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SSU Mathematics
Form one Mathhematics
Chapter 1-6 Notes
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P. 1.1
Ch.1 Directed Numbers…………………..
Getting started
Getting started
We always make use of numbers to express the change, either an increase or decrease in amount or quantity.
To classify the “direction” of changes, directed numbers are used.
The examples before are too straight-forward to be seen in tests or exams. More studies and
calculations are required in the following examples.
Example 1.1c
(1) The initial price of a fund is $50. The table below shows its performance over the past 5 days.
Finish the table.
Day Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
Status Gained $2 Lost $4 Up $7 Fell $9 Unchanged
Change in price
Price of fund
Solution: Words like gain and up represents increases; while lost and fell represents decreases.
Unchanged represents “0”. By using simple calculation, you can get the price of fund.
Change in price +$2 -$4 +$7 -$9 $0
Price of fund $52 $48 $55 $46 $46
(2) The following table shows the sales record of Tasty Food shop.
Day Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
Income $47,000 $32,000 $39,000 $29,500 $15,000
Cost $35,000 $35,000 $35,000 $35,000 $35,000 $40,000
Balance
(i) Fill in the balance (except for Saturday).
(ii) Find the sum of balance from Monday to Tuesday.
(iii) How much income is required (at least) on Saturday to prevent a loss throughout the week?
Answer:
balance +$12,000 -$3,000 +$4,000 -$5,500 -$20,000
(ii) The balance is: 12000-3000+4000-5500-20000 = -$12,500
(iii) In order to prevent a loss, it means that the minimum balance should be $0 (not $1 because $0
also represents no loss). So the income should cover the $12,500 loss (as calculated in ii) and the
cost on Saturday. Solution: the income on Saturday= 12,500+40,000 = $52,500 Reminder
Do practice more on
Summary of Ch.1.1 simple calculation
to speed up
Example 1.2a
(1) Represent the following points on a number line.
A = 6, B = -4, C = 0, D = -1.5, E = 3
(2) Indicate the height of different places by using vertical number line.
a. Mt. Kosciusko (2230
2230 m above sea level
level) ; b. Bangalore (1000
1000 m above sea level);
level
c. Death Valley (85 m below sea level
level) ; d. Qattara Depression (392
392 m below sea level)
level
Solution:
B D C E A
Reminder Reminder
Use crosses instead of Remember to write
dots to represent the letters or names
Directed numbers above each point.
Note Note
Below ground floor, Prevent using vertical
below sea level, etc number lines but use
represents zero. ruler to sketch lines.
Ascending
scending order and descending order
Furthermore, we can make use of number lines tto o arrange numbers according to their value.
We can arrange numbers in “ascending order” and ““descending order”.
Ascending order: -9 < -8.99 < -8.9
8.9 < -8 < 0 < 8 < 88
Descending order: 88 > 8 > 0 > -88 > -8.9 > -8.99 > -9
Compare numbers
On the number line, the number on the right is always greater than the number on the left.
That means we can compare numbers by checking their position on the number line.
A B C D
A must be greater than B. C must be smaller than D.
Example 1.2b
Example 1.2c
Arrange the following numbers is descending order.
(a) 7.5, -4.208, 4.208, +0.1, (b) , , , , ,
Solution: (a) -4.208 and are smaller than 0 while 0.1, 4.208 and 7.5 are larger than 0.
Therefore 7.5 > 4.208 > +0.1 > > -4.208
In (b), , and are smaller than 0, while , and are larger than 0.
By finding the LCD (least Common Denominator 共同的最少分母), we can obtain
.
More to learn
Think about the following cases: there are 4 biscuits on a plate, when 9 people and 90 people are
sharing them, in which case each person can share larger amount of biscuit? Of course the 1st case!
When comparing negative numbers,
If the numerators (分子) are the same, then larger denominator (分母) indicates a larger number.
If the denominators are the same, then larger numerator indicates a smaller number.
(And vice versa for positive cases.) [
and ]
Now try rearranging the followings: , , , ,
P. 1.6
Ch.1 Directed Numbers…………………..
Summary of Ch.1.2
(1) To learn about the use of number lines [labeling, marking crosses]
(2) To arrange different numbers and integers in both ascending and descending order
(3) To learn faster ways to arrange numbers.
When you are required to sketch a number line to work out the answer, follow the procedures:
(1) Sketch the number with the range enough to show the whole process of calculation.
For example, when asked (+5) – (+9), sketch a number line including (+5) and (-4)[the answer].
(2) Point up the original value (+5) and sketch an arrow towards the “answer” (-4). Sketch the arrow
to the left if subtraction is needed, or draw it to the right in addition. Note
The intervals (gaps)
between numbers
are not neccesarily
∴(+5) – (+9) = (-4) to be one.
▲ Finally write down the statement above to show the final answer.
P. 1.7
Ch.1 Directed Numbers…………………..
Example 1.3a
Use number lines to find the values of the following expressions.
(a) (-5)+ (+12) (b) (+14)+ (-17) (c) (-1) - (+3) (d) (-4)- (-9)
Solution: First draw the number lines. Then sketch out the arrow(s). Finally write down the
statement which was often forgotten.
(a) (b) You gained a loss of 17 = -17
Example 1.3b
(a) The temperature of London dropped from 12 0C to -3 0C. Find the temperature change.
(b) Mandy got $1,500 in her bank but -$750 after one month. Find the difference in two months.
SOLUTION: Just find out the keywords like “change” and “difference” and carry out subtraction.
(a) The temp. change = 12 – (-3) = 150C (b) The difference = 1,500- (-750) = $2,250
Example 1.3c
Find the values of (a) –{-[9+(-5)]} ; (b) (-1) – [5-(-1)] and (c) (-4) + [ (-2)-(4-9)]
Solution: Follow the order of brackets. Beware of positive and negative signs.
