AM Transmitters

A. ntroduction


















8 1ransm|tter kequ|rements
1 lrequency Accuracy and SLablllLy
2 lrequency AglllLy
3 SpecLral urlLy
4 ower CuLpuL
3 Lfflclency
6 ModulaLlon lldellLy

1ransm|tter 1opo|og|es















Oscillator

BuIIer RF
AmpliIier
Intermediate RF
Power Amp
Final RF
AmpliIier
Audio
Amp

Compressor
Amp

Audio Power
AmpliIier

Mic

RF section

Audio Section

=

Audio amp

mic
Oscillator
Fig 4-2 Modulated Oscillator













































mic
=

BuIIer

Driver

RF Power
Amp
Osc

Audio Amp


=

Audio amp

mic
Oscillator

RF power amp

Fig 4-3 Oscillator with Power Amp

llg 44 1ransmlLLer wlLh 8uffer and urlver SLage




















llg 43 1ransmlLLer wlLh lrequency MulLlpllcaLlon






CsclllaLor clock generaLor produced carrled frequency
CrysLal osclllaLor

8uffer Ampllfles Lhe 8l slgnal
lsolaLes Lhe osclllaLor from 8l power amp

urlver/ lA provlde Lhe power galn for anLenna

Compressor Ampllfler reduces Lhe peak ampllLude value of Lhe audlo slgnal ln order Lo
aLLaln hlgher average value of modulaLlon facLor

Spurlous nolse any slgnal LhaL ls noL supposed Lo be ln Lhe LransmlLLed slgnal
use class C ampllfler Lo ellmlnaLe

lrequency MulLlpller provldes needed harmonlc slgnal

=


mic
Frequency Multipliers

Audio Amp

BuIIer

Osc

Driver

RF Power Amp

. TRANSMTTER STAGES
1 CsclllaLor
2 8uffer/ MulLlpller SLages
3 urlver
4 ower Ampllfler / ModulaLor
small LransmlLLer llkely uses class C LranslsLors ln flnal ampllfler
collecLor modulaLlon ls accompllshed by push/ pull class A8 ampllfler
LranslsLor can'L be connecLed ln parallel lnsLead several compleLe ampllflers are
used

a 03l
Where a audlo power
l dc power lnpuL Lo flnal ampllfler


Lxample 41
A LransmlLLer has a carrler power ouLpuL of 10 W aL an efflclency of 70 Pow much
power musL be applled by Lhe modulaLlng ampllfler for 100 efflclency?
q 07 o 10 W 8eq'd a

SoluLlon
a 03l 03
Pu
q

03
10
0.7

714 W
Solvlng for Lhe lmpedance looklng from Lhe Lransformer secondary lnLo Lhe modulaLed
sLage
ower lormula for 8MS


v
2
R


v
2
Z

Z
v
2
Pa

8uL
a 03l
03(vcclc)
03vcclc


va
(rk)
vcc


8uL
v
rms

v
pk
V2

v
cc
V2

Z
v
rms
2

Pu

(v
cc
V2)
2
0.5v
cc
I
c

0.5v
cc
2
0.5v
cc
I
c




v
cc
I
c

Lxample 42
A LransmlLLer operaLes from a 12 v supply wlLh a collecLor currenL of 2 A 1he
modulaLlon Lransformer has a Lurns raLlo of 41 WhaL ls Lhe load lmpedance seen by Lhe audlo
ampllfler

SoluLlon

Za aL Lhe secondary
Za
v
cc
I
c

12 v
2 A

Za 6




Zp aL prlmary

zp
z
c

N
1
2
N
2
2

Zp Za
N
1
2
N
2
2

Zp 6
4
1

2

Zp 96



3 Audlo ClrculLry
req Lo ampllfy Lhe very small slgnal (1 mv) from a mlcrophone Lo a sufflclenL
level Lo modulaLe Lhe LransmlLLer (30 kW)
make use of alc and frequency response shaplng from 300 Pz 3 kPz
alc (auLomaLlc level conLrol) conLrols Lhe level of modulaLlon lndex


E. OUTPUT MPEANCE MATCHNG
30 load lmpedance maLched lmpedance
maxlmum power Lransfer for maLched lmpedance
LransmlLLer ouLpuL clrculLry
- designed to transIorm the standard load impedance at the output to whatever is
required by the receiving devices.
- Transistors 50 O
- Tubes ~ 50

