An Energy Efficient and Delay Sensitive Centralized MAC Protocol

for Wireless Sensor Networks

Celal CEKEN

Kocaeli University, Technical Education Faculty

Electronics and Computer Education Department
41380 Kocaeli, Turkey
Telephone: +90 262 303 22 40 Fax: 0 262 3058010
cceken@kou.edu.tr

Abstract. Energy consumption is one of the most crucial design issues in wireless sen-

sor networks since prolonging the network lifetime depends on the efficient manage-

ment of sensing node energy resource. In this research study, a new TDMA based MAC

protocol, which is not only energy aware but also delay sensitive, is introduced for wire-

less sensor networks. In the proposed MAC, to achieve energy conservation, sensing

nodes employing the proposed MAC sleeps periodically to reduce duty cycle and mini-

mize idle listening. In addition, to provide lower message delay, time critical sensing

nodes request extra time slots form the central node. Unlike common wireless sensor

network models with a multi-hop topology, the proposed WSN architecture has a cen-

tralized structure especially for energy efficiency and fulfillment of the delay require-

ment of time critical networking applications. The proposed MAC has been modeled

and simulated using OPNET Modeler Software for performance evaluation. Simulation

results of the WSN model employing the new MAC are also presented including com-

parisons with those of a WSN counterpart employing conventional IEEE 802.11 DCF

MAC protocol. By varying the interarrival time between 1 and 8 seconds for 100 wire-

less sensing nodes, in the best case, as a consequence of the new scheduling algorithms

developed 15000 times better end to end message delay result and 4.325 times lower

energy consumption ratio have been obtained for WSN employing the proposed MAC

when compared with the WSN model employing IEEE 802.11 DCF MAC.

Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network, Energy Efficiency, MAC, TDMA, Latency.

1. Introduction

Recent progresses in micro electronics and wireless communication technologies have

led to need for widespread use of small, mobile, low-power, low-cost, multifunctional

sensor nodes with sensing, local processing and wireless transmission capabilities. In a

traditional sensor network system, to carry out a specific task, sensing nodes transmit

the data obtained from the working environment to a central processing node through

wired medium. These systems have relatively less number of nodes and the sensors de-

ployed have no local processing power. However, the new tendency is moving towards

building distributed networks consisting of sensing nodes small in size as well as with

local processing and wireless transmission abilities, namely Wireless Sensor Networks

(WSNs).

Because of their ease of deployment, low cost, flexibility, and ability to self-organize,

WSNs can be deployed in almost any environment, especially those where conventional

wired sensor systems are impossible, unavailable or inaccessible. Their potential appli-

cations included environmental detection and monitoring, smart spaces, disaster preven-

tion and relief, medical systems, home automation, scientific exploration, interactive

surrounding, robotic exploration etc. [1, 2].

WSN applications have quite different characteristics and requirements from traditional

wireless applications. A Sensing Node (SN) in a WSN is expected to be battery

equipped, and to change or recharge the power supply is usually very difficult. There-

fore energy conservation, which is essential for prolonging the lifetime of the SN and

thus of the network, is a more crucial issue in WSNs than such other performance met-

rics utilized for traditional network systems as throughput and delay. Most of the ongo-

ing researches about WSNs aim at fulfilling the low energy consumption requirement.
Like in any other wireless systems, maximum energy is consumed by radio functions

such as sending, receiving, and idle listening periods in WSNs. To reduce the energy

consumption an efficient MAC (Medium Access Control) protocol that provides effec-

tive allocation of medium resources shared by many different SNs must be utilized.

The primary goal of this research study is to implement a new energy-aware TDMA

(Time Division Multiple Access) based MAC protocol for WSNs. With the scheduling

algorithms developed for the proposed MAC, it is intended to achieve relatively better

end to end message delay results for especially time critical application traffics as well

as to fulfill the lower energy consumption requirement. Computer modeling and simula-

tion of the new approach and its application for a WSN scenario are realized using

OPNET Modeler software. Simulation results are also presented together with compari-

sons those of a WSN counterpart employing classical IEEE 802.11 DCF (Distributed

Coordination Function) MAC protocol.