(solution on the next page)
P. 1.8
Ch.1 Directed Numbers…………………..
B. Division
If you still do not understand the rules of division, try to have a look at the followings.
Consider cases (+5) (-1) and (-4) (-2),
you need to (1) locate the original value (+5) and (-4) on the number line, (2) reflect it along “0”.
(-5) A B (-4) (+4) B A (+5)
(+5) (-1)
(-4) (-2),
Then just continue to work out the answers.
(+5) (-1) = (-5) 1 = (-5) (-4) (-2) = (+4) 2 = (+2)
By the way shown above, we can obtain the four rules.
3
3 [reflect then do division]
no reflection
no reflection
P. 1.9
Ch.1 Directed Numbers…………………..
Example 1.4
(a) (-12) ÷[ 2x (3-4)] (b) (c)
SOLUTION
(a) (-12) ÷[ 2x (3-4)] (b) (c)
=(-12) ÷[ 2x (-1)]
=(-12) ÷(-2) = =
%
=6
= = =
&
Rev. Exercise
(1) Use number lines to find the values of the following expressions.
(a) (-4) + (-5) (b) (+7) – (+9)
Note
In examinations, you
Should copy the given
Expression before any
further calculation.
P. 1.10
Ch.1 Directed Numbers…………………..
(4) Write down the elevation information of the following places on a horizontal number line. Use
the minus sign (–) to represent elevation below sea level.
a. Toronto (Canada) –14ºC b. Melbourne (Australia) 30ºC
c. London (UK) –6ºC d. New Delhi (India) 20ºC
(5a) Suppose +$1000: represents to deposit $1000 into a bank account, what does "-$500" mean?
(5b) Suppose "-$200" represents the price of a computer was decreased by $200, use a directed number to
represent the change in price of a computer if the price of 16 computers were decreased by $8000.
(6) A company had a loss of$22500 in the first month, a profit of $34,050 in the second month, a profit of
$38,500 in the third month and a loss of $8,500 in the fourth month. Use directed number to represent the
net profit over the past four months.
P. 1.11
Ch.1 Directed Numbers…………………..
(7) Mrs.Li reduced her weight by 2 kg in the first week, gained 1/2kg in the second week, continued to gain 1
kg in the third week, but lost 3 kg in the fourth week.
(a) Find the change of her weight. (b) Find her latest weight if her weight on 2nd week was 66 kg.
(8) A submarine moved u 50 m from 100m below the sea-level,then it descended by 80m.
(a) Use a directed number to represent the location of the submarine.
(b) Use a number line to represent the change in height of submarine.
(9) 3 people played “poker” for 4 rounds. The following table shows the point distribution of each game.
Getting started
Getting started
Besides numbers, letters and “latin letters” are used in mathematical expressions and operations. That is,
when we are meeting some unknowns in the question, necessary to be used.
Algebraic expressions are expressions involving the four arithmetic operations of numbers and letters.
Warm-up
Uncle James likes proposing new mathematical questions. Help him to solve the puzzle below.
Basic concepts
(A) Arithmetic operations
Arithmetic operations include addition(+), subtraction(-), multiplication (x) and division. It is important to
remember the way to read them out.
Addition (+) a Plus b, add a to b, the sum of a and b, etc.
subtraction(-) The difference between a and b, subtract a from b, a minus b, etc.
multiplication (x) a times b, a multiplies b, multiply a by b, the product of a and b.
division a is divided by b, a over b, dividing a by b, the quotient of a over b.
When reading word statements, we should pay special attention to the order. For example, we should add
+, +
brackets when necessary, or classify or ..
- -
Reminder
Example 2.1a
Subtract a from b can
Be written as b-a but
(1) Express the followings by using algebraic expressions.
not b-a.
(a) Add y to the difference of z and x.
(b) Subtract / from the product of 0 123 4.
(c) Subtract a from of b and divide the result by 7 (d) Subtract a from the quotient of b over 7
(e) a minus x and multiply their difference by 5
.5 should be read as “b to the power y”, which stands for b times itself for y times.
Remember, algebraic expressions are expressions involving the four arithmetic operations of numbers and
letters. Therefore a+b and 9a-4x are algebraic expression.
Example 2.1b
7555788
(1) Express the following expressions with index notation : (a) xxyxyayxxz ; (b)
8857
7 9 5:
(2) Expand the following expressions: (a) x7y2z5 ; (b)
8;
Solution: Be careful while expanding / counting letters.
(1a) xxyxyayxxz = xxxxxyyyza = ax5y3z
7555788 7755588
(1b) = = xyy
8857 75888
Extra!
(2a) x7y2z5 = xxxxxxxyyzzzzz
< <
7 9 5: 77755555
(2b) = <= when a>0
8; 8888
Example 2.1c
(1) Tommy has $3x while Bobby has 2 times the money of Tommy. Find the sum of their money.
(2) Joe has (4y-4) sweets while Sally got (3y+5) less than Joe. Find the total amount of sweets they
got.
Solution: Do not be confused by both letters and integers. Just identify which operations to use.
(1) The sum of money = 3x + 2(3x) = 3x + 6x = $9x [remember the unit!]
(2) The total amount of sweets = Joe’s sweets + Sally’s sweets = (4y-4)+[(4y-4)-(3y+5)] = 5y-13
P. 2.3
Ch.2 Basic Algebra ……..…………………..
Example 2.1d
(1) Jason’s father is 4 times older than Jason who is x years old. Find their age sum.
(2) x+2 is the middle among three consecutive odd numbers. Find the sum of the three numbers.
