Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
7HKQLaNDSUHSRUXNDEU
,]ERULSRODJDZHHQHUJHWVNLKNDEORYD XHOHNWURGLVWULEXWLYQLPPUHCDPD N9N9N9L LN9
,9L]GDZH VHSWHPEDU
73
326/2912 8'58#(:( (/(.752',675,%8&,-( 65%,-( 326/2912 8'58#(:( (/(.752',675,%8&,-( 65%,-( 326/2912 8'58#(:( (/(.752',675,%8&,-( 65%,-(
7HKQLaNR XUH_HZH 7RPLVODY %RMNRYL` .RUHNWXUD 7RPLVODY %RMNRYL` 5DaXQDUVND REUDGD FUWHCD 9ODGLPLU .UVWL` L %LTDQD 6WRMDQRYL` >WDPSD 067 *DML` %HRJUDG 7LUDC SULPHUDND
1DSRPHQH X] ,9R L]GDZH 73 L]GDZH 73 MH UDaXQDUVNL REUD_HQR L SULSUHPTHQR ]D NRPSDNW GLVN 3R VDGUCDMX RYR L]GDZH VH UD]OLNXMH RG ,,,RJ L]GDZD RG RNWREUD JRGLQH SR WRPH ^WR MH
,9R
XEDaHQR QRYR SRJODYTH XQHWH L]PHQH L GRSXQH EU GHWDTQLMH REUD_HQD SRJODYTD L LVSUDYTHQH XRaHQH ^WDPSDUVNH JUH^NH L]PHZHQL QHNL GHORYL NRML VH SR]LYDMX QD SRMHGLQH VWDQGDUGH NDR L WDaNH GUXJLK SUHSRUXND NRMH VX X PH_XYUHPHQX L]PHZHQH XQHWH WHUPLQROR^NH L GUXJH L]PHQH X VNODGX VD QRYLP VWDQGDUGLPD L GLVWULEXWLYQRP SUDNVRP
.RG SR]LYDZD QD QHNX WHKQLaNX SUHSRUXNX (' 6UELMH WUHED NRULVWLWL QDMQRYLMH L]GDZH RGJRYDUDMX`H SUHSRUXNH 5DGQD JUXSD ]D L]UDGX 73 VHSWHPEDU
7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$
VHSWHPEDU
73
,] DUKLYH
1D RVQRYX SUHGORJD 5DGQH JUXSH .RPLVLMD ]D WHKQLaND SLWDZD SUL 3R VORYQRP XGUXCHZX HOHNWURGLVWULEXFLMH 6UELMH XVYDMD
7(+1,A.8 35(3258.8 EU ,]ERU L SRODJDZH HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD X HOHNWURGLVWULEXWLYQLP PUHCDPD N9 N9 N9
L N9
,,,H
L]GDZH
3UHGORCHQD UH^HZD VX X VNODGX VD YDCH`LP SURSLVLPD L VWDQGDUGLPD L ]DGRYRTDYDMX ]DKWHYH VLJXUQRVWL IXQNFLRQDOQRVWL L HNRQRPLaQRVWL
RNWREDU
VHSWHPEDU
7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$
73
1D RVQRYX SUHGORJD 5DGQH JUXSH 7HKQLaNL VDYHW (36 'LUHNFLMD ]D GL VWULEXFLMX HOHNWULaQH HQHUJLMH 6UELMH MH QD RP VDVWDQNX NRML MH RGU CDQ JRGLQH X 6XUGXOLFL GRQHR RGOXNX XVYDMD VH
3UHGORCHQD UH^HZD VX X VNODGX VD YDCH`LP SURSLVLPD L VWDQGDUGLPD L ]DGRYRTDYDMX ]DKWHYH VLJXUQRVWL IXQNFLRQDOQRVWL L HNRQRPLaQRVWL
VHSWHPEDU
7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$
VHSWHPEDU
73
7(50,1, , '(),1,&,-(