Load resistance seen at the collector
R
t

v
cc
2
2Pc



where:
Pc carrier power
Vcc peak supply voltage/ collector voltage
(plate)
. AM CTEN`S BAN TRANSMTTER (40 Channels)
C8 LransmlLLer ls always parL of Lhe recelver
CSC ls Lhe frequency synLheslzer whlch malnLalns crysLalconLrolled frequency
accuracy and sLablllLy operaLes L half ouLpuL frequency
Audlo clrculLlng conslsLs of mlcrophone preamp and an lC ampllfler whlch supplles
power Lo Lhe loudspeaker



OSC Doubler Driver RF Power Amp



Q14 Q15 Q17 Q18


Audio Pre-Amp Audio Amp


mic
Q16 IC
2

-gives power to
loudspeaker

Q7

AUTOMATIC LEVEL CONTROL
-limits modulation index up to 100
-prevents overmodulation



Fig. 4.7 Transmitter Section oI SB transmitter


G. EARLY AN MOERN TRANSMTTERS

1 Larly 1ransmlLLer
Spark Cap
O very flrsL LransmlLLer used whlch ls connecLed dlrecLly Lo an anLenna
O 8W ls raLher wlde luM was unknown (one slgnal ls LransmlLLed over an
area wlde 8W ls llkely Lo have nolse lnLerference overlapplng lf slgnal)
SynLony
O connecLlng one or more Luned clrculL ln beLween spark gap and
anLenna

ALC

O reduced 8W lnc # of slgnal LhaL can be LransmlLLed uslng dlfferenL
frequency

4 Spark gap became more complex llke lnvolvlng mulLlple gaps ac ouLpuLs
eLc

G.2 Modern AM Transmitter Design
8ecenL efforLs aL lmprovlng AM LransmlLLers have lnvolved Lhe developmenL of
hlghpower solld sLaLe power ampllflers and Lhe use of pulse modulaLlon and
swlLchlng ampllflers ln Lhe modulaLlon process
a. Solid State Radio Frequency Power AmpliIier
O 1ranslsLors have been shown Lo Lake over ln LransmlLLer power amp
because of Lhe greaLer slmpllclLy of uslng one or 2 large Lubes lnsLead of
many separaLe LranslsLor amp
O Solld sLaLe componenLs have hlgher rellablllLy and efflclency and
reduce effecLlve slze of abouL 30
b. Pulse-Duration Modulators
O ls someLlmes called class u or swlLchlng ampllflcaLlon (class 8 A8
expenslve aL hlgh power class C ls efflclenL Lhough has dlsLorLlon lf
used ln audlo appllcaLlon)
O swlLchlng causes pulse
O has LheoreLlcal 100 efflclency

|gure 49 AM 1ransm|tter us|ng DM



a) 1ransmlLLer for AM SLereo
uses MoLorola C Cuam` (sLandard)
done by separaLlng AM slgnal lnLo a phase and an ampllLude and modulaLor



uM
8adlo
lnpuL

CpLlcal coupler
SwlLchlng Amp
Ll
ower Amp
8l lnpuL from
exclLer
CHAPTER 5: AM RECE'ER
A ntroduct|on




|gure 4A1 S|mp|e kad|o kece|ver 8|ock D|agram
k Amp||f|er ampllfles weak slgnal recelves Lhe orlglnal slgnal and re[ecLs unwanLed
frequency
ueLecLor deLecLs Lhe recelved slgnal dlscerns Lhe lnLelllgence slgnal
Audlo Ampllfler provldes Lhe sufflclenL power needed by Lhe speaker
8 kece|ver 1opo|ogy
SlmplesL concelvable recelver would be an envelope deLecLor connecLed Lo an
anLenna
asslve ClrculL can'L dlsLlngulsh beLween nolse and lnLelllgence slgnal
Could be lmproved by placlng a Luned clrculL provldes selecLlvlLy ex CrysLal
radlos
AddlLlonal audlo amp provldes enough ouLpuL power for Lhe speaker

1uned kad|o requency ( 1k ) kece|ver
Slmple loglcal recelver wlLh 2 or 3 8l amp all Luned LogeLher for selecLlng
ampllfylng lncomlng slgnals and re[ecLlng unwanLed slgnals
CperaLes aL 333 1640 kPz buL has dlfflculLy operaLlng aL hlgher frequency

D kece|ver aracter|st|cs
1 SenslLlvlLy ablllLy of Lhe recelver Lo recelve weak slgnals wlLh a saLlsfacLory
slgnal
Lo nolse raLlo
one common speclflcaLlon for AM recelvers ls Lhe slgnal sLrengLh
requlred for a 10 d8 slgnal plus nolse Lo nolse (S+n)/n raLlo
aL a speclfled ouLpuL power level
sLandard ouLpuL ls 30 mW
Lx1) A recelver has a senslLlvlLy of 03uv and a blocklng dynamlc range of 10 70 d8 WhaL ls Lhe
sLrongesL slgnal LhaL can be presenL along wlLh a 03uv slgnal wlLhouL blocklng Lakes place?

