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Approach
A frame is subjected to the loads and loads combinations specified in AISC LRFD. Calculate the following: The critical load combination that produces the maximum reaction moment at the right column base (point A). Also, find the maximum combined stresses at Ytop fiber of right column base (point A). For these two calculations plot their respective concomitant deformed shapes and loads. The maximum combined Ybot stresses at middle of left roof span (point B). Also, plot the concomitant deformed shape and loads. The maximum combined stresses according to the loads and loads combinations specified in AISC LRFD in all the sections of the plane frame.
Geometrical Properties a = 30 ft b = 15 ft
b
Y B
Cross sections Beams: W 12x50 (AISC U.S. Units) Columns: HP 12x63 (AISC U.S. Units) Materials Steel A572 Fy = 50 ksi
b A a a X
Loads
D : dead load due to the weight of the structural elements and the permanent loads on the structure L : live load due to the occupancy and movable equipment Lr : roof live load W : wind load S : snow load E : earthquake load determined in accordance with Part I of the AISC Seismic Provisions for the Structural Steel Buildings R : load due to initial rainwater or ice exclusive of the pounding contribution
Loads A dead load of 1 Kips/ft at the roof level and 0.9 Kips/ft at the remaining floors is considered.
1.0 Kips/ft
0.9 Kips/ft
0.9 Kips/ft
A live load of 1.3 Kips/ft in all plants (even at roof) is considered in the analysis as shown in the figure bellow. All live loads are placed independently at each floor element.
1.3 Kips/ft
1.3 Kips/ft
1.3 Kips/ft
Live Load
A wind pressure of 0.8 Kips/ft in the windward area and a suction of 0.4 Kips/ft in the leeward area is applied. Likewise a suction of 0.4 Kips/ft at the roof level is also applied. The wind action has been divided in two independent load steps, one with the wind blowing in the +X direction and the other with the wind blowing in the X direction.
0.4 Kips/ft
0.8 Kips/ft
0.4 Kips/ft
Wind X +
0.4 Kips/ft
0.4 Kips/ft
0.8 Kips/ft
Wind X -
0.5 Kips/ft
Snow
The seismic action is represented by horizontal forces of 20 kips, 24 kips and 22 kips from top to bottom of the frame acting in the positive X direction.
22 Kips
24 Kips
20 Kips
Earthquake X+
1.0 Kips/ft
Rainwater
Load combinations
The most critical effect may occur when one or more loads are not acting. The following load combinations and the corresponding load factors shall be investigated:
1.4D 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) 1.2D + 1.3W + 0.5L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) 1.2D 1.0E + 0.5L + 0.2S 0.9D (1.3W or 1.0E) (A4-1) (A4-2) (A4-4) (A4-5) (A4-6)
Practice
0. CivilFem Setup: Units and codes
Main Menu>Civil Setup - Select Foot (length), s (time), Kips (force) Or issue: ~UNITS,,LENG,FT ~UNITS,,TIME,S ~UNITS,,FORC,KIPS
Main Menu>Preprocessor>Modeling>Copy>Keypoints - Press pick all - Generate 4 copies (including original) - Enter Y increment 15 Or issue: KGEN,4,ALL, , , ,15, ,0,0
Or issue: L,4,5 $ L,5,6 L,7,8 $ L,8,9 L,10,11 $ L,11,12 L,1,4 $ L,4,7 $ L,7,10 L,2,5 $ L,5,8 $ L,8,11 L,3,6 $ L,6,9 $ L,9,12
5.3 Meshing
Main Menu>Preprocessor>Meshing>Mesh Tool - Press set to define element size = 3 - Mesh beams - Set real constant to real constant 2 on the element attributes window - Mesh columns
6. Create Components
Utility Menu>Select>Entities - Select the roof elements Utility Menu>Select>Comp/Assembly>Create Component - Create the component Roof made of elements Or issue: LSEL,S,,,5,6,,1 CM,ROOF,ELEM
- In the same way, create the element component FLOOR - Create the element component BEAMS - Create the element component LCOLUMN - Create the element component CCOLUMN - Create the element component RCOLUMN - Create the element component COLUMN
Or issue: ESEL,S,REAL,,1 CMSEL,U,ROOF CM,FLOOR,ELEM CMSEL,S,ROOF CMSEL,A,FLOOR CM,BEAM,ELEM
NSEL,S,LOC,X,0 ESLN,S,1 CM,LCOLUMN,ELEM NSEL,S,LOC,X,30 ESLN,S,1 CM,CCOLUMN,ELEM NSEL,S,LOC,X,60 ESLN,S,1 CM,RCOLUMN,ELEM ESEL,S,REAL,,2 CM,COLUMN,ELEM
Or issue: CMSEL,S,ROOF SFBEAM,ALL,1,PRES,1.00 b) Dead load in floor = 0.9 Kips/ft - Select floor elements. - Apply pressure. Or issue: CMSEL,S,FLOOR SFBEAM,ALL,1,PRES,0.90 c) Solve load step 1 Utility Menu>Select>Everything Select Everything Main Menu>Solution>Solve>Current LS Solve Delete all loads