.DEO YUVWD HOHNWULaQRJ YRGD NRML VH VDVWRML RG MHGQH LOL YL^H CLOD L RGJRYDUDMX`LK ]D^WLWQLK VORMHYD 3URYRGQLN PHWDOQL GHR NDEOD QDPHZHQ SURYR_HZX VWUXMH #LOD GHR NDEOD NRML VH VDVWRML RG SURYRGQLND L]RODFLMH L VODERSUR YRGQLK VORMHYD DNR SRVWRMH -H]JUR NDEOD VNXS SRXCHQLK CLOD VD RGJRYDUDMX`RP LVSXQRP DNR SRVWRML ,VSXQD HOHPHQW NDEOD NRMLP VH LVSXZDYD PH_XSURVWRU L]PH_X CLOD GD EL VH GRELR NUXCQL SUHVHN NDEOD $NR MH LVSXQD QDaLZHQD RG VODERSURYRGQRJ PDWHULMDOD RQD VOXCL NDR SURYRGQD YH]D L]PH_X HOHNWULaQH ]D^WLWH L VODERSURYRGQLK VORMHYD RNR CLOD NDEOD 3OD^W ]D^WLWQL VORM RG SROLYLQLOKORULGD 39& LOL SROLHWLOHQD 3( NRML ^WLWL HOHPHQWH NDEOD RG YODJH L KHPLMVNLK XWLFDMD D X PDZRM PHUL L RG PHKDQLaNLK R^WH`HZD VHSWHPEDU 7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$
73
0HWDOQL SOD^W EH^DYQD FHY RG RORYD LOL DOXPLQLMXPD NRMD VH SR VWDYTD SUHNR MH]JUD NDEOD VD FLTHP GD ^WLWL L]RODFLMX RG YODJH L KHPLMVNLK LOL PHKDQLaNLK R^WH`HZD $UPDWXUD VORM RG PHWDOQLK WUDND LOL CLFD NRML ^WLWL NDEO RG SUHNRPHUQLK PHKDQLaNLK QDSUH]DZD L R^WH`HZD NDEOD 6ODERSURYRGQL VORM HNUDQ NDEOD VORM NRML VH SRVWDYTD LVSRG L]R ODFLMH L L]QDG L]RODFLMH L VOXCL ]D UDGLMDOQR REOLNRYDZH L RJUDQL aHZH HOHNWULaQRJ SRTD (OHNWULaQD ]D^WLWD PHWDOQL VORM NRML VOXCL ]D RJUDQLaHZH HOHN WULaQRJ SRTD ]D RGYR_HZH VWUXMH ]HPTRVSRMD L ]D^WLWX RG LQGLUHN WQRJ GRGLUD .RG MHGQRCLOQLK NDEORYD HOHNWULaQD ]D^WLWD VH SR VWDYTD L]QDG VODERSURYRGQRJ VORMD L]RODFLMH GRN NRG WURCLOQLK NDEORYD RQD PRCH GD VH SRVWDYL SUHNR VYDNH CLOH LOL GD EXGH ]DMHGQLaND ]D VYH CLOH .DEORYVNL VQRS SRXCHQL VQRS MHGQRCLOQLK HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD 1D]QDaHQH NDUDNWHULVWLNH QXPHULaNH YUHGQRVWL YHOLaLQD QDSRQ VWUXMD LWG NRMH GHILQL^X UDG NDEOD X XVORYLPD NRML VX XWYU_HQL X VWDQGDUGLPD L VOXCH ]D LVSLWLYDZH L JDUDQFLMX SURL]YR_DaD 3ROLPHU L]RODFLMD PDWHULMDOL JUXSD PDWHULMDOD ]D L]RODFLMX ND EORYD RG SROLYLQLOKORULGD 39& WHUPRSODVWLaQRJ SROLHWLOHQD 3( L XPUHCHQRJ SROLHWLOHQD 83(
7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$
VHSWHPEDU
(36 ',5(.&,-$ =$ ',675,%8&,-8 (QHUJHWVNL NDEO `H UDGLWL X QRUPDOQLP XVORYLPD QDMYL^D WHPSHUDWXUD YD]GXKD 4& QDMQLCD WHPSHUDWXUD YD]GXKD 4& VUHGZD JRGL^ZD WHPSHUDWXUD YD]GXKD 4& L WOD 4&
73
