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Random Sample notes from the 2-day LTE seminar by: Dr Ernest SIMO VZLEARN NUMBER: S2K-4400 Please contact your coordinator to setup a class
UNDERSTANDING LTE: A GUIDED TOUR OF THE AIR-INTERFACE

OFDM; SC-FDMA; MIMO; Resource Blocks; Channels; VoIP, Throughputs and Performance
BACKGROUND The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is a collaboration agreement that was founded in December 1998. Its a co-operation between ETSI (European Telecommunications Standard Institute), various International Standards Organizations and hundreds of companies from around the world who participate as Individual Members. A key goal of 3GPP has been to produce global 3G and 4G standards.
Figure 1-1: Evolution of 3GPP standards LTE OBJECTIVES AND CHARATERISTICS The LTE specification provides a framework for increased capacity, improved spectrum efficiency, improved coverage, reduced cost per bit for the operator, and reduced latency compared with previous wireless implementations. In order to achieve these goals, an evolution of the radio interface, the radio network architecture as well as the required Core Network must be implemented and optimized. Some of the Air Interface attributes include:
LTE: A Guided Tour by Dr Ernest Simo | SPACE-2000 seminars Contact: Kathy.simo@comcast.net
Random Sample notes from the 2-day LTE seminar by: Dr Ernest SIMO VZLEARN NUMBER: S2K-4400 Please contact your coordinator to setup a class Immunity to Inter-Symbol Interference (Multipath effect in the Time Domain): Multipath signals are virtually inevitable in land-mobile systems. Echoes are produced by delayed copies of the original signal. Therefore, delayed copies of an original OFDM symbol (1) can overlap with the beginning of the following symbol (2), causing InterSymbol Interference (ISI) as shown in Figure 1-4. To avoid this effect, a suitable guard band must be inserted between adjacent symbols. During the guard interval, corresponding to the Inter-Symbol interference periods, the receiver generally ignores the received signal.
Figure 1-4 Inter-symbol Interference Mitigation In OFDM, dividing the incoming bit stream over N subcarriers increases the symbol duration by a factor of N. The symbol period is made greater than the delay spread of the channel. This way the effect of ISI is restricted to one- symbol duration only, and only the first few samples of each period are distorted. Furthermore, to avoid such distortion, OFDM uses a cyclic prefix CP (or guard interval) before each OFDM symbol. Thus, all distortion due to ISI occurs in this CP, which would then be discarded at the receiver. The length of CP must be carefully chosen, as a very short CP does not totally remove ISI distortion while a very long CP decreases the throughput of the system. In OFDM the last CP samples in each OFDM symbol are copied and added to the beginning of symbol as shown in Figure 1-5.
LTE ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES In order to deliver on its promise of high data rate; improved spectrum efficiency; improved service Quality and enhanced coverage, LTE utilizes innovative concepts and technologies: LTE is based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) schemes in the Forward direction or Downlink. The Reverse Link uses SC-FDMA (Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) methods. Transmission with multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) antennas is supported for greater throughput, as well as enhanced capacity or range. Adaptive modulation schemes range from QPSK to 64-level QAM. Hybrid-ARQ and Scheduling strategies further enhance the overall system throughput. These enabling technologies help to significantly increase the bit per Hertz spectrum efficiency ratio in LTE systems. This section summarizes the attributes of key enablers in LTE systems.
Figure 1-6: LTE Enabling Technologies

CHANNEL CONDITIONS REPORTING AND LINK ADAPTATION In order to adapt to fast changing radio conditions, the Network needs to know the exact signal strength received by the terminal. The best way to find out this information is to receive frequent reports from the receiving Terminal itself. The AT converts the received signal strength to the appropriate data rate it can suitably decode and then sends a request for the estimated data rate to the Access Network.
Figure 1-8 Adaptive Rate Control example In summary, OFDM techniques can yield large gains in performance where the channel varies significantly over the system bandwidth. Therefore, frequency domain adaptation becomes increasingly important as system bandwidth increases. Information about downlink channel quality is obtained through feedback from terminals. The Node B allocates the downlink timefrequency resource (to a given user) and dynamically selects an appropriate data rate by varying the output power level, the channel-coding rate, and the modulation scheme.
MULTIPLE-INPUT MULTIPLE-OUTPUT (MIMO) ANTENNA SYSTEMS Multiple Input- Multiple Output (MIMO): MIMO is a multiple antenna technique where spatial multiplexing is used to increase data rates over the air interface, in proportion to the number of antennas used. In MIMO, multiple transmitting antennas carry parallel bit streams thus creating multiple virtual paths or data-lanes over the air interface. The receiver uses multiple antennas to extract each "data-lane" by cancelling the interference from other antennas as illustrated by Figure 1-10. This strategy is critical for the delivery of very high data throughputs in LTE systems. A MIMO arrangement is usually expressed as N x M (N by M). Where: N is the number of transmitting antenna ports while M represents the number of receiving antenna ports. Current state of the art has demonstrated satisfactory implementations of 2x2 and 4x2 MIMO systems for LTE applications.
Figure 1-10: General principles of MIMO

PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (OFDM) Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a modulation technique that is highly resistant to frequency-selective fading. It is based on multicarrier transmission, where the total data stream is split into several low-bit-rate streams transmitted on separate subcarriers. Multiple access schemes for the LTE physical layer are based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) in the downlink (DL). OFDM is similar to FDM but much more spectrally efficient by spacing the sub-channels much closer together (until they are actually overlapping). This is done by finding frequencies that are orthogonal, which means that they are mathematically perpendicular, allowing the spectrum of each sub-carrier to overlap other sub-carriers without interference as shown in Figure 1-12.
Figure 1-12: Orthogonal Frequencies Illustration

CHAPTER 3: THE LTE DOWNLINK

INTRODUCTION This section provides an introduction and general description of the LTE physical downlink. An overview of LTE downlink structure and numerology is also provided, followed by a discussion on the various downlink signals and channels; and their respective functions and characteristics. Specifically, three downlink signals are presented: The Reference Signal (RS); the Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS); and the Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS). Likewise, the following downlink channels are described and presented: The Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH); the Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH); the Physical Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel; the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) and the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH). DOWNLINK SIGNALS Physical Signals are assigned Resource Elements with known sequences, used to convey information that is used exclusively within the PHY layer. Downlink Reference Signals used in LTE are: The Reference Signal (RS): The downlink RS contains known Reference Symbols. The RS is used for Downlink channel quality measurement; channel estimation for coherent demodulation and detection at the UE; cell search and neighbor cell monitoring. Reference signals are sent during the first and fifth OFDM symbols of each slot when the short CP is used: These correspond to Resource Elements for OFDM symbols (0 and 4) and sub-carrier frequencies (3, 6, 9, and 12 in each Resource Block) of each slot.
Figure 3-1: Downlink Reference signals for two-transmit antennas scenario

Random Sample notes from the 2-day LTE seminar by: Dr Ernest SIMO VZLEARN NUMBER: S2K-4400 Please contact your coordinator to setup a class The Primary Synchronization Channel (P-SCH): The Primary synchronization signal is used for cell search and identification by the UE. Specifically, the P-SCH uses non-coherent detection of the Primary Sync Channel symbols to estimate the 5msec timing of the frame and part of the physical-layer identity: The UE determines 5 ms synchronization timing for the strongest received P-Synchronization signals from neighboring sectors. The P-SCH also identifies, using correlation, part of the cell ID (one of three ZC sequences) within a cell ID group. Note that the full cell-ID is a combination of (one of three covering the P-SCH) orthogonal sequences and (one of 168) PN sequences covering the S-SCH). The P-SCH is transmitted on symbol 6 (The last symbol) of slots 0 and 10 of each radio frame as shown in Figure 3-2:
Figure 3-2: Primary-Sync Channel and Secondary-Sync Channel structure The P-SCH of a given sector occupies 72 sub-carriers centered around the DC subcarrier and contains part of the cell ID (one of three orthogonal sequences). The sequence is selected from a set of three different sequences, of Length 63 symbols, called Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequences.
Random Sample notes from the 2-day LTE seminar by: Dr Ernest SIMO VZLEARN NUMBER: S2K-4400 Please contact your coordinator to setup a class The Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH): The PBCH carries cell-wide broadcast message to all UEs: It carries the Master Information Block (MIB) with basic physical layer information, e.g. system bandwidth, number of transmit antennas, PHICH configuration and system frame number. As shown in Figure 3-5, the PBCH is transmitted in symbols 0, 1, 2 and 3 of the Time-Slot immediately following the Primary Sync Channel symbol: The PBCH is mapped to 4 OFDM symbols within the desired sub-frame Unlike the Primary and Secondary Sync Channels with the transmission time interval of 5 ms, the PBCH has 40 ms transmission time interval. Like the Primary and Secondary Sync Channels, the PBCH is transmitted on 72 subcarriers centered around the DC sub-carrier. The control channels in general are contained within the central 1.08 MHz of the signal so that the system operation can be independent of the channel bandwidth. The length 72 for the P-SCH and S-SCH gives high correlation when an allocation of 6 RB (72 subcarriers) is used, however the length 62 for the PBCH means that it can be detected using an FFT of length 64, which helps minimize the complexity for the User Equipment.
Figure 3-5: The Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) structure

