CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1:: Introducing Computer Systems

Chapter Contents

2
2

Lesson 1A:
Exploring Computers and Their Uses Overview: Computers in Our World The Computer Defined Computers for Individual Users Desktop Computers Workstations Notebook Computers Tablet PCs Handheld PCs Smart Phones Computers for Organizations Network Servers Mainframe Computers Minicomputers Supercomputers Computers in Society Productivity Tip: Choosing the Right Tool for the Job Why Are Computers So Important? Home Education Small Business Industry Government Health Care Norton Notebook: The Merging of Media and Meaning Lesson 1A Review 3 3 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 10 10 11 12 12 14 15 15 16 17 18 18 20

Data Users The Information Processing Cycle Essential Computer Hardware Processing Devices Memory Devices
Random Access Memory Read-Only Memory

25 26 26 27 28 29
29 29

Input and Output Devices Storage Devices

Magnetic Storage Optical Storage

30 31
31 32

Software Brings the Machine to Life System Software Application Software Computer Data At Issue: Computerized Disease Management Computer Users The Users Role Userless Computers Computers In Your Career: Using Computers Outside of the IT Industry Lesson 1B Review Chapter Skills Review Chapter Labs Discussion Questions Research and Report Ethical Issues

32 33 33 34 36 38 38 39 40 42 46 46 47 47 47

CHAPTER 2:: Interacting with Your Computer

Chapter Contents

48
48

Lesson 1B:
Looking Inside the Computer System Overview: Dissecting the Ultimate Machine The Parts of a Computer System Hardware Software 24 24 25 25 25

Lesson 2A:
Using the Keyboard and Mouse Overview: The Keyboard and Mouse The Keyboard The Standard Keyboard Layout
The Alphanumeric Keys The Modifier Keys

49 49 50 50
50 50

xi

The Numeric Keypad The Function Keys The Cursor-Movement Keys Special-Purpose Keys

51 51 52 52

Chapter Labs Discussion Questions Research and Report Ethical Issues

84 85 85 85

How the Computer Accepts Input from the Keyboard The Mouse Using the Mouse Mouse Button Configurations Variants of the Mouse Trackballs Trackpads Pointers in the Keyboard Productivity Tip: Saving Time With Keyboard Shortcuts Ergonomics and Input Devices Repetitive Stress Injuries Avoiding Keyboard-Related Injuries At Issue: Computer VotingIs It a Good Thing? Lesson 2A Review

53 54 56 58 58 58 59 59 60 60 61 62 62 65

CHAPTER 3:: Seeing, Hearing, and Printing Data

Chapter Contents

86
86

Lesson 3A:
Video and Sound Overview: Reaching Our Senses with Sight and Sound Monitors CRT Monitors Flat-Panel Monitors Other Types of Monitors Comparing Monitors
Size Resolution Refresh Rate Dot Pitch

87 87 88 89 90 92 93
94 94 95 96

Lesson 2B:
Inputting Data in Other Ways Overview: Options for Every Need and Preference Devices for the Hand Pens Touch Screens Game Controllers Optical Input Devices Bar Code Readers Image Scanners and Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Norton Notebook: Speech Recognition Audiovisual Input Devices Microphones Other Types of Audio Input Video Input Digital Cameras Computers In Your Career: Hardware Technician Lesson 2B Review Chapter Skills Review
xii Contents

68 68 69 69 70 70 71 71 72 74 74 74 76 77 77 78 80 84

Video Cards Ergonomics and Monitors Eyestrain Norton Notebook: Flat Video Is Anything But Electromagnetic Fields Data Projectors Sound Systems Sound Cards Headphones and Headsets At Issue: Call of the Wild: Bioaccoustic Research Lesson 3A Review

96 97 97 98 98 100 100 100 102 102 104

Lesson 3B:
Printing Overview: Putting Digital Content in Your Hands Commonly Used Printers Dot Matrix Printers Ink Jet Printers Laser Printers All-in-One Peripherals 107 107 108 108 110 111 112