(QHUJHWVNL NDEO `H UDGLWL X GLVWULEXWLYQRM PUHCL X NRMRM QDMYL^L SRJRQVNL QDSRQ L]QRVL N9 X PUHCL QD]LYQRJ QDSRQD N9 N9 X PUHCL QD]LYQRJ QDSRQD N9 N9 X PUHCL QD]LYQRJ QDSRQD N9 8]HPTHZD QHXWUDOQLK WDaDND GLVWULEXWLYQLK PUHCD N9 N9 L N9 L]YRGH VH SUHPD 73 (' 6UELMH D 1HXWUDOQD WDaND PUHCH N9 L N9 MH L]RORYDQD LOL X]HPTHQD SUHNR QLVNRRPVNH LPSHGDQVH E 1HXWUDOQD WDaND PUHCH N9 MH X]HPTHQD SUHNR QLVNRRPVNH LPSH GDQVH 8 GLVWULEXWLYQLP PUHCDPD 6UELMH WLSL]LUDQH VX VOHGH`H YUHG
QRVWL PDNVLPDOQLK GR]YRTHQLK WURID]QLK VLPHWULaQLK VWUXMD VQDJD NUDWNLK VSRMHYD L ]HPTRVSRMD PUHCD N9 N$ 09$ PUHCD N9 N$ 09$ PUHCD N9 N$ 09$ 7LSVND YUHGQRVW VWUXMH ]HPTRVSRMD X X]HPTHQLP PUHCDPD N9 N9 L N9 MH $ 8 PUHCL N9 L N9 VWUXMD ]HPTRVSRMD PRCH
GD EXGH L YH`D RG
$
73
9UHPH WUDMDZD NUDWNRJ VSRMD L]QRVL QDMYL^H V X PUHCL N9 L N9 V X PUHCL N9
9UHPH WUDMDZD ]HPTRVSRMD W] SUHPD 73D L]QRVL D X L]RORYDQLP PUHCDPD N9 L N9 W] V DNR YUHGQRVW XNXSQH NDSDFLWLYQH VWUXMH ]HPTRVSRMD SUHOD]L $ W] K DNR YUHGQRVW XNXSQH NDSDFLWLYQH VWUXMH ]HPTRVSRMD QH SUHOD]L $ E X X]HPTHQLP PUHCDPD N9 N9 L N9 W] V X PUHCL N9 L N9 W] V X PUHCL N9
VHSWHPEDU
7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$
73
8 GLVWULEXWLYQLP PUHCDPD MH ]DEUDZHQD SULPHQD NDEORYD NRG NRMLK MH MHGQD RG CLOD REHOHCHQD CXWR]HOHQRP ERMRP
7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$ VHSWHPEDU
73
D 7LS 132 $6 -86 1& 7R MH WURCLOQL NDEO VD VHNWRUVNLP DOXPLQLMXPVNLP SURYRGQLFLPD L L]RODFLMRP RG QDURaLWR LPSUHJQLVDQRJ SDSLUD SROXaYUVWL NRPSDXQG VD RORYQLP SOD^WRP DUPDWXURP RG GYH aHOLaQH WUDNH L DQWLNRUR ]LYQRP ]D^WLWRP RG VORMHYD MXWH L ELWXPHQD VOD
DOXPLQLMXPVNL SURYRGQLN VODERSURYRGQL VORM SURYRGQLND L]RODFLMD RG XPUHCHQRJ SROLHWLOHQD VODERSURYRGQL VORM L]RODFLMH VODERSUR YRGQD EXEUH`D WUDND HOHNWULaQD ]D^WLWD RG EDNDUQLK CLFD L WUDNH L]RODFLRQD EXEUH`D WUDND DOXPLQLMXPVND SROLPHU WUDND
3( SOD^W
73
N9 QD HQHUJHWVNH WUDQVIRUPDWRUH EH] RE]LUD QD RGQRV WUDQVIRUPDFLMH L QD]QDaHQH VQDJH L]YRGH VH MHGQRCLOQLP NDEORYLPD VD L]RODFLMRP RG XPUHCHQRJ SROLHWLOH QD WLS ;+( $ ;+3 LWG
D 7LS ;+( $ -86 1& 7R MH MHGQRCLOQL NDEO WUL NDEOD SRMHGLQDaQR LOL SRXCHQL X VQRSX VD DOXPLQLMXPVNLP RNUXJOLP SURYRGQLNRP L L]RODFLMRP RG XPUHCHQRJ SROLHWLOHQD 83( VD VODERSURYRGQLP VORMHP LVSRG L L]QDG L]ROD FLMH VD HOHNWULaQRP ]D^WLWRP RG EDNDUQLK CLFD L WUDND VD VODER SURYRGQRP EXEUH`RP WUDNRP LVSRG L L]QDG HOHNWULaQH ]D^WLWH VD DOXPLQLMXPVNRP SROLPHU WUDNRP L VSRTD^ZLP SROLHWLOHQVNLP SOD^ WRP YLVRNH JXVWLQH VOE
