CONTENTS:1)

PIC microcontrollers

PIC 16F73 features Pin diagram of PIC16F73 Pin description of PIC16F73 Core Architecture Compiler Used-mikroC Features Projects Functionality Project no. 1- LED interfacing and its blinking(port programming) Project no. 2- seven segment interfacing and display Project no. 3- Interfacing and control of stepper motor with PIC 16F73 Project no. 4-LCD interfacing and display with PIC 16F73 Project no. 5-Builtin ADC of PIC16F73(Temperature Monitoring) Project no. 6-To study switching action of PIC pins. Project no. 7-Serial communication [b/w PC & Microcontroller]

2)

Programming of PIC

3)

Programming and Interfacing

PIC MICROCONTROLLER

PIC 16 SERIES-PIC16F73

PIC is a family of Harvard architecture microcontrollers made by Microchip Technology, derived from the PIC1640 originally developed by General Instrument's Microelectronics Division. The name PIC initially referred to "Peripheral Interface Controller". It is available in different configurations viz 8bit,16 bit,32 bit with instructions set as given below : Under 8 bit comes-PIC10 xxxx, PIC12 xxxx, PIC16 xxxx, PIC18 xxxx.(12 bit instruction set) Under 16 bit comes-PIC24H,DSPIC30,DSPIC33. (14 bit instruction set) Under 32 bit comes-PIC32xxxx. (16 bit instruction set)

PICs are popular with developers and hobbyists alike due to their low cost, wide availability, large user base, extensive collection of application notes, availability of low cost or free development tools, and serial programming (and re-programming with flash memory) capability. Special Microcontroller Features: High performance RISC CPU. Only 35 single word instructions to learn. All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two-cycle. Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input DC - 200 ns instruction cycle. Up to 8K x 14 words of FLASH Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM). Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation. In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) via two pins. Peripheral Features: Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler. Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented during SLEEP via external crystal/clock. Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, 8-bit, up to 8-channel Analog-to-Digital converter. Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI (Master mode) and I2C(Slave). Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART/SCI).

PIN DIAGRAM

PIN DESCRIPTION

 MCLR-(pin 1) PIC16F7X devices have a noise filter in the MCLR Reset path. The filter will detect and ignore small pulses. It should be noted that a WDT Reset does not drive MCLR pin low. The behavior of the ESD protection on the MCLR pin has been altered from previous devices of this family. Voltages applied to the pin that exceed its specification can result in both MCLR Resets and excessive current beyond the device specification during the ESD event. For this reason, Microchip recommends that the MCLR pin no longer be tied directly to VDD. RESET The PIC16F7X differentiates between various kinds of RESET: Power-on Reset (POR) MCLR Reset during normal operation MCLR Reset during SLEEP WDT Reset (during normal operation) WDT Wake-up (during SLEEP) Brown-out Reset (BOR) Some registers are not affected in any RESET condion. Their status is unknown on

POR and unchanged n any other RESET. Most other registers are reset to a RESET state on Power-on Reset (POR), on the MCLR and WDT Reset, on MCLR Reset during LEEP, and Brown-out Reset (BOR). They are not affected by a WDT Wakeup, which is viewed as the resumption of normal operation. The TO and PD bits are set or cleared differently in different RESET situations, as indicated

 PORTA (pin 2 to 7)and the TRISA RegisterPORTA is a 6-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding data direction register is TRISA. Setting a TRISA bit (= 1) will make the corresponding PORTA pin an input (i.e., put the corresponding output driver in a Hi-Impedance mode). Clearing a TRISA bit (= 0) will make the corresponding PORTA pin an output (i.e., put the contents of the output latch on the selected pin). Reading the PORTA register reads the status of the pins, whereas writing to it will write to the port latch. All write operations are read-modify-write operations. Therefore, a write to a port implies that the port pins are read, the value is modified and then written to the port data latch. GND (pin 8) Provide Ground to it. OSC1/CLKIN-(pin 9) Oscillator crystal input/external clock source input

OSC2/CLKOUT-(pin 10) Oscillator crystal output. Connects to crystal or resonator in Crystal Oscillator mode. In RC mode, the OSC2 pin outputs CLKOUT which has 1/4 the frequency of OSC1, and denotes the instruction

cycle rate. OSCILLATOR TYPES The PIC16F7X can be operated in four different oscillator modes:

LP Low Power Crystal XT Crystal/Resonator HS High Speed Crystal/Resonator RC Resistor/Capacitor

PORTC and the TRISC Register(pin 11 to 18) PORTC is an 8-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding data direction register is TRISC. Setting a TRISC bit (= 1) will make the corresponding PORTC pin an input (i.e., put the corresponding output driver in a Hi-Impedance mode). Clearing a TRISC bit (= 0) will make the corresponding PORTC pin an output (i.e., put the contents of the output latch on the selected pin). PORTC is multiplexed with several peripheral functions PORTC pins have Schmitt Trigger input buffers. When enabling peripheral functions, care should be taken in defining TRIS bits for each PORTC pin. Vss(pin 19) Ground reference for logic and I/O pins

 Vdd(pin 20) Positive supply for logic and I/O pins PORTB and the TRISB Register(pin 21 to 28) PORTB is an 8-bit wide, bi-directional port. The corresponding data direction register is TRISB. Setting a TRISB bit (= 1) will make the corresponding PORTB pin an input (i.e., put the corresponding output driver in a Hi-Impedance mode). Clearing a TRISB bit (= 0) will make the corresponding PORTB pin an output (i.e., put the contents of the output latch on the selected pin). Each of the PORTB pins has a weak internal pull-up. A single control bit can turn on all the pull-ups. The weak pull-up is automatically turned off when the port pin is configured as an output. The pull-ups are disabled on a Power-on Reset.

CORE ARCHITECTURE

Figure 2.1: Showing a typical microcontroller device and its different subunits

The PIC architecture is distinctively minimalist. It is characterized by the following features: Separate code and data spaces (Harvard architecture) A small number of fixed length instructions Most instructions are single cycle execution (4 clock cycles), with single delay cycles upon branches and skips

A single accumulator (W), the use of which (as source operand) is implied (i.e. is not encoded in the opcode)

All RAM locations function as registers as both source and/or destination of math and other functions.

 A hardware stack for storing return addresses A fairly small amount of addressable data space (typically 256 bytes), extended through banking Data space mapped CPU, port, and peripheral registers The program counter is also mapped into the data space and writable (this is used to implement indirect jumps). Unlike most other CPUs, there is no distinction between memory space and register space because the RAM serves the job of both memory and registers, and the RAM is usually just referred to as the register file or simply as the registers

PROGRAMMING OF PIC
COMPILER USED-

mikroC
Introduction to mikroC mikroC is a powerful, feature rich development tool for PICmicros. It is designed to provide the programmer with the easiest possible solution for developing applications for embedded systems, without compromising performance or control.

mikroC IDE PIC and C fit together well: PIC is the most popular 8-bit chip in the world, used in a wide variety of applications, and C, prized for its efficiency, is the natural choice for developing embedded systems. mikroC provides a successful match featuring highly advanced IDE, ANSI compliant compiler, broad set of hardware libraries, comprehensive documentation, and plenty of ready-to-run examples.

Features mikroC allows you to quickly develop and deploy complex applications:

Write your C source code using the built-in Code Editor (Code and Parameter Assistants, Syntax Highlighting, Auto Correct, Code Templates, and more) Use the included mikroC libraries to dramatically speed up the development: data acquisition, memory, displays, conversions, communications Practically all P12, P16, and P18 chips are supported. Monitor your program structure, variables, and functions in the Code Explorer. Generate commented, human-readable assembly, and standard HEX compatible with all programmers. Inspect program flow and debug executable logic with the integrated Debugger. Get detailed reports and graphs: RAM and ROM map, code statistics, assembly listing, calling tree, and more We have provided plenty of examples for you to expand, develop, and use as building bricks in your projects. Copy them entirely if you deem fit thats why we included them with the compiler.

Projects mikroC organizes applications into projects, consisting of a single project file (extension .ppc) and one or more source files (extension .c). You can compile source files only if they are part of a project. The project file carries the following information:

project name and optional description, target device, device flags (config word), device clock,

New Project The easiest way to create project is by means of New Project Wizard, drop-down menu Project New Project. Just fill the dialog with desired values (project name and description, location, device, clock, config word) and mikroC will create the appropriate project file . Also, an empty source file named after the project will be created by default. mikroC does not require you to have source file named same as the project, its just a matter of convenience. Edit Project Later, you can change project settings from the drop-down menu Project Edit Project. You can rename the project, modify its description, change chip, clock, config word, etc.