Comparing Printers High-Quality Printers Photo Printers Productivity Tip: The Care and Feeding of Printers Thermal-Wax Printers Dye-Sublimation Printers Plotters Computers In Your Career: Computer Training Specialist Lesson 3B Review Chapter Skills Review Chapter Labs Discussion Questions Research and Report Ethical Issues

112 113 113 114 114 115 116 116 118 122 122 123 123 123

The Computers Internal Clock The Bus

The Data Bus The Address Bus Bus Standards

136 136
136 137 137

Cache Memory Productivity Tip: Do You Need More RAM? Lesson 4A Review

138 140 142

Lesson 4B:
Modern CPUs Overview: The Race for the Desktop A Look inside the Processor Microcomputer Processors Intel Processors Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Processors Freescale Processors IBM Processors Comparing Processors Norton Notebook: What Is a Computer Chip? RISC Processors Parallel Processing Extending the Processors Power to Other Devices Standard Computer Ports Serial and Parallel Ports Specialized Expansion Ports
SCSI USB IEEE 1394 (FireWire) Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI)

146 146 147 147 148 148 149 149 150 150 151 151 152 152 153 154
154 154 155 155

CHAPTER 4:: Processing Data

Chapter Contents

124
124

Lesson 4A:
Transforming Data into Information Overview: The Difference between Data and Information How Computers Represent Data Number Systems Bits and Bytes Text Codes How Computers Process Data The CPU
The Control Unit The Arithmetic Logic Unit

125 125 126 126 127 127 128 130

130 130

Expansion Slots and Boards Computers In Your Career: Computer Sales Professional
PC Cards Plug and Play

155 156
156 157

Machine Cycles Memory

Nonvolatile Memory Flash Memory Volatile Memory

130 131
132 132 132

Lesson 4B Review Chapter Skills Review Chapter Labs Discussion Questions Research and Report Ethical Issues
Contents

158 162 162 163 163 163

xiii

Factors Affecting Processing Speed 133 Registers 133 At Issue: Cyborgs Among Us: Wearable Technology 134 Memory and Computing Power 134

CHAPTER 5:: Storing Data

Chapter Contents

164
164

Lesson 5A:
Types of Storage Devices Overview: An Ever-Growing Need Categorizing Storage Devices Magnetic Storage Devices How Data Is Stored on a Disk How Data Is Organized on a Magnetic Disk
Tracks and Sectors

165 165 166 166 166 168

168

At Issue: Digital Student Portfolios Drive-Interface Standards Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics (EIDE) Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) USB and FireWire Computers In Your Career: Careers in Outsourcing Lesson 5B Review Chapter Skills Review Chapter Labs Discussion Questions Research and Report Ethical Issues

192 192 193 193 194 194 196 200 200 201 202 202

How the Operating System Finds Data on a Disk Diskettes (Floppy Disks) Hard Disks Removable High-Capacity Magnetic Disks Tape Drives Productivity Tip: Backing Up Your Data Optical Storage Devices CD-ROM DVD-ROM Recordable Optical Technologies Solid-State Storage Devices Flash Memory Norton Notebook: Looking Back, Moving Forward Smart Cards Solid-State Disks Lesson 5A Review

170 171 173 173 174 174 175 176 177 178 179 179 180 180 182 183

CHAPTER 6:: Using Operating Systems

Chapter Contents

204
204

Lesson 6A:
Operating System Basics Overview: The Purpose of Operating Systems Types of Operating Systems Real-Time Operating Systems Single-User/Single-Tasking Operating Systems Single-User/Multitasking Operating Systems Multi-User/Multitasking Operating Systems Providing a User Interface Graphical User Interfaces Command-Line Interfaces Running Programs Sharing Information Productivity Tip: Do-It-Yourself Tech Support Managing Hardware Processing Interrupts Working with Device Drivers Enhancing an OS with Utility Software Backup Utilities Antivirus Firewall Intrusion Detection Screen Savers 205 205 206 206 206 206 207 208 208 211 212 213 214 215 216 216 216 217 217 217 217 217

