NURSING AS A PROFESSION What is a profession?

Is a calling or occupation that requires extensive education, special knowledge/training or preparation

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Criteria of a Profession a. Its requirement of prolonged, specialized training to acquire a body of knowledge pertinent to the role to be performed. b. An orientation of the individual toward service, either to a community or to an organization c. d. e. f. Ongoing research A code of ethics Autonomy, and A professional organization

Characteristics of a Profession according to Houle (1980) 1. Concept of mission open to change. 2. Mastery of theoretical knowledge. 3. Capacity to solve problems. 4. Use of theoretical knowledge. 5. Continued seeking of self-enhancement by its members. 6. Formal training. 7. Credentialing system to certify competence. 8. Creation of subculture. 9. Legal reinforcement of professional standards. 10. Ethical practice. 11. Penalties against incompetent or unethical practice. 12. Public acceptance. 13. Role distinctions that differentiate professional work from that of other vocations and permit autonomous practice. 14. Service to society. NURSING is a unique function to assist individuals, sick or well in performance of activities contributing to health and its recovery or a peaceful death. And to be performed upside with necessary knowledge, will and strength. Nursing is an art
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Is a science Is holistic

Is client centered Is a helping profession

Is concerned with health promotion, health maintenance, and health restoration. Nurse is a person, usually a woman trained to care for the sick; it can be promotive or preventive. CHARACTERISTICS OF NURSING a. Nursing is caring Caring is communicated through actions Caring is the essence of Nursing b. It involves close, personal contact with the patient.

c. It concerned with services that human, into account as physiologic, psychologic and sociologic organism. d. Committed to personalized services for all persons without regard to color, creed or social economic status. e. Nursing is committed to involvement to ethical, legal, political issues in the deliveries of health care. PERSONAL QUALITIES AND PROFESSIONAL QUALITIES OF NURSE 1. Interest and willingness to work and learn with individuals/groups in a variety of settings. 2. A warm personality and concern for people.

3. Resourcefulness and creativity as well as a well-balanced emotional condition. 4. 5. 6. Capacity and ability to work cooperatively with others. Initiative to improve self service Competence in performing work through the use of nursing process.

7. Skill in decision-making, communicating and relating with others and being research oriented; and, 8. Active participation in issues confronting nurses and nursing.

ROLES OF THE PROFESSIONAL NURSE 1. 2. 3. Care Provider Communicator/Helper Teacher

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Counselor Client Advocate Change agent Leader Manager Researcher

FACTORS INFLUENCING NURSING PRACTICE 1. Economics 2. Changing Demands for Nurses 3. Consumers Demands 4. Science and Technology 5. Legislation HISTORY OF NURSING IN THE PHILIPPINES A. Period of Intuitive Nursing I. Early belief and practices- disease and their causes and treatment were shrouded with mysticism and superstitious. a. Belief about causation of disease: - another person ( an enemy or witch) - evil spirit - due to supernatural causes Treatment learned by trial and error method SHAMAN witch doctor b. Belief that evil spirit could be driven away by person with powers that expel demons. Techniques work by: 1. SHOCKING and ANNOYING the EVIL SPIRITS wear mask or animal furs use of noise bite or pinch patient offer bitter drinks immerse sick person alternately in hot or cold water to annoy spirit. 2. MOLLIFYING ACTS appeasing the spirits offerings of sacrifices Ask evil spirits to transfer to inanimate objects Incantations 3. TREPANATION (Trephining)- boring a hole in the skull with a sharp stone to provide an exit of the evil spirits. c. Belief in special Gods of healing, with the priest physician. If they used leaves or roots or (Herb doctors) II. Early Care of the sick they subscribed to superstitious beliefs and practices in relation to health and sickness.

