S6 Electronics and Communication Digital Communication

Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita School of Engineering

Amritapuri Campus
Question Bank Chapter 6

Part A

1. Differentiate between linear and non-linear modulation and between coherent and non-coherent
modulation schemes.
2. How is the power spectrum of a modulated signal found?
3. What is bandwidth efficiency of a modulation scheme?
4. (a) What is binary phase shift keying?
(b) What are the orthonormal functions in BPSK?
(c) Find the vectors corresponding to the two signals of BPSK and plot its signal space diagram.
(d) What is the dimension of the signal space?
(e) For a BPSK signal transmitted through an AWGN channel find the average probability of
error at the receiver.
(f) Draw the block diagram of a BPSK transmitter and receiver and explain the modulation and
demodulation process.
(g) Draw the modulated signal for the binary sequence 11010010, where bit duration is 3 s and
1

1 s where fc is the carrier frequency.
fc
5. Give the power spectrum of BPSK signal.
6. (a) What is quadrature phase shift keying?
(b) Give the orthonormal functions for QPSK.
(c) Find the vectors corresponding to the four signals of QPSK and plot its signal constellation.
(d) What is the signal space dimension of QPSK?

(e) If the symbol duration is T and carrier frequency fc is such that fc

1
plot the signals
T
representing the symbols 00, 01, 10, and 11.
(f) Derive the error probability for QPSK over an AWGN channel.
(g) Draw and explain the QPSK transmitter and receiver block diagrams.
7. Give the power spectrum of QPSK signal.
8. What is the disadvantage of QPSK?
9. What is offset QPSK and why is it better than QPSK? Give the signal constellation of QPSK and
OQPSK showing the possible phase transitions.
10. What is π  4 QPSK? How is it better than QPSK? Show the signal constellation of π  4 QPSK with
the possible phase transitions marked on it.
11. How is π  4 QPSK generated?

M.R. Renu Page 1 of 3

S6 Electronics and Communication Digital Communication

12. How is π  4 QPSK demodulated?

13. Draw and explain the block diagram of π  4 QPSK demodulator.
14. How is an M-ary PSK signal represented? Using the union bound on the probability of error derive
the probability of error for M-ary PSK.
15. What is the signal space dimension of M-ary PSK?
16. Give the power spectra of an M-ary PSK modulated signal.
17. What is the bandwidth efficiency of M-ary PSK?
18. How does quadrature amplitude modulation differ from carrier-less amplitude/phase modulation?
19. Write the expression for an M-ary QAM signal.
20. How is the signal constellation for M-ary QAM signal obtained when there is an even number of
bits per symbol i.e. when M
22k ?
21. How is the signal constellation M-ary QAM signal generated when the number of bits in a symbol
is an odd number?
22. Assuming an arbitrary pulse shape g t
, the QAM signal can be represented as,

sk t

ak g t  kT
cos 2π fc t
 bk g t  kT
sin 2π fct
 0  t  T ; k
0 1 2   

It is assumed that the carrier frequency has an arbitrary value w.r.t the symbol rate 1  T . For an
infinite succession of symbols, M-ary QAM signal can be represented as,
∞
s t



∑ ak g t  kT
cos 2π fc t
 bk g t  kT
sin 2π fct

k ∞

Modify s t
so as to remove the time variations of the passband functions g t  kT
cos 2π fct
and
g t  kT
sin 2π fct
(the resultant is the CAP signal).
23. What are the properties of the passband in-phase and quadrature pulses? Prove each of the proper-
ties.
24. Give the block diagram of the CAP transmitter and receiver.
25. (a) What is binary frequency shift keying?
(b) What are the orthonormal functions in BFSK?
(c) Find the vectors corresponding to the two signals of BFSK and plot its signal space diagram.
(d) What is the dimension of the signal space?
(e) For a BFSK signal transmitted through an AWGN channel find the average probability of
error at the receiver.
(f) Draw the block diagram of a BFSK transmitter and receiver and explain the modulation and
demodulation process.
26. Derive the expression for power spectrum of a BFSK signal.
27. What is the dimension of the signal space for a M-ary FSK signal?

M.R. Renu Page 2 of 3

S6 Electronics and Communication Digital Communication

28. What is minimum shift keying? Write the expression for an MSK signal.
29. What is deviation ratio in MSK?
30. What is phase trellis?
31. Using phase trellis, show the path followed by the phase of the carrier if the binary sequence to be
transmitted is 111001000101.
32. Derive the orthonormal signals for MSK, and the vectors representing the two signals (for 1 and 0).
Hence plot the signal constellation for MSK.
33. For the input binary sequence 11010110, plot s1 φ t
and s2 φ2 t
for MSK scheme. (notations used
are same as that in the text book)
34. Derive the error probability of MSK scheme.
35. Draw and explain the block diagram of MSK transmitter and receiver.
36. Derive the expression for power spectra of MSK signal.
37. What is GMSK? What is its advantage over MSK? Give the pulse shape of a GMSK signal.
38. Using the union bound on probability of error find the probability of error for an M-ary FSK signal.
39. What is the bandwidth efficiency of M-ary FSK signal?
40. Show that the receiver that minimizes the probability of error in non-coherent receiver is the opti-
mum quadratic receiver.
41. Give the quadrature receiver structure and two equivalent forms of it.
42. Derive an expression for the probability of error for a non-coherent orthogonal modulation system.
43. What is differential phase shift keying?
44. How is a DPSK signal modulated and demodulated?
45. Draw the block diagrams of DPSK modulator and demodulator.
46. Compare the digital modulation schemes based on the bit error rate and bandwidth efficiency.
(section 6.10 of the text book)

...............................

M.R. Renu Page 3 of 3