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Pragna
MICRODESIGNS

INSTRUCTION AND OPERATION

MANUAL FOR

SINGLE PHASE HALF AND FULLY CONTROLLED CONVERTER

Designed and Manufactured by:

PRAGNA MICRODESIGNS
No. 34, Karekallu, Kamakshipalya, Basaveshwaranagar post, Bangalore 560 079. Ph: 23482492, Telefax: 23285123 E-mail: pragnamicrodesigns@yahoo.com

CONTENTS:1. OBJECTIVE 2. APPARATUS REQUIRED 3. DESCRIPTION 4. SINGLE PHASE CONVERTER FIRING UNIT 5. SINGLE PHASE CONVERTER POWER CIRCUIT 6. PROCEDURE
7.

DIFFERENT POWER CIRCUITS

8. SERVICING DETAILS

OBJECTIVE: To study the operation of Single phase Half and Fully controlled bridge converters. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Single phase Half and Fully controlled bridge converter power circuit. Single phase converter firing circuit. Single phase Isolation transformer. Rheostat - 150 ohms / 5 Amps. Inductance - 150 mH / 5 Amps with tappings. DC motor - 0.5 h p / 220 V / 1500 rpm. Powerscope..

DESCRIPTION: Presently the solid state controlled rectifiers (Converters) are extensively used for getting controlled DC power output from a single phase or three phase AC source. A thyristor offers numerous advantages such as high efficiency, fast response, low maintenance, compact size, firing pulses of low amplitude and power, wide range of voltage and current. Owing to these advantages the Thyrisorised converters are widely used. Fully controlled converters find wide application in dc motor control. For low power applications ( upto around 10 kw ) single phase converters are used and for large power applications, three phase converters are used. The supply power factor is generally poor compared with the half controlled converters specially at large phase delay angles. However, they generate relatively less harmonic currents in the input lines. Another advantage of a Fully controlled converter is that the output voltage can be made negative by keeping the firing more than . When the converter operates in this mode, it is called a line commutated inverter. Half controlled converter has a number of advantages compared to a fully controlled converter. Few of these are : low cost, good power factor and low load current ripple. The disadvantages are : higher harmonic content in the source current and since the output voltage cannot be made negative, inverter operation is not possible.

SINGLE PHASE CONVERTER FIRING UNIT - SCT

This unit generates four line synchronized isolated triggering pulse to fire thyristors connected in single phase (1) Half wave (2) Full wave (3) Half controlled Bridge (4) Fully controlled Bridge and (5) AC phase control power circuit. The firing circuit is based on Ramp-comparator scheme. Isolation is provided by pulse Transformer.

FEATURES :1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Works directly on 230V AC mains. Gate drive current of 200mA to trigger wide range of devices. Firing angle variation from 180deg to 0deg on a graduated scale. Test points to study the logic circuit. Soft start and soft stop feature. Neatly designed front panel.

This unit along with our SCR converter modules, Rectifier diode modules, Single phase half controlled converter power circuit and single phase fully controlled converter power circuit can be used to conduct Power Electronics Experiments on single phase. FRONT PANEL DETAILS :1. Power 2. Firing angle 3. GND 4. ON/OFF 5. Test points 6. Trigger outputs :- Mains on/off Switch with built in LED Indicator. :- Potentiometer to very the firing angle from 180deg to 0 deg when the control switch is in INT position. :- Equipment ground and to observe the test points. :- Switch for trigger output with soft start feature. :- To observe the signals at various points in the logic Circuit for study purpose. :- T1 & T1` - For +ve Half Cycle. T2 & T2` - For -ve Half Cycle.

BACK PANEL DETAILS:Mains socket with built in fuse holder. Fuse - 500mA. A spare fuse is also provided in the fuse holder.

INSTALLATION:Use a properly earth grounded outlet socket to connect to the equipment. This is so because a floating earth ground will not provide a clean AC reference to the equipment. The power input plug is situated on the back panel of the unit. Use the power card provided along with the equipment to the power outlet socket.

Input power specifications :Voltage : 215 - 245 V a/c at 45 to 55 Hz. Current : 75mA (Max. continuous) @ 230V a/c. 500mA (Max. surge). Fuse : 500mA (Slow Blow) Capsule type 20 x 5 mm. Situated in the lower left corner of the equipment front panel is the power ON/OFF switch with built in LED indicator. The LED glows when the switch is in ON position. A fuse protects the equipment against over Voltages and any short circuit. The fuse holder is an integral part of the power inlet plug situated on the back panel. A spare fuse is provided in the fuse holder. The power card has to be removed from the plug, before you can access the fuse holder. While replacing the fuse, pull off the holder smoothly. Refer to the figure shown below.