Also mikroC has some pre defined functions: Commonly used is 1). Delay_ms(time)-it provides a delay of spcified time in ms. Its internal code is similar to code given below: Void delay_ms() {int I; While (i !=0) { i--; } Also PIC has a internal TRIS register which controls the flow of insructions from the corresponding port.

PROJECT NO-1 LED INTERFACING AND ITS BLINKING(PORT PROGRAMMING)

the interfacing of LED is shown in the figure above.it is given Vcc through resistors of 330E. also a darlington pair IC is also used i.e.ULN 2803 which shift the dc level of volage coming from port of pic microcontroller. Now to glow the desired LED ,proper hexadecimal code for its binary is programmed in pic.eg.to glow alternative LEDs the binary code will be10101010 and its corresponding hexadecimal code will be 0xAA.

So,0xAA is fed to controller with coding. Also PIC has a internal TRIS register which controls the flow of insructions from the corresponding port i.ee PORT will behave as input(if =1) and as output(if=0). CODING FOR BLINKING

void main() { PORTC = 0; TRISC = 0; // Initialize PORTC // Configure PORTC as output

while(1) { PORTC = OxAA; Delay_ms(1000); }} Thus LED Blinking practical is done sucessfully. // gives code 10101010 to PORTC // one second delay

PROJECT NO-2 SEVEN SEGMENT INTERFACING AND DISPLAY

A Seven segment display consists of seven LEDs arranged in pattern of digit like 8

We use a bcd to seven segment decoder which saves pin of microcontroller from seven(one for each Led) to four.So we have to give bcd code for desired digit to be displayed on it. Now also we can display more then one seven segment display simultaneously.but it will take a number of pins of controller.So we use two pins from controller to control the display of seven segment one by one from same port such that it appears to be displaying simultaneously.This is done by providing a very small delay such that our eyes cant even detect the change over from one display to another.

CODING FOR DISPLAY //seven segment display -common anode for 2 digit void bcd(unsigned int x); void delay(unsigned int k) ; void main() { unsigned int i=0; TRISB=0X00; while(1) { i++; bcd(i); //delay_ms(20); }} void bcd(unsigned int x) { unsigned char z,y,a; if(x<100) {

for(a=0;a<100;a++) { y=(x/10)*6+x; y=y>>4; y=y|0xe0; PORTB=y; delay(250); z=(x/10)*6+x; z=z&0x0f; z=z|0xd0; PORTB=z; delay(250); }}} void delay(unsigned int k) { while(k!=0) { k--; }}

PROJECT NO-3 INTERFACING AND CONTROL OF STEPPER MOTOR WITH PIC 16F73

Stepper motor are those which rotates in steps.like all motors it is also based on electromagnetic induction i.e. electric field produces a magnetic field whose variation causes a torque which rotates the motor. A stepper motor is a brushless, synchronous electric motor that can divide a full rotation into a large number of steps. The motor's position can be controlled precisely, without any feedback mechanism (see open loop control). Stepper motors are similar to switched reluctance motors, which are very large stepping motors with a reduced pole count, and generally are closed-loop commutated. Fundamentals of Operation Stepper motors operate much differently from normal DC motors, which rotate when voltage is applied to their terminals. Stepper motors, on the other hand, effectively have multiple "toothed" electromagnets (a.k.a. phases) arranged around a central gear-shaped piece of iron. The electromagnets are energized by an external control circuit, such as a microcontroller. To make the motor shaft turn, first one electromagnet is

given power, which makes the gear's teeth magnetically attracted to the electromagnet's teeth. When the gear's teeth are thus aligned to the first electromagnet, they are slightly offset from the next electromagnet. So when the next electromagnet is turned on and the first is turned off, the gear rotates slightly to align with the next one, and from there the process is repeated. Each of those slight rotations is called a "step." In that way, the motor can be turned a precise angle. Now to run the motor we have to feed the binary code to turn on the current of that winding For pair 1st-00000011(binary)-0x03 For pair 2nd-00000110(binary)-0x06 For pair 3rd -000001100(binary)-0x0c For pair 4th -00011000(binary)-0x09