$
SUHSRUXaXMH VH SULPHQD
E 7LS 13+2 $ -86 1& 7R MH WURCLOQL NDEO VD DOXPLQLMXPVNLP RNUXJOLP SURYRGQLFLPD L L]RODFLMRP RG QDURaLWR LPSUHJQLVDQRJ SDSLUD SROXaYUVWL NRPSDXQG VD VODERSURYRGQLP VORMHP LVSRG L L]QDG L]RODFLMH VD RORYQLP SOD ^WRP DUPDWXURP RG GYH aHOLaQH WUDNH L DQWLNRUR]LYQRP ]D^WLWRP RG VORMHYD MXWH L ELWXPHQD VOE
DOXPLQLMXPVNL RNUXJOL SURYRGQLN VODERSURYRGQL VORM SURYRGQLND L]RODFLMD RG QDURaLWR LSUHJQLVDQRJ SDSLUD L]RODFLMH
7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$
VHSWHPEDU
73
D 7LS ;+( $ -86 1& 7R MH MHGQRCLOQL NDEO WUL NDEOD SRMHGLQDaQR LOL SRXCHQL X VQRSX VD DOXPLQLMXPVNLP RNUXJOLP SURYRGQLNRP L L]RODFLMRP RG XPUHCHQRJ SROLHWLOHQD 83( VD VODERSURYRGQLP VORMHP LVSRG L L]QDG L]ROD FLMH VD HOHNWULaQRP ]D^WLWRP RG EDNDUQLK CLFD L WUDND VD VODER SURYRGQRP EXEUH`RP WUDNRP LVSRG HOHNWULaQH ]D^WLWH L L]RODFLR QRP EXEUH`RP WUDNRP YRGR]DSWLYQL VORM L]QDG HOHNWULaQH ]D^WLWH VD DOXPLQLMXPVNRP SROLPHU WUDNRP L VSRTD^ZLP SROLHWLOHQVNLP SOD^WRP YLVRNH JXVWLQH VOE
=D L]RODFLMX NDEOD N9 WLSD ;+( $ REDYH]QD MH SULPHQD SR VWXSND VXYRJ XPUHCDYDZD
E 7LS 13+$ $ -86 1& 7R MH MHGQRCLOQL NDEO VD DOXPLQLMXPVNLP SURYRGQLNRP L L]RODFLMRP RG QDURaLWR LPSUHJQLVDQRJ SDSLUD SROXaYUVW NRPSDXQG VD SROXSUR YRGQLP VORMHP LVSRG L L]QDG L]RODFLMH VD SOD^WRP RG EH^DYQH DOX PLQLMXPVNH FHYL L VSRTD^ZLP SROLHWLOHQVNLP SOD^WRP YLVRNH JX VWLQH VOE
DOXPLQLMXPVNL RNUXJOL SURYRGQLN VODERSURYRGQL VORM SURYRGQLND L]RODFLMD RG QDURaLWR LSUHJQLVDQRJ SDSLUD L]RODFLMH
VHSWHPEDU
7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$
73
N9 N9 N9
7LSVNL SUHVHN SURYRGQLND ]D JODYQH QDSRMQH YRGRYH JUDGVNLK PUHCD MH PP $O 0H_XWLP ]D SUYH GHRQLFH YRGRYD N9 L] 76 N9 ]ERJ QHSRYRTQLK XVORYD SRODJDZD YHOLNL EURM ND EORYD X LVWRP URYX SUHSRUXaXMH VH SUHVHN SURYRGQLND PP $O
3UHVHN HOHNWULaQH ]D^WLWH VUHGZHQDSRQVNLK NDEORYD VD L]ROD FLMRP RG XPUHCHQRJ SROLHWLOHQD ;+( $ L]QRVL PP &X ]D SUHVHNH SURYRGQLND $O LOL &X PDZH RG PP PP &X ]D SUHVHNH SURYRGQLND $O LOL &X PP L YH`H