Solution: The two questions above are not as straight-forward as those in 2.1c. Analysis is needed
(1) Jason is x years old, so his father should be 4(x) = 4x years old. Ans.: x+4x = 5x
(2) x+2 is the middle among three consecutive odd numbers, so the smallest and largest numbers
are (x+2)-2 = x and (x+2)+2 = (x+4) respectively.
Ans: Sum of 3 numbers= (x+2)-2 + (x+2) + (x+2)+2 = 3x +6
Ch. 2.2
(A) Formulae and Substitution
When you are given an algebraic expression and the respective values of letters, you can work out
the value of the expression easily. But beware of some details.
Names
Example
to 2.1d
learn
(1) If you are given an algebraic expressions with equal sign and at least one variable with
changeable values, it is called a formula. For example x+6=2y and X= 9y are formulae, but not
2x+1=3 since x can only have one value.
(2) Letters in formulae (plural of formula) which can be changed or affected by other letters are
called variables. [x and y are variables in “x=2y+3” ]
(3) Furthermore, if some variables’ values are given, we can know the values of remaining variables.
They are called unknowns which are targets need to be solved and are commonly final answers.
[R is unknown in “R=2x+y2” but not “R+2=7
(4) Replacing letters (variables) in formulae by numbers in order to work out the value of unknowns
are called substitution. For example, if a=1 and b=2, then by using substitution we can get a+b = 3.
P. 2.4
Ch.2 Basic Algebra ……..…………………..
Example 2.2a
4
(1) Given that the formula for getting the volume of sphere is V
3
πr3 , find the volume of a
football if its radius (r) is 9. [Let π ]
(2) Given that the calculation of point(P) of a game is determined by a formula P 0.6x 0.8y.
Find the points Tom get if his x are y values are 5 and 20 respectively.
Solution: Beware of substituting numbers and copying the formula first. DO NOT add units if they
are not given; but you are reminded to write down a statement to finish the whole operation.
4 (2) P 0.6x 0.8y
(1) V 3 πr3
P 0.65 0.820
4 22 3 P 19
V 9 ∴ Tom gets 19 points.
3 7
) Reminder
V= If you forget to copy the
formula, PP-1 may be
)
∴ The volume is . resulted.
Example 2.2b
If a = 8 and b = 4, find the values of the following expressions. Reminder
Copy the whole question
IJ I*
(a) ab+a÷b (b) (c) once. It should be
IJ J9
always practiced.
Solution:
(a) ab+a÷b IJ I*
(b) (c)
= (8)x(4) + 8÷4 IJ J9
= 34 ) )*
= =3 = =1
) 9
Ch. 2.3
In this sub-chapter, we should know how to solve linear equations in one unknown.
There are most probably one or two answers in equations, and the answer(s) are called solution.
Skills:
In order to solve equations, we should try removing the numbers and leaving the unknown on one
side. To do so, we can try to “balance” the whole equation.
P. 2.5
Ch.2 Basic Algebra ……..…………………..
Example 2.3a
K K
(a) 3y – 6 = 18 (b) 8x (c) 6 = 14
Example 2.3b
J
(a) 3y – 7 = 5y – 9 (b) 0.5(c-6) = 17 (c) –2=b+3
Solution: Try to group like terms (terms with same unknowns, or integers) together first.
(a) 3y – 7 = 5y – 9 (b) 0.5(c-6) = 17 J
(c) –2=b+3
3y -3y – 7 = 5y – 3y (c-6) = 17 ÷ 0.5
- 7 = 2y - 9 c-6 = 34 J
-2+2 = b + 3 +2
(-7)+ 9 = 2y c = 40
2 = 2y J
Reminder =b+5
y=1
Reminder J
0.5 is equal to ÷ –b = b + 5 –b
The unknown should be
placed on the left hand JJ
side in the answer.
=5
Prove
-b = 4 6–b =5x2
(-1) x b = 4 6 – b -6= 10 – 6
(-1) x b ÷(-1) = 4÷(-1) -b = 4
b = -4 b = -4
P. 2.6
Ch.2 Basic Algebra ……..…………………..
Ch. 2.4
After learning algebraic expressions, we should learn how to solve problems by using equations.
(1) Let statement--- introduce an unknown;
(2) Set up an equation according to the question; and
(3) Solve the equation and write word statements to finish the whole operation.
Example 2.4
(1) Tommy is four times older than May. Find May’s age if their age sum is 65.
(2) A number is divided by 24, and the result is further subtracted from 30 and the final result is 10.
Find the number.
Solution: Try to understand the questions and set up an equation.
(1) Let x be May’s age. (2) Let n be the number.
(Then Tommy’s age should be 4x) 30 - n ÷ 24 = 10
x + 4x = 65 30 - n ÷ 24 + n ÷ 24 = 10 + n ÷ 24
5x = 65 Reminder 30 = 10 + n ÷ 24
x = 13 We can “carry” the 30 – 10 = n ÷ 24
∴May should be 13 years old. Unknown to another 20 = n ÷ 24
side to make it positive.
n = 480
∴the number is 480.
Summary of 2.4
(1) The definition of solution, unknown, variable and equation.
(2) To solve simple algebraic equations.
(3) To remember the ways to solve equations by using algebra.
[Tips: DO NOT forget to write down a word statement because your unknown does not appear in
the question. If you only give the value of unknown, it does not represent you have found the
answer for the question.]
Rev. Ex.
Heat: (1) Change the following word statements into algebraic expressions.
(a) Multiply x by 3 and sum the result up with 9
(b) Divide the quotient of 171 over x by 5.
(c) Multiply the sum of x and y by the difference between z and 7.