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Random Sample notes from the 2-day LTE seminar by: Dr Ernest SIMO VZLEARN NUMBER: S2K-4400 Please contact your coordinator to setup a class The Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH): The PDSCH is utilized to support actual users high speed data. It therefore is designed for very high data rates. Therefore, Modulation options include QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM. A two-user PDSCH scenario is illustrated in Figure 3-8. Spatial multiplexing is also used in the PDSCH. In fact, spatial multiplexing is exclusive to the PDSCH.
Figure 3-8: PDSCH 2-users Illustration
LTE: A Guided Tour by Dr Ernest Simo | SPACE-2000 seminars
Contact: Kathy.simo@comcast.net
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CHAPTER 4: LTE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

ILLUSTRATED OFDM TRANSMISSION PROCESS: 1- The starting point is some data to be transmitted. Lets consider a data source with its generated data sequence d(t). In this illustrative example, we assume d(t) = 11 11 1-1 -1-1 11 11 11 1-1 11 1-1 1-1 1-1 1-1 11 1-1 1-1 2- Next, a suitable modulation scheme is chosen to form the modulation symbols. In LTE, QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM are adaptively used in the downlink. In this example, we will choose QPSK modulation and 4 sub-carriers for simplicity. With these assumptions, the following 4 modulation symbols are produced during one OFDM symbol period: 11; 11; 1-1; and -1-1 as illustrated in Figure 3-9.
Figure 3-9: OFDM symbol generation: Modulation and S/P processes 3- Modulation Symbols are generated at the rate of RM symbols per second. RM is N times faster than the symbol rate per sub-carrier (Rs) where N is the number of sub-carriers modulated by the symbols. In this example, we assume N=4 subcarriers (F1; F2; F3; and F4), therefore, RM is four times faster than Rs. At this stage, the input to the sub-carrier mapping-block is a stream of modulated symbols. Note: In the full lecture, each element of the Downlink and Uplink Block Diagram is described and illustrated in a similar manner as in Figure 3-9 above.
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UNDERSTANDING LTE :
A GUIDED TOUR OF THE PHYSICAL LAYER A comprehensive 2-day LTE course for Engineers; Switch Techs and Cell Techs by Dr Ernest Simo
COURSE DESCRIPTION: This 2-day course presents, in a step-by-step, easy-to-understand manner, the foundations of the Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. The focus is placed on the implementation and operational considerations of the Physical Layer. The course begins with an introduction to the key enabling technologies (OFDM; OFDMA; SC-FDMA and MIMO). Then, a comprehensive explanation of the Technology drivers followed by a clear description of the Air-Interface and Mobility Management issues. Original analogies are used to convey technical concepts in an easy-to-understand and enjoyable manner. COURSE OBJECTIVES: Upon completion of this course, participants will have a comprehensive and clear understanding of the LTE advantages over previous technologies; Key enabling technologies; OFDM; OFMA; SCFDMA; MIMO; the Time-Frequency Resource grid; Resource Blocks allocation and utilization; the overall structure of the Physical layer and its critical implementation considerations. WHO SHOULD ATTEND: This course is designed for Engineers; Cell-Techs; Switch-Tech and Mangers who require an in-depth look and understanding of LTE and its Physical Layer capabilities. COURSE OUTLINE: Module 1: LTE-Enabling Technologies Wireless basics: Evolution trends from 2G to 4G OFDM; SC-FDMA; MIMO; H-AEQ; AMC; Multi-carrier resource scheduling Module 2: LTE Overview Protocol architecture Network architecture Frame structure Resource grid Basic numerology Module 3: LTE Downlink Physical Channels Downlink Reference Signals (DRS); Primary and Secondary Sync Channels Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) Module 4: LTE Uplink Physical Channels Uplink Reference Signals (URS) Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) Module 5: LTE Multiplexing and Coding Channel coding, multiplexing, and interleaving Module 6: LTE Physical Layer Procedures Cell search; Time synchronization; Random access; Power control; Handoff Module 7: LTE MAC & Higher layers MAC, RLC, & RRC features Module 8: Summary and Conclusion LTE: A Guided Tour by Dr Ernest Simo | SPACE-2000 seminars Contact: Kathy.simo@comcast.net

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UNDERSTANDING LTE: A GUIDED TOUR OF THE AIR-INTERFACE

Figure 1-6: LTE Enabling Technologies

Figure 1-10: General principles of MIMO

Figure 1-12: Orthogonal Frequencies Illustration

CHAPTER 3: THE LTE DOWNLINK

Figure 3-1: Downlink Reference signals for two-transmit antennas scenario

Figure 3-5: The Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) structure

Figure 3-8: PDSCH 2-users Illustration

LTE: A Guided Tour by Dr Ernest Simo | SPACE-2000 seminars

CHAPTER 4: LTE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

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