SoluLlon

1
/
2
20 log(v
2
/v
1
)
v
2
03 uv

1
/
2
70 d8

8l AmpllflcaLlon ueLecLor Audlo AmpllflcaLlon

.H

.H
8eq'd v
1
70 20 log (03uv/ v
1
)
I
1
1S811 pI
2 SelecLlvlLy
ablllLy of a recelver Lo selecL one frequency whlle re[ecLlng oLher frequencles such as
unwanLed radlo slgnals and nolse
Lhls ls done by Lunlng Lhe recelver Lo Lhe frequency of deslred carrler (vla comblnaLlons
of L and C)

CsclllaLlng frequency f
o

1
2nVLC
f
o
8W (C) f
max
273 kPz
8W 2fm
L lnducLance 8W bandwldLh
C capaclLance C quallLy facLor
Lx 2 18l aL 330 1330 kPz cenLer frequency 1000 kPz 8W 10 kPz

8W [


8W [

SuperheLerodyne 8ecelver
O lnvenLed by Ldwln ArmsLrong ln 1918
O Mlxer comblnes Lhe 8l slgnal wlLh Lhe ouLpuL from a 8l osclllaLor
O CsclllaLor ls called as local osc
O PeLerodynlng/beaLlng process of uslng 2 waveforms aL sllghLly dlfferenL
frequency Lo produce a new frequency
O 1he dlff freq ls superaudlble whlch ls above Al range















llg 4A2 8lock dlagram of Lhe SuperheLerodyne 8ecelver

H
H

Mlxer comblnes 8l amp and ll amp

ll sLandard AM 433 kPz
lM 107 MPz



8easons for use and luncLlons of 8l ampllfler

a CreaLer galn le beLLer senslLlvlLy
b lmproved lmage frequency re[ecLlon
c lmproved slgnal Lo nolse raLlo
d lmproved re[ecLlon of ad[acenL unwanLed slgnals le beLLer selecLlvlLy
e 8eLLer coupllng of Lhe recelver Lo Lhe anLenna (lmporLanL aL vPl and above)
f revenLlon of spurlous frequency equal Lo Lhe ll from Lhe deslred slgnal
g revenLlon of reradlaLlon of Lhe local osclllaLor Lhrough Lhe anLenna of Lhe recelver



L12 lmage lrequency and lLs re[ecLlon

ln any recelver Lhere wlll be 2 freq one below and one above Lhe local osclllaLor
frequency LhaL wlll mlx wlLh lL Lo produce a slgnal aL Lhe lnLermedlaLe frequency fl (one
ls Lhe fs whlch Lhe radlo ls Luned and fsl or Lhe range frequency)


lmage ls an equal dlsLance from Lhe local osclllaLor frequency fo on Lhe oLher slde of
lL from
Lhe slgnal

nC1A1lCnS f
sl
lmage frequency f
s
slgnal frequency where radlo ls
f
l
ll frequency Luned
f
o
local osc frequency


a Plgh Slde ln[ecLlon (f
o
f
s
)
O f
ll
f
o
f
s

f
o
f
ll
+ f
s

O f
ll
f
sl
f
o

f
o
f
sl
f
ll
f
s
f
o
f
sl

O f
o
f
o

f
ll
+ f
s
f
Sl
f
ll
f
sl
f
s
+ 2f
ll
b Low slde ln[ecLlon f
0
f
s

O f
lf
f
o
f
Sl

f
o
f
ll
f
Sl

O f
ll
f
s
f
o

f
o
f
s
f
ll

O f
ll
+ f
Sl
f
s
f
ll

f
Sl
f
s
2f
ll


lmage 8e[ecLlon ls deflned as Lhe raLlo of Lhe volLage galn aL Lhe lnpuL frequency whlch
Lhe recelver ls Luned Lo galn aL Lhe recelver frequency lmage re[ecLlon l8 ls usually
expressed ln declbels

l8

2
p
2


Where C C of Lhe Luned clrculL
A
sl
volLage galn of Lhe lmage frequency
A
s
volLage galn lf Lhe slgnal frequency

p
]
]

]
]

LxAMLL
ln a broadcasL superheLerodyne recelver havlng no 8l ampllfler Lhe loaded C of Lhe anLenna
copylng clrculL (aL Lhe lnpuL of Lhe mlxer) ls 100 lf Lhe lnLermedlaLe frequency ls 433kPz
calculaLe (a) Lhe lmage frequency and lLs l8 aL 1000kPz (b) lmage frequency and lLs re[ecLlon aL
23 MPz