The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. In the next section, a brief introduc-

tion on WSNs and their network component is given. Section 3 presents general infor-

mation about the WSN MAC protocols with comparisons. It also provides a detailed

overview of contention based CSMA/CA MAC protocol that will be used for perform-

ance comparisons. Overall properties and design stages of the proposed MAC protocol

together with related algorithms are described comprehensively in Section 4. Section 5

includes an example WSN scenario, consisting of several SNs and a central access point

all incorporate with the proposed MAC, which has been modeled and simulated under

different networking conditions. The simulation results obtained are compared with

those of an other WSN scenario with nodes employing CSMA/CA MAC protocol that
are also obtained under the same networking conditions as former network scenario,

followed by performance evaluation of both networks. The last section gives the sum-

mary about the proposed MAC protocol with final remarks.

2. Wireless Sensor Network Architecture

In Fig. 1, the general architecture of a wireless sensor node is presented. As seen from

the figure, commonly, a wireless sensor node is composed of four major components

which are namely, the sensing unit, the processing unit, the power unit and finally the

wireless transceiver unit [2].

Fig. 1. General architecture of a wireless sensing node.

The sensing unit converts such measured physical quantities as humidity, pressure, tem-

perature, fuel tank level, flow rate, position, velocity, acceleration, chemical concentra-

tion, etc. into a voltage signal and thereafter digitizes it to produce digital output for

processing. The processing unit with a microcontroller controls all of the functions of

the sensor node and manages the communication protocols to carry out specific tasks.

Communication between the SN and the network it is attached to is provided by the

transceiver unit. And finally the power unit, which is the most crucial component of a

sensor node, supplies mandatory power to all of these units.

In addition to these major components, a sensor node may also include application de-

pended components such as power generator, location finding system and mobilizer.

Power generators, like solar cells, may be utilized to support the power unit for prolong-

ing the sensor node lifetime. The applications requiring the location information of the

sensed data must be equipped with a location finding unit. Some of the WSN systems
with mobility supported SNs must be provided with a mobilizer system to tackle mobile

sensing processes.

The protocol stack of SNs and the center node, gathering sensed information from the

sensor nodes, consists of application, transport, network, data link and physical layers

together with power management, mobility management and task management planes

[2].

Since the WSN applications and their requirements vary significantly, the architecture

of the WSN and service requirements may also be different. While the bit error rate

(BER) is a vital service requirement for some applications entailing a powerful error

control technique, the others such as healthcare applications may need to ensure low

time delay for the packets transferred.

In this research study presented, a new energy aware MAC protocol which is employed

in data link control layer is proposed. The data link layer provides SNs with communi-

cation functions to share the wireless medium efficiently as well with essential error

control tasks. In the following sections, WSN MAC protocols and the proposed MAC

technique will be explained in detail.

3. WSN MAC Protocols

As mentioned before, one of the most crucial issues in WSN is energy efficiency and

many enduring researches about WSN subject are intended to fulfill this requirement.

The major energy consumers in WSNs are radio communication functions such as

transmitting, receiving and idle listening. To reduce energy consumption of a wireless

SN an effective MAC protocol, an algorithm that defines in which manner the wireless

medium will be shared by the nodes constructing the network, must be utilized.

Although the WSN concept is relatively new, there are several studies found about

WSN MAC protocols in literature. The MAC techniques proposed for WSNs can be

divided into two category namely contention-based and TDMA protocols [3, 4].

IEEE 802.11 DCF (Distributed Coordination Function) is a contention based MAC pro-

tocol that is mainly built on the MACAW [5] and widely employed in early WSN appli-

cations. The frame format and timing schema of an IEEE 802.11 DCF MAC is illus-

trated in Fig. 2.

In this technique based on CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision

Avoidance), before data transmission starts, the source node firstly listens the medium.

