WINDOW NT

WHAT IS WINDOW NT? EXPLAIN THE FEATURE I OF WINDOW NT?

Windows NT is a Microsoft Windows personal computer operating system designed for users and businesses needing advanced capability. NT's technology is the base for the Microsoft successor operating system, Windows 2000. Windows NT (which may originally have stood for "New Technology," although Microsoft doesn't say) is actually two products: Microsoft NT Workstation and Microsoft NT Server. The Workstation is designed for users, especially business users, who need faster performance and a system a little more fail-safe than Windows 95 and Windows 98. The Server is designed for business machines that need to provide services for network-attached computers. The Server is required, together with an Internet server such as Microsoft's Internet Information Server (IIS), for a Windows system that plans to serve Web pages

FEATURE OF WINDOW NT
A main design goal of NT was hardware and software portability. Various versions of NT family operating systems have been released for a variety of processor architectures, initially Intel IA-32, MIPS R3000/R4000, and Alpha, with PowerPC, Itanium, and AMD64 supported in later releases. The idea was to have a common code base with a custom Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) for each platform. However, support for MIPS, Alpha, and PowerPC was later dropped after NT 4.0. Broad software compatibility was achieved with support for several API "personalities", including Win32, POSIX,[5] and OS/2[6] APIs - the latter two were phased out starting with Windows XP.[7] Partial MS-DOS compatibility was achieved via an integrated DOS Virtual Machine - although this feature is being phased out in

the x86-64 architecture.[8] NT supported per-object (file, function, and role) access control lists allowing a rich set of security permissions to be applied to systems and services. NT supported Windows network protocols, inheriting the previous OS/2 LAN Manager networking, as well as TCP/IP networking (for which Microsoft would implement a TCP/IP stack derived at first from STREAMS, then later rewritten in-house.[9])

Windows NT 3.1 was the first version of Windows to utilize 32-bit "flat" virtual memory addressing on 32-bit processors. Its companion product, Windows 3.1, used segmented addressing and switches from 16-bit to 32-bit addressing in pages.

Windows NT 3.1 featured a core kernel providing a system API, running in supervisor mode, and a set of user-space environments with their own APIs which included the new Win32 environment, an OS/2 1.3 text-mode environment and a POSIX environment. The full preemptive multitasking kernel could interrupt running tasks to schedule other tasks, without relying on user programs to voluntarily give up control of the CPU, as in Windows 3.1 Windows applications (although MS-DOS applications were preemptively multitasked in Windows starting with Windows 1.0).

Notably, in Windows NT 3.x, several I/O driver subsystems, such as video and printing, were user-mode subsystems. In Windows NT 4, the video, server, and printer spooler subsystems were integrated into the kernel. Windows NT's first GUI was strongly influenced by (and programmatically compatible with) that from Windows 3.1; Windows NT 4's interface was redesigned to match that of the brand new Windows 95, moving from the Program Manager to the Start Menu/Taskbar design.

WRITE DOWN THE STEPS TO CREATE NEW USER AND RENAME THE USER ACCOUNT
THE ADMINISTRATOR IS AUTHRISED IS CREATE A USER ACCOUNT AFTER ENTERING THE ADMINISTRATOR PASSWORD YOU CAN LOG IN AND PROCEED FOR CRETING THE USER ACCOUNT, THE FOLLOWING STEPS TO CREATE A USER ACCOUN CLICK ON START CLICK ON PROGRAM CLICK ON ADMINISTRATIVE TOOLS CLICK ON USER MANAGER FOR DOMAIN CLICK ON THE USER MENU CLICK ON NEW USER TYPE IN USERTHEN UNCHECKED THE USER MUST CHANGE PASSWORD AT NEXT LOG ON CHECK BOX CLICK ON ADD BUTTON

RENAME THE USER ACCOUNT

IN WINDOW NT WE CAN CHANGE THE NAME OF A USER AT ANY TIME BUT ALL OTHER PROPERTIES REMAIN THE SAME. STEPS TO RENAME THE USER ACCOUNT CLICK ON START CLICK ON PROGRAM CLICK ON ADMINISTRATIVE TOOLS CLICK ON USER MANAGER FOR DOMAIN CLICK THE USER WHICH YOU WANT TO RENAME CLICK THE USER MENU

IT WILL PROMPT TYPE THE NEW NAME AND CLICK OK.