8.2 Load step 2 to 41: Live load (1.3 kips/ft) located independently at each floor element.
Issue:
IELEM=0 *DO,I,1,40 /TITLE,LIVE LOAD %I% CMSEL,S,FLOOR IELEM=ELNEXT (IELEM) ! Select floor elements ! Select the first element from the selected ! component with number greater than current ! value of IELEM. SFBEAM,IELEM,1,PRESS,1.30 ! Apply pressure on selected element ESEL,ALL SOLVE SFEDELE,ALL,ALL,ALL *ENDDO ! Select everything ! Solve current load step (I+1) ! Delete all loads ! End of cycle ! Define the parameter IELEM ! Create a CYCLE. There are 40 elements in floors.
8.3 Load step 42 to 61: Live load (1.3 kips/ft) located independently at each roof element.
Issue:
IELEM=0 *DO,I,1,20 /TITLE, LIVE LOAD ROOF %I% CMSEL,S,ROOF IELEM=ELNEXT (IELEM) ! Select roof elements ! Select the first element from the selected ! component with number greater than current ! value of IELEM. ! Apply pressure on selected element ! Select everything ! Solve current load step (I+41) ! Delete all loads ! End of cycle ! Define the parameter IELEM ! Create a cycle. There are 20 elements in roof.
Or issue: CMSEL,S,LCOLUMN SFBEAM,ALL,1,PRES,0.80 CMSEL,S,ROOF SFBEAM,ALL,1,PRES,-0.40 CMSEL,S,RCOLUMN SFBEAM,ALL,1,PRES, 0.40 ESEL,ALL SOLVE SFEDELE,ALL,ALL,ALL
Or issue: CMSEL,S,LCOLUMN SFBEAM,ALL,1,PRES,-0.40 CMSEL,S,ROOF SFBEAM,ALL,1,PRES,-0.40 CMSEL,S,RCOLUMN SFBEAM,ALL,1,PRES,-0.80 ESEL,ALL SOLVE SFEDELE,ALL,ALL,ALL
d) Solve load step 65 - Solve - Delete all loads Or issue: FK, 4,FX,22.00 FK, 7,FX,24.00 FK,10,FX,20.00 SOLVE FKDELE,ALL,ALL
8.8 Load step 66: Load due to the rainwater (1.00 Kips/ft)
- Select roof elements - Apply pressure 1.00 Kips/ft on all roof elements - Select everything - Solve load step 66 - Delete all loads Or issue: CMSEL,S,ROOF SFBEAM,ALL,1,PRES,1.00 ESEL,ALL SOLVE SFEDELE,ALL,ALL,ALL
(*) The data marked with an asterisk in the following table, should be introduced by the user with the ~CMBDEF and ~STSTCFT commands or using the Menu.
