Crlmlnal Law CuLllne

8urden of roof
1 AL Lhe end of rosecuLlon's case beyond a reasonable doubL (u Lrles Lo prove)
2 AL Lhe end of Lhe Lrlal beyond a reasonable doubL (afLer u has shown new evldence)
3 Cn appeal a raLlonal Lrler of facL could have reasonably reached Lhe declslon LhaL lL dld"
sufflclency of Lhe evldence

uLlllLarlanlsm 8elleves punlshmenL ls good because of Lhe beneflL lL wlll do Lo socleLy (looks forward)
O eneral deLerrenceconvlnce socleLy Lo avold crlmlnal conducL ln Lhe fuLure
O peclflc deLerrence (lndlvldual deLerrence)deLer Lhe defendanL by lncapaclLaLlon
O ehablllLaLlonpunlshmenL wlll cure offender (drug LreaLmenL anger managemenL)

eLrlbuLlvlsL unlshmenL Lhe morally culpable (looks backward)
O usLlflcaLlon
4 reewlll modelwhen we exerclse free wlll Lo do a crlme we undo equlllbrlum
rlson ls paylng a debL Lo socleLy
4 8eneflL8urden modeleveryone burdens Lhemselves by noL dolng a crlme
ConcepLs
1 LaLuLes need Lo be on Lhe books Lo make lL punlshable (keelerfeLus)
a Lx posL facLo law vlolaLes due process someLhlng lnnocenL when done now crlmlnal
2 LaLuLes cannoL be vague (ln re 8ankspeeplng Lom)
a noL wrlLLen wlLh cerLalnLy uoesn'L glve falr warnlng Can'L Lell lf acL ls legal or lllegal
3 LaLuLes cannoL be overbroad lnvades proLecLlve freedoms Covers more Lhan lL should could
make lllegal Lhlngs LhaL are okay

LaLuLory lnLerpreLaLlon
1 lf Lhe language ln Lhe sLaLuLe ls clear Lhen we follow lL
2 Look aL leglslaLlve hlsLory lf Lhe language ls noL clear
3 use common sense
4 When Lhere ls amblguous rule we go ln favor of Lhe u ule of lenlLy (MC doesn'L do LhaL)
3 We consLrue rules Lo have slgnlflcance

ule of lenlLy
O Common law follows buL MC does noL
O Crlmlnal sLaLuLes musL be sLrlcLly consLrued" agalnsL Lhe prosecuLlon
4 lf a sLaLuLe has Lwo reasonable lnLerpreLaLlons Lhe one LhaL ls more favorable Lo Lhe
defendanL musL be applled

LlemenLs of a crlme
1 A/ volunLary acL or omlsslon (duLy)
2 A/ oclal Parm ALLendanL clrcumsLances? ConducL or esulL crlme?
3 Mens rea (gullLy sLaLe of mlnd)
4 AcLual Cause (for homlclde offenses)
3 roxlmaLe Cause (for homlclde offenses)



1) AcLus eas
a) Vo|untary Act
l) ls Lhere a Llmeframlng lssue?
(1) narrow Common law wllled muscular conLracLlon" ls a volunLary acL
(a) vehlcular ManslaughLer b/c of selzure uld noL volunLarlly crash aL momenL
(b) Carrylng a gun" volunLarlly would mean packlng heaL
(2) 8road MC lncludes a volunLary acL
(a) vehlcular ManslaughLer volunLary goL ln Lhe car and Lhen had a selzure
(b) carrylng a gun" LransporLlng
b) Cm|ss|on that requ|res a duty to Act
|) Legal/LaLus elaLlonshlp arenL/Chlld Lmployer/Lmployee Pusband/Wlfe
||) LarLlng Lo acLLhen sLopplng
|||) ConLracLual duLy
|v) LaLuLory uuLy
v) CreaLlon of rlsk
a 8eardsley hooker Look drugs moral obllgaLlons don'L counL
b 8arber We don'L wanL Lo charge docLors Lherefore even Lho pulllng Lhe
Lubes ls a volunLary acL we say lL ls an omlsslon Lo provlde care


Soc|a| narm (volunLary acL + soclal harm acLus reas)
1 ldenLlfy oclal harm
2 ls lL conducL or resulL based?
a Conduct cr|me (uul)
l 8reaklng and enLerlng a dwelllng house of anoLher aL nlghLLlme wlLh Lhe lnLenL
Lo commlL a felony Lhereln
1 ConducL Crlme (breaklng) (enLerlng)
2 oclal Parm (everyLhlng)
3 ALLendanL clrcumsLance (a dwelllng house) (of anoLher) (aL nlghLLlme)
b kesu|t cr|me (homlclde)
l purposely knowlngly recklessly or negllgenLly causes Lhe deaLh of anoLher
human belng"
1 ALLendanL clrcumsLanceshuman belng
3 ldenLlfy aLLendanL clrcumsLances (lf Lhese are noL meL Lhen no soclal harm)


Mens kea

1 lf ln Common Law
a peclflc or general lnLenL?
l lf general
1 LlemenLal or culpable
a lf culpable could lL be sLrlcL llablllLy?