CODE IS #define l1 PORTB.F0 #define l2 PORTB.F1 #define l3 PORTB.F2 #define l4 PORTB.F3

void forward();

void backward(); void main() { PORTC=0XFF; TRISB=0X00; while(1) { forward(); delay_ms(2000); backward(); delay_ms(2000); } } void forward() //half stepping { unsigned char a; for(a=0;a<10;a++) { l1=1; l2=0; l3=0; l4=0; delay_ms(100);

l1=0; l2=1; l3=0; l4=0; l1=0; l2=0; l3=1; l4=0;

delay_ms(100); delay_ms(100);

l1=0; l2=0; l3=0; l4=1;delay_ms(100); }} void backward() { unsigned char b; for(b=0;b<10;b++) { l1=0; l2=0; l3=0; l4=1; delay_ms(100); l1=0; l2=0; l3=1; l4=0; delay_ms(100); l1=0; l2=1; l3=0; l4=0; delay_ms(100); l1=1; l2=0; l3=0; l4=0; delay_ms(100);

}}

The above code will rotate the motor first in forward direction and then in reverse direction. Thus,stepper motor has been studied successfully.

PROJECT NO-4 LCD INTERFACING AND DISPLAY

LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display.to run it via PIC 16F73,we need command signals and vcc to drive it.now the signal that is required to display character is produced by an IC which is already embedded on it.its name is HD44780.

PIN NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

NAME Vss Vdd Vee RS R/W E D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

FUNCTION Ground +ve supply contrast Register select Read/Write Enable Data Bit 0 Data Bit 1 Data Bit 2 Data Bit 3 Data Bit 4 Data Bit 5 Data Bit 6 Data Bit 7

Connections are shown as below

CODING void main() { TRISB = 0; Lcd_Init(&PORTB); Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_CLEAR); // PORTB is output // Initialize LCD connected to PORTB // Clear display

Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_CURSOR_OFF); // Turn cursor off Lcd_Out(1, 5,"HELLO"); } // Print text to LCD, 1nd row, 5tH column

The above code will display HELLO on LCD.

The functions like Lcd_Init(),Lcd_cmd,Lcd_out are predefined functions in mikroC which initialize,gives command and displays respectively.

Now also it is possible to scroll the characters on LCD. Its code is as follows: Coding for scrolling char *text = "SAHIL" ; char *text1 = "10748" ; void main() { TRISB = 0; Lcd_Init(&PORTB); Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_CLEAR); // PORTB is output // Initialize LCD connected to PORTB // Clear display

Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_CURSOR_OFF); // Turn cursor off Lcd_Out(1, 5,text); Lcd_Out(2, 5,text1); while(1) { Lcd_Cmd(LCD_SHIFT_LEFT); delay_ms(1000); // Print text to LCD, 2nd row, 1st column

} } It will shift the character to the left with a delay of 1 sec between it. Thus LCD display and scroll is studied successfully.

PROJECT NO-5 BUILT IN ADC OF PIC16F73(TEMPERATURE MONITORING) PIC16F73 consists of 5 internal ADC .

AD are available in different configurations according to their bit channels.viz 8 bit(costs Rs.120),10bit(costs Rs.600),12 bit(costs Rs.1200-2000) ,14 bit(costs Rs.2000-4000),16bit(costs Rs.4000-25000),24bit(costs >25000). These are externally connected to microcontroller like AT89s51 which dont have inbuilt ADC. Now as PIC 16xxx has got the feature of inbuilt ADC.so,there is no need to connect externally.PIC16XXX is featured with 8 bit ADC. So can convert an analog value to 8 bit binary or from 0 to 255 in decimal range. The 8-bit analog-to-digital (A/D) converter module has five inputs for the PIC16F73/76 and eight for the PIC16F74/77. The A/D allows conversion of an analog input signal to a corresponding 8-bit digital number. The output of the sample and hold is the input into the converter, which generates the result via successive approximation. The analog reference voltage is software selectable to either the devices positive supply voltage (VDD), or the voltage level on the RA3/AN3/VREF pin. The A/D converter has a unique feature of being able to operate while the device is in SLEEP mode. To operate in SLEEP, the A/D conversion clock must be derived from the A/Ds internal RC oscillator. The A/D module has three registers. These registers are: A/D Result Register (ADRES) A/D Control Register 0 (ADCON0) A/D Control Register 1 (ADCON1) The ADCON0 register, shown in Register 11-1, controls the operation of the A/D module. The ADCON1 register, shown in Register 11-2, configures the functions of the port pins. The port pins can be configured as analog inputs (RA3 can also be a voltage reference), or as digital I/O. ADC HARDWARE CONNECTION

