COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE University of Santo Tomas HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 4 2nd Semester AY 2008-2009 LECTURE 6 SPANISH COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE PART

T 4 (additional notes) 1. MILITARY ARCHITECTURE A. FORTS o Fort San Pedro 1565 triangular timber fort near the coast of the city of Cebu o Nuestra Seora de Guia, Manila built in 1580s by Fr. Antonio Sedeo first stone fort. o In an attempt to deter Muslim raids into Visayas and Luzon, forts were built o Depending on the size the stone fort could include the following: Alojamientos living quarters for the soldiers Calabozo jail Herreria foundry Almacenes warehouse for powder, provision, ammunition Pozo well And even chapel o Entire churches were incorporated into forts, entrance to the church also serve as entrance to the fort. Church fortresses of this kind can be seen: Cuyo, Palawan Capul, northern Samar Guiuan, eastern Samar o A number of churches doubled as fortresses: Miag-ao, Iloilo Atimonan, Quezon Dupax, Nueva Viscaya B. FAROLA LIGHTHOUSE o Built with the modernization of shipping o Farolas built in the late 19th century: Bangui, Ilocos Norte guarding Cape Bojeador Palauig Island, Cagayan, guarding Cape Engao Corregidor, guarding the entrance to Manila Bay Capul Island, guarding the San Bernardino Strait II. RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE o Earliest religious structures were churches built for the religious orders, who lived in adjoining monasteries. o First monastic churches were built by the Augustinians in Cebu and Manila. o Mother churches of all the religious orders were concentrated in Intramuros. A. MONASTERIES o Smaller monasteries were located in rest areas in cooler places around Manila: Franciscans San Francisco del Monte, Quezon City and Naga, Camarines Sur Dominicans - Lallo, Cagayan Recollects Cebu City 1

o Monasteries served as headquarters for the religious in certain areas thus had many rooms and were large. Four sided in plan with cloisters enclosing an inner courtyard or atrium and the garden where the friars could meditate Parts: 1. Proteria office where records are kept, schedules arranged and religious prayer books sold. 2. Recibidor room or area where the friars meet their guests 3. Refecterio dining area for meals 4. De profundis room residents prayed for their deceased companions and benefactors 5. Wing adjoining the church was reserved for the sacristy 6. Living quarters and recreation rooms were on the second floor. o Casa Parroquial (parish house) referred to as convento, term originally reserved for houses of monastic communities. B. CHURCHES o Parish Churches was the most common kind of church. o Church indicated that a town had come of age was an independent parish and had its own parish priest. o A system of prayers and religious devotions were introduced and maintained by the ringing of the church bells; people lived under the sound of the bells of bajo de las campanas. o The Council of Trents liturgical reform dictated the shape and form of the typical colonial church. o Typical church has two focal points: 1. Altar Mayor (main altar) where the Eucharist was celebrated and consecrated host kept in the sagrario (tabernacle) 2. Pulpito (pulpit) placed at the crossing of the nave and transept in the crucero (cruciform plan) so as to enhance audibility of the sermon. When the church has several priest, the celebrated mass at about the same time at different altars altars menores (side altars) o Church has a wide empty space in front, a plaza or patio which made it possible to view the church faade in its grandeur. o Faade styles depended on what was in vogue at the time of the construction and on the preferences of the cura or parish priest. o Campanario or bell tower - A tall structure at the top of which were hung bells. An important part of the church complex - Call the people to mass - Herald the coming of important personages - Warning of fires and enemy raids - Announce significant events fiestas, weddings and deaths Served as look outs Detached bell towers are characteristic of Ilocano churches. It was constructed far from the church so that should it topple during an earthquake, the church would be safe from falling debris. Towers were generally either four or eight sides, some of quadrilateral in form, and one in cylindrical form. Towers were usually crowned by a small dome or chapitel occasionally referred to as bonete. At the top was perched a wooden or wrought iron cross, sometime ornamented with velete (weather vane). 2

III. DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE o Bahay Kubo was the archetype for domestic architecture during the Spanish regime. o Due to economic gains and the rise of the mestizo sangley or Chinese half-breed class in the 19th century, a number of Filipinos became wealthy enough to build their own bahay na bato . o Bahay na bato is also known as bahay kastila (Spanish house) and bahay na tisa or balay tisa (house of tile) residences of the well-to-do built in many town during the 19th and early 20th centuries. o Different regions evolved their own building styles which were mostly dependent on the materials available. o With the growing complexity of life in the 19th century, space in the bahay na bato was allocated for specific purposes. Ground level was reserved for storage and where carriages were placed, and in business districts some spaces were rented out to shops. IV. CIVIL ARCHITECTURE A. GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS o Flanking the plaza mayor of Manila were tow of the most important administrative buildings: 1. Casa del Ayntamiento, Casa del Cabildo, Casa Consitorial, Casa Real seat of the countrys government. Contains numerous administrative offices and the archives Second floor - large hall for banquets and ball 2. Palacio del Governador, Palacio Real residence of the highest official of the land o Casa hacienda - administrative building for hacienda or landed estate. Consist of one or more sprawling edifices housing quarters for the administrators and workers, kitchens, storerooms, carpentry shops, stables and chapel. o Customs House, the Aduana was constructed in 1820s in a portion of Intramuros along the banks of Pasig. B. SCHOOLS o Six schools were located inside Intramuros: 1. Universidad de Santo Tomas founded in 1611 by the Dominicans. 2. Colegio de San Phelipe 3. Colegio de San Juan de Letran 4. Colegio de San Jose 5. Colegio de Santa Isabel 6. Real Colegio de Santa Potenciana o Some of the schools in Intramuros began as orphanages. 1. Hospicio de San Jose 2. Asilo de San Vicente de Paul o In Cebu, Colegeio de San Ildefonso at present named University of San Carlos o Separate building for public schools called escuela pias began to be constructed in the 19th century. C. HOSPITAL o First hospital was built in Manila by the Franciscans in 1578 and was later turned over to the order of San Juan de Dios, with a church in the 18th century. o Other hospitals built in Manila: 1. Hospital real reserved only for the Spaniards 3

2. Hospital de San Gabriel Chinese in Binondo 3. Hospital de San Lazaro for lepers in Santa Curz o Military hospitals: 1. San Juan de Dios 2. Nuestra Seora de los Dolores in Caacao D. COMMERCIAL BUILDING o Alcaiceria de San Fernando - a large commercial building was inaugurated in 1758 located in the Chinese village of Binondo, just across the river from Intramuros. o Largest, fanciest and most prestigious companies were eventually established along Escolta, and by the 2nd half of the the 19th century , it was the most important commercial district in the country. o Banks: Banco Espaol de Isabel II first bank, originally housed in Aduana, moved to its own buiilding in Intramuros. Monte de Piedad first held office at Colegio de Santa Isabel in Intramuros and then moved to Sta. Cruz. E. RAILWAY SYSTEM o Established in the 1880s and the central train started at Tutuban was constructed. o A number of smaller train stations were set up along the Manila-Dagupan line.

Reference: CCP Encyclopedia, Philippine Architecture

Prepared by:

ARCHT. CLARISSA L. AVENDAO January 2008