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Abstract— In this paper we provide an analysis of the inter- description for the phase noise in oscillators [9]. We also drop
carrier interference (ICI) due to phase noise in OFDM systems the ”small” phase noise model of [1].
and present an algorithm for its suppression. We examine the Under this assumptions we analyze the properties of the ICI
general case where phase noise can take any values, thus the
”small” phase noise model is dropped. The statistical properties in Section III. In Section IV the algorithm based on MMSE
of the intercarrier interference are analyzed, showing that the is presented, which suppresses ICI in the frequency domain.
ICI is generally a non-gaussian random process which has a At the end, the limits of the ICI suppression are discussed.
large impact on the system performance. Closed form expressions
which describe the correlation properties of the constituents of II. S YSTEM M ODEL
ICI are calculated. An MMSE approach for suppressing ICI in
the frequency domain is presented. This approach avoids error Consider an OFDM transmission as shown in Fig. 1.
propagation to which our previously proposed algorithm was Assuming perfect frequency and timing synchronization
prone. The performance of the suppression algorithm is shown, the received OFDM signal samples at the receiver side
pointing out the limits for the ICI suppression algorithms in in the presence of phase noise can be expressed as
general.
r(n) = (x(n) ⋆ h(n))ejφ(n) + ξ(n). Each OFDM symbol is
assumed to consist of N subcarriers. The variables x(n),
I. I NTRODUCTION h(n) and φ(n) denote the samples of the transmitted signal,
the channel impulse response and the phase noise process at
OFDM has been applied in a variety of digital communica- the output of the mixer, respectively. The symbol ⋆ stands
tions applications due to its robustness to frequency selective for convolution. The term ξ(n) represents AWGN noise. The
fading. However, OFDM is very sensitive to synchronization phase noise process φ(t) is modelled as a Wiener process [9]
errors one of them being phase noise [1]. This is especially [10], with a certain 3dB bandwidth ∆f3dB . To characterize
the case, if bandwidth efficient higher order modulations need the quality of an oscillator in an OFDM system the relative
to be employed or if the spacing between the carriers is to be phase noise bandwidth ∆f3dB,rel = ∆f3dB /∆fcar is more
reduced. practical measure, where the ∆fcar is the subcarrier spacing.
There are two effects that occur if the phase noise is The discrete time equation for the Wiener phase noise process
present in an OFDM system [2]: rotation of all demodulated equation can be written as [11] [9]
subcarriers of an OFDM symbol by a common angle, called
common phase error (CPE) and the occurrence of the inter- φ(n + 1) = φ(n) + w(n) (1)
carrier interference (ICI). The CPE results from the DC value
where φ(n) denotes the phase noise process at sampling
of the phase noise and the ICI comes from the deviations of
instant nTs , n ∈ Z and w(n) is a gaussian random variable
the phase noise during one OFDM symbol from its DC value.
w(n) ∼ N (0, 4π∆f3dB Ts ). At the receiver after removing the
The problem of suppressing the phase noise in OFDM
systems can be understood as getting as much information Upconversion
O FDM Modulator
on the phase noise waveform as possible. Once one has X m ,lk lk = 0,1..., N -1
IFFT CP LPF
this information one can use it to remove the effects the x(t )
phase noise. The simplest approach would be to approximate x(n) = x( nTs )
e j 2π f c t
Channel
the phase noise with a constant value i.e. its mean [3]–[5].
More advanced approaches try to estimate higher spectral Rm ,lk lk = 0,1,...N -1 fs e − j (2π fct −φ ( t ))
components to get a better approximation of phase noise thus FFT CP
reducing ICI [6] [7] [8]. r ( n) = r ( nTs ) r (t ) = [ x(t ) ∗ h(t ) ] e jφ ( t )
O FDM Dem odulator Downconversion
Understanding ICI is a very important issue. Different
models of phase noise lead to different models of the ICI
Fig. 1. Block diagram of an OFDM transmission chain
that may not be realistic i.e. modelling of the phase noise
as a colored gaussian noise. In this paper we use the Wiener
process phase noise model which is found to be an appropriate cyclic prefix and taking the discrete Fourier transform (DFT)
on the remaining samples, the demodulated carrier amplitudes expression for the cross-correlation matrix of the vector of
Rm,lk at subcarrier lk (lk = 0, 1, ...N − 1) of the mth OFDM DFT coefficients Im (i).
symbol are given as [3]: Define a vector Im = [Im (−N/2) . . . Im (N/2 − 1)] , as a
T
N
X −1 vector of the DFT coefficients of one realization of ejφ(n)
Rm,lk = Xm,lk Hm,lk Im (0) + Xm,n Hm,n Im (lk − n) +ηm,lduring
k one OFDM symbol. The correlation
matrix of this
| {z } n=0 H
CP E n6=lk
vector is defined as RI I
m m
= E I m I m where H stands
| {z } for Hermitian operator. Using Eq. (3) the (n, p)th element of
ICI
(2) the correlation matrix RIm Im is calculated as:
where Xm,lk , Hm,lk and ηm,lk represent transmitted symbols
on the subcarriers, the sampled channel transfer function at
subcarrier frequencies and transformed white noise which E{Im (n)Im
∗
(p)} =
(N −1 N −1 )
remains AWGN. The terms Im (i) i = −N/2, ..., N/2 − 1 1 X X
j(φ(k)−φ(l)) −j 2π (nk−pl)
correspond to the DFT of one realization of ejφ(n) during one = 2E e e N
N
k=0 l=0
OFDM symbol:
N −1 N −1
1 X X 2π
N −1
1 X −j2πni/N jφ(n) = E ej∆φkl e−j N (nk−pl) (4)
Im (i) = e e (3) N2
k=0 l=0
N n=0
have been addressed in several publications [1] [13] [7]. The It follows that E ej∆φkl = Φkl (1) = e− 2 since ∆φkl
ICI term analysis in [1] has been performed assuming that is a gaussian random variable. Finally one obtains that:
the phase noise φ(t) is very small leading to a closed form
expressions for the ICI power. In [13] the assumption of the
small phase noise is dropped and the variance of the ICI term RIm Im (n, p) = E{Im (n)Im
∗
(p)} =
is calculated. Also, the variances of the DFT coefficients of the N −1 N −1
1 X X − |k−l|σw2 −j 2π (nk−pl) 1
phase noise, precisely of ejφ(t) , Im (i) i = −N/2, ..., N/2 − 1 = 2
e 2 e N = 2 F(n, −p) (5)
N N
are obtained. In addition, the system performance is analyzed k=0 l=0
X , X = ∑ X m ,n H m ,n I m (l − n)
N −1
n=0
n ≠ `l
ICI
Y , Y ∼ N (0,σ ICI
2
)
∑
N / 2−1
Z ,Z = I m (i )
Fig. 2. Correlation between DFT components of the phase noise. i =− N / 2