Power inlet plug Pull here Fuse holder Power inlet plug/Fuse holder Remove and discard the blown off fuse and insert a new fuse in to the bay provided for it, Replace back it the assembly in correct direction and press it until it flushes with the surface. Now connect the power card back into the plug. Switch on the mains supply to the equipment. Observe the test points signals, Trigger outputs and their phase sequence before connecting to the thyristors in the power circuits.

The built in pulse transformer based Isolation between the trigger circuits and the power circuits provided isolation between them upto a tune of 1000V.

Note that T1 and T1 come from the two secondaries of the same primary. Therefore they always logically same but isolated from each other, similarly T2 & T2. In effect T1 Carries the same wave form as T1. Similarly T2 outputs the same trigger pulses at T2. The table below gives the usage of the trigger outputs against different experiments. Sl No 1. 2. 3. Trigger outputs T1` T2

Experiment 1-Phase half wave converter. 1-Phase Full wave converter. 1-Phase half controlled Bridge converter. 1-Phase Full controlled Bridge converter. 1-Phase AC,phase control.

T1 * * *

T2`

* *

4.

5.

Table : Trigger outputs usage.

TEST POINTS

2 3

Vc

6 7

TRIGGER OUTPUTS

T1 & T1

T2 & T2

SINGLE PHASE HALF AND FULLY CONTROLLED CONVERTER POWER CIRCUIT: - 230V/5A.
This power circuit consists of 4 SCRs & 2 diodes. These devices can use to built Single phase half wave converter, Single phase full wave converter and Single phase half controlled bridge converter, Single phase fully controlled bridge converter and also Single phase AC Voltage controller power circuits. A wheeling diode is provided to observe the effect of free wheeling diode on inductive loads. Each device in the unit is mounted on an appropriate heat sink and is protected by snubber circuit. Short circuit protection is achieved using glass fuses. A circuit breaker is provided in series with the input supply for over load protection and to switch ON/OFF the supply to the power circuit. The Gate and Cathode of each SCRs brought out on the front panel for firing pulse connection. A voltmeter and an Ammeter is mounted on the front panel to measure the output voltage and current. The devices schematic is printed on the front panel.

SPECIFICATIONS :
1. Input Voltage 2. Load current 3. Fuses 4, Field supply 5. MCB : 15V to 230 V AC. : 5 Amps maximum.. : 6 amps fast blow glass fuses. : 2 Amps @ 220V + 10 % : two pole 6 amps / 230V.

FRONT PANEL DETAILS : -

1. 1Ph. Input 2. Output 3. Digital Voltmeter 4. Digital Ammeter 5. Circuit Breaker 6. T1, T2, T1, T2 7. D2, D4 , Dm 8. Field (+ and -) ( with Indicator)

:Terminals to connect single phase AC input from single phase Isolation Transformer. :Terminals after the MCB to be connected to power circuit. : 3 Digit Voltmeter to measure Output Voltage. : 3 Digit Ammeter to measure Output Current. : 6 Amps, AC power ON/OFF to the circuit and for protection. : SCR 25TTS12 25 A / 1200Volts. : Free Wheeling Diode & Power diodes 16A / 1200V.SPR12PB. : Field supply for DC shunt motor for motor control Experiments.

BACK PANEL DETAILS : 3 pin mains socket for Ac mains supply to field supply bridge rectifier. Glass fuse holders for 6 fuses in series with each SCRs.

SINGLE PHASE POWER CIRCUIT

1.Ph AC Input

Isolation Transformer

Power Circuit

Load

Firing Circuit

Single Phase Experiments Block Diagram 1. Isolation Transformer: To suit single phase 230V / 50Hz supply ratio 1:1 KVA rating to suit the rating with tappings at different voltages. Isolation of mains phase and neutral with measurement circuit. Serves the purpose of dv/dt protection of SCRs and saf measurement of wave forms by using oscilloscope isolation of Electric noise with mains. 2. Power Circuit : Different power circuit configuration are possible using SCRs and diode modules. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 3. Half wave converter - 1 SCR Full wave Converter - 2 SCRs Half controlled converter - 2 SCRs & 2 Diodes. Fully controlled converter - 4 SCRs. AC Phase Control 2 SCRs or 1 Triac.