>LULQD SRMHGLQLK ]RQD ]DYLVL RG UDVSRORCLYRJ SURVWRUD $NR MH RYDM SURVWRU PDOL WDGD PDJLVWUDOQH LQVWDODFLMH YRGRYRGD L WRSORYRGD D SR SRWUHEL L GUXJH LQVWDODFLMH PRJX GD VH SRODCX X NRORYR] 8RELaDMHQD ^LULQD ]RQH ]D HQHUJHWVNH NDEORYH L]QRVL P GRN ^LULQH ]RQD ]D RVWDOH LQVWDODFLMH ]DYLVH RG NDSDFLWHWD WLK LQVWD ODFLMD L UDVSRORCLYRJ SURVWRUD 3UHSRUXaXMH VH GD VH ]D VPH^WDM SRMHGLQLK LQVWDODFLMD RGUHGL ]RQD VD REH VWUDQH XOLFH 8 RNYLUX UDVSRORCLYH ]RQH HQHUJHWVNL NDEORYL VH UDVSRUH_XMX SR ^LULQL L GXELQL 3RODJDZH HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD SDUDOHOQR VD ]LGRP LOL WHPHTHP ]JUDGH YU^L VH QD UDVWRMDZX RG QDMPDZH P (QHUJHWVNL NDEO VH SRODCH UXaQR LOL SULPHQRP PHKDQL]DFLMH 9XaHZH NDEOD YU^L VH SRPR`X ]DWH]QH aDUDSH LOL ]DWH]QH VWH]DTNH YH]DQH ]D SURYRGQLNH LOL ]D DUPDWXUX RG aHOLaQLK CLFD 1LMH GR]YRTHQR YXaHZH NDEOD PRWRUQLP YR]LORP YXaHZH NDEOD SR ]HPTL L XSUHGDZH NDEOD 3UL SRODJDZX PRUDMX GD VH LVSXQH ]DKWHYL R GR]YRTHQLP SROXSUHaQL FLPD VDYLMDZD SUHPD WDEHOL L R GR]YRTHQLP YXaQLP VLODPD SUHPD WDEHOL
7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$
VHSWHPEDU
73
]RQD ]D HQHUJHWVNH NDEORYH ]RQD ]D JDV 9 ]RQD ]D YRGRYRG 7 ]RQD ]D WHOHIRQVNH NDEORYH -2 ]RQD ]D MDYQR RVYHWTHZH .0 ]RQD NRQWDNWQH PUHCH
7LS NDEOD
33$6- 33$6;3$6 ;3$6 132 $6 13=2 $ ;+( $ 13+$
L
' '
N9
'
VSRTD^ZL SUHaQLN YL^HCLOQRJ NDEOD [mm] VSRTD^ZL SUHaQLN MHGQRCLOQRJ NDEOD [mm]
VHSWHPEDU
7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$
73
8 WDEHOL GDWH VX GR]YRTHQH YXaQH VLOH HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD X ]DYLVQRVWL RG QDaLQD YXaHZD 7DEHOD 'R]YRTHQH YXaQH VLOH HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD 1DaLQ YXaHZD NDEOD 3UHNR ]DWH]QH aDUDSH 3UHNR SURYRGQLND NDEOD 3UHNR aHO DUPDWXUH
'
7LS NDEOD
33$6- 33$6;3$6 ;3$6 ;+( $ 132 $6 13+2 $ 13+$ 13=2$
'
VSRTD^ZL SUHaQLN NDEOD [mm] 2 6$O XNXSDQ SUHVHN $O SURYRGQLND ]D NRMH VH YXaH NDEO [mm ] 2 6&X XNXSDQ SUHVHN &X SURYRGQLND ]D NRMH VH YXaH NDEO [mm ] 2 6a SUHVHN aHOLaQH DUPDWXUH ]D NRMX VH YXaH NDEO [mm ]
=DWH]QD YXaQD VLOD NRQWUROL^H VH SRPR`X GLQDPRPHWUD D YLWOR PRUD GD LPD RVLJXUDa JUDQLaQLN NRML SUHNLGD YXaHZH X VOXaDMX SUH NRUDaHZD GR]YRTHQH YXaQH VLOH =D VPDZHZH YXaQH VLOH NRULVWH VH NDEORYVNH UROQH NRMH VH SRVWDYTDMX QD UDVWRMDZD RG P GR P 1DMQLCD WHPSHUDWXUD RNROLQH SUL NRMRM MH GR]YRTHQR SRODJDZH HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD L]QRVL