CulpablllLy approach v elemenLal approach
O Common law used Lhe culpablllLy approachwlcked
O LlemenLal approach culpable sLaLe of mlnd ls noL enough
4 AL common law wlllfullylnLenLlonallypurposefully knowlngly (pracLlcally
cerLaln)
4 AL MC 4 Mens rea Lerms (purposefully knowlngly recklessly negllgenLly)

A person commlLs baLLery lf he lnLenLlonally or knowlngly causes bodlly harm" elemenLal (gen lnLenL)
A slngle M/ reflecLs Lhe A/ ln an elemenLal
A person who ln commlLlng baLLery lnLenLlonally or knowlngly causes bodlly harm"speclflc lnLenL
(lnLenL by moLlve or purpose)

1ransferred lnLenL Common law noL MC
O 1ransfer Lhe lnLenL lf Lhe same soclal harm wlLh resulL
4 or reLrlbuLlve reasons socleLy ls [usL as harmed
4 eople v Conley when he swung Lhe boLLle [usL b/c he dld noL lnLend Lo harm LhaL
person he sLlll lnLended some harm Can Lransfer Lhe lnLenL oclal harm Lhe same lf
you lnLend Lo hurL A buL really hurL 8
O LlmlLaLlons Can'L Lransfer Lhe soclal harm (lf says kllllng prez buL klll clLlzen)

peclflc lnLenL CrlmesCCMMCn LAW CnL?
1 lnLenL Lo do more Lhan Lhe AcLus eas
a 8urglary (breaklng and enLerlng aL nlghL) wlLh lnLenL Lo commlL a felony
2 peclflc lnLenL by moLlve/purpose
a Larceny wlLh Lhe lnLenL Lo permanenLly deprlve Lhe user of lLs use"speclflcally saylng
whaL you are dolng
3 equlremenL of knowledge" as an aLLendanL clrcumsLance
a ecelvlng sLolen properLy wlLh Lhe knowledge LhaL lL ls sLolen
eneral lnLenLCCMMCn LAW CnL?
1 LlemenLal approach Lo mens rea baLLery lnLenLlonal unpermlLLed acL causlng harmful or
offenslve conLracL wlLh Lhe 'person' of anoLher"
a Mens rea Lerm ls ln Lhe sLaLuLe
2 CulpablllLy approach Lo mens rea (malum ln se)
a rape forclble nonconsensual lnLercourse wlLh a woman who ls noL your wlfe"
modern approach ls arneLL (menLally reLarded) lnLercourse wlLh someone under 14"
l Any gullLy sLaLe of mlnd (presume mens rea ls requlred)
ll 8uL could lL be sLrlcL llablllLy? (malum prohlblLum)

LrlcL LlablllLy (common law)
O uoes noL have Lo have mens rea (lf Lhere ls no mens rea Lhen nC1 elemenLal)
O Common law allows sLrlcL llablllLy LhaL has [all Llme
O LxlsLs for Lhe publlc welfare whlch aL Lhe Llme done lnnocenLly buL cause such greaL damage
LhaL Lhe leglslaLure condemns LhaL conducL
O Llgma ls lesser

Determ|n|ng whether |s a genera| |ntent offense or str|ct ||ab|||ty cr|me (common |aw)
(lf we don'L have a mens rea Lerm Lhen we go Lo Lhese Lhree facLors)

acLor 1 WhaL ls Lhe leglslaLure Lrylng Lo regulaLe?
O Malum ln se bad ln lLself (general lnLenL culpablllLy)
O Malum prohlblLum bad b/c Lhe leglslaLure says lL ls (Lhls ls sLrlcL llablllLy)
acLor 2 WhaL's Lhe punlshmenL?
O We allow CML [all Llme for sLrlcL llablllLy (8olleot allowed 3 years)
O lf Lhere ls a flne Lhen lL ls sLrlcL llablllLy lf blg penalLy Lhen probably noL /L
acLor 3 (someLlmes) uoes lL produce a duLy so Lhe person knows by engaglng ln Lhe behavlor whaL he
ls dolng ls hlghly regulaLed Company puL up slgns alerLlng employees LhaL Lhey should be aware

