Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
R4
2001
R5
2002
HSPA DL
R6
2003 2004 2005
HSPA UL
R7
2006 2007
R8
2008
LTE
R9
2010
R10
2011
LTE Adv
HSPA +
2009
Common IMS
MMTel
IMS
EPC
Retaining 3GPP RAT ( Radio Access Technology ) which already exist and support internetworking with him.
Architecture simplification , minimization and packet based interface , full IP
LTE Architecture
In the LTE network is divided into 2 basic network, namely: 1. E UTRAN (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network) 2. EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
SERVICE
The IP Multimedia Sub-System (IMS) is a good example of service machinery that can be used in the Services Connectivity Layer to provide services on top of the IP connectivity provided by the lower layers. For example, to support the voice service, IMS can provide Voice over IP (VoIP) and interconnectivity to legacy circuit switched networks PSTN and ISDN through Media Gateways it controls.
EPC
Functionally the EPC is equivalent to the packet switched domain of the existing 3GPP networks.
EPC consist of : MME ( Mobility Management Entity ) SAE GW represents the combination of the two gateways, Serving Gateway (S-GW) and Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW) Home Subscriber Server (HSS) Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF)
EPC Cont
Mobility Management Entity (MME)
MME is a controller at each node on the LTE access network. At UE in idle state (idle mode), MME is responsible for tracking and paging procedure which includes retransmission therein. MME is responsible for selecting SGW (Serving SAE Gateway) which will be used during initial attach EU and the EU time to do intra - LTE handover. Used for bearer control, a different view R99 / 4 which is still controlled by the gateway
Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) In order to handle QoS as well as control rating and charging, and billing
EPC Cont
Home Subscriber Server (HSS) For management and security subscriber, combination AUC and HLR Serving SAE Gateway (SGW) - Set the path and forwards the data in the form of packets of each user - As an anchor / liaison between the UE and the eNB at the time of the inter handover - As a liaison link between the 3GPP LTE technology with the technology (in this case the 2G and 3G) Gateway Packet Data Network (PDN GW) - Provides for the UE 's relationship to the network packet - Provide a link relationship between LTE technology with technology non 3GPP (WiMAX) and 3GPP2 (CDMA 20001X and EVDO)
E-UTRAN
(Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network)
Role of Radio Access Network (RAN), namely Node B and RNC is replaced with ENB, so as to reduce operational and maintenance cost of the device other than the simpler network architecture E-nodeB functions : all radio protocols, mobility management, header compression and all packet retransmissions As a network, E-UTRAN is simply a mesh of eNodeBs connected to neighboring eNodeBs with the X2 interface.
User Equipment
Functionally the UE is a platform for communication applications, which signal with the network for setting up, maintaining and removing the communication links the end user needs.
This includes mobility management functions such as handovers and reporting the terminals location, and in these the UE performs as instructed by the network
LTE supports paired and unpaired spectrum on the same hardware spectrum
OFDM
Spectral efficiency of OFDM compared to classical multicarrier modulation: (a) classical multicarrier system spectrum; (b) OFDM system spectrum.
Weaknesses
Frequency Offset Nonlinear Distortion (PAPR) PAPR illustration
OFDM Concept
Multicarrier modulation/multiplexing technique Available bandwidth is divided into several sub-channels Data is serial-to-parallel converted Symbols are transmitted on different sub-channels
Diagram Block Contents: S/P Serial to Parallel Converter Sub-Carrier Modulator IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform P/S Parallel to Serial Converter DAC Digital to Analog Converter
Diagram Block Contents: S/P Serial to Parallel Converter Sub-Carrier Modulator IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform P/S Parallel to Serial Converter DAC Digital to Analog Converter
Cyclic Prefix
Useful for multipath delay spread Guard Interval (cyclic prefix) : short & long
Definition OFDMA is a multiple access technique based on OFDM as the modulation technique. It is used for DL transmission in LTE SC-FDMA is a hybrid UL transmission scheme in LTE which has singlecarrier transmission systems with the long symbol time and flexible frequency allocation of OFDM.
SC-FDMA frequency-domain transmit processing (DFT-S-OFDM) showing localized and distributed subcarrier mappings.