7ROHUL^H VH SDG WHPSHUDWXUH L LVSRG GDWLK YUHGQRVWL X WUDMDZX RG QDMYL^H aDVD SRQR`QL PUD]HYL WRNRP aDVD SUH SRODJDZD NDEOD $NR QH PRCH GD VH L]EHJQH SRODJDZH NDEOD NDGD VX WHPSHUDWXUH RNR OLQH LVSRG SUHGKRGQR QDYHGHQLK YUHGQRVWL WDGD NDEO SUH SRODJD ZD WUHED GD VH ]DJUHMH GUCDZHP X WRSORM SURVWRULML LOL ]DJUHYDZHP RGJRYDUDMX`LP JUHMQLP WHOLPD RGQRVQR SURSX^WDZHP HOHNWULaQH VWUXMH NUR] SURYRGQLNH =DJUHMDQ NDEO WUHED ^WR EUCH GD VH WUDQVSRUWXMH L SRORCL 3UL ]DJUHYDZX NDEOD QD NDOHPX SURSX^WDZHP HOHNWULaQH VWUXMH PRUD GD VH NRQWUROL^H WHPSHUDWXUD SOD^WD VSRTD^ZHJ UHGD NDEOD NRMD QH VPH GD EXGH L]QDG R& DNR MH WHPSHUDWXUD YD]GXKD LVSRG R& RGQRVQR L]QDG R& DNR MH WHPSHUDWXUD YD]GXKD L]QDG R& 3RVOH SRODJDZD NDEOD D NRG GLUHNWQRJ SRODJDZD X ]HPTX SUH
]D SDSLUQH NDEORYH 132 $6 LWG L NDEORYH VD 39& L]RODFLMRP LLOL 39& SOD^WRP 33$6- ;+3 LWG R& ]D NDEORYH VD 83( L]RODFLMRP L 3( SOD^WRP ;+( $ LWG
R &
SRWSXQRJ ]DWUSDYDZD NDEOD WUHED GD VH L]YU^L QDSRQVNR LVSL WLYDZH NDEORYVNRJ YRGD SUHPD WDaNL L GD VH VQLPL WUDVD NDEORYVNRJ YRGD
.UDMHYL SRORCHQRJ NDEOD VH REHOHCDYDMX SRPR`X SORaLFD QD NR MLPD VH QDOD]H RVQRYQL SRGDFL R NDEOX L R]QDND SULNTXaND 1LMH GR ]YRTHQR SRVWDYTDZH RYH SORaLFH QD CLOX NDEOD 7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$ VHSWHPEDU
73
2EDYH]QR MH YR_HZH NDWDVWUD NDEORYVNLK YRGRYD QD JUDILaNRP SODQX VD SRVHEQR R]QDaHQLP PHVWLPD XNU^WDZD VD GUXJLP NDEOR YLPD L SRG]HPQLP LQVWDODFLMDPD VSRMQLP PHVWLPD WDaQLP GXCLQDPD NDEORYD L WUDVD VD XQHWLP RVQRYQLP SRGDFLPD R NDEORYVNRM ND QDOL]DFLML PHVWR GXCLQD EURM FHYL EURM UH]HUYQLK FHYL LWG
3UHSRUXaXMH VH GLUHNWQR SRODJDZH HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD X ]HPTX X NDEORYVNL URY aLMH GLPHQ]LMH ]DYLVH RG QD]QDaHQRJ QDSRQD NDEOD YUVWH WOD NDR L RG EURMD NDEORYD NRML VH SRODCX X LVWL URY 1RUPDOQD GXELQD URYD X NRML VH SRODCH NDEO L]QRVL P ]D NDEORYH N9 P GR P ]D NDEORYD N9 N9 L N9 2GVWXSDZD VX GR]YRTHQD QD PDZLP GXCLQDPD SUL XNU^WDZLPD VD GUXJLP NDEORYLPD L LQVWDODFLMDPD NDR L X VOXaDMHYLPD QHSRYRTQLK XVORYD SRODJDZD QD SULPHU NDPHQLWR WOR 7DNR_H PRUD GD VH XYDCL L SODQLUDQD NRWD WHUHQD $NR VH ]ERJ UD]QLK SUHSUHND L LQVWDODFLMD NDEO SRODCH QD PDZX GXELQX WUHED GD VH SUHGYLGL GRGDWQD ]D^WLWD NDEOD RG PHKDQLaNLK R^WH`HZD SULPHQRP ]D^WLWQLK FHYL EHWRQVNLK NDEORYLFD LWG .DEO VH SRODCH WDNR GD EXGH X VUHGLQL VORMD SRVWHTLFH GHETL QH P NRMD VH VWDYTD QD GQR NDEORYVNRJ URYD VO