If the channel is sensed "idle" for D interval then it sends a short RTS (Request to Send)

packet to the destination node informing upcoming packet transmission. When the des-

tination node receives the RTS, if it is proper, after a SIFS (Short Inter Frame Space)

interval it sends a CTS (Clear to Send) reply packet allowing source node to begin

transmission. RTS and CTS packets employed in CSMA/CA are utilized to avoid hid-

den terminal problem. Consequently the possibility of packet collision can be reduced,

but can not be eliminated. In this paper, the new MAC protocol proposed will be com-

pared with IEEE 802.11 DCF [3,4].

Fig. 2. Frame structure and timing schema of the IEE 802.11 DCF MAC protocol.
A contention-based SMAC protocol is described in [3]. For this protocol that is based

on CSMA/CA, energy conservation and self-configuration are primary goals, while per-

node fairness and latency are less important. To provide energy conservation, the

SMAC protocol tries to reduce undesirable energy depletion due to collision, overhear-

ing, packet overhead and idle listening as well as it turns the radio on and off based on

the fixed duty cycles. The main drawback of SMAC is that the use of fixed duty cycles

can waste considerable amounts of energy since the communication subsystem is acti-

vated even though no communication will take place.

The TMAC [6], another contention based protocol, uses an adaptive duty cycle to ob-

tain higher energy efficiency when compared to the fixed duty cycle used in SMAC.

The DSMAC [7] adds dynamic duty cycle feature to SMAC to achieve better latency

for time sensitive applications. In DMAC [7] protocol, that can be considered as an im-

proved version of Slotted Aloha, the primary goal is not only the energy conservation

but also achieving lower latency. The WiseMAC [8] protocol which combines TDMA

and CSMA techniques determines the length of the preamble dynamically to reduce the

power consumption and thus it results better performance under especially variable traf-

fic conditions. The detailed information on WSN MAC protocols can be found in [4,9].

4. The Proposed MAC Protocol

The energy consumption of each node is dominated by the cost of communication,

rather than computation in WSN. The basic wireless communication operations are re-

ceive, idle and transmit processes. The energy consumption rate for the transmit mode is

calculated based on the distance of the neighbors, the transmission capacity, and the
size of the message to transmit. Measurements have shown that idle mode, on which the

SN only listens the medium, consumes 50-100% of the energy required for receiving. In

[10], the ratios of idle: receive: send are measured like 1:1.05:1.4.

Major energy wasting sources determined in a wireless transmission process are colli-

sion; when an SN receives more than one packet at the same time, this results in dis-

carding of the packets and therefore, retransmission of the packets is required which

increases the energy consumption, overhearing; means an SN receives packets destined

to other SNs, control packet overhead; number and size of control packets for control

signaling should be as minimum as possible, idle listening; listening of medium for pos-

sible traffic reception and finally overemitting; occurs although the receiving node is

not ready to accept, a message is sent to destination [9,3].

Usually, the traditional wireless network nodes are in idle mode for most of the time.

However, they must listen to the channel to receive possible traffic. Since the energy

consumption is crucial for WSNs and the idle mode consumes considerable amount of

energy, turning off the radio if no traffic exists is quite reasonable. In the proposed

MAC the non time critical SNs periodically sleep to reduce the energy consumption

ratio (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3. Duty cycle of the proposed MAC protocol.

A centralized TDMA based MAC protocol, which is also studied in this work, is a good

solution for most of these problems. This work introduces a demand assignment scheme

to realize the proposed WSN MAC protocol. As a property of TDMA multiplexing

technique, radio spectrum is divided into time slots which are assigned to different SNs
and an SN can send data sensed only in its own dedicated slot(s). Due to the FDD du-

plexing technique utilized in the proposed MAC protocol, two distinct carrier frequen-

cies are used for the uplink and downlink channels. The frame structure and timing

schema of the proposed MAC protocol is illustrated in Fig. 4.

When an SN has data to send, it initially asks for a transmission channel, i.e. time slot,

from the CN (Central Node) which coordinates the available bandwidth usage and col-

lects the data sensed by SNs in its coverage area. The CN then assigns a time slot for

this connection using a dynamic Scheduling Table (ST) that is controlled with an algo-

rithm explained in the following sub-sections.

Fig. 4. Frame structure and timing schema of the proposed MAC protocol.