Subcarrier Mapping
(Npilot -2)/2
Nsubcarrier data / 2 BW
PILOT
Nsubcarrier data / 2
Npilot /2
Nsubcarrier data See slide #19 or 3GPP TS 36.104 Npilot NFFT-Point - Nsubcarrier data
Spatial Diversity: Increased SNR Receive and transmit diversity mitigates fading and improves link quality
Spatial Multiplexing: Increased rate Spatial multiplexing yields substantial increase spectral efficiency
Spatial Diversity
Transmit Diversity Space-time Code (STC): Redundant data sent over time and space domains (antennas). Receive SNR increase about linearity with diversity order NrNt Provide diversity gain to combat fading Optional in 802.16d (2x2 Alamouti STBC), used in 3G CDMA
Spatial Multiplexing
MIMO Multiplexing Data is not redundant less diversity but less repetition Provides multiplexing gain to increase data-rate Low (No) diversity compared with STC
HARQ
HARQ or retransmission scheme in LTE use stop-andwait retransmission system.
Adaptive Modulation
Constellation Diagram
QPSK 16 QAM 64 QAM
Scheduling
Control Plane
Control Plane (C-Plane) is use to describe the protocols that convey information from the DTE to the end user (the control) of a node, or between nodes in the network to conveying required information to set, control and clearing the connection protocol.
User Plane
User plane (U-plane) is a protocol used directly in the transfer of user data from the DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) to the other end-users. Uplane provides the function of delivery or transfer user information, and include all relevant mechanisms of information transfer such as flow control and error recovery. In the user plane used approach layer .
CONTROL PLANE
USER PLANE
LTE CHANNELS
Layer Function
Radio Link Control Layer (RLC) > Retransmission > Segmentation Medium Access Control Layer (MAC) > Uplink and downlink scheduling at the eNodeB > HARQ Physical Layer (PHY) > Modulation/demodulation > Coding/decoding
>
A downlink channel that transfers paging information and system information change notifications. This channel is used for paging when the network does not know the location cell of the UE Provides system information to all mobile terminals connected to the eNodeB. A downlink channel for broadcasting system control information
>
>
Channel for transmitting control information between UEs and network. This channel is used for UEs having no RRC connection with the network.
Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH ) > A point-to-point channel, dedicated to one UE, for the transfer of
> user information. A DTCH can exist in both uplink and downlink
Supports UE discontinuous reception (DRX) to enable UE power saving Broadcasts in the entire coverage area of the cell; Mapped to physical resources which can be used dynamically also for traffic/other control channels.
Broadcast Channel ( BCH ) > The LTE transport channel maps to Broadcast Control
(BCCH)
Channel
>
>
Fixed, pre-defined transport format Broadcast in the entire coverage area of the cell
Physical Braodcast Channel (PBCH) > This physical channel carries system information for UEs
requiring to access the network.
>
QPSK Modulation
Uplink Shared Channel ( ULSCH ) > Optional support for beam forming
> Support HARQ
A point-to-point bi-directional channel that transmits dedicated control information between a UE and the network. Used by UEs having an RRC connection.
A point-to-point channel, dedicated to one UE, for the transfer of user information. A DTCH can exist in both uplink and downlink.
DwPTS : Downlink Pilot Time Slot GP : Guard Period UpPTS : Uplink Pilot Time Slot.
D : sub frame for downlink transmission S :"special" sub frame used for a guard time U : sub frame for uplink transmission
Planning Coverage
MAPL Calculation
Data Rate Transmitter - eNodeB a. Tx Power b. Tx Antenna Gain c. Loss System d. EIRP Receiver - UE e. Ue Noise Figure f. Thermal Noise g. SINR h. Receiver Sensitivity i. Interference Margin j. Control Channel Overhead k. Rx antenna gain l. Body Loss MAPL Downlink Link Budget LTE Unit Value kbps 1000 dBm dB dB dBm 46 18 3 61 Info
