng and rlsk analysls esLabllsh a foundaLlon for Lhe CC pro[ecL plan 1he
Lechnlcal work assoclaLed wlLh CC sofLware englneerlng follows Lhe lLeraLlve paLh shown ln
Lhe shaded box CC sofLware englneerlng emphaslzes reuse 1herefore classes are looked
up" ln a llbrary (of exlsLlng CC classes) before Lhey are bullL When a class cannoL be found
ln Lhe llbrary Lhe sofLware englneer applles ob[ecLorlenLed analysls (CCA) ob[ecLorlenLed
deslgn (CCu) ob[ecLorlenLed programmlng (CC) and ob[ecLorlenLed LesLlng (CC1) Lo
creaLe Lhe class and Lhe ob[ecLs derlved from Lhe class 1he new class ls Lhen puL lnLo Lhe
llbrary so LhaL lL may be reused ln Lhe fuLure

Ub|ect oriented concepts
ln Lhls we have Lo be famlllar wlLh Lhe followlng concepLs
1 lass
2 Cb[ecLs
3 ALLrlbuLes
4 MeLhods servlces operaLlons
3 Messages
6 lnherlLance olymorphlsm LncapsulaLlon

dentifying tbe elements in of an ob|ect model
1he elemenLs of Lhe ob[ecL model are classes and ob[ecLs aLLrlbuLes operaLlons and
messages 1he problem ls Lo ldenLlfy Lhese elemenLs acLual problem
. dentifying classes and ob|ects:
We can begln Lo ldenLlfy ob[ecLs by examlnlng Lhe problem sLaLemenL or by
performlng a grammaLlcal parse on Lhe processlng narraLlve for Lhe sysLem Lo be
bullL Cb[ecLs are deLermlned by underllnlng each noun or noun clause and enLerlng
lL ln a slmple Lable Synonyms should be noLed lf Lhe ob[ecL ls requlred Lo lmplemenL
a soluLlon Lhen lL ls parL of Lhe soluLlon space oLherwlse lf an ob[ecL ls necessary
only Lo descrlbe a soluLlon lL ls parL of Lhe problem space

As shown ln flgure ob[ecL can be
- xterno/ entities (eg oLher sysLems devlces people)
LhaL produce or consume lnformaLlon Lo be used by a
compuLerbased sysLem
- @inqs (eg reporLs dlsplays leLLers slgnals) LhaL are
parL of Lhe lnformaLlon domaln for Lhe problem
- nnrrennes or events (eg a properLy Lransfer or Lhe
compleLlon of a serles of roboL movemenLs) LhaL occur
wlLhln Lhe conLexL of sysLem operaLlon
- /es (eg manager englneer salesperson) played by
people who lnLeracL wlLh Lhe sysLem
- rqonitotino/ nits (eg dlvlslon group Leam) LhaL
are relevanL Lo an appllcaLlon
- 9/ones (eg manufacLurlng oor or loadlng dock) LhaL
esLabllsh Lhe conLexL of Lhe problem and Lhe overall
funcLlon of Lhe sysLem
- trntres (eg sensors fourwheeled vehlcles or
compuLers) LhaL dene a class of ob[ecLs or ln Lhe
exLreme relaLed classes of ob[ecLs

onslder Lhe sofe bome secotlty system example

$,10420 soflvaio onalIos lho honoovnoi lo configuio lho socuiily syslon vhon il is
inslaIIod, nonilois aII sonsois connoclod lo lho socuiily syslon, and inloiacls vilh lho
honoovnoi lhiough a koypad and funclion koys conlainod in lho $,10420 conlioI panoI
Duiing inslaIIalion, lho $,10420 conlioI panoI is usod lo "piogian" and conhguio lho
syslon. Lach sonsoi is assignod a nunloi and lypo, a nasloi passvoid is piogiannod foi
aining and disaining lho syslon, and loIophono nunloi(s) aio inpul foi diaIing vhon a
sonsoi ovonl occuis.
Whon a sonsoi ovonl is sonsod ly lho soflvaio, il iings an audilIo aIain allachod lo lho
syslon. Afloi a doIay lino lhal is spocihod ly lho honoovnoi duiing syslon conhguialion
aclivilios, lho soflvaio diaIs a loIophono nunloi of a noniloiing soivico, piovidos
infoinalion aloul lho Iocalion, iopoiling and lho naluio of lho ovonl lhal has loon doloclod.
Thonunloi viII lo iodiaIod ovoiy 2O soconds unliI loIophono connoclion is ollainod.
AII inloiaclion vilh $,10420is nanagod ly a usoi-inloiaclion sulsyslon lhal ioads
inpul piovidod lhiough lho koypad and funclion koys, dispIays pionpling nossagos on lho
LCD dispIay, dispIays syslon slalus infoinalion on lho LCD dispIay. Koyloaid inloiaclion
lakos lho foIIoving foin . . .