In the proposed model, it is considered that all the SNs except delay sensitive ones have

three operational modes; transmit, idle and sleep. Since the energy consumption ratio of

receive and idle modes are approximately the same, the receive mode is omitted and its

energy consumption ratio is added to that of idle mode. The energy consumed depends

on the operational modes the node is in. Sleep mode is utilized to accomplish less en-

ergy consumption and in this context, all the non time critical SNs sleep periodically.

Furthermore, when an SN needs more bandwidth, again it request for extra time slot

from the CN. Then, CN assigns extra slot for this SN if there is available empty slot in

ST. Thus, relatively better delay results can be supported for especially delay sensitive

data traffics.

The properties of the proposed MAC can be summarized as follows:

 • Due to the centralized structure and TDMA scheduling technique utilized, all the

energy west sources mentioned before such as collision, overhearing, control

packet overhead and overemitting will be discarded.

• Non time critical SNs sleep periodically to reduce the energy consumption,

which prolongs the lifetime of the network.

• In a centralized structure, the SNs are directly connected to the CN; therefore, it

is not necessary to execute a routing algorithm, which means less energy con-

sumption end less message delay.

• Time synchronization process is relatively simpler.

• Self-configuration can also be achieved easily by the control packets namely

connection request and extra slot request.

• Finally, with the scheduling algorithm employed in the CN, effective utilization

of resources such as bandwidth and energy can be satisfied. Especially, the extra

time slots dedicated for delay sensitive traffics results relatively better latency

performance.

The MAC protocol proposed in this research study is divided into two complementary

parts operating at the SN and CN. In the following sub-sections, these parts and their

simulation models realized using OPNET Modeler software are explained with all func-

tions.

4.1 Wireless Sensor Node MAC Model

The SN wireless functions of the proposed MAC protocol include four main processes.

These are; requesting a connection establishment from the CN, demanding extra time

slot(s) for delay sensitive traffics from the CN, getting its own time slot(s) from the CN
and finally sending data in its own time slot(s). Besides, for non time critical SNs there

is an extra function namely sleep mode which is crucial for energy conservation. The

SNs sleeps periodically to reduce energy consumption. In the WSN scenario studied,

any new added SN, to inform CN about its bandwidth requirement, creates a control

packet called cc_WSN_conreq_pk (Fig. 5a) and sends it in the first available empty

slot. Slot number 0, namely control slot, in the ST is reserved for control packets such

as connection establishment and extra time slot request. When an SN wants to send a

control packet, it uses the first empty data or control slot.

Fig. 5. (a) Connection request packet, (b) Connection replay packet, (c) Data packet,
(d) Extra slot request packet, (e) Extra slot replay packet.

When the CN gets the connection request packet, if the resources are sufficient, it allo-

cates a time slot for the request and sends the slot number to the related SN using the

connection replay packet (Fig. 5b). After an SN gets its time slot(s),which means con-

nection has been established, the data sensed is conveyed with the data packet illus-

trated in Fig. 5c in its own time slot(s). A data packet comprises 48 bytes, consisting of

a 1–byte header (SourceID), and a 47–byte information field for sensed data. If an SN

needs more bandwidth for delay sensitive traffics it requests extra time slot again from

the CN using extra slot request packet (Fig. 5d). If there are adequate number of empty

slots, CN allocates one more time slot and sends the slot number to the related SN using

the extra slot replay packet (Fig. 5e). A 2-byte error correction field (CRC) which is

used for detection and correction of the possible packet transmission errors is also

added to all data packets. The process model of the proposed WSN MAC module em-

ployed in SN is illustrated in Fig. 6.

 Fig. 6. The SN MAC layer process model.

The process starts with the big arrow, pointing the init state. This state performs a delay

until the other processes in the simulation are initialized and loads the control variables.

Then the process enters the idle state and waits here until a specific interrupt arrives.

