Resonant Cavities

as Beam Position Monitors

Part 3. AnaIog signaI processing.
Laboratory measurements.

A. Liapine

This pcrt explcins the bcsic principles used in the electronics jor the PM's sincls processin. Tuo bcsic
methods oj the douncontersion, heterodne cnd homodne, cre discussed. Simple tests uhich ccn be done to
the electronics cnd to the sstem PM+electronics cre described briejl.

1. Ilectronics
SIgnuIs comIng Irom u cuvILy beum posILIon monILor usuuIIy oscIIIuLe uL u very IIgI Irequency
- Irom u Iew GHz up Lo u Iew Lens oI GHz. TIese sIgnuIs musL be downconverLed beIore LIey
muy be dIgILIzed Ior LIe IoIIowIng unuIysIs, becuuse LIe cupubIIILIes oI LIe dIgILIzers uvuIIubIe
on LIe murkeL ure sLIII IImILed Lo u Iew Iundreds oI MHz. BusIcuIIy, Lwo meLIods ure used In
LIe rudIo LecInIcs - IeLerodyne und Iomodyne. TIey uIso cun be used Ior LIe conversIon oI
LIe sIgnuI Lo u IIgIer Irequency, buL we ure noL InLeresLed In LIIs possIbIIILy und IurLIermore
- need Lo suppress LIe IIgI IurmonIc. We wIII sLurL wILI LIe IeLerodyne receIver und LIen
conLInue wILI LIe Iomodyne one (wIIcI couId be LreuLed us un exLremeIy sImpIIIIed versIon
oI LIe IeLerodyne unIess IL wouId noL Iuve some specIuI properLIes).

1.1 eterodyne Receiver
TIe (super-)IeLerodyne receIver Is wIdeIy spreud one. L Is used everywIere sLurLIng Irom
personuI communIcuLIon devIces Lo rudIo und TV Luners. Igure beIow IIIusLruLes LIe muIn
prIncIpIe oI IeLerodyne receIver. RudIo Irequency (R) sIgnuI Is IIrsL umpIIIIed In u Irequency
seIecLIve (buL usuuIIy broudbund) Iow noIse sLuge, LIen LrunsIuLed Lo u Iower InLermedIuLe
Irequency (): I = IR - IO. AILer u sIgnIIIcunL umpIIIIcuLIon und un uddILIonuI IIILerIng on
LIe InLermedIuLe Irequency IL Is IInuIIy downconverLed Lo LIe busebund (I.e. Lo LIe orIgInuI or
desIred sIgnuI Irequency).

LO
Band select
filter
Mirror frequency
rejection filter
Channel select
filter
RF IF
f
Band select
filter
LO
LO +90
0
f
Channel select
filter
f
IF

I
"
LNA
TIIs LecInIque Is IIexIbIe In cIungIng LIe receIvIng Irequency, becuuse LIe onIy cIunge Lo be
done Is LIe Irequency oI LIe IIrsL IocuI oscIIIuLor (O) In LIe wuy LIuL uL LIe Irequency oI LIe
sIgnuI uL LIe ouLpuL oI LIe mIxer wouId noL cIunge. TIe resL oI eIecLronIcs Is Iree Irom
uddILIonuI reudjusLmenLs, wIuL Is very ImporLunL In LIe uppIIcuLIons oI LIe IeLerodyne
receIver In LIe rudIo, TV, suLeIIILe und oLIer communIcuLIons.
TIe z-sLuge downconversIon oI LIe BPM sIgnuI Is someLImes needed Lo reduce LIe Iosses
InLroduced by Iong cubIes curryIng LIe BPM sIgnuIs ouL oI LIe ucceIeruLor LunneI. n LIuL cuse
LIe IIrsL sLuge oI downconversIon Is pIuced Lo LIe BPM us cIose us possIbIe, LIe sIgnuI Is
downconverLed Lo some InLermedIuLe Irequency, cubIe Iosses Ior wIIcI ure consIderubIy
Iower. TIe second sLuge Is LIen pIuced ouLsIde oI LIe LunneI, In LIe regIon, wIIcI Is noL us
sLrongIy Iouded wILI rudIuLIon oI every kInd.
TIe muIn probIem In IeLerodyne LecInIque Is so-cuIIed Imuge Irequency. To undersLund LIe
probIem IeL's IIrsL dIscuss In more deLuII LIe prIncIpIe oI LIe mIxer`s IuncLIonuIILy.
TIe R-sIgnuI uL LIe IronL end oI LIe eIecLronIcs oscIIIuLes wILI some Irequency R,

) cos( ) ( t a t U
RF RF
(1)

TIe sIgnuI comIng Irom LIe IocuI oscIIIuLor Ius some IIxed Irequency O

) cos( ) ( t b t U
LO LO

(z)

TIese Lwo sIgnuIs ure muILIpIIed by u non-IIneur eIemenL oI LIe mIxer. As u resuIL Lwo sIgnuIs
wILI IrequencIes R - O und R + O ure produced.

