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Documente Profesional
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BODY ATLAS
For Grades 7-College
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents and Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Instructional Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Introduction and Summary of the Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Program One: In the Womb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 4 Program Two: Glands and Hormones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - 5 Program Three: Muscle and Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - 6 Program Four: Breath of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 7 Program Five: Skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 - 8 Program Six: The Food Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 9 Program Seven: In the Womb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 10 Program Eight: Visual Reality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 11 Program Nine: Defense and Repair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 - 12 Program Ten: Sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 - 13 Program Eleven: The Human Pump. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 - 14 Program Twelve: Now Hear This . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 - 15 Program Thirteen: The Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 - 16
The DVD version is English Subtitled. The purchase of this video program entitles the user to the right to reproduce or duplicate, in whole or in part, this teachers guide, for the purpose of teaching in conjunction with this video, THE BODY ATLAS. This right is restricted only for use with this video program. Any reproduction or duplication in whole or in part of this guide and the handouts for any purpose other than for use with this video program is prohibited. CLASSROOM/LIBRARY CLEARANCE NOTICE This program is for instructional use. The cost of each program includes public performance rights as long as no admission charge is made. Public performance rights are defined as viewing of a video in the course of face-to face teaching activities in a classroom, library, or similar setting devoted to instruction. Closed Circuit Rights are included as a part of the public performance rights as long as closed-circuit transmission is restricted to a single campus. For multiple locations, call your Ambrose representative. Television/Cable/Satellite Rights are available. Call your Ambrose representative for details. Duplication Rights are available if requested in large quantities. Call your Ambrose representative for details. Quantity Discounts are available for large purchases. Call your Ambrose representative for information and pricing. Discounts, and some special services, are not applicable outside the United States. Your suggestions and recommendations are welcome. Call Ambrose Video Publishing at 1-800-526-4663 between the hours of 9-5 EST, Monday through Friday or visit the website at www.ambrosevideo.com.
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INSTRUCTIONAL NOTES It is suggested that you preview the program and read the related information. By doing so, you will become familiar with the materials and be better prepared to adapt the program to the needs of your class. You will probably find it best to follow the programs in the order in which they are presented in this Teachers Guide, but this is not necessary. It is also suggested that the program presentation take place before the entire class and under your direction. As you review the instructional program outlined in the Teachers Guide, you may find it necessary to make some changes, deletions, or additions to fit the specific needs of your students.
Specific Terminology
Fetus Genetic information Ultrasound Contractions Menstrual Period Fallopian tube/s Embryo Placenta Womb DNA Sperm Umbilical cord Birth canal Ovary/ies
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All of the eggs a woman will produce are formed in her ovaries before she is born. They are the largest cells in the body. A man will continue to produce sperm for most of his life. A woman releases one egg every 28 days. It drifts into a fallopian tube and will be impregnated by only one of the millions of sperm which have entered her body. All of the genetic information to produce a unique human is combined from the egg and sperm. In 1 1/2 days the fertilized egg will divide into two cells. It will take one week to travel down the fallopian tube to attach itself to the wall of the uterus. Valerie can test her possible pregnancy through a hormonal shift which shows up in a test of her urine. Around the time of her first missed menstrual period, Valerie's breasts enlarge, signaling that her body is beginning to adapt. Partial chronology of baby's development: 3rd week: Heart begins beating. Most organs have begun. In less than a month the egg becomes an embryo. 5th week: Umbilical cord functioning. Brain is 1/3 of size. 6th week: Fingers and toes forming. 7th week: First movement, undetectable. Baby weighs 1/3 oz. 8th week: Fetus is 1 inch long, bones forming, looks human. 9th week: Head is almost 1/2 of body's length. Rudimentary spinal cord. No sign of consciousness. 14th week: Valerie can feel movement. Fetus swallows and excretes. Thumb sucking begins, indicating handedness. 16th week: Fetus fills womb. It is receiving food and eliminating waste through the umbilical cord to the placenta, which acts as its lungs, liver and digestive organs. 20th week: Heartbeat is twice Valerie's and is delivering daily a few spoonfuls of blood. Valerie is aware of its sleeping and waking times. 26th week: Valerie's heart, kidneys, breathing, and skin are adapting. Baby can hear and is light sensitive. 30th week: Baby now almost independent, has a good chance of survival, though still 2 months premature. 35th-39th weeks: Baby's muscle tone and brain well developed. Valerie has gained 30 lbs. Baby turns head down. Baby' first cry starts its breathing and oxygen intake causes red blood cells to change its color from blue to pink.