P. 2.7
Ch.2 Basic Algebra ……..…………………..
(3) Given that the area of a circle is “radius to the power 2 times pi”.
(a) Write down the formula of circle using A as the area, r as the radius and π as pi.
(b) If circle a has radius of 9 cm, find its area in terms of L using substitution method.
(c) If another circle has radius of 7cm, find the difference of the area of circles in (c) and (b).
K K
(4) 9 1 (5) x 14 21 x 2
P. 2.8
Ch.2 Basic Algebra ……..…………………..
(6) When 16 is added to the product of a number and 6, it is equal to the result of 34 minus the
product of 3 times the number, find the number.
(7) The sum of five consecutive even numbers is 220. Find the largest number.
NO
(8) When y=1400, b=20 and c=0.5, find the value of H when H
J
(9) If the prices of table tennis ball and tennis ball are $a and $y respectively, find the total cost for y
table tennis balls and 2a table tennis balls.
P. 3.1
Ch.3 Patterns and sequences ………..…..
Getting started
Getting started
Watch the traffic lights: Red…. Red
ed and yellow
yellow… green… yellow… and back to red . There are actually lots of
patterns and sequences around us, including machines, natural scenery, or even months and lesson cycles…
cycles
In this chapter, we are going to investigate more on mathematical sequences and patterns.
Warm-up
Basic concepts
(A) Describing patterns
Besides observing patterns, we need to learn the way to express different sequences and patterns.
(1) Observe the change(increase/decrease)
ecrease) in amount or quantity
(2) Then say “when the number of ……
……. increases/decreases by……, the number of …..
.. increases/decreases
by ………” or “The (size of first …)) first number is ….. The next number is formed by ……… This pattern goes on”
Example 3.1a
Describe the pattern of the followings.
(a) (b)
, , … , ,, …
Solution: (a) When the number of packs of KitKats increases by 1, the number of letter Ks increases
by 2. (b) The first picture contains 1 rabbit. The next one is formed by adding 2. The pattern goes on
P. 3.2
Ch.3 Patterns and sequences ………..…..
Example 3.1b
(1) 3 x 9 = 27, 5 x 11 = 55, 13 x 7 = 91, 1 x 17 = 17 …. From the above results, guess the pattern of
the product of two odd numbers.
(2) Describe the pattern: 1,4,5,9,14,23…
Solution: (1) we can see that the answers are ALL odd numbers, so we can guess that the product
of two odd numbers must be an odd number.
(2) Can you guess the next 2 numbers? They are 37 and 60. The 1st number is 1 and the 2nd number
is 4. The next number is formed by summing up the previous two numbers. This pattern goes on.
Ch. 3.2
Polygonal numbers include triangular numbers and square numbers. Others will not be taught this
year (such as pentagonal numbers).
(A) triangular numbers.
PP
The formula for triangular number is .
(B) square numbers.
The formula for triangular number is n2.
Question Patterns:
(1) Find the nth triangular / square number.
(2) From xxx to xxx, list all triangular / square number.
(3) Which triangular / square number is xxx?
Ch. 3.3
Definition of sequence: A set of numbers arranged under particular order forms a sequence.
Term describe the number(s) involved in a sequence.
Sequence (1): Square sequence: 1,4,9,16,25… (square numbers)
Sequence (2): Triangular sequence: 1,3,6,10,15,21… (triangular numbers)
Sequence (3): Arithmetic sequence: In such sequence, the difference between any two consecutive
terms is always the same. E.g: 5,7,9,11,13… OR 18,118,218,318,418…
Sequence (4): Geometric sequence: In such sequence, the quotient of any two consecutive terms is
the same. E.g: 12,24,48,96,192,384… OR 2,4,8,16,32,64,128…
One more sequence is the switch of positive and negative sign. In case of odd-number terms (1st,
3rd…) are negative while the rest are positive, times (-1)n to the sequence, otherwise times (-1)n+1.
P. 3.3
Ch.3 Patterns and sequences ………..…..
Example 3.3a
Describe the pattern and tell the name of sequence:
(a) 1,4,7,10,13,16,19,22…
(b) 100,50,25,12.5,6.25,3.125 …
Solution: They must be either arithmetic sequence or geometric sequence. Try to pick up numbers
among the sequences and compare their quotients / difference.
(a) The 1st number is 1. The next number is obtained by adding 3 to the previous number. This
pattern goes on. It is an arithmetic sequence.
(b) The 1st number is 100. The next number is obtained by dividing the previous number by 2. This
pattern goes on. It is a geometric sequence.
Example 3.3b
Write down the pattern and find the next three terms of the followings:
(a) 5,10,15,20,25,…. (b) -1, +3, -9, +27, -81…
Solution:
(a) It is easy to see an arithmetic sequence. Each term is formed by adding 5 to the previous
number. So the next 3 numbers are 25+5=30 , 25+5x2=35 and 25+5x3=40.
(b) It is easy to see a geometric sequence (x3). Each term is formed by multipling the previous
number by (-3). Therefore we can easily obtain the following 3 numbers +243, -729 and +2187.
Fibonacci sequences
The Fibonacci sequence was generated by a Mathematician which can describe the growth of
rabbits and plants. In the Fibonacci sequence of numbers, each number after the first two is the
sum of the previous two numbers.
Thus the sequence is 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, etc.
Ch. 3.4
After investigating different sequences, we should further know more about finding out random
terms in sequences, as well as to describe them.
Finding the nth term
If you are asked to find the nth term in a sequence, either a string of numbers OR a “formula” will
be given.
In the 1st case, we should try to find out the pattern. Then we can use the pattern found to further
find the value of other terms.
P. 3.4
Ch.3 Patterns and sequences ………..…..