M|stake Common Law (wlll lL negaLe Lhe mens rea?)
O MlsLake of facL (navarro)Look wooden beams he LhoughL were abandoned
4 Larcenyspeclflc lnLenLhonesL unreasonable mlsLake wlll exculpaLe Lhe u
4 apegeneral lnLenLob[ecLlvely reasonable mlsLake allowed
4 peedlngsLrlcL llablllLyno mlsLake allowed
O MlsLake of Law
4 ame law mlsLake (Marrero)penal correcLlonal offlcer
1 easonably relled on
2 An lnLerpreLaLlon of Lhe law offered by an offlclal charged wlLh lnLerpreLlng
Lhe law
3 1haL lnLerpreLaLlon was laLer Lo be found erroneous by Lhe CourL
4 ulfferenL law mlsLake (Cheeck)dldn'L pay Laxes (relled on 16
Lh
AmendmenL he LhoughL
dld noL auLhorlze lncome Lax on people charged wlLh vlolaLlng anoLher lawederal
1ax Law)
Works even lf unreasonableWas lL a mlsLake or [usL dlsagreelng wlLh Lhe law?
4 uue rocessLamberL (lf meeLs any of Lhe 3 Lhen Lhere ls no mens rea)even a defense
ln /L says Lhls law vlolaLes Lhe consLlLuLlon b/c dldn'L provlde wlLh falr noLlce LhaL Lhe
acL was crlmlnal
Law punlshes omlsslon C
Wholly passlve conducL C
Malum prohlblLum

MC ecLlon 202
1 urposelynosnls entlve
2 knowledgeontlnolly netolo
3 eckless(elemenLs so you have Lo meeL all Lhree crlLerla)
a Un[ust|f|ab|e r|sk (resulL/probablllLy/balance reason for Laklng lL)
b Substant|a| (was Lhe rlsk subsLanLlal?how fasL were you golng?)
c consc|ous awareness
4 negllgenLun[usLlflable and subsLanLlal and should have been aware

MC
O Lvery elemenL of a crlme requlres mens rea unLL lL ls a vlolaLlon (does noL have [all Llme)
O vlolaLlons are Lhe only sLrlcL llablllLy crlmes ln MClf [all Llme need M/
O lf we are ln a Code [urlsdlcLlon and see lnLenL Lhen we break up lnLo purposefully and knowlngly
O uefaulL provlslon 203 lf Lhe leglslaLure dld noL lnclude a mens rea Lerm for aLLendanL
clrcumsLances Lhen lnclude aL leasL recklessly
O MlsLake negaLlves Lhe mens rea Lhen can be used as a defense

MC mlsLake of facL/law? 204 (1) lgnorance or mlsLake as Lo a maLLer of facL or law ls a defense lf (a)
Lhe lgnorance or mlsLake negaLlves Lhe purpose knowledge be||ef recklessness or negllgence requlred
Lo esLabllsh a maLerlal elemenL of Lhe offense


Causat|on only for homlclde
Actua| Cause
1 WhaL caused Lhe soclal harm?
a 8uL for" LesL would Lhe soclal harm have occurred had Lhe u noL acLed?
b lf no Lhen Lhe u ls Lhe acLual cause
2 1hree Lheorles for causaLlon
a AggravaLe (nonmorLal)(nonmorLal)
b AcceleraLe (morLal)(nonmorLal)
c ubsLanLlal facLor (morLal)(morLal)

D|rect Cause no evenL of casual slgnlflcance lnLervened b/w Lhe Llme of Lhe u's acL and Lhe v's harm

rox|mate Cause MC legal cause"
1 upersedlng cause when Lhe lnLervenlng cause glves Lhe u rellef so LhaL he ls no longer
crlmlnally llable
2 Ioreseeab|e 1est Was Lhe lnLervenlng cause
a lndependenL (colncldenLal)
l Lakes place only b/c Lhe u's volunLary acL puL Lhe vlcLlm ln a slLuaLlon/poslLlon
Lo have Lhe lnLervenlng cause acL upon
ll 1hls wlll relleve Lhe u of crlmlnal llablllLy (break Lhe chaln of legal cause) unless
Lhls was foreseeable
1 (example sLab a glrl for noL havlng sexshe goes Lo hosplLal and refuses
blood b/c she ls a ehovah's wlLnessher belng a ehovah's wlLness ls
noL why Lhe uefendanL sLabbed)Lherefore Lhe u ls noL crlmlnal
llablllLy because lL was nC1 foreseeable
b uependenL (responslve) someLhlng occurred b/c of Lhe u's acLlons
l Wlll noL relleve Lhe u of crlmlnal llablllLy (break Lhe chaln of legal cause) unless
whaL occurs ls really blzarre
1 (example shooL Lhe dean she goes Lo hosplLal and docLor sLrangles 8/C
she looks llke Lhe woman who Lhe docLor's husband has been sleeplng
wlLhLhe only reason Lhe docLor sLrangles ls because she looks llke Lhe
woman and Lhe only reason Lhe dean ls ln Lhe hosplLal ls because Lhe u
shoL Lhe dean)Lhls ls blzarre so lL relleves of crlmlnal llablllLy
3 Intended Consequences (lf Lhe u lnLended Lhe resulL Lhen ls Lhe proxlmaLe cause)
4 Apparent Safety Doctr|ne dangerous forces come Lo resL When Lhe v reaches apparenL safeLy
Lhen Lhe u ls relleved
a Lxample valequez who was drag raclng 1he race was over so Lhere was apparenL
safeLy
3 De||berate numan Intervent|on lf Lhe lnLervenlng cause sprung from a free dellberaLe and
lnformed" human lnLervenLlon Lhen Lhe u ls relleved
a Lxample valequez who was drag raclng 1he race was over and Lhe v exerclsed a
dellberaLe human lnLervenLlon whlch ls a supersedlng cause Lherefore Lhe u ls noL Lhe
proxlmaLe cause
MC noL Loo remoLe" for LLAL CAuL