Specific Terminology:
Hormones Hypothalamus Adrenalin Mucous Insulin Biological clock Melatonin Noradrenalin Thyroid Glucagon Jet-lag Pituitary Cortisol Thyroxine Glands Adrenal glands Testosterone Glucose
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At night the hypothalamus releases melatonin assisting sleep. It stops when we open our eyes each morning, resetting the clock. When the body is out of synchronization, as in jet lag, there is a resulting clash or hormones causing fatigue and disorientation. The brain is the electrical control system; the several glands are the chemical control system. Each glandular clock operates separately but the brain's pituitary gland keeps each of them in order by releasing a half dozen separate hormones. The pituitary gland weighs only 1/40 oz. It periodically instructs the other glands to release their own hormones. In the early morning the pituitary targets the adrenal glands to "tune up" the body and to produce cortisol, giving the body an initial burst of energy. Later on the inner adrenals release the alertness hormone, adrenalin. Threat causes a release of adrenalin; anger causes a release of noradrenalin. Both can release at the same time. They are only one atom apart. The normal ratio is 4: 1 adrenalin. In Chris' emergency his pupils dilate to improve eyesight, breathing is faster and deeper to increase oxygen, saliva and mucous dry to increase air passage, the heart speeds up to increase blood to brain and muscles, he perspires to cool his skin, muscles tighten for rapid movement, digestion slows to conserve energy, and his blood prepares to clot or fight infection. The thyroid produces thyroxine to control growth, controls the rate at which we turn food into body tissue, and acts as the body's thermostat. The brain is fueled by glucose delivered by blood. When blood sugar is low. we are tired and hungry. The pancreas pours out insulin which removes sugar from the blood for later use. Glucagon puts sugar back into the blood. At night the pituitary steps up growth hormones to repair the day's damage. We are most defenseless at night.
Specific Terminology:
Oxygen Phosphorus Vertebrae Glycogen Synovial fluid Protein Calcium Coccyx Lactic acid
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The embryo's bones start growth at about 9 1/2 weeks. It is born with 350 bones but they will fuse to 206 by birth. Bones' length range from a fraction of an inch to 2 feet. Bones' hardness is made up of calcium and phosphorus. Bones crystals, layered for strength, gradually dissolve and are carried away by the bloodstream. They are replaced every 2 years. The skeleton weighs 30 lbs., about 20% of the body's weight. About 1/3 of the bone's weight is living tissue. The knee is the most complex joint. The shoulder's connections are loosest to aid flexibility in the arms. Bones are separated by soft pads filled with synovial fluid. Joints work on pivot points and are joined to the bones in order to amplify the work of the muscles. The hand is the most amazing piece of biological engineering. It is the opposable thumb which sets us apart its two middle fingers are operated by long tendons in the forearm. The backbone is the most massive because it must support the upper torso and protect the spinal cord. It contains 24 vertebrae, separated by soft discs, and ends at the coccyx. Thirty-one pairs of nerves span out from the spinal cord, ending in a bundle called the "horsetail". The strongest bones are in the legs and can support one ton. The foot's arch spreads the weight. Stubby toes provide spring. Muscle is half the body's weight. We have 656 muscles, 3 for each bone. Muscles are made up of protein generating 40 lbs. of force per square inch. We control all of our muscles except the heart and those smooth muscles which line the stomach and blood vessels. Muscles are "fired" by nerve stimuli, the action coming from the attraction of different protein in their fiber. Muscle cells are as thin as hair and some are up to 2" long. For maximum effort, muscles produce energy which doesn't require oxygen. Lactic acid build-up causes pain and fatigue.