Example 3.4a
(1) Find the number pattern of the sequence 1,3,6,10,15…
(2) Find the number pattern of the sequence 3,6,9,12,15…
(3) Find the number pattern of the sequence 2,5,8,11,14…
Solution: Both Q(1) and (2) are straight-forward. But you need to think more when dealing with
questions like Q(3).
QQ
In Q(1), we can see the triangular sequence. Thus the sequence is , in which n stands for
the number of terms. The 1st term is 12, followed by 22,32 and 42 etc.
In Q(2), we can see an arithmetic sequence, and all the terms are multiples of 3. Thus we can
obtain that each term is generated by multiplying the number of term with 3. So the pattern
should be 3n.
In Q(3), we can also see an arithmetic sequence. We can think in two ways.
First, by looking at Q(2) again, we can easily find that the difference between terms in (2) and (3)
QQ
is 1 (3-2; 6-5; 9-8 etc.). That means the sequence should be -1.
Example 3.4b
(1) Find the number pattern and the 99th term of sequence.
(a) 6,11,16,21,26… (b) , , , ,… (c) 4,8,16,32,64…
)
[Tips: Think about 5,10,15,20… ; 1,3,5,7 and 2,4,6,8… ; 2,4,8,16,32…]
Solution: The above sequences have patterns not easily seen. We should compare them with
some known sequences such as arithmetic ones and geometric ones.
In Q(1), we can see an arithmetic sequence as the difference between any two consecutive terms
is 5. Furthermore, by observing the sequence 5,10, 15,20… we can conclude that the pattern of
5,10,15,20… plus one can obtain the (a) pattern. So the answer should be 5n+1.
In Q(2), we can observe fractions. Do not be confused with fractions as we can divide each of
them into two parts: numerators and denominators. Have a look at denominators (2,4,6,8..) first.
We can easily observe the “2n” pattern. By referring to the “2n-pattern”, we can conclude that
the “2n-pattern” minus one equals to the pattern of numerator. So the number pattern for the
Q
whole fraction is .
Q
In Q(3), we can see a geometric sequence. Unfortunately we miss the number 2. So what can we
do? Considering 21 = 2 and 22 = 4, we can express the sequence as 22, 23, 24 and so on, which the
n+1
power have a continuous arithmetic sequence (2,3,4…) right? So the final answer is 2 (next pg)
P. 3.5
Ch.3 Patterns and sequences ………..…..
Example 3.4c
Questions will be expressed in diagrams. Find the pattern and construct the 5th diagram.
(a) (b)
Solution: Directly count the number of “sticks” or geometric shapes (such as triangles).
(a) The number of small triangles are 1,4 and 9 respectively. That means the no. of triangles is
square numbers determined
Rev. Ex. 3
(2) Find the difference between the 9th and 15th triangular number.
(4) Find the pattern, then the 10th term in the following sequences.
(a) 109,119,129,139… (b) 16,25,36,49
S %
(c) 3, 13,23,33,43… (d) , , ,
&= S=
Getting started
Getting started
In this chapter, we are going to talk about some basic elements in geometry, such as angles, triangles,
polygons and drawing nets.
Ch.4.0
Getting started
Definition of some common elements are shown.
Getting started
Ch.4.1 and 4.2
If an object rotates one round, it has already rotated for one complete turn, which is 360o.
Note that there are some units smaller than degree as well. They are minute and second.
1 degree = 60 minutes and 1 minute = 60 seconds. That means 1 degree = 3,600 seconds.
For instance, 1 degree 1 minute 1 second is written as 1o1’1”.
Types of angle
We should be familiar with the 5 types of angles. [Ф represents the size of angle]
Ф = 180
Ф = 360
180 < Ф < 360
Straight angle Reflex angle *** Explementary angle/
Conjugate angle
Two Angles are complementary if they add Two angles are supplementary if they add up
up to 90 degrees. to 180°.
If two supplymentary angles are found, you can say they lie on a straight line.
Getting started
Example 4.1a
Measure the following angles, mark their size and name them.
Ch.4.1b
Find the size of the following angles and answer the question.
(1) Is angle ABC a right angle? (2) Prove that ABC is a straight line.
B C A B C
P. 4.3
Ch.4 Basic Geometry …………
…………..………..…..
Solution: Use the protractor to measure each angle. Remember the terms “supplementary
“ angles”
and “complementary angles”.
(1) Two angles are 58o and 32o respectively. ABC is a right angle.
(2) Two angles are 139o and 41o respectively. ABC is a straight line because angle ABC = 180o.
Getting started
Ch. 4.3
Triangles are commonly seen in geometry. They share many properties.
Types of triangle
Getting started
Illustration
Use a protractor to measure the angles inside the following triangles. Sum them up. What can you find?
SOLUTION: You can always find that the sum of 3 angles inside any triangles must be 180o. (Try again or
measure them precisely if you do not get close to 180o.)
From the example above, we can deduce that the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180o.
[abbreviation: angle sum of triangle OR ∠sum of △]
P. 4.4
Ch.4 Basic Geometry …………
…………..………..…..
Getting started
Ch. 4.4
Types of polygon
Polygons with equal side Polygons with all interior Polygons which are both
length are called “equilateral angles equal are called equilateral and equiangular are
polygons”. “equiangular polygons”. called “regular polygons”.
E.g: Rhombus and square E.g: rectangle and square(90o) E.g: square and regular triangle
Getting started
Ch. 4.5
Types of solid
Cross section
A cross section is the intersection of a 3D
3D-solid.
We can always obtain the same sizesize-and-shape cross section in prisms,, and the cross-section
cross is
called uniform cross-section.
Polyhedra
Closed solids which are formed by polygons are called polyhedra.