(volunLary acL by u)lnLervenlng cause (ls lL superceedlng?)(soclal harmv's deaLh)
nCMICIDL

1rad|t|ona| C]L
Murder kllllng of a human belng by anoLher human belng wlLh mallce aforeLhoughL"
1 lnLenL Lo klll murder
2 lnLenL Lo commlL grlevous bodlly harm
a ln[ury LhaL lmperlls llfe" C
b ln[ury LhaL serlously lnLerferes wlLh Lhe vlcLlm's healLh or comforL"
3 Abandoned and mallgnanL hearL (someLlmes called depraved hearL murder/depraved
lndlfference)
a u manlfesLs an exLreme lndlfference Lo Lhe value of human llfe
l (example bllndfold and Lwlrl ln clrcles shooL Lhe gun kllllng people ln Lhe room)
4 elony murder Any Llme someone dles durlng Lhe commlsslon of a felony felony murder
a uLlllLarlan approach leL's Lry Lo deLer felons from dolng Lhe felony ln Lhe flrsL place

lnLenLlonal
*lnLenL Lo klll (murder
*PeaL of asslon (volunLary manslaughLer)

unlnLenLlonal
*A M (murder)
*/M (murder)
*lnLenL Lo commlL grlevous bodlly harm (murder)
*Crlmlnal negllgence (lnvolunLary manslaughLer)



Leg|s|at|ve keform Common Law nom|c|de
O lrsL degree murder kllllng of a human belng Lo anoLher human belng wlLh mallce aforeLhoughL
O econd degree murder (all oLher Lypes of murder)
O volunLary ManslaughLer (wlLhouL mallce aforeLhoughL)
4 rovocaLlon uocLrlne or PeaL of asslon
O lnvolunLary ManslaughLer Crlmlnal negllcence commlsslon of a lawful acL whlch mlghL provoke
deaLh ln an unlawful manner uone w/o due caLlon and clrcumspecLlon (no awareness)


Murder (sLaLuLory reform based on CL foundaLlon)
1 lrsL degree (facLors any of Lhem)
a Pomlclde commlLLed a parLlcular way (LhaL Lhe sLaLuLe says do lL Lhls way)
l 1he sLaLuLe mlghL say lylng ln walL polson WMu"
b kllllng durlng an enumeraLed felony (1
sL
degree felony murder)
l 1he sLaLue mlghL say car[acklng robbery kldnapplng"
c wlllful dellberaLe premedlLaLed"
l marL courLs lnLerpreL
1 Wlllful lnLenLlonal
2 uellberaLe welgh pros and cons
3 remedlLaLed Lhlnk abouL before hand
ll uumb CourLs lnLenLlonal

Cases olnLs for wlllful dellberaLe and premedlLaLed"
O uLhrle when you don'L make a dlsLlncLlon beLween 1
sL
and 2
nd
degree everyone ls LreaLed Lhe
same lf you don'L deflne wlllful dellberaLe and premedlLaLed" Lhen whaL ls Lhe polnL of 2
nd

degree murder? 1here would be no oLher lnLenLlonal kllllngs"
O MldgeLL could noL prove Wlllful dellberaLe and premedlLaLed" when abuslng chlld language
Lhe oplnlon ls Lelllng Lhe leglslaLure Lo make LorLure a felony murder Lherefore you could sLlll
convlcL of murder
O orresL 1he prosecuLlon can'L lnsLrucL Lhe [ury on 1
sL
degree lf can'L prove wlllful dellberaLe
and premedlLaLed" Lhe uefense mlghL have Lo lnsLrucL on 2
nd
degree lf Lhere ls a chance he ls
gullLy of someLhlng hard Lo prove on dlrecL evldence so use clrcumsLanLlal evldence even Lho
he ls less culpable Lhan Lhe people before he ls gullLy of 1
sL
degree murder b/c of sLaLuLory
lnLerpreLaLlon

2 econd uegreeall oLher klnds of murder are second degree"
a lnLenL Lo commlL grlevous bodlly harm
l ln[ury LhaL lmperlls llfe" C
ll ln[ury LhaL serlously lnLerferes wlLh Lhe vlcLlm's healLh or comforL"
b Abandoned and mallgnanL hearL (unlnLenLlonal)consclously aware
l u manlfesLs an exLreme lndlfference Lo Lhe value of human llfe
c CLher felony murder
d CLher lnLenLlonal kllllngs
3 volunLary ManslaughLer
4 lnvolunLary ManslaughLer