Specific Terminology:
Oxygen Epiglottis Carbon dioxide Nitrogen Alveoli Mucous membranes Diaphragm Hemoglobin
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A human will breathe about 400 million times in a lifetime. As we inhale muscles in the rib cage pull the lungs up; as we exhale the diaphragm pulls the lungs down and muscles relax. In a single day in the city we may breathe in over a trillion particles of dirt and pollution. Nose hairs trap pollen and dirt. Mucous membranes trap dirt which is propelled by tiny hairs back into the throat, where it is swallowed or expectorated. In cold weather the mucous hairs are sluggish creating an overflow which results in a "runny nose". Narrow passages in the nose slow down the air intake, so John must also breathe through his mouth. The passages from the nose and mouth meet at the back of the throat. The epiglottis is the flap at the back of the throat which closes when we are swallowing in order to keep food from entering the air passage. Water makes up 2/3 of the body's weight. We expel a pint of water each day as we exhale. The windpipe is reinforced with cartilage to keep it open and is lined with tiny hairs which carry the dirt-laden mucous back up to the throat. Coughing helps discharge the mucous. Air passages divide over and over, ending in tiny tubes, each of which is draped with tiny sacs, alveoli, whose walls are so thin that the oxygen can travel through them to the blood. The lungs contain 100 million alveoli. The lungs have their own blood supply. Half of the heart is devoted solely to conveying oxygen to and from the lungs. Oxygen enters the blood combining with hemoglobin which turns it red and helps it dissolve in order to reach the muscles. Combined oxygen and muscle fuel creates carbon dioxide which is dissolved by blood, returned to the lungs, and exhaled. The lungs contain about 2 minutes' worth of oxygen, the build up of carbon dioxide telling the brain that we need to breathe. The deeper we dive under the sea, the more oxygen we need to balance the increased outside pressure. The higher we climb, the more red cells we produce to maximize oxygen use. With a loss of air pressure, the brain cells, deprived of oxygen, begin to starve and we lose consciousness.
PROGRAM 5: SKIN
Teachers are encouraged to preview the film before showing it in class Kadamba, sun bathes, swims and brushes her hair. Through her we see the effects of the sun on the skin and how skin and hair grow and are replenished. We see how the skin protects the body, regulates body temperature, reacts to sensations, and synthesizes vitamins. We see also how hair grows and is distributed and how nails develop. Considering what the skin does to protect us, we should exercise more caution to protect it.
Specific Terminology:
Epidermis Dermis Follicles Melanin Collagen Pigmentation Vitamin D Elastin Photo-aging
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One sq. in. of a hand's skin contains 9 ft. of blood vessels, 30 hairs, 134 yds. of nerves, 600 pain sensors, 36 heat sensors, 75 pressure sensors, and 9000 nerve endings. The skin is multi-layered. The outer layer, epidermis, is about half the thickness of a sheet of paper. Cells are constantly pushing up from below to replace the epidermis. The skin cells we touch have hardened and died. Every day we shed 10 million dead skin cells, 50 lbs. in a lifetime. We grow a new skin about every six weeks. Skin cells produce a protective substance, melanin. It is the skin's protection against sunburn. Melanin is more active in dark-skinned people. Fair-skinned people are more vulnerable to sunburn and, therefore, suffer more skin cancer. The second layer of skin, dermis, is the "machine" in the world of flesh. It consists of flexible fibers, collagen and elastin. The skin controls body temperature with sweat glands playing the crucial role. Evaporation of sweat cools the skin. It is possible for a person to sweat two gallons in a day. Blood vessels dilate, increasing blood flow to the surface releasing heat. Sweat, air currents and radiation carry the heat away. In cold weather heat sensors are the body's thermostat, switching on and off. The sensors tell muscles to pull hair upright which traps the warmer air close to the body's surface. Messages from touching reach the brain in less than 1/100 of a second. The sensors are closest together at the finger tips, about 1/10 of an inch apart. Hair is made from the same fibers as skin and is dead above the skin's surface. It grows from tiny pits, follicles. There are up to 150,000 hairs on the human head. Eyelashes protect from dirt and dust particles. Eyebrows keep sweat out of the eyes. Ear hair wax filters out dust and insects. In aging, hair follicles shrink producing fine hairs, the pigmentation process slows causing hair to grey, and the skin gets thinner losing its elasticity which results in wrinkles. Photo-aging is caused by the sun's ultra-violet radiation which hardens the skin's elastin. This is the leading contributor to skin cancer.