From 4th pin we are gaetting Analog input. ADCON0 REGISTER (ADDRESS 1Fh)

R/W-0 bit 7

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

R/W-0

U-0

R/W-0

ADCS1 ADCS0 CHS2

CHS1

CHS0

GO/DONE -------bit 0

ADON

bit 7-6 ADCS1:ADCS0: A/D Conversion Clock Select bits 00 = FOSC/2 01 = FOSC/8 10 = FOSC/32 11 = FRC (clock derived from the internal A/D module RC oscillator) bit 5-3 CHS2:CHS0: Analog Channel Select bits 000 = channel 0, (RA0/AN0) 001 = channel 1, (RA1/AN1) 010 = channel 2, (RA2/AN2) 011 = channel 3, (RA3/AN3) 100 = channel 4, (RA5/AN4) 101 = channel 5, (RE0/AN5)(1) 110 = channel 6, (RE1/AN6)(1) 111 = channel 7, (RE2/AN7)(1) bit 2 GO/DONE: A/D Conversion Status bit If ADON = 1: 1 = A/D conversion in progress (setting this bit starts the A/D conversion) 0 = A/D conversion not in progress (This bit is automatically cleared by hardware when the A/D conversion is complete) bit 1 Unimplemented: Read as '0' bit 0 ADON: A/D On bit 1 = A/D converter module is operating 0 = A/D converter module is shutoff and consumes no operating current
ADCON1 REGISTER (ADDRESS 9Fh)
U-0 U-0 U-0 U-0 U-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0

PCFG2

PCFG1

PCFG0

bit 7-3 Unimplemented: Read as '0' bit 2-0 PCFG2:PCFG0: A/D Port Configuration Control bits.

PCFG2:PCFG0

RA0

RA1

RA2

RA5

RA3

RE0(1)

RE1(1)

RE2(1)

VREF

000 001 010 011 100 101 11x

A A A A A A D

A A A A A A D

A A A A D D D

A A A A D D D

A VREF A VREF A VREF D

A A D D D D D

A A D D D D D

A A D D D D D

VDD RA3 VDD RA3 VDD RA3 VDD

A = Analog input D = Digital I/O So,ADC will be provided analog input from different channels and correspondingly these registers are set.

Now,coding to display voltage through temperature sensor void ascii(unsigned int digit); unsigned char table[]={'0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9'}; void main() { unsigned int e,f; Lcd_Init(&PORTB); Lcd_Cmd(Lcd_Clear); Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CURSOR_OFF); Lcd_Out(1, 1, "sensor temp=");

ADCON0 = 0x45; // Configure analog inputs and Vref

ADCON1 = 0x01; TRISA = 0xFF; // PORTA is input TRISB=0;

while(1) { e = Adc_Read(1); // first sensor ascii(e); delay_ms(1000) ; f= Adc_Read(2); // second sensor ascii(f) ; } } void ascii(unsigned int digit) { unsigned char temp; if(digit<100) { temp=digit/10; //DECIMAL OR BINARY TO ASCII

Lcd_Chr(1, 1, table[temp] ); temp=digit-temp*10; Lcd_Chr(1, 2,table[temp] ); }} PROJECT NO-6 TO STUDY SWITCHING ACTION OF PIC PINS. As in AT89s51,the way of addressing pins is by p0.0,p0.1..so on. Similarly in PIC it is possible to address pins using Syntax: PORT( NAME).F(0 to 7) Now pin can be put ON or OFF according to via resistor. Internally,when pin is high its flip flop is sat.when external switch is closed ,it forces no current or voltage to enter to pin and also lowers the pin from 1 to 0. Thus when switch is pressed ,the pin becomes zero.so ,implementing this in practical.