)| cos( ) |cos(
2
) ( ) (
LO RF LO RF LO RF
ab
t U t U
()

TukIng LIe IIrsL Lerm we Iuve u down-conversIon. TIe second Lerm corresponds Lo up-
conversIon. UsuuIIy we ure InLeresLed In LIe downconverLed Lerm und
IF LO
. n LIIs cuse
u Irequency oI
IF LO IM
Is downconverLed Lo u neguLIve Irequency. n LIIs wuy LIe
sIgnuI uL LIIs Irequency joIns LIe sIgnuI oI InLeresL. TIereIore uny noIse or InLerIerence sIgnuIs
uL LIIs Irequency Iuve Lo be rejecLed. TIe Irequency
IM
Is cuIIed Imuge Irequency.
To rejecL LIe mIrror Irequency sIgnuI un uddILIonuI IIILer Is oILen uppIIed In IronL oI LIe mIxer.

IM

#F

IF

IF
RF, IM

LO

IF

-
IF

IF
f

f

1. omodyne receiver
owuduys In u cIose connecLIon Lo LIe growIng mobIIe und wIreIess communIcuLIons more
und more uLLenLIon Is puId Lo dIrecL conversIon receIvers. DIrecL conversIon recepLIon, uIso
reIerred Lo us Iomodyne, or zero- conversIon, Is LIe mosL nuLuruI soIuLIon Lo deLecL
InIormuLIon LrunsmILLed by u currIer In jusL one conversIon sLuge.
n LIIs cuse LIe eIecLronIcs Ius uL IeusL one mIxer sLuge Iess LIen In u IeLerodyne sysLem. BuL
Irom LIe oLIer Iund LIe IIexIbIIILy Lo cIunge receIvIng Irequency Is reduced sIgnIIIcunLIy,
becuuse LIe nurrow bund IIILerIng Is noL possIbIe beIore downconversIon und LIe onIy nurrow
bund IIILer Is LIe ouLpuL Iowpuss. TIougI, In cuse oI LIe BPM sIgnuI processIng LIere Is no
need Lo cIunge LIe InpuL Irequency. TIuL meuns u nurrow bund IIILer cun be used uIreudy uL
LIe IronL-end oI LIe eIecLronIcs.
TIe prIncIpIe Is IIIusLruLed beIow. TIe sIgnuI Is IIrsL umpIIIIed uL u Iow noIse sLuge und LIen
dIrecLIy converLed Lo LIe busebund or even Lo u dIrecL currenL sIgnuI. WIen LIe IrequencIes oI
LIe R und LIe O sIgnuIs ure equuI, LIIs scIeme works us u pIuse deLecLor. n some
IILeruLure, onIy wIen LIe IocuI oscIIIuLor Is syncIronIzed In pIuse wILI LIe IncomIng currIer
Irequency, LIe receIver Is cuIIed Iomodyne.


Suppose LIuL LIe In u IeLerodyne Is reduced Lo zero. TIe O wIII LIen LrunsIuLe LIe cenLre
oI LIe desIred cIunneI Lo oHz, und LIe porLIon oI LIe cIunneI LrunsIuLed Lo LIe neguLIve
Irequency IuII-uxIs becomes LIe Imuge Lo LIe oLIer IuII oI LIe sume cIunneI uL LIe posILIve
Irequency IuII-uxIs.


Band select
filter
DC
f
Band select
filter
LO
LO +90
0
f
Low-pass
Filter
~I
~"
Low-pass
filter LNA
Low-pass
filter
I

To ucIIeve muxImum InIormuLIon, we sIouId Luke boLI purLs oI sIgnuI. L`s done by u meLIod,
wIIcI Is cuIIed quudruLure downconversIon. TIe prIncIpIe oI LIIs meLIod Is LIuL LIe sIgnuI Is
uL IIrsL dIvIded InLo Lwo cIunneIs und LIen downconverLed by un O sIgnuI, wIIcI Ius u pIuse
sIIIL oI qo
o
In one cIunneI wILI respecL Lo unoLIer. TIe vecLor oI LIe resuILIng sIgnuI Is
descrIbed us:

2 2
" I Signal
I
"
arctg Signal ) arg(

TIe muIn probIem In Iomodyne LecInIque Is un oIIseL cuused by LIe O sIgnuI Ieukuge Lo LIe
R porL oI LIe mIxer. TIe propuguLed sIgnuI reIIecLs Irom LIe componenLs In LIe IronL-end oI
LIe receIver und goes buck Lo LIe mIxer, wIere IL Is mIxed down Lo DC. TIe oIIseL cun be
consIderubIe wILI respecL Lo LIe sIgnuIs Lo be meusured. TIIs Ieuds Lo u nurrower dynumIc
runge oI LIe eIecLronIcs, becuuse LIe ucLIve componenLs geL suLuruLed eusIer LIun IL wouId be
In cuse oI u zero oIIseL.
or exumpIe, IeL`s Luke u mIxer wILI LIe O-drIve equuI Lo +1odBm und RJO IsoIuLIon equuI
Lo qo dB. n LIIs cuse LIe oIIseL cun be us IIgI us -odBm, or ubouL zmV. n cuse oI u IIgI
sensILIvILy LIIs cun be u Iurge number (LIIs Is LIe sIgnuI IeveI uL LIe ouLpuL oI LIe mIxer, some
umpIIIIcuLIon sLuges IoIIow!).