Herbmen Herbicheros one who practiced witchcraft Nonos attributed to difficult childbirth (Pamao) Midwives assisted in childbirth or mabuting hilot III. Health Care during the Spanish Regimen: A. Religious Orders exerted efforts to care for he sick by building hospitals in the different parts of the Philippines. Earliest Hospitals were: 1. HOSPITAL REAL DE MANILA (1577) it was established mainly to care for the Spanish king soldiers, but also admitted Spanish civilians, founded by Gov. Francisco de Sande 2. SAN LAZARO HOSPITAL (1578) founded by Bro. Juan Clemente and was administered for many years by the Hospitaliers of San Juan de Dios; built exclusively for patients with leprosy. 3. HOSPITAL DE INDIOS (1586) established by Franciscan Orders; service was in general supported aims and contributions from charitable persons. 4. HOSPITAL DE AGUAS SANTA (1590) established in Laguna; near a medicinal spring, founded by Bro. J. Bautista of Franciscan Order. 5. SAN JUAN DE DIOS HOSPITAL (1596) Founded by the Brotherhood of Misericordia and administered by Hospitalliers of San Juan de Dios, supports was derived from aims and rents, rendered general health services to the public. Prominent Personalities involved in Nursing Work: 1. Josephine Bracken- wife of Dr. Jose Rizal, care for the wounded during the war day and night. 2. Ma. Agoncillo de Aguinaldo wife of Emilio Aguinaldo, President of the Filipino Red Cross in Batangas. 3. Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora)- who gave tender care to the wounded and did her work with humility and devotion. 4. Trinidad Tecson (Ina ng Biyak na Bato)- stayed in the hospitals of Biak na Bato to take care for the wounded soldier confined therein. Built Schools of Nursing: 1. PGH Nursing School- Goal: is to train Filipino girls for the profession of nursing. 2. Iloilo Hospital Training School for Nurses- started April 1906 under the Baptists Foreign Mission Society of America. 3. Southern Island Hospital School of Nursing was opened June 1918 as a branch of PGH School of Nursing. 4. San Pedro Hospital School of Nursing was built in 1947 under Hospital Services, Inc. 5. St. Luke Hospital School of Nursing started in 1898. It opened the doors of service in 1903 as a dispensary (clinic for dispensation of medicines and treatment) THE FIRST COLLEGES OF NURSING IN THE PHILIPPINES 1. University of Santo Tomas College of Nursing (1946)

2. Manila Central University, College of Nursing (1947) The MCU hospital first offered the BSN course in 1947 3. University of the Philippines, College of Nursing (1948) NURSING LEADERS IN THE PHILIPPINES 1. Anastacia Giron-Tupas first Filipino nurse to hold the position of chief nurse and superintendent; founder of the Philippine Nurses Association (PNA). 2. Cesaria Tan first Filipino to receive a Masters Degree in Nursing abroad. 3. Socorro Sirilin pioneered in hospital social service in San Lazaro Hospital where she was the Chief Nurse. 4. Rosa Militar a pioneer in school health education 5. Sor Ricarda Mendoza a pioneer in nursing education 6. Socorro Diaz - first editor of PNA magazine called THE MESSAGE 7. Conchita Ruiz first full time editor of the newly name PNA magazine THE FILIPINO NURSES 8. Loreto Tupaz Dean of the Philippine Nursing; Florence Nightingale of Iloilo HEALTH AND NURSING ORGANIZATIONS (Early Institutions for Child Welfare) 1. Hospicio de san Jose ( manila 1782) 2. Asylum of San Jose (Cebu) 3. Asylum of Looban (Manila) 4. Colegio de Santa Isabel (Naga City) took care of poor girls 5. Gota de Leche ( Manila 1907) - milk station. Its objective was to promote health in infants through proper feeding. 6. Liga Nacional Filipiniana para la Protection de la Primera Infancia work for the passage of child welfare legislations. 7. Public Welfare Board took over the work of the Liga in 1915; conducted a systematic campaign on child hygiene in 1917. 8. Philippine Nurses Association national organizations of Filipino Nurses. 9. National League of Nurses Association of nurses employed by the Department of Health (DOH) 10. Catholic Nurses Guild of the Philippines HISTORY OF NURSING IN OTHER LANDS: A. BABYLONIAN CULTURE Contributions to Medicine: 1. Code of Hammurabi regulated code in the practice of Medicine. e.g., Surgeons hand will be cut for malpractice. - regulated physicians conduct (physicians fee) 2. Diagnosis of Illnesses a. Divination kill an animal and diagnose the sickness of patient through animal liver. b. Sick person is brought to the market and passersby who had experienced the same illness prescribe treatment. c. Chants, herbs and sacrifices B. PERSIAN CULTURE Contributions to Medicine:

1. Belief that abortion is abortion 2. Principles of public health and sanitation - Tower of peace - Bulls urine is used for disinfections 3. Music therapy 4. Medical practitioners are of the three types: a. one who cures with knife surgeon b. one who cures with herbs Quack medicines c. one who cures with holy water Priest physician C. EGYPTIAN CULTURE Contributions to Medicine: 1. Pyramids to preserve their dead 2. Mummification embalming 3. Priest Physician IMHOTEP acknowledged being the first physician in the Egyptian culture. D. HEBREW CULTURE Contributions to Medicine: MOSAIC Code systematic, organized method of preventing disease. 1. Principles of personal hygiene 2. Women of childbearing and menstruation ISRAEL Moses recognized as the Father of Sanitation; he wrote the five books of old testaments. 1. Emphasized the practice of hospitality to stranger and acts of charity. 2. Promulgate laws of control on the spread of communicable disease and the ritual of circumcision of the male child. 3. Referred to nurses as midwives, wet nurses or childs nurses whose acts where compassionate and tender. CHINA 1. They gave world knowledge of material medica (Pharmacology) 2. They practiced ancestor worship which prohibits the dissection of die human body. 3. There was no mention about nursing in their records. It is assumed that care of the sick was done by female members of the family. INDIA 1. Men of medicine built hospitals, practiced an intuitive form of asepsis and proficient in the practice of medicine and surgery. 2. Sushurutu made a list of function and qualifications of nurses. Nurses were described as a combination of physical therapist and a cook. GREECE 1. Nursing was the task of untrained slave. 2. The Greeks introduced the caduceus, insignia of medical profession today.

