---qmrffiiit;ft8e8rr*,;:j:

jf$Ls.ilaariE&e ;
)

j+il*.

;T
Bho:r.-+ Va.nn4q
29tJ

',"c"P

q7
Cp t ical F ibtr
lvfeas

Op to el ec tronic s and F ibet Commtmice ti ons

uren ter*s

;: jXr; 1::l j}li:t ,;t.l.,j b.i:Lt" 2 metre in rength rhe measured ror r^e iiler;" in/k",^;ih;il;;#ff.XHi ;I1llXli.:',l5ilil'I,'-"111'_pil,;".,ri.'1.*Hl:x#H:l"j
Soluiicn. From
craa

297

Eq

,[i

3. The light pulses are reit:cte,i from the other end of the tlber #2 Via frber #i and connector. Durir.rg th","ililod th" ."fl".ted light pulses are directed ro ilr" a","?t",,r;d#;;"rm

lVe get

i,to

= i:

t0
- rl'r;oJ

tos

335.4

50;

= 5'92

dB

/krn

.or,r;rs l;.1:cioinclcr end of method isIt not a dcrnc ac.css Io one the fi ber. operates on the fur rcia r,,,n , 1,.,i,, ; ; ;.: ; l, ; l;:'"r^; : ; il :: ; ;: ; ;:; i. ;: l,jJ ?l i i i f S#f,
s[rtrctir
;

opTlCAL TtrdE DOMATN REFLECTOMETER (OTDR) .Tire opiical iirrre clonrai:

e

o.t'ani
r

(oTD.R)

"i;;;;;ssies fibers rhe re_ +. i:11.1J,t:::I;ii,t1;T;1""'r"o*?"'ii"'.'.i,"'i."iigh,i,i; i he cotrpler

w'hicli is connerreri rn +!.., _L^.

slope *i-r.n pressetl in decibels. In the case

bers. For fibers rvith uniform (decrease) with constant

tering will occ,r unifornrtv along

the erectricar ourses. In the case of

i"!r", tfr"'l"iui.,ed pulses

til;;;;i"gth

an',a.uiriu"., Rayleigir scat-

the light pulses

ii," _Jusured power is ex_

of both the fi_ decline

*ffi

OT I)P

Fibcr #

Fiber # 2

in the is applied to the horizontal ptates oi t-he osciJloscope so that a fixed pattcrn is displar.e,J cn the screen. The jo. *" o i i.: :l l. : :1 jl._ :i", ff L::"Jl;i ;:1 igjl ^,
pulse-<

'aser

;.::,,txni:::::i,r,1..:_-i#!i,fi ili:[T:,t[:h:,:iJr":,,ff r h" ; I ; ;. ; # H j fi :.",1 ffif il f;.." lfi fft " " * :,"],1,.,J o ;cilloscope and the i,_l:_0":_,1J.^irJrl.s
r
r

,h"'lrsht

:f

C'on

nccior

"u;:

l,'..,,,"

il

Deiccto.

Log amp

Fig.

9.3

Schematic diagram of an optical fiber time domain refl ectometer (Of On).

Description of the trxperimental Setup

opricat putscs f rom an injection iaser in the hansmitter oI the ,"rr,fii"rr'," propagate rn 1""il;;il;;;";;io to the otherthe for_ tl".flo":.*t end of lilrer #t and ,i".o;;;;;'" , 'ia a. n urrecuonat couDler^is_u,setl to change the direction of the lis,ht prrlse. A porLion of the Iight u,rlses _Jy U" air".t"a to a photodetector rvhich is blanked
rs raunched into one end r.r.ard direcrion dor.vn,the

3:.:l:,f

+
Fig.

Drstrnce (krr1

t0

f:*ard ,8^1^"^T ]h:

,r-r""1J

direct jon.

,ri"""1t;.*;:"

9.1

;"":';'"1:;iiSeam

splitrcr is u,"a to .r,*,s" i]r"

aai,"*ri,r"iy, ,or,l"ri*"

the pulses propa_

A fpical resujr trorn an OTDR experiment of Fig. 9.3.

Ji.".;;r"".i,ilJ

sl.stem

oi

.,.