EXPLAIN THE WINDOW NT FILE SYSTEM JianJing Cao (#98284) Contents Introduction FAT File System HPFS File System NTFS File System Compare FAT File System with NTFS File System

FAT File System

Origin of FAT file system A disk formatted with FAT is allocated in clusters (size are determined by the size of the volume ) FAT is handled slightly differently under NT. 1. The generated 8.3 filename is stored along with the long filename 2. FAT partitions can be converted to NTFS (Con.) Any FAT partitions that use DOS-based disk compression (such as Stacker or DriveSpace) will not have readable files when running Windows NT The FAT file system is also prone to fragmentation

HPFS File System

Origin of HPFS file system HPFS was introduced in 1990 as part of OS/2 Version 1.2 Characters of HPFS 1. HPFS allowed for greater capacity of hard drives 2. HPFS also implements physical separation between files giving each file room for expansion, which would then result in less chance of fragmentation 3. HPFS also introduced long filenames of up to 255 characters, along with other attributes

NTFS File System

Origin of NTFS File System With the introduction of Windows NT in 1992, Microsoft took the advanced capabilities of HPFS and went many steps further The Goals of NTFS Reliability, which is especially desirable for high end systems and file servers A platform for added functionality Support POSIX requirements Removal of the limitations of the FAT and HPFS file systems Reliability Recoverability 1. NTFS is a recoverable file system because it keeps track of transactions against the file system. 2. Under NTFS, a log of transactions against these components is maintained so that CHKDSK need only roll back transactions to the last commit point in order to recover consistency within the file system. Removal of fatal single sector failures 1. Not using special objects on the disk and tracking and protecting all objects that are on the disk Reliability(Cont.) 2. Under NTFS, multiple copies (the number depends on the volume size) of the Master File Table are kept. Hot fixing Similar to OS/2 versions of HPFS, NTFS supports hot fixing. Added Functionality NTFS provides a rich and flexible platform for other file systems to be able to use NTFS fully supports the Windows NT security model and supports multiple data streams. No longer is a data file a single stream of data. Under NTFS, a user can add his or her own user-defined attributes to a file. POSIX Support NTFS is the most POSIX.1 compliant of the supported file systems because it supports the following POSIX.1 requirements:

1. Case Sensitive Naming 2. Additional Time Stamp 3. Hard Links Removing Limitations NTFS has greatly increased the size of files and volumes, so that they can now be up to 16 exabytes NTFS has also returned to the FAT concept of clusters in order to avoid HPFS problem of a fixed sector size. In NTFS all filenames are Unicode based, and 8.3 filenames are kept along with long filenames Advantages of NTFS Large disks and large files: NTFS is best for use on volumes of about 400 MB or more Recoverability: The recoverability designed into NTFS is such that a user should never have to run any sort of disk repair utility on an NTFS partition. Security: NTFS uses the Windows NT object model to enforce security. An open file is implemented as a file object with a security descriptor that defines its security attributes. General indexing facility: NTFS associates a collection of attributes with each file. The set of file descriptions in the file management system is organized as a relational database, so that files can be indexed by any attribute.