a b c a+b+c
dB dBm dB dBm dB
dB dBi dB dB
7 -102.7 -5 -100.7 3
1 0 0 157.7
e k*T*B g e+f+g i
j k l d-h-i-j+k-l
Propagation Model
LTE 700 MHz
Okumura-Hatta
Lp 69,55 26,16 log f 13,82 log hB - CH [44,9 6,55 log hB] log d
Pathloss SUI
Lp = 109.78 + 47.9 log (d/100)
Radius Calculation
L = 2,6 d2
L = 1,3 . 2,6 . d2
L = 1,95 . 2,6 . d2
Radius Calculation
For Omni directional For trisectoral
L = 2,6 d2
L = 1,95 . 2,6 . d2
Number of eNodeB
Urban Area (Trisector)
total area 242.928 km2 NeNodeB 242.928 / 5.07 N eNodeB 48
PLANNING CAPACITY
Calculation steps:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Number of user User density Services and Type Penetration : building, vehicular, pedestrian BHCA and call duration OBQ Site calculation
Number of User
Un = Uo (1 + gf)n Uou = u x UoN Uosub = sub x UoN
Uo is Uou or Uosub
Where:
UoN = a x b x d x N
Un Uo a b d N gf n u/sub : num of user on year n : initial num of user (based on urban/sub-urban) : percent of cellular user (%) : penetration of operator A (%) : Percent of LTE user : num of civilian in the object area : num of user growth factor : planned year : urban or sub-urban penetration (%)
57835
user
User prediction in 5th years U5 = 57835 ( 1 + 0.05 )5 assumption fp=5% = 73814 user
User Density
Lu = L x u Lsub = L x sub
Lu : urban area wide Lsub : sub-urban area wide L : object area wide
Cu = Un/ Lu
Csub = Un/Lsub
=>
Cu = 44288 / 242,928
Csub = 29525 / 242,928
= 182,31232 user/km2
= 121,54155 user/km2
Type (c)
Building Vehicular Pedestrian : 50 % : 30 % : 20 %
Penetration (p) per type per service e.g: BUILDING VoIP usage penetration = 0.5 BUILDING FTP usage penetration = 0.4 PEDESTRIAN Video usage penetration = 0.3 BHCA (B) per type per service e.g: BUILDING VoIP usage penetration = 0.008 BUILDING FTP usage penetration = 0.009 PEDESTRIAN Video usage penetration = 0.008 Call duration (h) per type per service (ms) e.g: BUILDING VoIP usage penetration = 60 BUILDING FTP usage penetration = 50 PEDESTRIAN Video usage penetration = 50
Voip Video FTP type building pedestrian vehicular call duration (h) voip 60 60 60 video 40 50 40
Penetrasi User (p) Building Pedestrian Vehicular 0,5 0,5 0,2 0,3 0,3 0,2
0,4 0,4 0,3
service
ftp 50 70 80 BHCA (B) VoIP FTP Video
OBQ contd
OBQ total = OBQVoIP + OBQFTP + OBQVideo
Where: OBQVoIP = OBQvehicular + OBQbuilding + OBQ pedestrian OBQFTP = OBQvehicular + OBQbuilding + OBQ pedestrian OBQVideo = OBQvehicular + OBQbuilding + OBQ pedestrian
OBQ contd
OBQ Service Voip Video FTP Building 1,400158616 2,940333094 16,40810878 Pedestrian 0,5600634 5,2505948 8,1675919 Vehicular 0,252029 1,008114 7,000793
20,74860049
13,97825
8,260936
eNodeB Capacity
N symbol per subframe bit PeakBitRat e[ Mbps] xN subcarriers x Hz 1ms
Bandwidth (MHz) 1.4 3 5 10 15 20 Modulation QPSK 2.016 Mbps 5.04 Mbps 8.4 Mbps 16.8 Mbps 25.2 Mbps 33.6 Mbps 16 QAM 4.032 Mbps 10.08 Mbps 16.8 Mbps 33.6 Mbps 50.4 Mbps 67.2 Mbps 64 QAM 6.048 Mbps 15.12 Mbps 25.2 Mbps 50.4 Mbps 75.6 Mbps 100.8 Mbps
Site (L)
L
Site Calculation
km2
= (50.4 x 3) / OBQtotal
= (50.4 x 3) / 42,98779 = 3,5172778
Radius (d)
d = (L / 2.6 / 1.95) ^ 0.5
Frequency Band
frequency bands and can be seen in the LTE specification 3GPP.org
Setting Feeder
To setting feeder & connector loss at eNode B equipment
Environtment
Delete user
Delete environtment
Services
Delete service then setting service type Edit Service
Service
VoIP Video FTP
Vehicular
Add Environtment
Plotting eNode B
eNode B can be in place based on planning calculation or the use of existing nodeB or BTS
Make a Prediction
make predictions based on measured
Reference
[1] Abdul Basit, Syed. Dimensioning of LTE Network Description of Models and Tool, Coverage and Capacity Estimation of 3GPP Long Term Evolution radio interface. 2009. [2] Coverage and Capacity Dimensioning Recommendation: Ericsson. 2009. [3] Holma, Harri and Antti Toskala. WCDMA for UMTS HSPA Evolution and LTE. John Willey and Son: 2007. [4] 3GGP. TS 36.XXX LTE TS Group Series. 2009.