'ri

resuit ?ii.'ll]jjlii;],,]e i]re cieiectic:.r of or ihe-experiment or [rom light ."r,".,'"J f.# ri"

representive

Optoelbctronics and

iber Commu*ications

Op

t i cn

F iber NI ea sure,nents

c.om-mercially a'ailablc OTDR and the range id aA tLr-,it, the length of the fiber rt'\ose attenuation can be meast,ied.

dynamic. range a..'ailable. This range is approximately 20 dB in

the receir.er noise. One 1-rrcblem rvith current techniques

power (in dBm or dBpr) that can be cietected reliably without saturatiori and the minimum po*'er that can be detected as different

namic range may be defined as the differeirce between the maximum

fiber in same way as in the segment #1. The different"fitrer losses or attenuation in two fibers *'ill be reflected as different sropes. The discontinuity at the end a large reflected pulse. Other fiber set_ l.g!1.": ments can also be arided. Trre limit on the totar losses that can be melsr-rred is determineci !1.tn.-dynamic range of the detector. The dy_
from

ing this saturation time the delectoi carlnot detect back scatter light or any reflccted Iight pulses. The tength of the fiber correspondineio the detector saturation time is known as the orDR "dead time zo"ne,,. a length oTTiber is genErairy i"clnde-;;u,tiffi orbn'f,"nil.. in" coupler and the orDR co.nector to allow sufficient time for the detector to come out of the saturation. Howeve4, the loss suffered by this piece of the fiber decreases the power available to the test fiberj. the back scattercd light is rncasured Ironr the fiber no #1 and ai-i"irt,", with time and distance. The srope of the segment #1 is the loss factor or attenuation cdts for the 6ber expressed in dBlkm. At the sprice, the discor.rtinuity will giv* rise to a puise in the reflected hgnt. The aifference between the optical powei level expressed in dB"m or dBp just before.the splice and the por,ver level just after the splice is a rneasure of the loss introduced by the splice. The light continues to be bjck scattered from the segment #Z of the

partial reflection of.the strong outgoing pulse frorrr the coupler.'Dur_

_onnector rvhere the fiber under test connects the optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) (in some system the detectorls saturated by the

Variabie diaphragnr

.::ff.:H"
Fig.

9.5 A typical

nrent of dispersion in a
n

experimental arrangement ior ntakrng measure_ multimodl fiber i. time domai..

-..

t
+

,_._.Otft"r.., mg:

parts of the experimental arrangenlents are the follou,_

1' A surtable opticar source s*ch as AicaAs DI-r injection laser ir,irh fast dri'e circuii is r-rsed to la,-rnch u .rurror, ;;;:J;it';;'O;;l tion rangirg from 1tl0 to.l00 ps lips = 10-i: sec.) into one end of the

i, ,.h;li;i;;

abrupt dislocations anci localized ,o,rr.", of ioss. Of course, the posi_ tion resolution is obtained by the pulse rr.idth of the opticar *i,..". The pulsed laser with the puise rvidtir of the order of 10 ns are gener_ ally used in OTDR technique.

be noted that the accurate information on position is also Lt Tu., a'ailable from this trace. The technique can be used to iocalize
breaks,

u.idth are used in the case of a muldmLde fiber, it is possil.ie to separate different types of tlisprslsisn mechanisnis. : lhe.r :1TgmS Lrr-rlses from ihe other end of the fil.er ar! received or, nrsh speed photodetector such as an avalanche photociioCe or a p-i-n photodiode and the detected elecirical pulses are dis_ urr urJ}_riayed on the screen of a iast sampling 4. A bean'r splitter is usecl ibr triggering "*ill;;$'rrJL-r in" orOUor.ope and for the input

fibcr. The optic'rl pr-rlses tra'er clorr'n the one kiiometer lengrh of the fiber under test and are broadened by different disprel5i6n mecha_ nisms. lVhen the iaser pulses rr.ith narroh,spechral

5 AIT: th; !ea3 u,idth of tire

thc
1,

p11l5s nteasuremefli.

spiitter

light beam.

r-ariable cliaphragm is used to control the

-J-3

TIME DOMAIN DISPEBSION MEASUREMENTS

set up for the most common rne..hoci

fibers.

time domain measurement of opticii pulse dispersion in mulfimode

fig 9 : shows an experimental

of

can be fo,.rr,d out from trre measurement of Thc r.'id th is n.,eas.,.eJ ;i ;;; .;;, ;;;; i,r#; ;; tlrcir am.plirrrJc. If I',(r) and p"(t) ,r" tl-,;;;,;;;; ;,i;,;;;;:;;:: assuming the prul5g 5lr6pe to ieLu,r,.sran in 5haps, fhsn :l^"::i""ly }d
tl-,s.