AnoLIer probIem oI LIe Iomodyne receIver, or, more concreLeIy, oI LIe JQ (In-
pIuseJquudruLure) mIxer, Is mIsmuLcIes In ILs bruncIes. AssumIng u mIsmuLcI oI 1 Ior LIe
umpIILude und 7 Ior LIe pIuse, we cun esLImuLe LIe error, cuused by LIese mIsmuLcIes. n
LIIs wuy we geL:
2
2
1
7 1

ideal
miss ideal
I"
S
S S
E .
or LypIcuI vuIues oI 1 und

7 LIIs gIves un error oI

1 1

c .


Band select
filter
DC
Low-pass
filter
LO
LNA
~I
~"
) cos( t b
) sin( t b
t a cos
) cos( ) 1 ( 7 1 t a
n LIe processIng oI LIe BPM sIgnuIs IL Is ImporLunL Lo know LIe pIuse wILI respecL Lo LIe
pIuse oI LIe reIerence cuvILy. TIuL meuns LIuL un JQ mIxer becomes very uLLrucLIve Ior LIIs
uppIIcuLIon. On LIe oLIer sIde, IL Ius Loo muny specIIIc Iurdwure probIems. TIuL`s wIy IL Is
desIrubIe Lo uppIy u dIgILuI downconversIon uL LIe IusL sLuge oI LIe downconversIon. TIuL
meuns LIuL u processIng usuuIIy uppIIed Lo LIe sIgnuI In un unuIog Iorm, Is uppIIed Lo u
dIgILIzed sIgnuI In u dIgILuI Iorm. n LIuL cuse un JQ mIxer und oLIer eIemenLs reuIIzed In
Iorms oI IdeuIIzed modeIs Iuve no mIsmuLcIes or reIIecLIons eLc. SureIy, LIe InILIuI sIgnuI sLIII
Ius Lo be downconverLed und prepured Ior LIe dIgILIzIng. TIe enLIre scIeme Iooks LIen IIke u
IeLerodyne scIeme In LIe pIcLure uL LIe very begInnIng oI LIIs purL wILI LIe dIIIerence LIuL
LIe second downconversIon sLuge Is noL reuI buL reuIIzed In dIgILs.

. Ilectronics Tests
As LIe enLIre eIecLronIcs reIuys on mIxers, IL mukes sense Lo LesL LIe mIxers beIore LIey ure
InserLed InLo LIe eIecLronIcs. TIe mosL ImporLunL properLIes oI LIe mIxers ure LIe
LrunsmIssIon cIurucLerIsLIc (IIneurILy, 1dB compressIon poInL, conversIon Ioss), IsoIuLIon und,
perIups, IIgIer IurmonIcs.
TIe LrunsmIssIon cIurucLerIsLIc cun be meusured wILI Lwo oscIIIuLors, uLLucIed Lo R und O
InpuLs oI LIe mIxer und uny devIce meusurIng LIe sIgnuI IeveI - specLrum unuIyzer,
oscIIIoscope, ADC, even sImpIe voILmeLer. n cuse oI oscIIIoscope LIe Iorm oI LIe sIgnuI cun be
conLroIIed vIsuuIIy Ior uny dIsLorLIons, wIIIe u specLrum unuIyzer sIows dIsLorLIons due Lo
non-IIneurILy dIrecLIy us u seL oI IurmonIcs.

TIe sIgnuI IeveI oI LIe oscIIIuLor uLLucIed Lo LIe O porL oI LIe mIxer Is kepL consLunL und
equuI Lo LIe nomInuI IeveI requIred Ior LIe mIxer`s operuLIon. TIe sIgnuI IeveI uL LIe R porL Is
cIunged und LIe IeveI oI LIe ouLpuL sIgnuI Is conLroIIed. TIIs LesL uIIows seIecLIng LIe besL
mIxers uvuIIubIe Ior use In LIe eIecLronIcs - ones wILI LIe besL IIneurILy, IowesL Iosses, und
IIgIesL InpuL sIgnuI IImIL. n u very sImIIur wuy LIe enLIre eIecLronIcs cun be LesLed us weII.
TIe IsoIuLIon beLween R und O porLs cun be meusured dIrecLIy by meusurIng LIe
LrunsmIssIon Irom LIe O Lo LIe R porL wILI u neLwork unuIyzer. soIuLIon beLween O und
R Is very ImporLunL Ior LIe mIxers workIng In Iow Irequency sLuges.



0O
LO
RF
IF
G1
G2
S
RF
LO
IF



G1
G2

Referenz
I
1,GHz-
Elektronik
"
Ladung

Oszilloskop