MSEXCEL

CREATE A WORKSHEET OF STUDENT HAVING FOLLOW SHUTS

A mark sheet is create in ms word is very for the user. When we make the mark sheet of the students in ms word we almost used the table for to create to mark sheet we used different - different step to create the mark sheet these are as follow. o Open the ms word and select a new sheet for creating the mark sheet o And then click on the insert menu o In the insert menu chose table option o And then u chose the draw table option because with the help of this we can make the mark sheet easily o And then u create the table with carefully o And fill the detail of students marks

AVERAGE
The average function is used to calculate the average of the numbers passed as arguments. The syntax is =AVERAGE (number1, number2 )

Steps for calculating average are:1 Type the formula in a given cell . 2 Type =AVERAGE (A13, A14,.A18) 3 Press the enter key. 4 The result will be obtained in the given cell.

MAX AND MIN FUNCTION

The maximum function returns the largest value among the values passed as arguments. The syntax is =MAX (number1, number2..) The minimum function is used to return the smallest value among the values passed as argument. The syntax is =MIN (number1, number2..) Various Steps or calculating max value are:1 select the data from which maximum number is to be obtained. 2 In an empty cell type the formula for calculating the maximum value. 3 Type =max (A13, A14.A18) 4 The result will be obtained in the cell. Various Steps or calculating min value are:1 select the data from which minimum number is to be obtained. 2 In an empty cell type the formula for calculating the minimum value. 3 Type =min (A13, A14.A18) 4 The result will be obtained in the cell.

Calculate the percentage of student in work sheet.

Percentage The percentage is used to calculate the percentage of the numbers passed as arguments. The syntax is =value*100/totalnumber For example =188*100/300

Steps for calculating average are:1 Type the formula in a given cell . 2 Type value*100/totalnumber 3 Press the enter key. 4 The result will be obtained in the given cell.

From the total column of worksheet marks display whether student is passed or fail using if condition.
If condition The if condition is used to calculate the result of students who are pass or who are. The syntax is =if(logical_test,[value_if_true] ,[value_if_false]) For example =IF(G2>33%,"pass","fail")

Steps for calculating average are:1 Type the formula in a given cell .

2 Type = if(logical_test,[value_if_true] ,[value_if_false]) 3 Press the enter key. 4 The result will be obtained in the given cell.

Sort the information of student in worksheet student information according their names
Excel's sort feature is a quick and easy way to sort data in a spread sheet. The options for sorting your data include:

Sort in ascending order - A to Z alphabetically or smallest to largest for number data.

Sort in descending order - Z to A alphabetically or largest to smallest for number data.

This tip involves using icons located on theStandard toolbar, which is normally located at the top of the Excel 2003 screen. If it is not present, this article, Finding Excel Toolbars can help you locate it.the following steps are to use the sorting function nms excel . 1. Create a worksheet in ms excel 2. After to create the whole sheet, select the whole sheet by pressing ctrl +A 3. Then click on home in ms excel 2007 4. There is a option sort &filter click on it and after to click on it a box will be opened 5. Then click on sort A to Z it is the option of descending order 6. After that all name are automatically change in descending order

CHART

Charts are an excellent tool to present data in a worksheet in a visually appealing format which aids in analyzing and comparing data. The following steps are followed in creating a chart in excel:1 Highlight all the cells that will be included in the chart including headers. 2 Choose chart option from the insert menu. 3 Choose the type of chart you want to insert. 4 Click next. 5 The next step display the address of the cell range selected for preparing the chart. 6 Type year in (x) axis for the title. 7 Type range in (y) axis for title. 8 Choose the data labels tab. 9 Click next. 10 Click finish chart will appear on the screen.

What is a protection cell

It is important to protect rows and columns title and constant value to prevent them from we accidentally choice they cells of work sheet can be automatically protected when user using the protection facility to protect certain cell the following procedure to open formal cell dialogue box select the cells command from the format menu to apply protection to they uses work sheet first select one or more cells designated for they entry of valuable information such as number date and text now select they uses commands from format next a formal dialogues box carries some option enable they protection option or page by checking it now they are check box displayed one is locked and another is hidden Password- this is an another method of protecting work sheet open they work sheet to which uses work to protect now select save as command from they file menu as save as dialogues box will be display in this check option by in this click option button in this dialogue box first text box is used to define their password 4231invalid for opening the worksheet file and second password a for protecting a modified of file user can apply any of this password and then click ok button