., ft." filrer dispersiorl 1rJs1' *,i,1

u'e can lr.'rite

Optoelectronics and Fiber Comtnunicntiotts

O p tical F ibtt- lvtco su

rtnv n ts

Ii2 (3dB) = ri3aa; + qfuou,

{e.3.1)

ff T :* *:T co.sider 3ar '.vnen we []ms by

r(3dB) =

i,'"x,?i,xii"l{,'*'J:5-11".:l1ln 9f ,ft"iib", ,rpgt and oos,, f g}i n -# e a .r -1_l?=":Fur"atively,ii(adB)iru.,e*iaihoi##"'Jffi !g-I9!pa\s e s u r" a ir. u., n, rr'" * ; ;: i : :'j' :'*jT:ylpli ;11 persio;r jn rhe r,r,o *ri. " ". " fih..,^,*.]u8owet lnqxl'nqm arnplr G; ri

lft::

11

FREQUENCY DOMAIN DISPERSION MEASUREMENTS domain

ilffi*ijth;;;;'",.,
p,rsu L

h::fl.*j:rr;fj.
(e.3.2)

;#:j::ff ff

b r,".u,,*.a'i;;:;;;;;.',il,';:::ff :J,[;?:HT[?.:,::ilk;;;

clispersion nreasurements yield intormation on the l-r:!":".t output amprit*cie versr:sfreq*ency of the ,i-j-,o-iuppri"a to t^e fiber. This is because ihe
base

Ir;rsipLge]"

Hkt,
ns km_i

='!!u) P,(io)

(e.4.i)

8",,,

where l-(3dB), f, fEagt and16 (3CB) are measured in 4s ald L is the fiber iengrh in km' rr must be inli i?li* iengrh of rhe fiber is ".t"a r"t"',t,"'ir,'pr, to a short length *r n.a". a :.,:lb..k pulsc rvidth mea_ surcmcnt' thcn L correso,nds to *r" f,"t*u"., the two fiber Iensths in km. When ,r," are C.rus.sian, {hcn thc 3 dl)-dpticaI bandwiJth;,;;il r,Y,".j,'i' oth lor the fiber E'p''ra1' be calcrrlatcd usJg

rGdB)

oli[*"* rr.-.[_J'"i#i;;:, ,l]i

u.ithorrt makins an assrrmption l.or thc Caussian rr.ar.eflonn. Hence Ps(w) anJ 1);(;u) arc the or-rqrut and inptrt porr,-""., respectivel\. at a [re_ quenc)/ a,. 'Ihe optical bandu.idth of u ,r-,,iltlmod" rifi".-1, a"i";;"; from the [r.cqucncv donrain *"urr r.,r,.n,a.'fh;." are hr.q rnsfh6d5 fel the freqtrency domain dlspe.sion

^e;r;;;;

Pulsed Source Method

This meihod uses a similar tr pe of prlsed so.rce as that is used for the fime domain measuremerlt as sho'r^,n * i[. ;J but in this case the sanrpling

= 0.44 GHz ns

(e.3.3)

= 0.44 MHz ps.

Hence the value of the optical bandwidth for the fiber may be obtaineci from the*lneasurement of the pulse brogdg{4g.

,;,;;i.,:* an.rlr.zer. Tle :pect^rm anal'zer rnakes the Fouricr transfor,r o[ tne puL.es in the time domain.
The experimental arrangem."ilr^iifrro^,ed Ln Fig. 9.6. 1' A suitalrle optical sortrce strch as AiGaAs DH rniection laser r'ith a fast drivr. circuit is .,::l to launch ,n"ri.pii."t prulies of duration from 100 to 400 picoseconas iro-1: ssc) ;r" ;i,:?:t

oscilloscay.l is.repi.rcr,ri Ir., n

Example 9.3. Pulse dispersion measurements are made oyer a 1.2 f1.'""slf of a partiarlv g.aieainaex rruuii-,ri" ilr".. The 3 rtB widths oi the optical inputouises are 400 ps u"a tf,".orr".ponding _r <iB r.r,idth of the opbicar orir*i o, ises are for-rna t. u"'iz.i Assrr,,,rirrg .he,urse shape and the fiter imnulse "r. ,.rpo*" J* 6.*r,rr, I_stimate (a) 3 ciB pLrlse dispersion d."r j.;;) r;; ff r;;"; ns km r the fhe fb) rii.er bandwid th length prod uct.
(9.3.2)