Lesson 5B:
Measuring and Improving Drive Performance Overview: The Need for Speed Average Access Time Data Transfer Rate Optimizing Disk Performance Cleaning Up Unneeded Files Scanning a Disk for Errors Defragmenting a Disk File Compression 187 187 188 188 189 189 190 190 190

xiv

Contents

Norton Notebook: Changing Your PCs Operating System Lesson 6A Review

218 220

Lesson 6B:
Survey of PC and Network Operating Systems Overview: Operating Systems Yesterday and Today PC Operating Systems DOS Windows NT Workstation Windows 9x Windows 2000 Professional Windows XP The Macintosh Operating System UNIX for the Desktop Linux for the Desktop At Issue: Controlling Computers with the Mind Network Operating Systems Windows NT Server Windows 2000 Server Windows Server 2003 Novell NetWare UNIX for Servers Linux for Servers Embedded Operating Systems Computers In Your Career: Help Desk and Technical Support Specialists Lesson 6B Review Chapter Skills Review Chapter Labs Discussion Questions Research and Report Ethical Issues 224 224 225 225 225 226 228 228 229 229 229 230 230 231 232 232 232 233 233 233 234 236 240 240 241 241 241

Overview: Sharing Data Anywhere, Anytime The Uses of a Network Simultaneous Access Shared Peripheral Devices Personal Communications Easier Data Backup Common Types of Networks Local Area Networks (LANs) Wide Area Networks (WANs) Hybrid Networks Campus Area Networks (CANs) Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) Home Area Networks (HANs) Intranets and Extranets How Networks Are Structured Server-Based Networks Client/Server Networks Peer-to-Peer Networks At Issue: Catching Cyberslackers on the Job Network Topologies and Protocols Network Media
Wire-Based Media Wireless Media

243 244 244 245 246 247 248 248 248 248 249 249 249 249 250 250 250 251 252 253 255
255 256

Network Hardware
Network Interface Cards (NICs) Network Linking Devices Cabling Equipment

256
256 256 258

Norton Notebook: Fighting Hackers

Protocols

260
261

Lesson 7A Review

263

Lesson 7B:
Data Communications Overview: The Local and Global Reach of Networks Data Communications with Standard Telephone Lines and Modems Modems Uses for a Modem Productivity Tip: The Telecommuters Checklist Using Digital Data Connections Broadband Connections
Contents

267 267 268 268 270 270 271 272

xv

CHAPTER 7:: Networks

Chapter Contents

242
242

Lesson 7A:
Networking Basics 243

DSL Technologies Cable Modem Connections ATM

272 273 274

Wireless Networks Wireless: 802.11 Wireless Access Point Wireless Adapter Computers In Your Career: Careers in Networking Lesson 7B Review Chapter Skills Review Chapter Labs Discussion Questions Research and Report Ethical Issues

274 275 275 275 276 278 282 282 283 283 283

Getting Help with Your Browser Searching the Web Using a Directory Using a Search Engine
Using Boolean Operators in Your Searches Using Advanced Search Options

299 299 301 301

302 303

Productivity Tip: Evaluating the Reliability of Search Results and Web Sites Using a Metasearch Engine Sponsored versus Nonsponsored Links Using Site-Specific Search Tools Lesson 8A Review

304 306 306 307 308

Lesson 8B:
E-Mail and Other Internet Services Overview: Communicating Through the Internet Using E-Mail Understanding E-Mail
E-Mail Addresses Listserv Systems

312 312 313 313

313 314

CHAPTER 8:: Presenting the Internet

Chapter Contents

284
284

Lesson 8A:
The Internet and the World Wide Web Overview: What Is the Internet? The Internets History The Beginning: A Network of Networks Today: Still Growing The Internets Major Services Understanding the World Wide Web How the Web Works Web Browsers and HTML Tags URLs Helper Applications and Multimedia Content Norton Notebook: Internet Time Travel: The Wayback Machine Using Your Browser and the World Wide Web Launching Your Browser Navigating the Web
Using URLs Using Hyperlinks Using the Browsers Navigation Tools

Using an E-Mail Program 285 285 286 286 287 288 288 289 290 291 292 294 295 296 296
296 297 298 Creating a Message Receiving and Reading a Message