The swiches whose one end are connected to pins of nontroller are shown on next page

The coding will be as follos:

#define s0 PORTC.F0 #define s1 PORTC.F1 #define s2 PORTC.F2 #define s3 PORTC.F3 #define s4 PORTC.F4

void main()

{ TRISB=0x00; \\ PORT B AS OUTPUT TRISC=0xff; PORTC=0xff; do { if(s0==0) { PORTB=0x80; \\1st LED glows delay_ms(600); } if(s1==0) { PORTB=0x40; delay_ms(600); } if(s2==0) \\3rd switch is pressed { PORTB=0x20; \\3rd LED glows \\2nd LED glows \\2nd switch is pressed \\1st switch is pressed \\PORT C as input
\\ ALL

F/FS TO SET

delay_ms(600); } if(s3==0) { PORTB=0x10; delay_ms(600); } else { PORTB=0xff; }} while(1); } Thus switching action is studied. \\4th LED glows \\4th switch is pressed

PROJECT NO-8

SERIAL COMMUNICATION(B/W PC AND MICROCONTROLLER) To send data via single line through a bit stream is known as serial communication. Reception is of type SIPO-Serial Input Parallel Output. Transmission is of type PISO-Parallel Input Serial Output.

Clock used in serial communication is called BAUD RATE.

PIC has two buffers and it allows full duplex communication.to change settings we have to re configure TXSTA register

The Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART) module is one of the two serial I/O modules. (USART is also known as a Serial Communications Interface or SCI.) The USART can be configured as a full duplex asynchronous system that can communicate with peripheral devices, such as CRT terminals and personal computers, or it can be configured as a half duplex synchronous system that can communicate with peripheral devices, such as A/D or D/A integrated circuits, serial EEPROMs, etc. The USART can be configured in the following modes: Asynchronous (full duplex) Synchronous - Master (half duplex) Synchronous - Slave (half duplex) Bit SPEN (RCSTA<7>) and bits TRISC<7:6> have to be set in order to configure pins RC6/TX/CK and RC7/RX/DT as the Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter.
TXSTA: TRANSMIT STATUS AND CONTROL REGISTER (ADDRESS 98h
R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 R/W-0 U-0 R/W-0 R-1 R/W-0

CSRC bit 7

TX9

TXEN

SYNC

BRGH

TRMT

TX9D

CSRC: Clock Source Select bit Asynchronous mode: Dont care Synchronous mode: 1 = Master mode (Clock generated internally from BRG) 0 = Slave mode (Clock from external source)

bit 6

TX9: 9-bit Transmit Enable bit 1 = Selects 9-bit transmission 0 = Selects 8-bit transmission bit 5 TXEN: Transmit Enable bit 1 = Transmit enabled 0 = Transmit disabled Note: SREN/CREN overrides TXEN in SYNC mode. bit 4 SYNC: USART Mode Select bit 1 = Synchronous mode 0 = Asynchronous mode

bit 3 bit 2

Unimplemented: Read as '0' BRGH: High Baud Rate Select bit Asynchronous mode: 1 = High speed 0 = Low speed Synchronous mode: Unused in this mode TRMT: Transmit Shift Register Status bit 1 = TSR empty 0 = TSR full TX9D: 9th bit of transmit data. Can be parity bit

bit 1

bit 0

now in mikroC UART terminal also work as shown as

Now coding 1).to transmit data.. void main() { usart_init(2400); while(1) { usart_write('A');

usart_write('M'); usart_write('A'); usart_write('N'); delay_ms(600); } } 2).to transmit as well as read unsigned int i; void main() { usart_init(2400); while(1) { if(usart_data_ready() ) { i= usart_read(); usart_write('i'); } usart_write('A');

usart_write('M'); usart_write('A'); usart_write('N'); delay_ms(600); }

Thus serial communication has been studied successfully.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Wikipedia MicroC Manuals www.talkingelectronics.com www.howstuffworks.com The Art of Electronics (Book)

TRAINING REPORT 6 WEEKS SUMMER TRINING (NETMAX TECHNOLGY)

SUBMITTEDBY:SAHIL GUPTA ECE-5 100906095

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION THAPAR UNIVERSITY, PATIALA (JUNE JULY 2011)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I shall be very thankful to the teachers of netmax technology , chandigarh.I am sincerely thankful to them as they helped me during training period in every possible way.I am also thankful to the teachers of thapar university,Patiala.

SAHIL GUPTA ECE-5 ROLLNO:-100906095 THAPAR UNIVERSITY, PATIALA