Solution. The 3 dB pulse broadening may be obtained using rvhere

r

2' The Iaturched optical pnlses tra'el cou-n the one krlometer iength tesi and o." l.ooau,.,"a'i"" ," .lirferenr disper_ 3' The emerging pur-ses frorn the other end oi th.e fiber are received

";";;;;;;

:,:,f:ffil:der

Eq.

r(3dB)

'

11 t'z _ 1u./ ns/km

(ry( gas) -

rl(:ael)''

=1rrr.Zt - (0. i.2

41zirtt

5. After the L,eam splitte:

opricai p"r.J ;.; formed ;-i; 4. A bearn splitter is u-.ei for triggering the o-scilloscope and for the _ measurement of the input puliJs.

;lff"j:.jiii#l:i^

sp,eed

;;;.,J;,3,*::o'"0"

photoct.,".*.,".i, .s p_;-i ,61

rhe
"

;#:

;il;

The optical bandwidrh of the fiber is given by Eq. (9.3.3) as

D,,rr

0.44 D =_ '' frro.

6. A spectnrm analvzer takes the Forrrier tran-sfbrrn_s of the pulses in domain a.cl displars

#ii;ifi:,*|i'ariable

diaohr.rgm is r.rsed to control the freLpencies or rhe

0.4)
70.7

4l.l MHz km.

fr:#t

th;.;;';;#

Optoelectronics and Fiber Communicntions

Variablc diaphragm

Optical Fiber

Measurefients ( I

303

x
o o' o o
Spectrum anallzer

.Fig.9.6 An experimental rrequencv

response'

""rTTi;S:ff - ".'"";;;;;; ;;"d;;;J;;.

arrangement for determining base band

o !

o.
-o
!l

Frgquency Domain Dispersion Measurement (Frequency and phase Response) In this frequencv domai:r response measurements we shall get infor_ maticn on amplifude versus frequ_eAcy and amplifude verstrs phase ffie data are lrore ur",ybi"',, dEi,*.;i^;ffi" is-p-o"r"r.
equaliza_ tion techniques are to be performed on the detecled sigpal ;itil;; cei'er. The dispersion measurements can be made bv sinosoidallv m od_ula ting a con tinu ous-u.ave (C. W. ) Ugn t sig_r.ra i ;b;.i, ; ;;;;;i

-2
Gi. !=
.J

"."tiJoi time domarn pulse dispersion measuremenis, especially if

:-

.=

EA

The base band.frequencv response is then for_rid from the ratio of the J.nehrave amplitudes at the.beginning and end of the fiber. Tenla] set up for determining for fib"er frequency response is shorvn

E5
=
7

il J;;;:

Fig.
,,^

9.7

a treqnency hrnable sinosoidal voitage *Ihich acts as the envelope,of tf.g Xelon_ light signal. The modufit"d ,igrrul i, then focussed into either the fiber tmder test or.into a short lerlgth of (approxlmat;t;; metres) reference fiber- A photomultipli". tb" detects the fiber outpttt and the base band moduladon components are shon n on a spec_ trum anaiyzer.

j l "_:tit:f S t,lrough a ser of narrow band inrerfercnce filtery light is focussed into a LiTa0,: elecrro optic crysial. #::,::1T ot the incoherent Xenon light rne mrensrt)' lli.r"Tp
carrier ls

'i=

,t'.

mocllhtejby

.;
,J.

Optoelectronics and Fiber Communications

There are several advantages in the frequency domain measure_ ment technique 1' The fiber tra.sfer function is found directry without taking the Fourier transform of.tin-re domain a"t". f. iii a the inpulse response in the rime domain requires u .r;;";;" d..;";;;;;;#r; gutpur pulse with inprt prtse.

Optical Fiber Me*surements

Optial
modulator
and source

" :|,1. ';iI?:11",',TT:,TJII^""'"T;.:;f

3. It is easier

r.l*

a -.1ylr:"-:i.,usoiJu1iy an optical source ar high frequencies than it is to generate u ,".i., of iu..o* output pulses. The components at thc modulating frequency from the reference tii;;;".;}"'.ent in the tesr fiber is ilo"::: taken as r'.{r) i.'.ur( f .The rcduction 11,a
)

tion about a consiant light level.

,::ll;:'#:,f :,H:i;'"IJ,:: -- -- ".'