The conReq state machine creates connection request packet informing connection es-

tablishment and sends it to the CN. The reqResp state machine obtains the number of

time slot assigned by the BS. The fromSrc state machine gets the data sensed from the

upper layer, segments it to the data packets and inserts them into the queue. The data

packets received from the upper layer are sent to destination in the time slot(s) dedi-

cated to the SN in toTX state machine. The sleep state machine turns off the radio func-

tions for a specific time interval to conserve energy. The extSlotReq state machine cre-

ates extra slot request packet to inform extra bandwidth requirement for delay sensitive

traffics. The fromRx state machine delivers any arrived packets destined to the SN to

MAC layer. All SN MAC layer process model functions are outlined in Fig. 7.

Fig. 7. The SN MAC layer process model algorithm.

4.2 Central Node MAC Model

The CN gathers all the data sensed from the environment by the SNs in the cluster and

coordinates how the SNs will access the wireless medium fairly. The CN functions of

the proposed MAC protocol include three main processes. These are namely, assigning

time slot for any SN, forwarding any arrived data packets to upper layer and allocating
extra time slots for delay sensitive data traffics using the ST scheduling algorithm. Fig.

8 shows the proposed CN MAC model realized using OPNET Modeler.

Fig. 8. The CN MAC layer process model.

Like in the former process model, this process also starts with the init state, then enters

the idle state and waits here until a specific interrupt arrives. The fromRx state machine

delivers arriving packets to the next state machine according to the packet formats. The

bwReq state machine handles connection and extra time slot requests and also executes

a fair scheduling algorithm that manages the ST which stores the SNs slot usage infor-

mation. The data state machine delivers the sensed information to the upper layers to

execute a specific task. The CN MAC layer process model algorithm is outlined in Fig.

9.

Fig. 9. The CN MAC layer process model algorithm.

5. Computer Simulation of WSN

In the example scenario shown in Fig. 10, to generate sensed data traffics there are sev-

eral SNs which are implemented using OPNET Modeler and employing the proposed

MAC protocol explained in the previous section. The sensed data traffic introduced to

the network by any SN is destined to the CN for executing a specific task. Some of

these nodes considered as generating delay sensitive application traffics while the others
generating non time critical data traffics. Diameter of the cluster which constructs the

network topology is chosen 100 meters.

Fig. 10. Example WATM scenario.

Another WSN model analogous to the one above except that IEEE 802.11 DCF MAC

protocol is utilized instead of the proposed MAC is also simulated using OPNET Mod-

eler. Working conditions of both network models are chosen to be same for consistent

performance comparisons.

5.1 Simulation Results and Discussion

Simulation results of the both WSN models described above are presented under vary-

ing network load conditions followed by performance comparisons and analysis. In the

simulation environment a free space channel propagation model that supports to predict

received signal strength when the transmitter and receiver have a clear, unobstructed

line-of-sight path between them is utilized.

In the proposed MAC, an uplink frame consists of 125 time slots each has 1 ms length

and contains 2 data packets. The simulation parameters used are given in Table 1. The

simulation was run for 3600 second.

Table 1: Simulation parameters

In most of the previous research related to WSNs, the major goal is to minimize the

power consumption of SNs. However, the focus of this work is not only improving the

power conservation performance but also providing a better average packet transfer

delay for especially time critical application traffics. The packet loss ratio metric is not
considered here since the buffers are assumed to have enough capacity so that no data

packet is lost due to buffer overflow. Moreover, it is also assumed that the CRC bits

added to the packets avoids the possible bit errors.

In the example scenario, while most of the SNs are deployed to generate non time criti-

cal sensed data, the SN1 is deployed to produce delay sensitive application traffic. All

non time critical SNs put themselves into sleep mode after 50 seconds of being idle and

stay this mode for next 50 seconds and this process repeats during the simulation run

time. Varying the message size of all SNs application traffics, power consumption and

average EED (end-to-end delay) results of the delay sensitive traffic transfer between

SN1 and CN, of non time critical traffic transfer between SN2 and CN have been col-

lected during the simulation run time for both WSN models.

In the proposed MAC, there are two parameters that effect the power consumption and

latency performance of the SNs. The first is the sleep mode, for non time critical SNs,

on which the power consumption ratio is considerably reduced while it results in in-

creasing end to end message delay. The second is the extra slot usage for delay sensitive

SNs, which provides lower latency performance but conversely results in higher power

consumption ratio due to the increasing channel utilization.