314
314 315

At Issue: Stomping Out Spam Using Web-Based E-Mail Services More Features of the Internet News FTP Internet Relay Chat (IRC) and Web-Based Chat Instant Messaging Online Services Peer-to-Peer Services Computers In Your Career: Documentation and Online Help System Designer Lesson 8B Review Chapter Skills Review Chapter Labs Discussion Questions Research and Report Ethical Issues

316 317 317 317 319 320 321 321 322 322 324 328 328 329 329 329

Closing Your Browser

xvi Contents

298

CHAPTER 9:: Working in the Online World

Chapter Contents

330
330

Security Lesson 9B Review Chapter Skills Review Chapter Labs Discussion Questions Research and Report Ethical Issues

354 356 360 360 361 361 361

Lesson 9A:
Connecting to the Internet Overview: Joining the Internet Phenomenon Connecting to the Internet through Wires Dial-up Connections High-Speed Broadband Connections
Integrated Services Digital Network (IDSN) Service Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Services Cable Modem Service

331 331 332 332 332

333 333 334

CHAPTER 10:: Working with Application Software

Chapter Contents

362
362

Lesson 10A:
Productivity Software Overview: Software to Accomplish the Work of Life Acquiring Software Commercial Software Freeware and Public Domain Software Open-Source Software Word Processing Programs The Word Processors Interface Entering and Editing Text Formatting Text Spreadsheet Programs The Spreadsheets Interface Entering Data in a Worksheet Presentation Programs At Issue: Who Really Owns the Software on Your PC? The Presentation Programs Interface Creating a Presentation Presenting Slide Shows Productivity Tip: Automating Your Work with Macros Personal Information Managers Lesson 10A Review 363 363 364 364 364 365 365 366 366 367 368 368 369 371 372 372 374 375 376 376 379

How PC Applications Access the Internet Connecting to the Internet Wirelessly Wireless WAN (WWAN) Connections At Issue: On the Beat with Techno-Cops Satellite Services WLAN Connections Productivity Tip: Sharing an Internet Connection Lesson 9A Review

334 335 335 336 336 338 340 342

Lesson 9B:
Doing Business in the Online World Overview: Commerce on the World Wide Web E-Commerce at the Consumer Level Online Shopping
Online Stores versus Physical Locations Using Online Catalogs Paying for Purchases Getting Customer Service

345 345 346 346

347 347 348 349

Online Banking and Finance

Online Banking Online Finance

349
350 350

E-Commerce at the Business Level Business-to-Business (B2B) Transactions Intranets and Extranets Norton Notebook: Business, the Internet and Everything Telecommuters Computers In Your Career: Career Opportunities and the Internet

350 350 351 352 352 354

Lesson 10B:
Graphics and Multimedia Overview: Graphics, Graphics Everywhere Understanding Graphics File Formats
Contents

383 383 384

xvii

Bitmap and Vector Graphics File Formats and Compatibility Issues Getting Images into Your Computer Graphics Software Paint Programs Draw Programs Photo-Editing Programs Computer-Aided Design Programs 3-D and Animation Software Norton Notebook: Why Own When You Can Rent? Multimedia Basics Computers In Your Career: Careers in Multimedia Lesson 10B Review Chapter Skills Review Chapter Labs Discussion Questions Research and Report Ethical Issues

384 384 386 386 387 387 387 388 389 390 390 392 394 397 397 397 398 398

At Issue: Play Ball! Baseball Enters the Information Age Lesson 11A Review

414 416

Lesson 11B:
Survey of Database Systems Overview: When Applications Grow Huge Enterprise Software Meeting the Needs of Many Users Databases at Work Databases in Business Databases on the Internet Databases for Individuals Productivity Tip: Database Macros Common Corporate Database Management Systems Oracle DB2 SQL Server MySQL Computers In Your Career: Database Careers Lesson 11B Review Chapter Skills Review Chapter Labs Discussion Questions Research and Report Ethical Issues 420 420 421 421 423 423 425 425 426 428 428 429 429 429 430 432 436 436 436 437 437