Spectrunt analyzer

Nets.ork

anal_r,zer

in"

of the sineivar" ,_llit. Po,,/P- resutting t.""r,i,;.,"" J#f,b"r rl;ii;r'"'t',''ude

P",,,

p,,A=iH(f)l

(f

Fig. 9.g Block schematic <iiagram shorving an experimental amangement f..q"r".,.y give fiber dispersion measurem"nt -"*urement method to ir, tt."i."q.renc_I, domain.

fo:-l::".p,

e.4.2)

s.6

NUMERTCAL

where

H(f)

is the magnitude of the porver transfer function.

SCANNING PHOTODETECTO

AI=TU_RE

MEASURETvtENT USING R;NilOTATING STAGE

9.5.

"

SWEEP FREOUENCYTECHNIOUES FOR DOMAIN DISPERSION MEASIJ*MT'ViS FREQUENCY

rherefore, the signar enersy r;;;; "sci]raror. frequency band in the"base b#i ' 16. /.o si iorl's an experimental a.rrangement for sweep f."qu".,ay suremeni technique. The optical ,ori.".o*iri, nfr r"]".u"i ll"r_ i#; which may be direcrtv modutated "f ;y;-;;;;;"sciltaror. Lr order to ciisplal'the signai a specrrum unuly.i, *ry i"""*a. Again Eq. 9.3.2 is trsed to obtain base band freqr.rency response using either a cutback technique or suhstitution proiedu.e in the time domain measrrrement. ir-, u'rilnitui*anner to that used Howeve4 the spectrum analyzer gives no information on.the phase Jin" *..f""a signal. Therefore a vector voltmerer or iceaily u n"t**rlr.,;t;;;;""u be usec to pro--' ' t'ide both freqtrency and

ll,ln1 :".n ique a sinusoidall,v modulared oprical signal at different ::j:: ::1 - "9 ut a tin g irequ encies is launched'a t,l if ferenr selected fre_

il;';;.;ij::,""":I:11-*

;"J:[: i:':q,::::i

;;;;.

defined

aperture (NA). The numericul "or;:;:::::t::":"i:: -_ ^:* al.,e.h,r" f".'",-J"lp index fiberis already as
aperrr-rre = sin-, ct"'

Again v determines the ntinrher l;] i,tii.ii, '^ fiber. The fiber attenuarion. the

one of t-he most inrportant pararneters cal aperhrre. Severat .',rruit".iri.;;;; of an optical fiber is its numeri##rrch as lighr garherine and normariz"a r."q.,"..;,"Iz;',# riber depend on it I I ;lT:,*

phase ir,fo.*uticrn1

is Iaunched

r""8il;I;;;;:,and a rotating stage. has its hoth l-?:1T;i::i'.:'"i:"-' ' i,r fi" riu".l. ;:.;;;:::iq^'ll: :l""th terminarions. rh;;,r;; thephotodeL:;;;;;:fl9::',H;l[".:,,ifi axrs of rora fion of rhe +U:J:iXiT["il: rora rin g ge L;;h;;i; ;
rac-es

ff :; f.";;r"r;il:";[ indexis trnitv' A Scanning 0h",, o";.;",;" "^:]:l*tve ,fo,:,, *" l,g_l^? ",.,:x""::H:;'::i:".::,:*"ment
Iight is incident on the f,ber
mencal aperture usine a scanning

,l;";fftical uveindiies;il#."'ffi":,.,"jff
where c,,

='(n'1*

tt'211/2

".et:;l.Lti,,,i:::ffi

pnoi.a"i".i.r

of nu_

into the fiber

at;r p""*ti3

sta

"r.etengt}r ""gi;.(o,,". fiIling rhe fiber).

of 0.S5irm

. NA=- A F +iey-

Optodectronics anilFiber Commutications

Optical Fiber

lvteasureruents

Solution. Eq. (9.7.1) gives the vaiue of NA of the fiber

3iB

as

Data given '4 = 6'0; and D = 10'0 cm'

Refraetive lndex Measurernents

Ne=- --q=Q=0.2!g - [36 + 4x 100]r/2 zl

The field displacements for the points u,ithin the fiber core are then measwed using the parallel fringes outside the fiber core in the clad_ ding. The refractive index difference betrveen the core and cladding can be calculated from the fringe shift S(r) and the parallel fring" ,pu.l ing D(in the cladding) according to the relationship (Fig. 9.12i

-Dd

l" S(

r)

(e.8.1)

9.8
-'t'

II-{TEfiFEROMETRIC METHOD

1u-4nterferometry is an

.:

accurate method for determin-ing the refractive index profile of both fibers and preforms. There are two;ethods. These are (1) Siab method and (2) Tiansverse metr"rod, we shal discuss the slab method.

where l. is the wavelength of the measuring light, d is the slab thick_ ness. ?'he parameter s(r) is the central field d&ration at a distance r measured from the base iine connecting the same cladding fringe at both sides of the core as shorvn in Fig. O.tZ.