- Define coefficients for start state 3 (0.5*[Lr or S or R] Roof live load or Snow or Rainwater)
9.13 Combination Rule N13: Art 4-3: [1.2*D+1.6*(Lr or S or R)+ (0.5*L or 1.0*E)]
- Follow the same procedure as for 9.12 Or issue: ~CMBDEF,13,ADD,3 ~STSTDEF,13,1,CMB,1 ~STSTDEF,13,2,CMB,8,,2,1,1 ~STSTCFT,13,1,1.20 ~STSTCFT,13,2,1.60 ~STSTCFT,13,3,1.0
9.17 Combination Rule N17: Art4-1 or Art 4-2 or Art4-3 or Art 4-4 or Art 4-5 or Art 4-6
- Follow the same procedure as for 9.12 but select Option as combination type Or issue: ~CMBDEF,17,OPTION,6 ~STSTDEF,17,1,CMB,11,,6,1,1
Results
1 MAR 27 2002 15:40:06 DISPLACEMENT STEP=17 SUB =1 TIME=1 PowerGraphics EFACET=1 AVRES=Mat DMX =.399814 U F DSCA=7.503 ZV =1 *DIST=40 XF =31.481 YF =22.491 Z-BUFFER PRES 0 .192222 .384444 .576667 .768889 .961111 1.153 1.346 1.538 1.73
Y Z X
10.1 RESULTS: Concomitant deformed shape with the Maximum Reaction Moment Z at node 90 (right column base)
10.2 Maximum combined stress at Ytop at element 91 node 90 (right column base)
Main Menu>Civil Postprocessor>Combine Results>Element Results - Select BEAM and SYTZM. - Select combination rule 17 Select node 90 and element 91 Select Absolute (ABS)
- Select recursively - Select target value and update Or issue: ~CMBINQ,17,BEAM,COMBS,YTZM,ABS,90,91,2,1 Main Menu>General Postprocessor>Plot Results>Deformed Shape - Select Def+undef edge Or issue: PLDISP,2
Utility Menu>Plot Ctrls>Symbols - Suppress plot of loads (/PBC and /PSF) Or issue: /PBC,F,0 Main Menu>Civil Postprocessor>Beam Utilities>Graph Results>Stess & Strain - Select Sx at point 25 to plot concomitant stress distribution Or issue: /PBC,F,0 /PSF,PRES,,0 ~PLLSSTR,SX,25,2
Results
1 MAR 27 2002 16:03:56 PLOT NO. 1 DISPLACEMENT STEP=17 SUB =1 TIME=1 PowerGraphics EFACET=1 AVRES=Mat DMX =.396931 U F DSCA=7.558 ZV =1 *DIST=40 XF =28.513 YF =22.493 Z-BUFFER PRES 0 .192222 .384444 .576667 .768889 .961111 1.153 1.346 1.538 1.73
Y Z X
10.2 RESULTS: Concomitant deformed shape with the maximum combined stress at Ytop fiber of element 91 node 90 (right column base)
MAR 27 2002 16:06:03 PLOT NO. 1 LINE STRESS STEP=17 SUB =1 TIME=1 CFETAB_ICFETAB_J MIN =-6523 ELEM=76 MAX =7423 ELEM=11 U ZV =1 *DIST=40 XF =30 YF =22.5 Z-BUFFER -6523 -4973 -3424 -1874 -324.536 1225 2775 4324 5874 7423
Y Z X
10.3 Maximum combined stress at YBOT at element 45 node 49 (middle of left roof span)
- Follow the same procedure as for 10.2 Or issue: ~CMBINQ,17,BEAM,COMBS,YBZM,MAX,49,45,2,1 PLDISP,2 /PBC,F,0 /PSF,PRES,,0 ~PLLSSTR,SX,132,2
Results
1 MAR 27 2002 16:09:43 PLOT NO. 1 DISPLACEMENT STEP=17 SUB =1 TIME=1 PowerGraphics EFACET=1 AVRES=Mat DMX =.136416 U F DSCA=21.992 ZV =1 *DIST=40 XF =29.947 YF =22.468 Z-BUFFER PRES 0 .364444 .728889 1.093 1.458 1.822 2.187 2.551 2.916 3.28
Y Z X
10.3 RESULTS: Concomitant deformed shape with the maximum combined stress at Ybot fiber of element 45 node 49 (middle of left roof span)
MAR 27 2002 16:12:14 PLOT NO. 1 LINE STRESS STEP=17 SUB =1 TIME=1 CFETAB_ICFETAB_J MIN =-6608 ELEM=50 MAX =4033 ELEM=45 U ZV =1 *DIST=40 XF =30 YF =22.5 Z-BUFFER -6608 -5426 -4244 -3061 -1879 -696.23 486.195 1669 2851 4033
Y Z X
Main Menu>Civil Postprocessor> Combine Results>Def One Target - Define two targets, for user point 1 and 2
Target 1
Select Cross group and stress (SS) in user point 1 (PT1)
Press Apply
Select absolute
Press Ok
Results
1 MAR 27 2002 16:20:25 PLOT NO. 1 LINE STRESS STEP=17 SUB =1 TIME=33 CFETAB_ICFETAB_J MIN =-6722 ELEM=76 MAX =6763 ELEM=30 ZV =1 *DIST=40 XF =30 YF =22.5 Z-BUFFER -6722 -5224 -3726 -2227 -728.996 769.366 2268 3766 5264 6763
Y Z X
Dead Load
Results
1 MAR 27 2002 16:21:53 PLOT NO. 1 LINE STRESS STEP=17 SUB =2 TIME=34 CFETAB_ICFETAB_J MIN =-7690 ELEM=10 MAX =3719 ELEM=25 ZV =1 *DIST=40 XF =30 YF =22.5 Z-BUFFER -7690 -6422 -5154 -3887 -2619 -1351 -83.747 1184 2452 3719
Y Z X
Dead Load