In Fig. 11, average EED results of the WSN models are presented as a function of the

interarrival time. To compare the results easily, Fig. 12 also shows the average EED

results for the proposed MAC based WSN model, which are normalized with those of

the IEEE 802.11 DCF MAC based WSN counterparts. For heavy traffics (i.e. interarri-

val time is up to 3 sec), in the best case, the delay sensitive application traffic (i.e. be-
tween SN1 and CN) experiences approximately 15000 times lower (due to the burst

slots employed in the proposed MAC), the non time critic application traffic (i.e. be-

tween SN2 and CN) experiences approximately 299 times lower average message de-

lays in the proposed MAC based WSN model compared to the same traffic carried with

the IEEE 802.11 DCF MAC based WSN model. However, for the light traffics (i.e. in-

terarrival time is between 3 sec and 8 sec) the EED results of the IEEE 802.11 DCF

MAC are generally better than those of the both proposed MAC models. Moreover, it

can be observed from the figure that, for the proposed MAC, the longer duty cycle re-

sults in an increase in message delay as expected.

Fig. 11. Average EED results of the MAC protocols.

Fig. 12. Normalized average EED results of the MAC protocols.

In Fig. 13, measured average power consumption results of the WSN models are pre-

sented as a function of the interarrival time. Fig. 14 also shows the average power con-

sumption results for the proposed MAC based WSN model, which are normalized with

those of the IEEE 802.11 DCF MAC based WSN counterparts. As it can be seen from

the figure, power consumption results of the proposed MAC are better than those of the

IEEE 802.11 DCF MAC for all traffic conditions. In the best case, non time critical SN2

employing the proposed MAC consumes 1.8 times lower energy than the one employ-

ing the IEEE 802.11 DCF MAC. For the proposed MAC model, non time critical SN2

provides 1.1 - 1.7 times lower power consumption than SN1. This is not a surprising

outcome since SN1 uses extra slot(s) to accomplish better latency performance and this

consequently results in increasing channel utilization, meaning additional power con-

sumption. Besides, SN2 puts itself into the sleep mode periodically and this provides a

significant amount of reduction in power consumption ratio because the idle and trans-

mit modes consume rates are higher than the sleep mode consume rate.

Fig. 13. Average power consumption results of the MAC protocols.

Fig. 14. Normalized average power consumption results of the MAC protocols.

For the network model employing the proposed MAC, when an SN enters a sleep mode,

its transmission, receiving and idle operations are halted. Thus, the sensed data is accu-

mulated in the buffer. In Fig. 15, queuing statuses of SN1 and SN2 are shown. As it can

be seen, size of the data in the SN2 queue is more than that of SN1queue during the

simulation run time as a consequence of the sleep mode operation and this result in in-

creasing message transfer delay.

Fig. 15. Queuing statuses of SN1 and SN2 with the proposed MAC.

5. Conclusions

Many ongoing researches on WSN subject focus only on the energy efficiency. In this

study a new energy aware and delay sensitive MAC protocol for WSNs has been pro-

posed and simulated using OPNET Modeler software. The simulation results have also

been compared with those of the IEEE 802.11 DCF MAC protocol. According to the

performance results obtained, with the scheduling algorithms developed for the pro-

posed MAC protocol, not only have lower energy consumption ratios been fulfilled but

also lower end to end message delay results have been achieved for especially delay
sensitive data traffics. For the proposed MAC, in the best case, 1.8 times lower energy

consumption results and 15000 times lower latency performance have been obtained

when compared with those of IEEE 802.11 DCF MAC protocol.

Acknowledgement

The author would like to thank Assoc.Prof.Dr. Ismail Erturk for his invaluable contribu-

tions to this study.

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Celal CEKEN received the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from Kocaeli Univer-
sity, Turkey in 2001 and 2004, respectively. His active research interests
include wireless communications, broadband networks, ATM networks,
high speed communication protocols, and Wireless Sensor Networks.