Slab Method
In slab method of determining the refractive index profile of a fibel a thin circular slice is cut out of the fiber or preform to be tested. The faces'of the slab must be polished to make iiflat ar-rd accuratery parallei. The light passing through the thin slab undergoes a phise shift n hich depend5 on the optical path length. The opdcai paih length is equal to the product ofslab thickness and the refractive incex n(r) of the slab- Fig. 9.11(a) shows the apparatus for the slab measurement and it is kncrvn as Mach Zahnder interferometer. Light from the mi_ croscope tra'els normal to the faces of the prepared fiber slice and the differences in the refractive index result in the different optical path lengths. The situation is illustrated ir.r the Mach Zahnder interfeiometer When the phase of the incident light is compared with the phase of :he.emerging light, a field of paralel interfeience fringes aie ob_ served. Fig. 9.11(b) shows the typical field pattern.
Beam splitter Core center

Cenral fringe
(passing through
core center) Base line

Cladding

Fig.

9.12

Fringe oattem to deterrnine the refraclit e index.

Near Field Scanning Method

There exists a close resemblance between fierc intensity distribution and the refracti'e index profile for a fiber *'hen all the grrided -oa.. are equallv illuminated. This property is utilized in the NYear fierd scanning method. This is arso referred to as "Transmitted near fierd metirod." It provides a skaight fon'ard and rapid method fo, ucqro

Sample

Beam splitter

microscope

(a)

(b)

i,ng the knowledge of the refractive. index p.oilt". \{hen a tungiten filament or a LED is used to excite all the guided modes, then the near field optical porver density ai a disiance r irom the core axis pp (r) may be expressed as a fraction of the core axis near fierd opticar poi". ae.isity Pp(O) by the follon ing equation.

Fig:

9.11

(a) The principle of lv{ach Zahander interferometer

(o) Fringe pattern observed by the microscope.

Aytoelectranics and Fiber Commuttications OpticoI Fiber Measut ements

ffi=C0,2)t++]
where
n1

(e.8.2)

Fiber Diameter Measurements

311

"..fi 11,"' :".;;1. i,,r,",[ol;;;;r":.di:""u,"T,ff

;l

indices of the core axis orstance r from the and ar a core axis respectively, C,, ifr" cJaddirrg refrachve n: r, I t".. n

(O) and

,,rr, u:.,:l:uchive "

iffi

l.; ;"...i*

rhe_mosr;"*,#
rma_ge

9-9

oUTEB DIAMETFR rlitFncrrnr.._-._

proiccrion (shadow

ra cr o

r C( r, z ) w

h id

]':::iT:;y,],*"*y;;6;",H;

rrre nme inten,al a shadow nn

I^"r"#it'3;;,';,? duii
ne bedrr, r.o,,, u
u

H:.H::AD:w r""th;j. Th;';J;:Iqr" rrritizes the fibcr ji. j,Tn:",?*x,Hf*f

t"t'itrt tr'" riL'J'

M_ErloD

pno,oi^q

tur"l*".to.

* a ardsttr,nent is made of ,ffiii:'..T1';; r, in"']uur.l#rp the beam and casls

:,:"*.8*i}:Ti:i'ffi il}; ii,":ff ri: jt#*l{{,:,i,ryi,Fffi ;lll:,:i,i,i,r"ir"iuy,inH;::+m;n:lf l";il1'#,::'"",::,,},: j;;::ilfi l::,1 jl:illmH:r; ;:ffi ::u';:,q::"'"',"..'";;
(a)

rru r'{: is d tven b' il :ii ;lX tr ::i';,T,"i. gi 1''',; ., " ;" ;;';,;""'l ; m'ttot M2 to rotate tttt'""i *gliri'le *g Dacti ro irs orisinil .I]ll '

ltr*t1.,.1;1,.5Llj.ffi *:[,"f r#r#f f; :ffi fi #,tr r.ror

tft,1;'j, ,i?,],1i.::::tar

h.here
setup ror ne.:r rieid

-,J

;s the

pra*icar,,"f i.a",-,iXiT"',",1.:f
An experimentai a

sca..in*t:]",,,,."-

distalc

.r' .0,
,fl+}."":T :.,il.,: fl

(g.g.1)