Face
Edge
Vertex
Face, edge and vertex are represented in F, E and V.
V-E+F=2
E+F=2 V-E+F=2
V-E+F=2
E+F=2 V-E+F=2
Rectangular Pyramid
Regular octahedron
All 3D solids should suit the law of V
V-E+F=2.
Getting started
Example 4.5
Find the no. of vertices, edges and faces of (a) rectangular block, (b) pentagonal prism and (c) triangular
prism.
SOLUTION: (a) 8/12/6 (b) 10/15/7 (c) 6/9/5.
P. 4.7
Ch.4 Basic Geometry …………..………..…..
Getting started
Ch. 4.6
2D representation of solids
Besides directly constructing out “fake-3D figures”, we can also make use of grid papers to construct them.
Types of grids
Isometric grids Oblique grids
X
Y
Z
P. 4.8
Ch.4 Basic Geometry …………..………..…..
From the examples shown on the previous page, we can see that obtaining a lowest point first is
very important. We can use the point to extend the solid side by side. Beware of the length as
drawing on gridpapers can easily cause careless mistakes.
A
B
(6) Getting started
Ch. 4.6
Terms Explanation
Parallel lines Lines that can never cut each other even
extended infinitively.
Radius The distance between the center of circle and
the side of circle.
Center of circle The central point of circle.
Perpendicular to.. Makes 90o-angle to …
Refer to the textbook p. 4.37 to p. 4.43 for the ways to construct parallel lines, perpendicular lines
and circles.
P. 4.9
Ch.4 Basic Geometry …………..………..…..
G
Rev. Ex. 4
(1) Find the number of vertices(V), edges(E) and faces(F) in the following cases.
Name of solid V E F
Cube
Triangular pyramid
Hexagonal prism
(3) (a)Construct a circle with diameter 5cm. (The length of diameter is two times the length of radius)
(b)Given that the formula for finding areas of circle is T UV , which A stands for the area of circle and
r stands for the length of radius. Find the area of circle in (a).
(5) Find the sum of all interior angles in each of the following figures.
(a) (b) (c)
P. 4.10
Ch.4 Basic Geometry …………..………..…..
(6) How many faces does a regular icosahedron and regular dodecahedron have?
A B
15o 40o
B D C D E
B C
(9) Draw a cuboid with length 3 units, width 4 units and height 5 units on an isometric grid paper.
Draw a cube with side length of 5 units on an oblique grid paper.
P. 5.1
Ch.5 Percentage …………………..………..….
Getting started
Getting started
Have you ever seen words like “discount” and “profit percent”? Or have you ever heard that the inflation rate
was increased by 6.1%? Actually percentage is a ratio representing the comparison between old and new
values. Let us investigate more on the basic concepts and uses of percentage.
Warm up
Getting started
Calculate the followings.
== = ===
(1)600x (2)1000x (3)50x (4)90 x
== == == ==
Ch. 5.2
Getting started
Arithmetic of percentages
The arithmetic of percentages is very similar to that of integers and fractions. The only difference is
that a percentage sign(%) is shown on the final answer.
Example 5.2
Getting started
(1) 30%+65%-20% (2) 50 x (1-40%) (3) (7.5+50%) ÷ (60%-20%)
SOLUTION: Just change the percentages to fractions and you can work out the answers easily.
(1) 30%+65%-20% (2) 50 x (1-40%) (3) (7.5+50%) ÷ (60%-20%)
=0.3+0.65-0.2 = S= =
= 50 x == = (7.5+0.5) ÷ == ==
=0.75
= 50 x 0.6 = 8 ÷ 0.4
=30 = 20
Ch. 5.3
Getting started
Deeper operations using percentage
Some questions related to percentage usage will appear starting from Ch.5.3.
Example 5.3a
Getting started
(1) 45 % of a number is 9. Find the number.
(2) 180% of a number is 54. Find the number.
P. 5.2
Ch.5 Percentage …………………..………..….
Example 5.3b
Getting started
(1) There are 18 girls inside a class with 30 students. Find the percentage of boys in the class.
(2) 20% of students do not wear glasses. If 32 students wear glasses, find the total number of
students.
Ch. 5.4
Getting started
Percentage increase and decrease
Comparing $50 and $55, what is the fraction of the change in amount of money to the old value?
The fraction times 100% can obtain the so-called “percentage change”.
f[b\[d`[
Percentage decrease = ]\aiaWdc jdcX[
g ==%
By using the formulae above, we can easily obtain the percentage increase or decrease.
P. 5.3
Ch.5 Percentage …………………..………..….
Example 5.4a
Getting started
(1) If the price of a doll increases from $100 to $170, find the percentage increase.
(2) If the price of a fund decreases from $500 to $405, find the percentage decrease.
(3) If the price of a packet of noodles increases by 50%, the new price will be $3. Find the old price.
Solution: The 1st question is straight forward. But beware of the 3rd question.
(1) The percentage increase (3) The new price of noodles is obtained by
=== increasing the old price by 50%, so we can set up
= g ==%
== an equation:
= 70% (old price) + (old price) x 50% = 3
100% x (old price) + 50% x (old price) = 3
(2) The percentage decrease 150% x (old price) = 3
==== Old price = 3 ÷ 1.5
= g ==%
== Old price = 2
= 20%
From the operations above, we can see that operating with percentage is not that easy.
Sometimes we should think of how to obtain old/ new values, or even using unknowns.
Example 5.4b
Getting started
(1) The price of a mobile phone in March was $2000. Its price decreased by 20% in April.
(a) Find the value decreased.
(b) If Mary has only $1,200, how much money does she need in order to purchase the phone in
April?