MANSLAUGn1Lk kllllng of a human belng w|thout mallce aforeLhough

Common Law
1 volunLary ManslaughLer when do we mlLlgaLe murder Lo manslaughLer?
a Adequate rovocat|on an evenL LhaL would lead a reasonable person of average
LemperamenL Lo acL lrraLlonally and wlLhouL due dellberaLlon and clrcumspecLlon
lrouard (wlfe LaunLs husband and husband sLabs wlfehusband says she verbally
abused)
l Str|ct Common Law
1 AcL of AdulLery (male wlLnesslng wlfe)
2 eelng abuse/ln[ury Lo a close relaLlve
3 erlous baLLery
4 MuLual CombaL
3 u's lllegal arresL
ll Modern Common Law
1 CLher leave lL Lo Lhe [ury?
b neat of ass|on musL be sudden
c No coo||ng per|od kllllng musL Lake place before Lhe u has had a reasonable
opporLunlLy Lo cool
l A reasonable person don'L look sub[ecLlvely aL Lhe u

Case Lxample lrouard shorL marrlage hears wlfe on phone he geLs angry she says she doesn'L love
hlm he sLabs her he ls sorry afLer Lhe facLwasn'L convlcLed of 1
sL
degree b/c he acLed ln Lhe heaL of
passlon

unlnLenLlonal kllllngs aL Common Law

Murderawareness?lnvolunLary manslaughLer
(A M hearL) (crlmlnal negllgence)
O Commlsslon of a lawful acL
whlch mlghL provoke deaLhln
an unlawful manner uone w/o
due cauLlon clrcumspecLlon
Look for facLs LhaL Lhere ls awareness LhaL Lhe rlsk Laklng behavlor could produce deaLh
Lx uog lghLlngwas he aware hls rlsk Laklng behavlor would produce deaLh?


uoes Lhe facL paLLern show murder or crlmlnal negllgence? ulsLlncLlon whaL are Lhe facLs LhaL you have
on awareness lf Lhe u ls consclously aware Lhen lL ls murder lf Lhe u should have been aware Lhen lL ls
probably lnvolunLary manslaughLer

Intent|ona|
O arLlcular Manner (1
sL
)
O Wlllful dellberaLe premedlLaLed (1
sL
)
O CLher lnLenLlonal kllllngs (2
nd
)

Un|ntent|ona|
O AM (2
nd
)
O lnLenL Lo commlL grlevous bodlly harm (2
nd
)
O elony murder pursuanL Lo enumeraLed felony (1
sL
)
O CLher felony murder (2
nd
)

elony Murder a person ls gullLy of murder lf anoLher person dled ln Lhe commlsslon of a felony
concerned wlLh Lhe general rule (es esLae) Don't have to prove M]k b]c str|ct ||ab|||ty
LlmlLaLlons (don'L apply lf enumeraLed ln Lhe flrsL degree)
1 lnherenLly uangerous elony
a Look aL Lhe facLs uller sLole Llres and run away and Lhere was a wreck
b vlew ln Lhe absLracL look aL Lhe LexL of Lhe sLaLuLe and declde wheLher lL necessarlly
carrles a hlgh probablllLy of deaLh Powardlooks aL Lhe LexL of Lhe crlme could
commlL crlme by dolng Lhree Lrafflc vlolaLlons whlch ls no lnherenLly dangerous
2 lndependenL elony ule no elony murder where predlcaLe felony ls a crlme LhaL has as lLs
sole purpose Lo cause vlolence Lo anoLher person oberLonnoLhlng Lo deLer
a Merger docLrlne normally for assaulL Merger does noL apply when deaLh resulLs from
u's commlsslon of a felony wlLh an lndependenL purpose whlch would cause deaLh
l Lx assaulL wlLh a deadly weapon u beaLs someone wlLh a baL and LhaL person
dles lf u commlLs an assaulL Lhere ls noLhlng Lo deLer b/c he ls already engaged
ln a felony
ll Lx CL robbery LhreaL of force lLs purpose noL Lo cause harm Lo someone Lhls
llmlLaLlon wlll noL apply so Lhere ls felony murder


MC nom|c|de
O Murder
4 urposely/knowlngly
4 ecklessly under exLreme lndlfference Lo human llfe (unlnLenLlonal)presumed lf acL
engaged or ls an accompllce ln Lhe commlsslon of felony
O ManslaughLer
4 ecklessly (unlnLenLlonal and aware)
4 CommlLLed under Lhe lnfluence of exLreme menLal or emoLlonal dlsLurbance for whlch
Lhere ls a reasonable explanaLlon or excuse
O negllgenL Pomlclde (unlnLenLlonal and noL aware)