LxLracLlng Lhe nouns we can propose a number of poLenLlal ob[ecLs


1hese poLenLlal ob[ecLs may or may noL be lnclude ln analysls lollowlng selecLlon crlLerla
can be used for lncluslon/excluslon of poLenLlal ob[ecL ln analysls model
keta|ned |nformat|on 1he poLenLlal ob[ecL wlll be useful durlng analysls only lf
lnformaLlon abouL lL musL be remembered so LhaL Lhe sysLem can funcLlon
2 Needed serv|ces 1he poLenLlal ob[ecL musL have a seL of ldenLlable operaLlons
LhaL can change Lhe value of lLs aLLrlbuLes ln some way
3 Mu|t|p|e attr|butes uurlng requlremenL analysls Lhe focus should be on ma[or
lnformaLlon an ob[ecL wlLh a slngle aLLrlbuLe may ln facL be useful durlng deslgn
buL ls probably beLLer represenLed as an aLLrlbuLe of anoLher ob[ecL durlng Lhe
analysls acLlvlLy
4 Common attr|butes A seL of aLLrlbuLes can be dened for Lhe poLenLlal ob[ecL and
Lhese aLLrlbuLes apply Lo all occurrences of Lhe ob[ecL
S Common operat|ons A seL of operaLlons can be dened for Lhe poLenLlal ob[ecL
and Lhese operaLlons apply Lo all occurrences of Lhe ob[ecL
6 Lssent|a| requ|rements LxLernal enLlLles LhaL appear ln Lhe problem space and
produce or consume lnformaLlon essenLlal Lo Lhe operaLlon of any soluLlon for Lhe
sysLem wlll almosL always be dened as ob[ecLs ln Lhe requlremenLs model

1o be consldered a leglLlmaLe ob[ecL for lncluslon ln Lhe requlremenLs model a poLenLlal
ob[ecL should saLlsfy all (or almosL all) of Lhese characLerlsLlcs 1he llsL of poLenLlal sofebome
ob[ecLs are


. Specifying Attributes
ALLrlbuLes descrlbe an ob[ecL LhaL has been selecLed for lncluslon ln Lhe analysls model
ln essence lL ls Lhe aLLrlbuLes LhaL dene Lhe ob[ecLLhaL clarlfy whaL ls meanL by Lhe
ob[ecL ln Lhe conLexL of Lhe problem space lor example lf we were Lo bulld a sysLem
LhaL Lracks baseball sLaLlsLlcs for professlonal baseball players Lhe aLLrlbuLes of Lhe
ob[ecL player would be qulLe dlfferenL Lhan Lhe aLLrlbuLes of Lhe same ob[ecL when lL ls
used ln Lhe conLexL of Lhe professlonal baseball penslon sysLem ln Lhe former
aLLrlbuLes such as name poslLlon baLLlng average eldlng percenLage years played
and games played mlghL be relevanL lor Lhe laLLer some of Lhese aLLrlbuLes would be
meanlngfulbuL oLhers would be replaced (or augmenLed) by aLLrlbuLes llke average
salary
credlL
Loward
full vesLlng penslon plan opLlons chosen malllng address
and Lhe llke
1o develop a meanlngful seL of aLLrlbuLes for an ob[ecL Lhe analysL can agaln sLudy
Lhe processlng narraLlve (or sLaLemenL of scope) for Lhe problem and selecL Lhose
Lhlngs LhaL reasonably belong Lo Lhe ob[ecL ln addlLlon Lhe followlng quesLlon
should be answered for each ob[ecL WhaL daLa lLems (composlLe and/or elemenLary)
fully dene Lhls ob[ecL ln Lhe conLexL of Lhe problem aL hand?
1o lllusLraLe we conslder Lhe sysLem ob[ecL dened for SafePome We noLed earller
ln Lhe book LhaL Lhe homeowner can congure Lhe securlLy sysLem Lo reecL sensor
lnformaLlon alarm response lnformaLlon acLlvaLlon/deacLlvaLlon lnformaLlon
ldenLlcaLlon
lnformaLlon and so forLh uslng Lhe conLenL descrlpLlon noLaLlon dened
for
Lhe daLa dlcLlonary and presenLed ln hapLer 12 we can represenL Lhese composlLe
daLa lLems ln Lhe followlng manner