MS-WORD

COMPONENTS OF MS-OFFICE AND DISCUSS VARIOUS FEATURE OF MS WORD

COMPONENTS Produce better and more customizable documents at lower cost. True single-source. Edit once; update everywhere. Apply Live Linx Component Publisher to produce more accurate documentation, and more customizable documents in significantly less time. Update and manage documents faster, easier, more reliably and at lower cost. Create content for reuse in different documents without formatting worries. Component Publisher formats each information component to the template of the host document. Component Publisher stores content chunks as information components, allowing re-purposing components in multiple documents. When editing is required, just update once. The changes apply globally to all documents that use the component. Component Publisher delivers the most flexible way to author content while keeping your authors and content in Microsoft Word. Reuse content across many documents and page designs. Make global changes with just one edit. Component Publisher meets real-life challenges. Variable information in Component Publisher. Component Publisher works with your Microsoft Word templates, requires no special tools or training, is easyto-use, and requires no IT support. Write an information component once in Microsoft Word and use the component in many documents. QA and engineering staff save time, by reviewing each component only once instead of many times in many documents. A component can also include variables that update according to the host document. For example, product names, captions and numbering automatically adapt to the host documents. Measure Your Information Component Quotient

Do multiple technical or sales documents in your organization repeat information? Do you need an easy way to manage or leverage standard information? When standard information items change, do you need to update many documents? Do you need a solution without waiting for corporate IT support and approval of mega budgets? Do you need an easy way to reuse, manage, and update information repeated in many documents? If you answered Yes to the above questions, then Component Publisher is your solution. Expandability When you need to support staff working from multiple locations, Component Publisher easily scales to the Live Linx ConteX server for a full-service web content management and publishing system. Use Component Publisher in tandem with Live Linx Qualidocs for QA on Microsoft Word documents.

FEATURES OF MS-WORD
Most Word Processor available today allows more than just creating and editing documents. They have wide range of other tools and functions, which are used in formatting the documents. The following are the main features of a Word Processor Text is typing into the computer, which allows alterations to be made easily. Words and sentences can be inserted, amended or deleted. Paragraphs or text can be copied /moved throughout the document. Margins and page length can be adjusted as desired. Spelling can be checked and modified through the spell check facility. Multiple document/files can be merged. Multiple copies of letters can be generated with different addresses through the mail-merge facility.

Ms-Word not only supports word processing features but also have some special features. Some of the important features of Ms-Word are listed below: Using word you can create the document and edit them later, as and when required, by adding more text, modifying the existing text, deleting/moving some part of it. Changing the size of the margins can reformat complete document or part of text. Font size and type of fonts can also be changed. Page numbers and Header and Footer can be included. Spelling can be checked and correction can be made automatically in the entire document. Word count and other statistics can be generated. Text can be formatted in columnar style as we see in the newspaper. Text boxes can be made. Tables can be made and included in the text. Word also allows the user to mix the graphical pictures with the text. Graphical pictures can either be created in word itself or can be imported from outside like from Clip Art Gallery. Word also provides the mail-merge facility. It also provides online help of any option.