CHAPTER 11:: Database Management

Chapter Contents

400
400

Lesson 11A:
Database Management Systems Overview: The Mother of All Computer Applications Databases and Database Management Systems The Database
Flat-File and Relational Database Structures

401 401 402 402

405

The DBMS Norton Notebook: Data Warehouses Working with a Database Creating Database Tables
Understanding Field Types Entering Data in a Table

405 406 406 407

407 409

CHAPTER 12:: Software Programming and Development

Chapter Contents

438
438

Lesson 12A:
Creating Computer Programs Overview: What Is a Computer Program? What Is a Computer Program? Hardware/Software Interaction Code Machine Code Programming Languages 439 439 440 441 441 442 442

Viewing Records Sorting Records Querying a Database Generating Reports

409 410 412 413

xviii

Contents

Compilers and Interpreters Planning a Computer Program How Programs Solve Problems Program Control Flow Algorithms Heuristics Productivity Tip: Finding Faster Algorithms Structured and Object-Oriented Programming Programming Structures At Issue: Hot and Oh-So-Cool: Technology Forecasts the Weather Object-Oriented Programming Lesson 12A Review

443 444 445 445 445 446 448 448 449 450 450 452

Chapter Contents

476

Lesson 13A:
Understanding the Need for Security Measures Overview: The Need for Computer Security Basic Security Concepts Threats Degrees of Harm Countermeasures Threats to Users Identity Theft Loss of Privacy
Public Records on the Internet Internet Monitoring, Profiling, and Spying

477 477 478 478 478 478 479 479 480

480 481

Lesson 12B:
Programming Languages and the Programming Process Overview: The Keys to Successful Programming The Evolution of Programming Languages Categories of Programming Languages Machine and Assembly Languages Higher-Level Languages
Third-Generation Languages Fourth-Generation Languages Fifth-Generation Languages

Online Spying Tools 456 456 457 457 458 458

459 460 461 Cookies Web Bugs Spyware

481
481 482 482

World Wide Web Development Languages Scripting Languages The Systems Development Life Cycle for Programming Norton Notebook: Artificial Intelligence: Will Computers Ever Think? Computers In Your Career: Careers in Programming Lesson 12B Review Chapter Skills Review Chapter Labs Discussion Questions Research and Report Ethical Issues

461 464 465 466 468 470 474 474 475 475 475

Spam Computer-Related Injuries Threats to Hardware Power-Related Threats Theft and Vandalism Natural Disasters Productivity Tip: Keeping Your PC Up to Date Threats to Data Malware, Viruses, and Malicious Programs Cybercrime
Hacking Common Hacking Methods

483 484 484 485 485 486 486 488 488 488
489 489

At Issue: Software Piracy Cyberterrorism Lesson 13A Review

490 492 493

Lesson 13B:
Taking Protective Measures Overview: Keeping Your System Safe Protecting Yourself Avoiding Identity Theft
Managing Your Papers Guarding Personal Information Contents

497 497 498 498

498 499 xix

CHAPTER 13:: Protecting Your Privacy, Your Computer, and Your Data 476

Looking at the Big Picture

499

Lesson 13B Review Chapter Skills Review Chapter Labs Discussion Questions Research and Report Ethical Issues Appendix A: Creating Your Own Web Page Appendix B: Buying Your First Computer Appendix C: Computer Viruses Appendix D: History of Microcomputers Appendix E: Self-Check Answers Glossary Photo Credits Index

512 516 516 516 517 517 518 526 532 538 558 559 591 593

Protecting Your Privacy

Keeping Marketers at Bay Knowing Your Rights

499
499 500

Managing Cookies, Spyware, and Other Bugs

Dealing with Cookies Removing Web Bugs and Spyware

501
501 502

Evading Spam Keeping Your Data Secure Restricting Access to Your System
Limiting Physical Access Using a Firewall

502 503 504

504 505

Backing Up Data Norton Notebook: Nexus: Converging Technologies Safeguarding Your Hardware Using Automated Warnings Handling Storage Media Storing Computer Equipment Keeping Your Computer Clean Computers In Your Career: Computer Scientist

505 506 508 508 508 509 509 510

xx

Contents