(c) If the price of the mobile further drops 20% in May, can Mary buy the phone by just using her
money? Express your answer with proof.
SOLUTION: It is easy to understand the above questions. But the mainpoint is that you need to
fully express the reasons for question (c) and a complete process in (b).
(a) The value decreased by: 2000 x 20% = $400
(b) Mary still needs: [price of phone in April – Mary’s money] = (2000-400) – 1200 = $400
(c) In order to prove whether Mary has enough money, we should find the price of the mobile
phone in May.
The price of the phone in May = (2000 – 400) x (1 – 20%) = $1,280
Since the price of the phone in May is higher than the money Mary gets, she still does not own
enough money to buy the phone.
P. 5.4
Ch.5 Percentage …………………..………..….
Ch. 5.5
Getting started
Profit and loss
Similarly, we can use the above ways to find the profit percent or loss percent of certain business.
Formulae:
klmnop smqq
Profit percent = r 100% loss percent = r 100%
-mqp -mqp
Where the profit and loss are decided by the difference between the income and cost. If the income
is bigger than cost, then a profit is resulted. Otherwise a loss will be made.
S
= g ==% = 4%
=
From the examples shown in example 5.5, we can see that drawing diagrams can help us to
understand the questions. Try to draw out some diagrams if you find the questions too difficult to
be understood by just reading.
P. 5.5
Ch.5 Percentage …………………..………..….
Use the formulae shown above to solve the following problem related to discount.
(1) Rev. Ex 5
(1) A watch is sold at 120% of its cost and a profit of $50 is made.
(a) Find the cost.
(b) Find the selling price.
(3) A company got an income of $5,000,000 but the cost was 60% higher than the income. Find
the loss percent. (Tips: First find the cost, then find the loss and finally obtain the loss %)
(4) Mr. Lee had a tea in a restaurant. He totally paid $240 for the meal, including the fee for all
dishes and subcharge, which is 20% of the fee for dishes.
(a) Find the total fee for all dishes.
(b) If the restaurant got 50% profit percent for the meal, find the total cost of the meal.
P. 5.7
Ch.5 Percentage …………………..………..….
(6) Mary, Tom and Peter had received their exam. paper. Their results were , and
= =
respectively.
(a) Represent their examination mark in percentages.
(b) Arrange their marks in ascending order.
(8) As the price of pork increases from $28/kg to $35/kg, Mrs. Lau reduces her conumption of
pork by 30%. What is the percentage change in her expenditure on pork?
P. 6.1
Ch.6 Statistical Graphs ….……..………..….
(1)
D Warm up
Graphs and charts can be seen everyday. Stock market index, voting survey or even the
investigation of “which programmes are the most popular?”.
(1)
D Ch. 6.1 & 6.2
Key terms
Trend Trends are patterns or shifts according to time. An upward trend, for instance,
would contain a section of data points that increased as time passed
Sample A sample is a subgroup or small portion of the population that is examined when
the entire population can not be evaluated. For example, if a process produces
one thousand items a day, the sample size could be perhaps three hundred.
You should also be familiar with the ways to analyse information before charting.
These have been mentioned in the textbook Ch.6 from p.6.4 to p.6.8.
(1)
D Ch. 6.3
Presentation of Data and Data analysis
In this sub-chapter,
chapter, we should be very familiar with the following types of graphs.
Bar Chart (left)
6 15
Bar chart makes use of horizontal bars which are
4 10
proportional to the values they represent.
2 5
0 0
Compound bar chart (right)
Compound ones can be used to compare similar
Blue = Students ; Red
ed = teachers; datum such as genders
Green = Parents We can easily obtain the data by looking at the
“length” of each bar by using the y-axis.
y
(1st column: F.1 students;
2nd column: F.2 students; When drawing bar charts, we should label the bars
3rd column: F.3 students; with a box to tell the readers what the bars
th
4 column: F.4 students) represent. Also, we should name the columns
colu so
that others can know who the “interviewers” are.
Pictogram makes use of simple diagrams to convey
number data.
Note that you need to tell others the amount/
quantity each picture represents. Each picture is
not necessarily to represent “1””.
(each picture = 100 animal)
Pie charts consists of a circle split into different
sectors, which the sizes are determined by the
values they represent as well.
We can get the data of the pie chart by (i)
measuring the angles of sectors, or (ii) finding out
the
he percentage of each sector (usually given).
Scatter Diagram makes use of points / crosses to
represent every data on a chart. It is mainly used to
find out the main trend of survey results, or the
distribution of datum.
Both the x-axis and y-axis
axis should
shou be noticed when
plotting data onto the graph. Labels are not
necessary since only one type of data is compared.
P. 6.3
Ch.6 Statistical Graphs
hs ….……
….……..………..….
0
labels should be shown to clarify different lines.
Topic
X-axis
axis
Y-axis
axis
(1)
D Example 1
(1)
Example 2
(a) How many days were included on
the chart?
(b) Find the maximum travel time.
(c) Find the minumum travel time.
(d) Can you find a trend in the chart
on the left?
From the above examples, we can clearly observe the basic types of questions that are popularly
asked. Furthermore, some questions like “to reconstruct the diagram in another type of chart” or
“find the average number” are often asked.
(1)
Example 3
(a) Which type of sector shares the largest
employment percentage?
(b) If there are totally 360,000 people
employed for primary sector, find the no. of
people in secondary and tertiary sector.
(c) Hence, find the difference between
the no. of people working for primary and
tertiary sector.
SOLUTION: Bar chart only represents the proportion of each sector but not ANY TRUE OR REAL
NUMBERS. They are usually given when you are asked to find the absolute value of a sector.