Draw a neat and clean ms-word window screen drawings through labelling its parts
Word has a built-in spell checker, thesaurus, dictionary, Office Assistant and utilities for transferring, copy, pasting and editing text, such as PureText. Normal.dot Normal.dot is the master template from which all Word documents are created. It is one of the most important files in Microsoft Word. It determines the margin defaults as well as the layout of the text and font defaults. Although normal.dot is already set with certain defaults, the user can change normal.dot to new defaults. This will change other documents that were created using the template and saved with the option to automatically update the formatting styles. WordArt WordArt enables drawing text in a Microsoft Word document such as a title, watermark, or other text, with graphical effects such as skewing, shadowing, rotating, stretching in a variety of shapes and colors and even including three-dimensional effects. Macros .Word's macro security setting, which regulates when macros may execute, can be adjusted by the user, but in the most recent versions of Word, is set to HIGH by default, generally reducing the risk from macro-based viruses, which have become uncommon. Layout issues As of Word 2007 for Windows (and Word 2004 for Macintosh), the program has been unable to handle ligatures defined in TrueType fonts: those ligature glyphs with Unicode codepoints may be inserted manually, but are not recognized by Word for what they are, breaking spellchecking, while custom ligatures present in the font are not accessible at all. Other layout deficiencies of Word include the inability to set crop marks or thin spaces. Various third-party workaround utilities have been developed. Similarly, combining diacritics are handled poorly: Word 2003 has "improved support", but

many diacritics are still misplaced, even if a precomposed glyph is present in the font. Word 2010 (Word 14) is the first version of MS Word that will have support for OpenType ligatures

STANDARD TOOLBAR
The standard toolbar provides a quick shortcut to many frequently used functions. We can customize the buttons that appear on the standard toolbar using the customize toolbar menu item (under the Tools menu). The Standard Toolbar gives the user access to file operations, printing, movement of data blocks, the undo system, and to some of the powerful tools like the function creator and the graphing system. New File: Create a new file. Open: Open an existing file. Save: Save the current worksheet to disk. Print: Print the current worksheet or workbook to a file or a printer. Print Preview: Display a print preview of the current worksheet. Cut: Cut selection and place it on the Clipboard Copy: Copy the cells in the current selection to the clipboard buffer. Paste: Paste the contents of the clipboard buffer into the active cell. Undo: Undoes the last operation undertaken. Redo: This is the reverse of the undo operation, restoring its original state. Zoom: The zoom button allows us to trade-off the extent of the worksheet which is visible against the size of the visible text and cells.

Formatting TOOLBAR
The Formatting toolbar provides many of the most common options for formatting selected text, such as font, font size, font weight, alignment, and color. The Font and Font Size boxes show the font and size of the current text including values that are set by a cascading style sheet (CSS). Style box : Shows the HTML formatting style that is used by the current selection and enables you to set the style. Bold button: To make the text appear to be bold (e.g. Ball appears as Ball). Italic button: To make the text appear to be Italic (e.g. Ball appears as Ball). Increase Font Size button: Increase the current font size by one increment, according to the increments listed in the Font Size box in the Formatting toolbar, up to maximum size. Decrease Font Size button: Decrease the current font size by one increment, according to the increments listed in the Font Size box in the Formatting toolbar, down to a minimum size. Increase Indent Position button: Increase the indent before the current paragraph. Decrease Indent Position button: Decrease the indent before the current paragraph.

Enlist different types of file type while saving option save as.
Save as option Save as a different format
1. Click the Microsoft Office Button

, and then click Save As. , click Save

IMPORTANT If you don't see the Microsoft Office Button As on the File menu.

Keyboard shortcut To open the Save As dialog box, press ALT, F, A.

2. In the File name box, enter a new name for the file. 3. In the Save as type list, click the file format that you want to save the

file in. For example, click Rich Text Format (.rtf), Web Page (.htm or .html), or Comma Delimited (.csv).
4. Click Save.

To learn more about saving your files as a PDF, see Save as PDF; to learn about saving your files as XPS, see Save a file in XPS format. Save auto recover
1. Click the Microsoft Office Button

, and then click Word

Options.
2. Click Save. 3. Select the Save AutoRecover information every check box.

4. In the minutes box, type or select a number to determine how

often you want to save files.

STEPS OF MAIL MERGE Mail merge

Firstly, we select Mailing option from Standard Toolbar. Then well check Start Mail merge> Step by step mail wizard>letters>Starting Document. Then check use current document.