IX"[:Tt,Trfi ffi,j"J:if..
a

;; il

ff ; : i.:; J [*;fu
S ,,, uo="''ifiS

il{",;#F:
(g.g.z)

the amplilicutio., ph ase sens,l ti u" i-*'rrr" ."-0," ff ]ersel optical choooer or an io.. u"r*'ir.,; and lock_in ampli;;;;;'"''"t" b- plotted ai.ecili' rry nowevcr,
f actor

onl#;'fii. rT *tT 3;"1# ff,:"",1itn Ir*T:: il [: jt:i p-r-rt photo diode. The pho" ;,'".;;;;; sca,s the .pttlrit*ia

gutput r."- , ir.nuu;.nan8ement is shown in Fig. 9.13(a). The Iieht fibeiusinga m;;"#:li:urce is fo':i-tss"c o" to"tt-,"

*#

,r"n

v receives

C(r:,rl frr" i"r, Iriy

the profile

*::i:be correctcd with repai.t "" i-i) ;;;JJ.

a ,r",.."*".ilr^

?f ii'4;:fl*-'#1""'iJ"i":'";;;;:;:; scan,ingmerhod,,s,""lffi J;.#;:,HX,T:1:"':":H3'*

;',T,Tffi;[ffi

Fig. 9.14

ShacjoN.nrethod
tr.,"

r,u".

for the on

"ri.r';ilI:?"

mersurerhent or

Optoelectronics nnd Fibs Communicntions

. r'

./

An advantage of this technique is that the stress may be induced

Optical Fiber Sensors

Directional

329

C.irectly r,r'ithout need of intermediate mechanism (e.g. pressure to displacement). However, the drawback is that the birefringence shown in photoelastic materiaL often depends on temperaturi so that the measurement due to the variation of a sirgle parameter is difficult.
,tl

10.13 IASER DOPPLER VELOCIMETER

USING OPTICAL FIBER

)
Fibermodulator'volume

--6xtrinsic single-mode fiber sensors have been developed to get

nonevasive measuremeni. of several physical measurands (velocity, fluid surface velocity anC vibrafion). The all-fiber laser Doppler velocimeter (LyD) is illustrated in Fig. 10.11. The device is capable of making the measurement of velocity in gases and fluids as weil as the velocity of objects to be taken- The arrangement in the figure uses hvo single mode fibers to guide the hrarsmitted beams to a1d from the probe. A fiber Cirechional coupler is used at the probe to obtain fwo beams fromsingle incontngbeam. The measurernentvolume is formed b), the region of intersection of tw,o coherent optical beams u'hich are independently scattered and Doppler shifted. A Doppler difference tectrLique is then used because the frequency shift in each beam is differeni as they are traveiing in different directions. Ttie two frequency shifts beat together to produce a frequency (ffi6) which is proportional to the component of velocily of the scattering particle v perpendicular to the mean direction of the incident beam and in their plane so that
6fp6 = [Qu / ]")n sin 0/2)l
(10.13.1)

Fig.

10.11 Doppler velocimeter using optical fiber and laser source D.A. Jackson and D.C. Jones, interferometer Optical Fiber Sensor Svstems and Application Artech House, pp. 3Bl-429,1989.

rr'f

e ;1,1: t lu ivnf\ 4)

w,here i is the ',vavelength of the laser source, n is the refractive index of the measurement volume and 0 is the angle of conr.,ergence betw,een the trvo input beams and 6/p6 = frequency It may noticed from Eq. (10.13.i) that an ambiguity in the direction of-the_ velocity may introduce serious errors. The problem may be solved through the inkoducLion of frequency shift into one of the transmitted beams. Hence the fiber modulator shorvn in Fig. 10.11 produces a required frequency shift. lVith frber LVD system, it is possible to measure velocity rvith high precession in a short period of tirne. In addition, arrangements are based on the classical interferometer configurations su& as Mach-Zehnder, Fabrl-pg66t and Michelson have been used to produce fiber laser "Vibrometer" to remote vibration measurement.

t. !
E:

r: cra' t3.