Clven
C 100 ll 433kPz
a fsl fs + 2 ll
1000 kPz + 2(433kPz)
fsl 191 MPz

p
1.91 MHz
1000kHz

1000kHz
1.91MHz
1386

l8 ()
2
(.8)
2

l8 1386 4284 d8


b fsl fs + 2ll
23MPz + 2(433kPz)
fsl 2391 MPz


p
25.91 MHz
25MHz

25MHz
25.91MHz
0072

l8 ()
2
(.)
2

l8 7269 1723 d8
L12 l8LCuLnC? CCnvL81L8
O frequency converslon ls accompllshed ln Lhe mlxer
O 1he dlfference frequency ls used as ll because lL ls Lhe lowesL frequency
O 1hls allows more selecLlvlLy and galn wlLh lncreased sLablllLy ln Lhe Cl secLlon of Lhe
recelver

a Converslon 1ransconducLance
O ls Lhe raLlo of ll slgnal currenL ln Lhe mlxer ouLpuL Lo 8l slgnal volLage lnpuL
O 1he coefflclenL of nonllnearlLy of mosL nonllnear reslsLance ls low so Lhe ll ouLpuL of
Lhe mlxer wlll be very low unless prevenLlve sLeps are Laken
O usual sLep ls Lo make Lhe LC volLage qulLe large 1 vrms or more on Lhe mlxer
b LunedclrculL ad[usLmenL
Lhe key Lo superheLerodyne operaLlon ls Lo make Lhe LC frequency Lrack" wlLh Lhe
clrculL/s LhaL are Lunlng Lhe lncomlng radlo slgnal such LhaL Lhelr dlfference ls a consLanL
frequency(Lhe ll)

c superheLerodyne Lracklng
Lo obLaln pracLlcal degree of Lracklng followlng sLeps are employed
1 Small varlable capaclLance ln parallel wlLh each secLlon ganged capaclLor called Lhe
Lrlmmer ls ad[usLed for proper operaLlon aL hlghesL frequency
2 AL Lhe lowesL frequency when engaged capaclLors are fully meshed(maxlmum value) a
small varlable capaclLor known as padder capaclLors ls puL ln serles wlLh Lhe Lank lnducLor
3 1he flnal ad[usLmenL ls made aL mld frequency b y sllghL ad[usLmenL of Lhe lnducLance ln
each Lank

d LlecLronlc 1unlng
replaces Lhe bulky and cosLly ganged capaclLors
Lhe process relles on Lhe capaclLance offered by a reverseblased dlode
varacLor dlodes/varlcap dlodes/vlC dlodes speclally fabrlcaLed dlode Lo enhance varlable
capaclLance vs 8everse blas characLerlsLlcs

CapaclLance exhlblLed by reverse blas slllcon dlode Cd

C
c
V1+2IvI


Where Co dlode capaclLance aL zero blas
vr dlode reverse blas volLage

L13 lnLermedlaLe frequency and ll Ampllfler
A SLandard lnLermedlaLe lrequency
433 kPz lf ln Am ln broadcasL band lf 3331603 kPz
107 MPz ll ln lm aL 88108 MPz
4123 MPz sound ll carrler ln 1v recelves wlLh lowesL channel frequency of 34 MPz
4173 MPz plcLure ll carrler ln 1v recelvers
43MPz ln Lhe carrler sound frequency ln 1v recelver

3ll Ampllflers(re[ecL ad[acenL channels)
Lhe lf ampllflers ls a flxedfrequency ampllfler wlLh Lhe very lmporLanL funcLlon of re[ecLlng
ad[acenL unwanLed frequencles lL allows Lhe use of a flxed double Luned lnducLlvely coupled
clrculL Lo allow for Lhe sharply deflned bandpass response characLerlsLlcs of superheLerodyne
recelvers
lL1 usually doubleLuned
8!1 usually slngleLuned

L14 AM deLecLors
lLs funcLlon ls for an ll slgnal LhaL ls ampllLude modulaLed wlLh audlo varlaLlons
exLracLlng recLlfylng and fllLerlng Lhe audlo envelope

a ACCAuLomaLlc Caln ConLrol
ls a sysLem by means by whlch Lhe overall galn of a radlo recelver ls varled
auLomaLlcally wlLh Lhe changlng sLrengLh of Lhe slgnal Lo keep ouLpuL subsLanLlally
consLanL

L13 Audlo Ampllfler
produces enough audlo slgnal for Lhe loud speaker

l AM 8ecelver SysLem
1 LlC AM 8ecelver
glves compleLe funcLlon of superheLerodyne
2 AM SLereo 8ecelver
moLorola CCuam sLereo has become Lhe defacLo sLandard