 Then select receipts from Step 2 of 6. Then select type a new list from radio buttons followed by create. Then select customise columns. Then add, delete or rename the headings as per your requirements. Fill the desired information and address of customers to whom we want to deliver letter.

 If we further want to add some more entries then well select edit recipient list from earlier saved list. We can also sort; find the recipients from this only.

Select write your letter from step 3 of 6, then select Address block.AddressBlock

Write steps to design commercial add for a newspaper

AIRTLE In airtle all the roaming incoming and out going is 60 paise\ min For airtle calls only . for more detail you log on www.airtle.in or sms roaming 121 Steps of create the advertisement First you open Microsoft word And then going to format and click theme And choice any one of them

When theme is display on your screen then going to insert and click on the picture When picture bar is open then click on word art and choice any word style of them And then you write a words of any size and click ok And also you can draw any shapes with they help of auto shapes And then your advertisement created

Create a table of student record in ms word and table using different formatting scheme
Create a record of students A mark sheet is create in ms word is very for the user. When we make the mark sheet of the students in ms word we almost used the table for to create to mark sheet we used different - different step to create the mark sheet these are follow. Open the ms word and select a new sheet for creating the mark sheet And then click on the insert menu In the insert menu chose table option And then u chose the draw table option because with the help of this

we can make the mark sheet easily And then u create the table with carefully And fill the detail of students marks

Usage of formatting toolbar

Select the style to apply to table Changes the size of selected text and numbers Makes selected text and numbers italic Aligns to the left with a ragged right margin Aligns to the right with a ragged left margin Makes a numbered list or reverts back to normal Makes selected text and numbers bold Underlines selected text and numbers Centers the selected text Aligns the selected text to both the left and right margins Decreases the indent to the previous tab stop Formats the selected text with the color you click Write the steps to create a new style in ms word Create a new style in ms - word
1. From the main menu, Format > Styles and

Formatting. 2. In the panel, find the style you want to Modify. (Note: If you don't see the style listed, under Show, choose All Styles. If you still don't see your style listed, under Show, click Custom, tick your style and click OK. Then, choose All Styles.)
3. Right-click on the style name and choose Modify.

You're now at the Modify Style dialog.

Automatically update

If Automatically Update is ticked, un-tick it. There is not enough aspirin on the planet to cure all the headaches this causes when it is ticked!

The style to use for the following paragraph.

(For example, perhaps you frequently type a paragraph using the Title style, and you follow it with a paragraph in style Subtitle. You can modify the style Title to be followed by style Subtitle.)

If you tick Add to template, your change will

be saved in the template on which this document is based.

In the Modify Style dialog, click Format. Choose

one of the characteristics of the style to modify: Font, Paragraph etc.

Make your changes and click OK, OK and

either Apply or Close.

Write the steps to insert a document. Write a various steps to copy and move it different location using all different within the working area of document.
Steps of insert a document, follow these steps if you are using a version of Word prior to Word 2007: 1. first you open the ms word.
2. Then you write the some information.

3. When you wriye the document then you give the tittle of document for take some steps Position the insertion point where you want the title to appear. Choose Field from the Insert menu. Word displays the Field dialog box. In the Categories list, choose Document Information. Word updates the choices in the Field Names list (right side of the dialog box). In the Field Names list choose Title. Click on OK to close the dialog box and insert your field.

Copy and paste or move on Microsoft Word You have written your document but decide you want to move some of the text around. Or you want to move one paragraph above another. How do you achieve this. By using the cut,copy and paste options on your computer. This copy the text out of the document. 1. Shade the area you want to copy 2. Using the mouse.... Go to the copy icon on the Toolbar. 3. Press the icon. The text disappears, but is not lost. It is stored on the computer memory. 2a. Holding down the CTRL button and pressing the letter c also achieves the above 4. Move the cursor to the place you want to put the text. Press the cursor on the left to lock position. 5. Press Paste, on the toolbar. 5a. Holding down the CTRL button and pressing the letter v also achieves the above