MC Mans|aughter

MC MlLlgaLlon manslaughLer (exLreme emoLlonal dlsLurbance)
2103(1)(b)AcLor suffers from an exLreme emoLlonal dlsLurbance for whlch Lhere ls a reasonable
explanaLlon or excuse
1 sub[ecLlonu musL be acLlng under and exLreme emoLlonal dlsLurbance
2 Cb[ecLlveu's explanaLlon (for dlsLurbance) musL be reasonable ury evaluaLes from Lhe
vlewpolnL of a person ln Lhe acLor's *slLuaLlon* under clrcumsLances as he belleves Lhem Lo be

lLuaLlon" lncludesundermlne com law normsslLuaLlon" excludes
(ersonal handlcap) (ldlosyncraLlc moral value)
educaLlon bllndness socloeconomlc slLuaLlon exLreme pollLlcal/rellglous


unlnLenLlonal kllllngs aL MC

exLreme Aware
MurderManslaughLernegllgenL Pomlclde
(exLreme ecklessness) (eckless) (Crlmlnal negllgence)
ecLlon 2101(1)(b) 210 (1)(a) 2104

eckless
1 un[usLlflable rlsk
a esulL
b robablllLy
c 8alance Lhe reason
2 ubsLanLlal lsk
3 Consclous awareness

MC
lnLenLlonal
O urposefully (murder)
O knowlngly (murder)
O LxLreme emoLlonal dlsLurbance (manslaughLer)
unlnLenLlonal
O LxLreme reckless lndlfference Lo Lhe value of human llfe (murder)
O eckless (manslaughLer)
O negllgence (negllgenL homlclde)



kAL

CL
Iorc|b|e kape nonconsensual lnLercourse by a man wlLh a woman noL hls wlfe whlch ls secured
Lhrough Lhe use of force 1)llkely Lo cause deaLh or serlous bodlly ln[ury Lo Lhe female C 2)LhreaL Lo klll
or serlously ln[ure her

CL eslsLance reslsL Lo Lhe uLmosL whlch LranslaLed Lo physlcal exhausLlon (now ls reasonable uLmosL)

A/ force Anu nonconsenL (nonconsenL ls lmplled by Lhe word compulslon")

1 Larly CL ape
a no consenL
b ender speclflc
c MarlLal lmmunlLy
l roperLy lghL Lhe husband galns properLy rlghLs over hls wlfe
ll ConLracLual lghL Lhe husband Lhrough marrlage can have sex whenever he
wanLs
2 CL eformmovemenL Lo orclble ape"
a no consenL
b ender speclflc (sLlll!)
c Pow much force? (look aL reslsLance)
d eslsLance requlremenL
l eslsL Lo Lhe uLmosL" Lo Lhe polnL of physlcal exhausLlon
e WhaL lf Lhe v doesn'L reslsL?
l orce was so greaL LhaL Lhe v could noL have reasonably reslsLed
ll u LhreaLened Lo klll or ln[ure Lhe v
3 LeglslaLlve eformorclble ape
a no consenL
b ender neuLral (abollshes marlLal lmmunlLy)
c educe/LllmlnaLe reslsLance? (because below)
d lnLercourse as force (don'L need overL force)



our ways Lo look aL force (lf Lhere ls force llkely Lo cause deaLh Lhen Lheses aren'L appllcable)
1 orce ls whaLever ls requlred Lo overcome reslsLance Lo Lhe uLmosL 8rown
2 orce ls whaLever ls requlred Lo overcome reasonable reslsLance usk (bar hopplng Look keys
llghLly choked dldn'L use phone)
a eslsLance overcome by force C no reslsLance b/c of LhreaLs
b orce overL force and LhreaLs of force
3 eslsLance ls relevanL buL noL noL requlred 8erkowlLz (college sLudenLs)
a 1oLallLy of Lhe clrcumsLances Lo prove force
l v u ages
ll MenLal/physlcal conducL of boLh
lll hyslcal seLLlng
lv u ln poslLlon of auLhorlLy
v v under duress
4 orce ls lnLercourse (reslsLance ls noL requlred) M1 (young chlldren llvlng ln same house)

eslsL Lo Lhe uLmosLreasonable reslsLancereslsLance ls noL requlredlnLercourse ls force

LaLe v AlsLon
O 1lme framlng
4 8roadly look aL pasL relaLlonshlp pasL LhreaLenlng sLaLemenLs or acLs
4 narrowly aL Lhe momenL of lnLercourse Lhere musL be force

usk v LaLe
O 1hreaL of forcelf Lhere ls no physlcal reslsLance Lhen Lhere musL be reasonable fear ln Lhe v
O orcemusL show LhaL Lhe v reslsLed and her reslsLance was overcome by force or she was
prevenLed from reslsLlng b/c of a LhreaL
O orce wrongfully looks aL Lhe v's acLs

