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p 0 = uniform_stream_total_pressure V0 = uniform_stream_velocity q= 1 2
2
p 1 = pressure_at_arbitrary_point V1 = velocity_at_arbitrary_point
V0 = dynamic_or_stagnation_or_ram_pressure 1 V0 = constant 2
1 2 V0
2 2
p0 +
Bernoulli
p 1 := constant 1 2 V1
2
p 0 := constant
for propeller immersion, measured at radius r, minimum p 0 is obtained from ... p 0 = p a + gh gr p a = atmosphere
h = shaft_centerline_immersion
gr V0 estimated as (VA^2+(*r)^2)0.5 define: L = local_cavitation_number = accounts for minimum when r vertical up if p1 => pv = vapor pressure, cavitation occurs p a + gh gr p v
2 2 2 V + r 2 A
early criteria (Barnaby) suggested limiting average thrust per unit area to certain values (76.7 kN/m2 = 10.8 psi) for tip immersion of 11 in increasing by 0.35 psi (unit conversions don't match up) 76.7 kN m
2
= 11.124 psi
can calculate pressure distributions around blade so can calculate local cavitation situation early in propeller design, want blade area to avoid cavitation (more blade area, less pressure
per unit area for given thrust)
Burrill ((1943) "Developments in Propeller Design and Manufacture for Merchant Ships",
Trans. Institute of Marine Engineers, London, Vol. 55) proposed guidance as follows:
limit thrust (coefficient) to a certain value depending on cavitation number at the 0.7 radius
c = coefficient_expressing_mean_loading_on_blades
T = thrust AP = projected_area = water_density VR = relative_velocity_of_water_at_0_7_radius AP AD = 1.067 0.229 P D from Taylor S & P page 91 P/D from 0.6 to 2.0 elliptical bladed prop, hub = 0.2 D c = 1 2
T AP
VR
T=
PE ( 1 t) V
PD D (1 t) V
PD = delivered_power PE = effective_power
RT = T( 1 t) PE = RTV
PE PD
= H R o
H =
1t 1w
0.7 slug
ft
3
cavitation number at 0.7*r using relative velocity at 0.7*r and pressure at CENTERLINE
:= 1.0259 10
= 1.99057
0.7 =
p 0 + gh p v 1 2 VA + ( 0.7 n D)
m VA = sec D=m
h=m
1
n = sec
0.7 =
in US units
Carmichael correlation
C :=
0.2
c as above
0.0174
0.2
0.0174
:= 0.1 , 0.11 .. 2
or ...
c( C , ) := C 0.0305
T
0.2
0.0174 + 0.523
0.2
0.3064
c =
AP
1 2
VR
= C 0.0305
0.2
0.0174 + 0.523
0.2
0.3064
AP = 1
VR C 0.0305 2
2
T
0.2
0.0174 + 0.523
0.2
0.3064
Ap = minimum_area_for_specified_cavitation
0.1 0.1
Carmichael correlation valid only for C <= 25 %. 30 % shown to indicate over estimates compared with fig 45 page 182 of PNA for example from prop_design_notes T := 278000lbf n := 218rpm D := 15ft P_over_D := 0.8 p 0 + gh p v 1 2 := VA + ( 0.7nD) 188.2 + 19.62 h VA + 4.836(n D)
2 2
rpm := min
kt := 1.688
ft s
VA := 14kt
h := 10ft
0.7 r =
m VA = sec
D=m
h=m
n = sec
p 0 + gh p v
2 2 VA + ( 0.7nD) 2
h = 3.048 m n = 3.633
1 s
= 0.179
C := 5 , 10 .. 25
VR := VA + ( 0.7n D)
2
m VR = 37.234 s
AP( C) := 1 2
AP AD
= 1.067 0.229
P D
assume AD ~ AE
AP( C) =
20.367 16.333 13.632 11.698 10.245
supercavitating c to the left. very low cavitation % is 100 h = 3.048 m D = 4.572 m m VA = 7.203 s m VA := 10 s 0.7 r = p 0 + gh p v
2 2 VA + ( 0.7nD) 2
n = 218
m s m s
n := 1000rpm
:=
p 0 + gh p v 1 2 VA + ( 0.7nD)
= 8.8 10
C := 25 0.0174 + 0.523
0.2
0.2
0.3064
c( C , ) = 0.243
off the scale hence supercavitating propellers correlation not valid but trend is ok