Specific Terminology:
Epiglottis Salivary glands Hydrochloric acid Amino acids Duodenum Lymphatic vessels Sphincter/s Ureters Esophagus Bolus Carbohydrates Chyme Villi Liver Pancrea/s Bladder Peristalsis Pepsin Protein Calories Glucose Gall bladder Kidney/s Enzyme/s
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Specific Terminology:
Limbic system Salivary gland Olfactory nerves Pheromones Professional "noses" Trigeminal nerve Taste buds Aphrodisiacs Palates Pituitary gland Testosterone
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Specific Terminology:
Iris Retina Rod cells Visual purple Pupil Light receptors Cone cells Optic nerve Lens Bactericide Reflected light Blind spot Cornea
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mixes with water from the air to form a protective film, and a bactericide to fight infection. Dirt and germs flush into the nose. Blinking makes the protective system efficient. Blinking closes our eyes 30 min. a day, though less when we concentrate. Light enters through a 3-layered smooth-surfaced window, the cornea, the middle layer of which is tough and renews itself weekly from inside out. Dead cells are carried away by tears. Visible blood cells supply the whites of the eye with oxygen and nourishment but stop at the edge of the cornea. The iris is the most distinctive. Its color and pattern, as unique as fingerprints, are inherited. In it are the muscles which affect the pupil, adjusting it to the amount of light falling on it. The smaller the pupil's opening the greater area in focus. The iris is surrounded by water fluid which flows constantly through the pupil to bathe the cornea. The fluid is replenished every 4 hours by glands behind the iris. Inside the iris is the lens, which is held in place by fibers. It is ringed by muscles which squeeze to adjust its shape and focus. The lens becomes thicker to focus on near objects. In aging, its cells die off making focus harder, causing nearsightedness. Light rays are bent by the curvature of the front of the eye and pass through a clear jelly to focus upside down on the retina. At the back, specialized cells soak up light and send electrical signals through the nerve cells to light receptors. Two kinds of receptors are mixed together in the retina. Long thin rod cells see in dim light, but only in black and white. Cone cells detect color but need more light. In the middle of the retina is a crater, packed with cone cells to see the finest detail. Sunlight can burn these cells. We see reflected red, green and blue light. Cones blend them. Fibers do not connect to the hole in the center of the retina causing our blind spot The brain fills in that spot, as well as turning the picture on our retina right side up. Like all hunting animals, our eyes are at the front of the head so that we can see in three dimension and judge distance.
Specific Terminology
Platelets Bone marrow Scavenger cells Fleas Yeast Bacteria Orifice/s White cells Mast cells Mites Typhus Fungi Streptococcus Cilia Red cells Histamines Bed bugs Plague Microbes Staphylococcus Allergies
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Viruses Clot
Specific Terminology:
Sperm Hormones Pituitary gland Gene/s Penis Erogenous zones Ovary/ies Estrogen Testes Genetic code Erection Climax Puberty Testosterone DNA Genitals Cervix Prostate gland
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Vagina Chromosome/s
Orgasm Enzymes
The heart is not an emotional organ; it is simply a pump and a garbage collector. But it is pump that delivers the river of life to every cell in our bodies. This delivery of blood includes food, water and other chemicals, but the most important item is oxygen which every cell must have to survive. As Miguel and Nubia tango we see the heart working at rest and play.
Specific Terminology:
Oxygen Cyte/s Auricle/s Vessel/s Pacemaker Ventricle/s Hemoglobin Valve/s Capillary/ies
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Specific Terminology:
Cochlea Middle ear Stirrup Organ of corti Acoustics Vocal cord Ear canal Hammer Oval window Loudness Frequency/ies Timbre Eardrum Anvil Inner ear Pitch Voice box Mucous
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Specific Terminology:
Spinal cord Cerebrum Australopithecus Sensory cortex Oxygen Cerebellum Hemisphere/s Short-term memory Sugar Homo Erectus Cortex Long-term memory
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