Classification

Integrated circuits can be classified into analog,digital and mixed signal (both analog and digital on the same chip). Digital integrated circuits can contain anything from one to millions of logic gates, flipflops, multiplexers, and other circuits in a few square millimeters. The small size of these circuits allows high speed, low power dissipation, and reduced manufacturing costcompared with board-level integration. These digital ICs, typically microprocessors, DSPs, and micro controllers, work using binary mathematics to process "one" and "zero" signals. Analog ICs, such as sensors, power management circuits, and operational amplifiers, work by processing continuous signals. They perform functions like amplification, active filtering,demodulation, and mixing. Analog ICs ease the burden on circuit designers by having expertly designed analog circuits available instead of designing a difficult analog circuit from scratch. ICs can also combine analog and digital circuits on a single chip to create functions such as A/D converters and D/A converters. Such circuits offer smaller size and lower cost, but must carefully account for signal interference..

Digital Integrated Circuits

Digital integrated circuits, primarily used to build computer systems, also occur in cellular phones, stereos and televisions. Digital integrated circuits include microprocessors, microcontrollers and logic circuits. They perform mathematical calculations, direct the flow of data and make decisions based on Boolean logic principles. The Boolean system used centers on on two numbers: 0 and 1. On the other hand, the base 10 system, the number system we learn in elementary school, is based on 10 numbers: 0, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Analog Integrated Circuits

Analog integrated circuits most commonly make up a part of power supplies, instruments and communications. In these applications, analog integrated circuits amplify, filter and modify electrical signals. In cellular phones, they amplify and filter the incoming signal from the phone's antenna. The sound encoded into that signal has a low amplitude level; after the circuit filters the sound signal from the incoming signal, the circuit amplifies the sound signal and sends it to the speaker in your cell phone, allowing you to hear the voice on the other end. Mixed-Signal Integrated Circuits

Mixed-signal circuits occur in cellular phones, instrumentation, motor and industrial control applications. These circuits convert digital signals to analog signals, which in turn set the speed of motors, the brightness of lights and the temperature of heaters, for example. They also convert digital signals to sound waveforms, allowing for the design of digital musical instruments such as electronic organs and computer keyboards capable of playing music. Mixed-signal integrated circuits also convert analog signals to digital signals. They will convert analog voltage levels to digital number representations of the voltage level of the signals. Digital integrated circuits then perform mathematical calculations on these numbers.

Analog versus digital circuits

Analog, or linear, circuits typically use only a few components and are thus some of the simplest types of ICs. Generally,analog circuits are connected to devices that collect signals from the environment or send signals back to the environment. For example, a microphone converts fluctuating vocal sounds into an electrical signal of varying voltage. An analog circuit then modifies the signal in some useful waysuch as amplifying it or filtering it of undesirable noise. Such a signal might then be fed back to a loudspeaker, which would reproduce the tones originally picked up by the microphone. Another typical use for an analog circuit is to control some device in response to continual changes in the environment. For example, a temperature sensor sends a varying signal to a thermostat, which can be programmed to turn an air conditioner, heater, or oven on and off once the signal has reached a certain value. A digital circuit, on the other hand, is designed to accept only voltages of specific given values. A circuit that uses only two states is known as a binary circuit. Circuit design with binary quantities, on and off representing 1 and 0 (i.e., true and false), uses the logic of Boolean algebra. The three basic logic functionsNOT, AND, and ORtogether with their truth tables are given in the figure. (Arithmetic is also performed in the binary number system employing Boolean algebra.) These basic elements are combined in the design of ICs for digital computers and associated devices to perform the desired functions.

Classification of IC Chips Numbering of components Pinout diagrams

Logic Families IC Series Designations

IC Logic Circuits
IC 7400 NAND IC 7402 NOR IC 7404 Hex Inverter IC 7420 4-input NAND Gates IC 7432 OR Gates IC 7486 XOR IC 7408 Quad AND gate ... ...

Classification of IC Chips
Classification of integrated circuit components may be by:
Number of gates Logic family

Integrated Circuit Components

Classification of IC Chips

Logic Families IC Series Designations

Numbering of components

Pinout diagrams

IC Series Designations
Prefixes for integrated circuits..
TTL Series Prefix CMOS Series Prefix 40 or 140 40 or 140 74C

Standard TTL

74

Metal-gate CMOS

High-Speed TTL

74H Metal-gate CMOS

Low-Power TTL

74L

Metal-gate, pin-compatible with TTL Silicon-gate , pin-compatibel with TTL, high-speed Si gate, high-speed, elect compatible with TTL

Schottky TTL

74S

74HC

Low-power Schottky TTL

74LS

74HCT

Advanced Schottky TTL Advanced low-power Schottky TTL

74AS ...

...

74ALS ...

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