DeIinition oI Deixis

Personal Deixis
Spatial / Place Deixis
Temporal / Time Deixis

DeIinition oI Deixis
According to Stephen Levinson:
'Deixis concerns the ways in which languages encode...Ieatures oI the context oI utterance ... and thus also concerns
ways in which the interpretation oI utterances depends on the analysis oI that context oI utterance.
Deictic expressions include such lexemes as:
W Personal or possessive pronouns (I/you/mine/yours
W Demonstrative pronouns (9is/9,9
W (Spatial/temporal adverbs (ere/9ere/now
W ther pro-Iorms (so/do
W Personal or possessive adjectives (my/your
W Demonstrative adjectives (9is/9,9
W Articles (9e
Personal Deixis
Person deixis concerns itselI with the grammatical persons involved in an utterance
(1 #ST PE#S DES
(2 SECD PE#S DES
(3 TH#D PE#S DES
In English, the distinctions are generally indicated by pronouns.
First Person Deixis
The Deitic is reIerence that reIers to those directly involved (the speaker, the addressee
Singular Pronouns
, me, my selI, my, mine
Plural Pronouns
We, us, ourselves, our, ours
The Iirst person Iorm oI the verb 'be
Am
$econd Person Deixis
The Deitic is reIerence to a person(s identiIied as addressee (hearer
You
YourselI
Yourselves
Your
Yours
%hird Person Deixis
The Deitic is reIerence to a reIerent(s not identiIied as the speaker or addressee.
He
She
They
Examples :
They tried to hurt me, but he came to the rescue

Place DeixisPlace deixis, also known as space deixis,
concerns itself with the spatial locations relevant to an utterance.
$imilarly to person deixis, the locations may be either those of the speaker and addressee or those of persons or objects
being referred to.
The most salient English examples are
the adverbs ~here and ~there and
the demonstrative ~this and ~that
although those are Iar Irom being the only deictic words.
Some examples:
I enjoy living in 98 city.
070 is where we will place the statue.
$he was sitting over 9070.
Unless otherwise speciIied, place deictic terms are generally understood to be relative to the location oI the speaker, as in
W %he shop is ,.748890897009
W ~here and ~there are oIten used to reIer to locations near to and Iar Irom the speaker, respectively, ~there can also
reIer to the location oI the addressee iI they are not in the same location as the speaker. So, while
W 070 is a good spot ; it is too sunny over 9070.

exempliIies the Iormer usage,
W ow is the weather 9070?
W ~here and ~there are oIten used to reIer to locations near to and Iar Irom the speaker, respectively, ~there can also
reIer to the location oI the addressee iI they are not in the same location as the speaker. So, while
W 070 is a good spot ; it is too sunny over 9070.

exempliIies the Iormer usage,
W ow is the weather 9070?
Languages usually show at least a two-way referential distinction in their deictic system.
There are proximal and distal
W proximal, i.e. near or closer to the speaker and distal, i.e. Iar Irom the speaker and/or closer to the addressee.
W English exempliIies this with such pairs as 9is and 9,9, ere and 9ere, etc.
Deixis %ime
W Deixis concerns itself with the various times involved in and referred to in an utterance.
W Deixis includes time adverbs like "now", "then", "soon", so forth and also different tenses.
Example :
W %he word ~%## , which denotes the consecutive next day after every day.
W ~%omorrow of a day last year was a different day from the ~%omorrow of a next week.


%ime Adverd Code %ime adverbs can be relative to the time when an utterance is made (what Fillmore calls the
"encoding time", or E% or when the utterance is heard (Fillmore`s "decoding time", or D%.
W hile these are frequently the same time, they can differ, as in the case of prerecorded broadcasts or
correspondence. For example, if one were to write

eg :
It is raining out 34, but I hope 03 you read this it will be sunny.

%he E% and D% would be different, with the former deictic term concerning E% and the latter the D%.

resuppos|t|on
ls whaL Lhe speaker assumes Lo be Lhe case prlor Lo maklng an uLLerance 1he concepL of
ptesopposltloo ls ofLen LreaLed as Lhe relaLlonshlp beLween Lwo proposlLlonswe have a
senLence LhaL conLalns a proposlLlon (p) and anoLher proposlLlon (q) whlch ls easlly
presupposed by any llsLener Powever Lhe speaker can produce a senLence by denylng Lhe
proposlLlon (p) obLalnlng as a resulL Lhe same presupposlLlon (q)
example
ebora's caL ls cuLe (p)
ebora has a caL (q)
When l say LhaL ebora' s caL ls cuLe Lhls senLence presupposes LhaL ebora has a caL
1?L Cl 8LSuCSl1lCn
LxlsLenLlal presupposlLlon lL ls Lhe assumpLlon of Lhe exlsLence of Lhe enLlLles named by Lhe
speaker
Lg when a speaker says 1om's car ls new we can presuppose LhaL 1om exlsLs and LhaL he has a car
4 lacLlve presupposlLlon
Lg when a speaker says LhaL she dldn'L reallze someone was lll we can presuppose LhaL someone ls lll
Also when she says l'm glad lL's over" we can presuppose LhaL lL's over
Lexlcal presupposlLlon lL ls Lhe assumpLlon LhaL ln uslng one word Lhe speaker can acL as lf anoLher
meanlng (word) wlll be undersLood
Lg ?ou are laLe agaln ( ?ou were laLe before)
SLrucLural presupposlLlon lL ls Lhe assumpLlon assoclaLed wlLh Lhe use of cerLaln words and phrases
Lg
When dld she Lravel Lo Lhe uSA? ( she Lraveled)
Where dld you buy Lhe book? ( you boughL Lhe book)
non facLlve presupposlLlon lL ls an assumpLlon LhaL someLhlng ls noL Lrue
l dreamed LhaL l was rlch ( l am noL rlch)
We lmaglned LhaL we were ln London ( We are noL ln London)
CounLerfacLual presupposlLlon lL ls Lhe assumpLlon LhaL whaL ls presupposed ls noL only unLrue buL ls
Lhe opposlLe of whaL ls Lrue or conLrary Lo facLs
Lg lf you were my daughLer l would noL allow you Lo do Lhls ( you are noL my daughLer)
lacLlve presupposlLlon
Lg when a speaker says LhaL she dldn'L reallze someone was lll we can presuppose LhaL someone ls lll
Also when she says l'm glad lL's over" we can presuppose LhaL lL's over