Firing Circuit : Each SCR of the above Power Circuit to be triggered using independently isolated outputs using Single phase converter firing unit. Trigger outputs phase sequence and variation to be checked before connecting to the power circuit. Phase sequence to be compared with the power circuits phase sequence. Load : Load connections should include an ammeter and a current shunt for current wave form measurements. Use freewheeling diodes wherever necessary. Types of Loads :

4.

a) Resistance R b) Resistance & Inductive load R & L c) Motor & Generator Note : In case of DC motor control, field excitation is separate. Field supply should be ON before giving armature supply. It should be OFF only after switch off the armature supply. d) Lamp Load : Due to dv/dt limitation of SCRs and since the initial inrush current is 20 to 25 times more than the load current in lamp loads, this can be done only with large safety factor. Precaution : Initially keep the input voltage low and firing angle at 180. Slowly increase the voltage to the rated voltage and angle to 0. INSTRUCTIONS : 1. 2. 3. 4. Check all the SCRs for performance before making the connections. Check the firing circuit trigger outputs and its relative phase sequence. Make fresh connections before you make a new experiments. Preferably work at low voltages (20 30V) for every new connections after careful verification it can be raised to the maximum ratings. (This is to reduce damages due to wrong connections and high starting current problems) 5. The thyristor has a very low thermal inertia as compared to machine and by any over load or short circuit the SCR will immediately get damaged. Therefore do not switch ON the supply until the instructor has checked the connections. 6. While observing the wave forms of two parameters on the oscilloscope, either differential input oscilloscope should be used or special differential probes should be used with normal oscilloscope. On normal oscilloscope observation of wave forms can be done with respect to single common point only. Ground connections of other probe must be avoided. It will lead to short circuit if ground connections of both the probes are used since they are internally shorted. In no case should oscilloscope input ground point be disconnected. This is a dangerous practice. Use 10:1 oscilloscope probe to see the wave forms at high voltages. 7. Do not make Gate & Cathode measurements when the power circuit is on. PARAMETERS AND OBSERVATIONS : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Input voltage wave form. Output voltage wave form (across the load) Output current wave form (through the shunt) Voltage wave form across thyristors (make this measurement only if isolations is used) Study of variation of voltage and current wave forms with the variation of firing angle. Study of effect of freewheeling diode in case of in

SINGLE PHASE CONVERTER

PROCEDURE: 1) Switch ON the Mains Supply to the Firing circuit. Observe all the test points by varying the firing angle and trigger o/p s ON/OFF switch. 2) Then observe the trigger o/p s and phase sequence. Make sure that all the trigger o/p s are proper before connecting to the power circuit. 3) The trigger o/p pulse width varies as we vary the firing angle. Next make the connections in the power circuit. 4) Connect 30V tapping of the transformer secondary to the power circuit. Connect the R-load between load points. 5) Connect firing pulses from the firing circuit to the respective SCRs in the power circuit. Switch ON the MCB, switch ON the trigger o/ps and note down the voltage wave forms across load and devices. Draw the waveforms across load and device for different firing angle. 6) Repeat the same for different input voltage up to maximum voltage as provided in the isolation transformer. 7) Repeat the same for R-L load with and without freewheeling diode and note down the waveform.

NOTE: - If the output is zero after all proper connections, switch off the MCB. Switch off the AC supply to the Isolation transformer. And just interchange the AC input connections in the power circuit. This is to make the firing circuit and the power circuit to synchronize.

TABULAR COLUMN SL NO Input Voltage-Vin Firing angle Output voltage Output Current

DIFFERENT EXPERIMENTS : SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE CONVERTER:Let us consider the circuit in figure with a resistive load. During the positive half-cycle of input voltage, the thyristor anode is positive with respect to its cathode and the thyristor is said to forward biased. When thyristor T1 is fired at t = , thyristor T1 conducts and the input voltage appears across the load. When the input voltage starts to be negative at = , the thyristor anode is negative with respect to its cathode and thyristor T1 is said to be reverse biased and it is turned off. The time after the input voltage starts to go positive until the thyristor is fired at = is called the Delay or firing angle . Figure shows the wave forms for input voltage, output voltage, voltage across T1 and the TRIGGER OUTPUT.

+ 30V 230V AC R-load 0V

VT1
-

RL

Vo

30V

Wave forms

Vo 0 t

VT1

-Vm T1 0 t

SINGLE PHASE FULL WAVE CONVERTER POWER CIRCUIT

Let us consider circuit in Figure with a resistive load. During the positive half cycle T1 is fired at t = , the load connected to the center tap of the transformer during the period wt . During the negative half cycle of the input voltage, thyristor T2 is fired at wt = ( + ) the load

is connected to the center tap of the transformer. Fig shows various waveforms in the circuit & the trigger output waveforms.
T1 30V
LOAD

230V AC OV 30V T2 VARIOUS WAVEFORMS FOR FULL WAVE CONVERTER

Vs 0 2 3 4

VL
0 2 2 + 3

VT
0 2 2 + 3

SINGLE PHASE HALF CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER

The circuit arrangement of a single-phase Half controlled bridge converter is shown in figure. During the positive half-cycle, thyristor T1 is forward biased. When thyristor T1 is fired at wt = , the load is connected to the input supply through T1 and D2 during the period wt . During the period from wt ( + ), the input voltage is negative and the freewheeling diode Dm is forward biased. Dm conducts to provide the continuity of current in case of inductive loads. The thyristor T1 and the diode D2 are turned off. During the negative half-cycle of input voltage, thyristor T2 is forward biased and firing of thyristor T2 at wt = ( + ) will reverse bias Dm. The diode Dm turned off and load is connected to the supply through T2 and D1.