(a) Tertiary Sector. [which occupies more than half of the pie]
(b) Percentage question again. The no.in secondary sector= 360000÷ 6% x 30% = 1800000
The no.in tertiary sector= 360000÷ 6% x 64% = 3840000
(c) The difference = 3840000 – 360000 = 3480000
P. 6.5
Ch.6 Statistical Graphs ….……..………..….
(1)
Example 4
(a) By comparing the two pie charts, tell the trend of emplyment sectorsin UK.
(b) Can we say that “the number of people working for secondary sectors in 1960 must be more
than that in 1990s”? Why or why not?
SOLUTION:
(a) Most people in 1990 work for tertiary industry, which is totally different from the
evenly-distributed condition in 1960s. (44%, 34% and 22% can be described as “even)
(b) No. Since no real numbers are given, we can only say that “the % of people working… must be
more than that in 1990s.”.
(1)
Example 5
You are given a set of data as follow. Construct a bar chart with apprioprate datum.
(Information is related to “the number of students who are addicted to online games.”)
No. of girls 70 60 50 50 30
No. of boys 40 50 60 80 120
Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
SOLUTION:
140
120
100
80
Girls
60
Boys
40
20
0
04 05 06 07 08
Year (y-axis represents the no. of students)
P. 6.6
Ch.6 Statistical Graphs ….……..………..….
(1)
Example 6
Scatter diagrams
Scatter diagrams help us to obtain the trends of certain category. The trend can be described as
“positive relation(or coreelation)”, “negative relation” or “no apparent relation”.
(1) try to describe the following scatter diagrams’ trends.
(1) Example 7
The above three scatter diagrams have different topics. Given that the x-axis represents the
number of rainy days, try to guess what the x-axes represent.
SOLUTION: In the left chart, more rainy days results in higher x-axis values. We can guess that the
x-axis represents the no. of umbrellas sold, or the humidity.
The chart in the middle shows that more rainy days cause a decrease in the number of bread sold
or the number of new movies.
P. 6.7
Ch.6 Statistical Graphs ….……..………..….
(1)
Example 8
(a) How many students have taken the science test?
(b) What was the highest mark and the lowest mark?
(c) If 10 students got a credit, find the minimum mark of
getting a credit.
(d) Find the number of students whose mark was odd
numbers.
SOLUTION:
(a) by counting the number of integers on the right, we
can get a total of 19 students.
(b) The highest mark and lowest mark should be 100 and
72.
(c) By counting 10 students from 100 mark downwards, you should stop at “87”. Therefore the
minimum mark should be 87.
(d) By counting the number of odd numbers on the “leaf” part, we can get the answer of 10.
(1)
Example 9
Construct a stem-and-leaf diagram by using the data below.
SOLUTION:
We have observed many many examples, and we can conclude
that different types of graph have different functions.
Pictogram To represent the distribution of a group of
similar objects.
Scatter diagram To show a trend / relation of two different
types of information.
Bar chart To show the distribution / number of
(histogram) objects in relatively long period of time.
Broken-line graph To show the trend of only ONE type of
data.
Stem-and-leaf To group datum together by separating
(or back-to-back) their according to their digits in value.
Pie Chart To show the proportion of different
datum surrounding one topic. Usually no
real numbers are required for comparison
(1)
Example 9
Determine which graph(s) should be used in the following cases.
(a) To compare the percentage of students from 7 forms who read books regularly.
(b) To observe the relation between the no. of sleeping hours and the no. of working hours.
(c) To express the GDP of a country over the last 20 years.
(d) To show the “shape” of the number of tigers and sharks.
SOLUTION:
(a) Pie chart should be the most suitable one. Using compound bar charts can only help us to find
the sum of datum, and simple bar charts cannot easily represent datum of 7 forms of students
(and for comparison).
(b) Scatter diagram should be used to help us analyze whether a positive/negative relation can be
found.
(c) Broken-line graph or bar chart. They both help us to see the trend of GDP of a country in a
relatively long period of time.
Scores
(d) Stem-and-leaf diagram. Diagram is shown on the right.
Leaf Stem Leaf
Tigers Sharks
CONCLUSION:
Be careful when drawing diagrams, as you may miss the topic, 0379 3 22
x-axes and y-axes description, as well as the labels for indicating 28 4 355
(1)
Rev. Ex. 6
From Q3 onwards, finish the questions by using another piece of paper.
(1a) Construct a stem-and-leaf diagram to show the temperature in Hong Kong over the past
month using the data below:
28 24 24 22 19 21 21 27 21 26 23 21 18 17 19 20 21 14 17 20 23 21 17 16 15 30 15 18
(2) Tom wants to investigate on the proportion of different types of products he sold in the store.
(a) Suggest the most suitable type of graph / diagram to use.
(b) Given that the sales record of the store is shown below, construct a chart/diagram.
(3a) Use the following data which recorded the temperature in June to construct a stem-and leaf
diagram.
(3a) Temp. in June [Unit In Fo]
77 80 82 68 65 59 61
57 50 62 61 70 69 64
67 70 62 65 65 73 76
87 80 82 83 79 79 71
80 77
P. 6.10
Ch.6 Statistical Graphs ….……..………..….
(3b) Construct a back-to-back stem-and-leaf diagram using the following data which recorded the
temperature in July as well.
(6) The following bar chart shows the age of workers in a company.
(7) The following chart shows the music preferences in young adults from 14 to 19.
50% = rap
25% = alternative
13% = rock and roll
?% = country music
the rest = classical music
(8) Tell the type of relation observed in the following scatter diagrams.
P. 6.12
Ch.6 Statistical Graphs ….……..………..….
(9) The chart below shows the general income of people in Utopia made annually.
(10) The following chart shows the favourite subjects of S.1 students.