3. Hippocrates born in Greece was given the title The Father of Scientific

Medicine. B. PERIOD OF APPRENTICE NURSING This period extends from the founding of religious nursing orders in the crusades, which began in the 11th century. It is the period of on the job training. Nursing care was performed without any formal education. Religiou orders of the church were responsible for the development of this kind of nursing. E.g., The Crusades, Teutonic Knights, Knights of St. Lazarus.

Important Nursing Personages during this Period 1. St. Claire founder of the Second Orders of the Francis; took vows of poverty, obedience and gave nursing care to the sick and afflicted. 2. St. Elizabeth of Hungary known as the Patroness of Nurses. She lived her life frugally despite her wealth. She used all her wealth to make the lives of the poor happy and useful. She built hospital for the sick and needy. She fed the sick with her own hands and made their beds. 3. St. Catherine of Siena the first Lady with a Lamp. She was 25 th child of humble Italian parents. She pledged her life to service at the age of seven and was referred to as little saint. C. DARK PERIOD OF NURSING This extends from the 17th to the 19th century from the period of reformation until U.S. Civil War. Properties of hospitals and schools were confiscated. There were no provisions for the sick, no one to cared for the sick. Nursing became the work of least desirable women. They work seven days a week. Leaders sought to bring reforms were: 1. John Howard- a prisoner reformer, helped improve the conditions in prisoners and gave prisoners renewed hope. 2. Mother Mary Aikenhand established the Irish Sisters of Charity to bring back into nursing dedication of the early Christian era. 3. Pastor Theodor Fliedner and Frederika Munster Fliedner established the Institute for the Training of Deaconesses at Kaiserwerth, Germany(1836), the first organized training school for nurses. Requirements for entering schools were: a. Character reference from clergyman. b. A certificate of health from a physician. c. Permission from their nearest relative. D. PERIOD OF EDUCATED NURSING This period began on June 15, 1860, when the Florence Nightingale School of Nursing opened at St. Thomas Hospital in London.

Important Personages in this Period 1. Linda Richards first graduate nurse in the U.S.; graduated on September 1, 1873. 2. Dr. William Halsted designated the first rubber gloves. 3. Caroline Hampton Robb the first to wear rubber gloves while working as an operating room nurse. 4. Isabel Hampton Robb the first principal of the John Hopkins Hospital, School of Nursing; the most influential in directing the development of nursing during this period. 5. Claire Louise Maas engaged in medical research on yellow fever during the Spanish American War. She died of yellow fever.
6. Edith Cavell known as Mata Hari, served the wounded soldiers during World

War I (both English and Russian soldiers); suspected as a spy (Mata Hari) and has a monument in Russia, as recognition to her service. E. PERIOD OF CONTEMPORARY NURSING This covers the period after World War II to the Present. Scientific and technological developments as well as social marks this period. Events and Trends 1. Establishment of the World Health Organization by the United Nations to assist in fighting disease by providing health information and improving nutrition, living standards, and environmental conditions of all people. 2. Use of atomic/nuclear energy for medical diagnosis and treatment. 3. Utilization of computers for collecting data, teaching, establishing diagnosis, maintaining inventory, making payrolls, record keeping, and billing. 4. Use of sophisticated equipment for diagnosis and therapy. 5. The advent of space medicine also brought about the development of eorospace nursing. Colonel Pearl Tucker developed a comprehensive one year course to prepare nurses for aerospace nursing at Cape Kennedy. 6. Health is perceived as fundamental human rights. Laws were legislated to provide such right. 7. Nursing involvement in community health is greatly intensified. 8. Technological advances, such as the development of disposable supplies and equipment have relieved the nurse from numerous tedious tasks. 9. Development of the expanded role of the nurse. The nurse is constantly assuming responsibilities in patient care which were formerly the sole prerogative of the physician. Nursing became a dynamic profession because developments in the constantly changing world. References: Professional Nursing In the Philippines By: Lydia Venson Fundamentals of Nursing By: Kozier and ERB Fundamental of Nursing By: Rick Daniels

A mans own character shapes his fortune

APRIL URBANO GABOT-ALAP, R.N., M.A.N. Instructor I