M1
O Changes Lo look aL Lhe acLlons of Lhe u
O orcelnLercourse
O ConsenLmusL show LhaL evldence ls sufflclenL Lo demonsLraLe LhaL a reasonably freely glven
auLhorlzaLlon Lo Lhe acL

MC does noL dlscuss consenL
MC kape
O 2131(1)(a) male who has sexual lnLercourse wlLh a female noL hls wlfe ls gullLy of rape lf he
compels her Lo submlL by force or by LhreaL of lmmlnenL deaLh serlous bodlly ln[ury exLreme
paln or kldnapplng Lo be lnfllcLed on anyone
O (does noL say force reslsLance or nonconsenL)
4 orce ls noL a rereq for convlcLlon buL sLlll ls relevanL
4 LaLuLory lnLerpreLaLlon mlghL equaLe compel consenL

M/ lssues
1 MlsLake of facL (general lnLenL culpablllLy approach mlsLake musL be reasonable)
a CommonwealLh v herry MC musL be ob[ecLlvely reasonable and made ln good falLh
2 uld Lhe u reasonably belleve LhaL v gave permlsslon Lhrough words or acLlons on parL of v?
3 1lmeframlng (lf Llmeframe narrowly rlghL before lnLercourse Lhen Lhere was no consenL)
a Pas she sald yes before?
b asL relaLlonshlp?
c uld she verbally say no?

Statutory kape sLrlcL llablllLy

Inchoate Cffenses
1 lncompleLe or unsuccessful Crlmes
a ALLempL
b Consplracy
c ollclLaLlon
2 aLlonale wanL Lhe pollce Lo lnLervene before Lhe soclal harm has occurred
3 oclal harm apprehenslon/fear LhaL Lhe crlme wlll Lake place
4 ALLempL CL
a M/
l CL speclflc lnLenL Lo commlL Lhe LargeL offense"
1 unlnLenLlonal murder should noL be lncluded enLry
2 lnLenL Lo commlL Lhe LargeL offense musL be presenL even lf a lesser
M/ could allow for Lhe compleLed offense
3 Abandonlng Lhe crlme ls no defense
b A/
l CompleLe lasL acL necessary" (hlL Lhe remoLe Lo deLonaLe buL lL doesn'L work)
1 ALLendanL clrcumsLances how he belleved Lhem Lo be
|| Incomp|ete (uld Lhe u engage ln an acL of preparaLlon or perpeLraLlon?)
1 Pow close ls Lhe u Lo commlLLlng Lhe crlme?
a hys|ca| rox|m|ty u vlews
l u ls noL gullLy of aLLempL unless Lhe u has Lhe physlcal
capablllLy of commlLLlng Lhe crlme lmmedlaLely
ll ApparenL power Lo commlL lmmedlaLely
b Dangerous rox|m|ty (facLor LesL) how Lhe u vlews lL
l acLors
1 Pow close physlcally ls Lhe u Lo Lhe crlme?
2 1emporally (how much Llme lefL unLll Lhe crlme)
3 Pow serlous ls Lhe crlme?
ll noLes under Lhls LesL a seL up for a man Lo have sex
wlLh a fake glrl would render hlm Lo be lnnocenL of
aLLempL b/c Lhere ls no glrl close physlcally or
Lemporally
lll Lxample from lzzogoes Lo rob bank buL person noL
Lhere
lv Lxample from easlehe lsn'L Lhere Lo llghL Lhe candle
c Lqu|voca||ty 1est ([usL polnL Lo Lhe facLs) Man selecLed glrl renL
room
l When you can ldenLlfy Lhe Llme aL whlch Lhe u
manlfesLs Lhe lnLenL Lo commlL Lhe crlme