lmpllcaLure
deflnlLlon
nyth|ng that |s |nferred from an utterance but that |s not a cond|t|on for the truth of the
utterance
(papun yang d|s|mpu|kan dar| ucapan tap| |tu bukan suatu kond|s| untuk kebenaran ucapan)
mp||cature ls a Lechnlcal Lerm ln Lhe pragmaLlcs subfleld of llngulsLlcs colned by P Crlce
whlch refers Lo whaL ls soqqesteJ ln an uLLerance
amp|e
- ome of the boys were at the party |ast n|ght
1ypes of |mp||
Means that not a|| of the boys were at the party
lll cllotoo wos seeo wltb o womoo lo o bot wbo wos oot nlloty
1here are three types of mp||cature
1 ConversaLlonal lmpllcaLure
2 Scalar lmpllcaLure
3 ConvenLlonal lmpllcaLure
CCnvL8SA1lCnAL lMLlCA1u8L
W 1he speaker dellberaLely flouLs a conversaLlonal maxlm Lo convey an addlLlonal meanlng noL
expressed llLerally
Lxample
A Pow dld you llke Lhe guesL speaker?
8 Jell lm sote be wos speokloq oqllsb
CCnvL8SA1lCnAL lMLlCA1u8L
1he speaker lnvokes a maxlm as a basls for lnLerpreLlng Lhe uLLerance
Lxample
A o you know where l can geL some gas?
1betes o qos stotloo otoooJ tbe cotoet
SCALA8 lMLlCA1u8L
1hls concerns Lhe convenLlonal uses of words llke all or some ln conversaLlon
Lxample
F l ote some of tbe ple
%meoos) 1hls senLence lmplles l dld noL eaL all of Lhe ple Whlle Lhe sLaLemenL l aLe some ple ls sLlll
Lrue lf Lhe enLlre ple was eaLen Lhe convenLlonal meanlng of Lhe word some and Lhe lmpllcaLure
generaLed by Lhe sLaLemenL ls noL all
CCnvLn1lCnAL lMLlCA1u8L
ConvenLlonal lmpllcaLure ls lndependenL of Lhe cooperaLlve prlnclple and lLs maxlms A sLaLemenL
always carrles lLs convenLlonal lmpllcaLure
Lxample
oe ls poot bot boppy
1he convenLlonal lnLerpreLaLlon of Lhe word buL wlll always creaLe Lhe lmpllcaLure of a sense of
conLrasL So oe ls poot bot boppy wlll always necessarlly lmply Surprlslngly !oe ls happy ln splLe of
belng poor
references
W Pere are Lwo senses for 8eference
W 18eference ls Lhe symbollc relaLlonshlp LhaL a llngulsLlc expresslon has wlLh Lhe concreLe ob[ecL
or absLracLlon lL represenL
W 28eference ls Lhe relaLlonshlp expresslon Lo anoLherln whlch one provldes Lhe lnformaLlon
necessary Lo lnLerpraLe Lhe oLher
W
W Lxamples
W Pere ls an examples of 8eference
W A pronoun refers Lo Lhe noun anLecedenL LhaL ls used Lo lnLerpreL lL
lnference

W 1he key process here ls called lnference lL ls an addlLlonal lnformaLlon used by Lhe llsLeners Lo
connecL whaL ls sald Lo whaL musL be meanL ln Lhe lasL example Lhe llsLener has Lo lnfer LhaL
name of wrlLer of a book can be used Lo ldenLlfy a book by LhaL wrlLer Slmllar Lype of lnferences
are necessary L Lo undersLand some who says LhaL lcasso ls ln Lhe museum or l saw
Shakespeare ln London or l en[oy llsLenlng Lo Muslc
Lhe role of lofeteoce ln communlcaLlon ls Lo allow Lhe llsLener Lo ldenLlfy corecLly whlch parLlcular
enLlLy Lhe speaker ls refferlng Lo We can even use vague expresslons relylng on Lhe llsLener's ablllLy
Lo lnfer whaL ls Lhe referenL LhaL we have ln mlnd
Loglcal undersLandlng beLween reference and lnference
W 1hls examples make lL clear LhaL we can used names assoclaLed wlLh Lhlngs (salad)Lo people and
names of people (shakespear) Lo refer Lo Lhlngs 1he key process here ls called nAn
lnference ls any addlLlonal lnformaLlon used by hearer Lo connecL whaL ls sald Lo whaL musL be
meanL n eamp|es Lhe hearer Lo lnfer LhaL Lhe name of Lhe wrlLer of a book can be used Lo
ldenLlfy a book by LhaL wrlLer n pragmat|cs Lhe acL by whlch a speaker or wrlLer uses language
Lo enable a hearer or reader Lo ldenLlfy by someLhlng ls called n