I T1 T1
230V Mains

A T2 I T2

+ R Vo Dm V L

D1 I D1

D2 ID2 I Dm _

TABULAR COLUMN SL NO Input Voltage-Vin Firing angle Output voltage Output Current Calculated o/p Voltage Vm/ / (1+COS )

Vm

Vm sin t +

0 O 2

Vo

0 + 2

t + 2

TABULAR COLUMN

R-L LOAD WITH OUT FREE WHEELING DIODE SL NO Input VoltageVin Firing angle Output voltage Output Current Calculated o/p Voltage (Volts) Vo

R-L LOAD WITH FREE WHEELING DIODE SL NO Input VoltageVin Firing angle Output voltage Output Current Calculated o/p Voltage (Volts) Vo

SINGLE PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED CONVERTER FOR R-L LOAD WITH FREE WHEELING DIODE :

The circuit arrangement of a single phase fully controlled converter is shown in fig(a). During the positive half cycle, thyristor T1 & T1 are forward biased and When these two thyristor are fired simultaneously at wt = , the load is connected to the input supply through T1 and T1. during the period wt ( + ). the input voltage is negative and the free wheeling diode Dm is forward biased. Dm conducts to provide the continuity of current in case of inductive loads. The load current is transferred from T1 & T1 to Dm; and thyristors T1 & T1 are turned off due to line or natural commutation. During the negative half cycle of input voltage, thyristor T1 & T1 are forward biased. The firing of thyristor T2 & T2 simultaneously at wt = ( + ) will reverse bias Dm. The diode Dm is turned off and load is connected to the supply through T2 & T2. This converter has better power factor due to free wheeling diode. The average output voltage can be found from Vdc(av) = Vm/ (1+ Cos ) Load current is given by , Idc (av)= Vdc(av) / RL Analysis show that full converter with R load is same as R-L loading having free wheeling diode Dm. IFD = --- Idc (av)

Waveforms for input voltage, output voltage and Trigger outputs.

iT1 T1 T2

R iT2 Vo Dm T2 i T2 a) Circuit
T1

iDm _

iT1

Vm 0

v = Vm sin t
+

t 2

Vo 0
+

t 2

0 0
+

t t 2

b) Wave forms SINGLE PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED CONVERTER FOR R-L LOAD WITH OUT FREE WHEELING DIODE :-

When the single phase fully controlled converter is connected with R-L load , During the positive half cycle, thyristor T1 & T1 are forward biased and When these two thyristor are fired simultaneously at wt = , the load is connected to the input supply through T1 and T1. Due to inductive load T1 and T1 will continue to conduct till wt = ( + ) even though the input voltage is already negative .During negative half cycle of the input voltage thyristors T2 & T2 are forward biased and firing of thyristors T2 & T2 at wt = ( + ) will apply the supply voltage across thyristors T1 & T1 as reverse blocking voltage. T1 & T1 will be turned off due to line or natural commutation. During the period ( + ) the input voltage Vs and input current is positive and the power flows from the supply to load .The converter is said to be operated in rectification mode.During period from to + ,the input voltage Vs is negative and the input current is positive ,and there will be reverse power from the load to supply. The converter is said to be operated in inversion mode. The average output voltage can be found from Vdc = {2Vm/} Cos Note : In case of fully controlled bridge the triggering angle should not increase beyond max (approx.160 degree) to allow conducting SCR sufficient time to turnoff. The maximum value of firing is obtained from the relation _1 E = Vm Sin( + ) ,there = -sin (E/Vm) Where E is counter e.m.f. generated in the inductor. Io=Vo/RL for continuous & constant current.

iT1

T1

T2 R iT2 Vo Dm L

T2 i T2 a) Circuit

T1

iT1

Vm 0

v = Vm sin t
+

t 2

Vo 0
+

t 2

0 0
+

t t 2

SERVICING DETAILS : Single phase half and Fully controlled converter : 1. Power circuit : a) b) c) d) e) Check the devices - SCRs and diodes Check the Fuse Check the MCB Check for any loose contacts Check the field supply bridge rectifier

2. Firing Circuit : a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) m) Check the 3 pin Mains Cable using along with this unit. Check the Fuse in the Main socket. Check the Mains switch. Check the power supply transformer and synchronizing transformer. Check the firing angle Potentiometer. Check the ON/OFF switch Check the INT/EXT switch Check the zener diodes and IN4007 diodes at the output of the pulse transformer in the PCB. Check +12 and -12 power supply (Check 7812 and 7912 regulators) Check BC 107 and SL 100 transistors in the PCB. Check 2N222 transistors. Check 741/555 ICs. Check for any loose contacts.