2 Pow much as Lhe u done?
a robab|e Des|stance (bad LesL) anyone
l Would Lhe u wlLhouL lnLerrupLlon have compleLed Lhe
crlme lnLended?
ll CrlLlclsm focuses on would anyone commlL Lhe crlme
b Abnorma| Step normal clLlzen Lype behavlor
l Would a reasonable person Lhlnk whaL Lhe u dld was an
abnormal sLep Loward a crlme?
3 Cases
a enLry pours gas on her he ls reckless unlnLenLlonal crlme Pe doesn'L have aLLempL
for unlnLenLlonal crlme
l ?ou cannoL lnLend Lo commlL an unlnLenLlonal crlme
b olng Lo bomb bulldlng and people are lnslde buL don'L wanL Lhem Lo dle lL ls a
compleLed aLLempL Pe ls gullLy of aLLempL murder because he has Lhe lnLenL Lo klll PL
ls pracLlcally cerLaln Lhey wlll dle
l lnLenLpurposely and knowlngly (pracLlcally cerLaln)
MC
O ueflnlLlon a person ls gullLy of an aLLempL Lo commlL a crlme lf acLlng wlLh Lhe klnd of
culpablllLy oLherwlse requlred for Lhe commlsslon of Lhe crlme musL have Lhe M for Lhe
subsLanLlve offense he
4 M/ purpose Lo commlL a parLlcular offense"
urpose consclous ob[ecLlve
O CompleLe
4 ConducL Crlme purposely engage ln conducL LhaL would consLlLuLe Lhe crlme lf Lhe
aLLendanL clrcumsLances were as he belleved Lhem Lo be
4 esulL Crlme when causlng a parLlcular resulL ls an elemenL of Lhe crlme does or omlLs
Lo do anyLhlng wlLh Lhe purpose of causlng or wlLh Lhe bellef LhaL lL wlll cause such a
resulL wlLhouL furLher conducL on hls parL
O lncompleLe purposely does or omlLs Lo do anyLhlng whlch under Lhe clrcumsLances as he
belleves Lhem Lo be ls an acL or omlsslon consLlLuLlng a subsLanLlal sLep ln a course of conducL
planned Lo culmlnaLe ln hls commlsslon of Lhe crlme
4 A]k substant|a| step to corroborate that purpose
ocuses on whaL has been done raLher Lhan how much ls lefL Lo do
4 ConducL shouldn'L be held as a subsLanLlal sLep unless lL ls sLrongly corroboraLlve of Lhe
acLor's crlmlnal purpose
4 eevesraL poslonlL served no oLher lawful purpose
O enunclaLlon of crlmlnal purpose ls a defense under clrcumsLances manlfesLlng a compleLe and
volunLary renunclaLlon of crlmlnal purpose

Common Law Consp|racy
1 ueflnlLlon 2 or more people agree Lo commlL an unlawful acL buL no overL acL
a A/ ls compleLe once Lhey agree
b M/ 1 Lveryone has Lhe lnLenL Lo agree 2 lnLenL Lo carry ouL Lhe LargeL offense
l no consplracy aL C/L lf one of Lhe people ls an undercover cop
ll lnLenL Lo agreewhaL ls Lhe scope of Lhe agreemenL? (argue lL)
2 no merger can be charged for consplracy and Lhe subsLanLlve offense
3 lurallLy have Lo have 2 or more people agreelng meeLlng of Lhe mlnds"
4 u wlll be gullLy of consplracy and all subsLanLlve crlmes done by any of Lhe us ln furLherance of
Lhe consplracy (?es lnkerLon)Lhey have Lo be reasonably foreseeable
a Lx lf one person sLeals a car ln order Lo rob Lhe bank Lhen all Lhe consplraLors are gullLy
of sLeallng Lhe car
b 1he only llmlLaLlons (boundarles)
l Was noL done ln furLherance of Lhe consplracy
ll uld noL fall wlLhln Lhe scope o Lhe unlawful pro[ecL
||| Cne that was not reasonab|y foreseen
3 AbandonmenL sLlll gullLy of consplracy buL nC1 gullLy of Lhe crlmes done by any of Lhe us ln
furLherance of consplracy lf you abandon Lhe purpose
6 ulssenL ln lnkerLonbuL he was ln [allLhls sounds llke reLrlbuLlvlsL language

lssue for suppllers when can we lnfer lnLenL from knowledge??
1 ulrecL Lvldence 2 ClrcumsLanLlal Lvldence 3 erlous crlmes
a volume of buslness relaLlve Lo supply
b Lake ln venLure
c no leglLlmaLe use for Lhe goods

MC Consp|racy

A/overL acL
1 AgreemenL 2 urpose 2 CverL acL ln furLherance of Lhe consplracy (only 1 has Lo do LhaL)
a 1he overL acL does noL have Lo be a subsLanLlal sLep can be a Loken acL
l Lx buylng a map or snack Lo use afLer Lhe crlme
2 no lnkerLon (Can only be gullLy of Lhe consplracy and nC1 all Lhe crlmes done ln furLherance of
Lhe consplracy done by oLher us)
a eLrlbuLlvlsL reason
3 1here ls merger only charged wlLh Lhe subsLanLlve offense lf compleLed and nC1 Lhe consplracy
a Pave Lo ask lf Lhls ls a slngle consplracy or an ongolng consplracy
b lf lL was an ongolng pro[ecL Lhen can be gullLy of consplracy and Lhe subsLanLlve offense
4 no plurallLyso long as Lhe u has Lhe purpose Lo agree Lhen lL doesn'L maLLer lf Lhe oLher
people are acLually agreelng or noL
a Can have an undercover cop agreelng"
3 AbandonmenL lL ls an afflrmaLlve defense LhaL Lhe acLor afLer consplrlng LhwarLed Lhe success
of Lhe consplracy under clrcumsLances manlfesLlng a compleLe and volunLary renunclaLlon of hls
crlmlnal purpose
6 ocuses on lndlvldual culpablllLy

lnfer purpose from knowledgeask was lL Lhe consclous ob[ecLlve?