=D QDELMDZH VORMD SRVWHTLFH NRULVWH VH LVNTXaLYR UXaQL QDELMDaL =D SRVWHTLFX VH NRULVWL PH^DYLQD SHVND L ^TXQND NRML LPDMX GREUH NDUDNWHULVWLNH RGYR_HZD WRSORWH YLVRN VDGUCDM NYDUFD
JUDQXODFLMH GR
PP
RWNRSD LOL GRSUHPTHQD SRG XVORYRP GD QH VDGUCL JUD_HYLQVNL ^XW NDPHZH EODWR LOL ]HPTX ]DJD_HQX KHPLNDOLMDPD
8 VOXaDMX WH^NLK XVORYD RGYR_HZD WRSORWH L RSDVQRVWL RG LVX ^LYDZD WOD QD SULPHU SUL SRODJDZX YL^H NDEORYD X LVWL URY QD L]OD]X L] 76 SUL XNU^WDZX VD WRSORYRGRP LWG NRULVWH VH SRVWH TLFH RG VSHFLMDOQLK PH^DYLQD QD SULPHU PH^DYLQD ^TXQND L
SHVND 0RUDYFD VD GRGDWNRP GR POHYHQRJ NUHaZDND PH^DYLQD SHVND L FHPHQWD LWG .DEORYVNL URY VH NRSD NDR RWYRUHQL URY 6DPR X VOXaDMX XNU^WDZD NDEOD VD WUDPYDMVNRP LOL CHOH]QLaNRP SUXJRP NDR L VD SXWHP LOL XOLFRP NDGD QH VPH GD VH RPHWD VDR EUD`DM EX^L VH RWYRU ]D FHY NUR] NRMX VH SURYODaL NDEO 8 XUEDQLP QDVHTLPD RYL UDGRYL PRUDMX GD VH YU^H YHRPD SDCTLYR ]ERJ PRJX` QRVWL R^WH`HZD GUXJLK LQVWDODFLMD .DEO VH SRODCH YLMXJDYR WDNR GD MH GXCLQD NDEOD QDMYL^H YH`D RG GXCLQH WUDVH ,VNRSDQ NDEORYVNL URY PRUD GD EXGH YLGTLYR REHOHCHQ UDGL VLJXUQRVWL SH^DND L YR]LOD 8OD]L X NX`H L SRVORYQH SURVWRULMH WUHED GD LPDMX RGJRYDUDMX`D SUHPR^`HZD VHSWHPEDU 7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$
73
=DWUSDYDZH NDEORYVNRJ URYD YU^L VH ]HPTRP L] RWNRSD LOL GRSUHPTHQRP ]HPTRP X VORMHYLPD RG SR P SUL aHPX ]D SUYL VORM NRML VH VWDYTD L]QDG SRVWHTLFH WUHED GD VH NRULVWL VLWQR ]UQDVWD ]HPTD 6ORMHYL ]HPTH L]QDG SRVWHTLFH SRMHGLQDaQR VH QDELMDMX PHKDQLaNLP QDELMDaLPD 1DMPDZD ]ELMHQRVW ]HPTH X URYX WUHED GD EXGH -86 8% 3UL ]DWUSDYDZX NDEORYVNRJ URYD L]QDG NDEOD GXC FHOH WUDVH WUHED GD VH SRVWDYH SODVWLaQH XSR]RUDYDMX`H WUDNH 3UHSRUXaXMH VH VOHGH`L UDVSRUHG XSR]RUDYDMX`LK WUDND D 3UL SRODJDZX NDEOD QD UHJXOLVDQLP SRYU^LQDPD SRVWDYTD VH MHGQD XSR]RUDYDMX`D WUDND QD P L]QDG NDEOD VOD E 3UL SRODJDZX NDEOD QD QHUHJXOLVDQLP SRYU^LQDPD SRVWDYTDMX VH GYH XSR]RUDYDMX`H WUDNH RG NRMLK MH SUYD QD P D GUXJD QD RNR P L]QDG NDEOD VOE
0,7
0,2
SRVWHTLFD
0,8
D QD UHJXOLVDQLP SRYU^LQDPD
0,4
E QD QHUHJXOLVDQLP SRYU^LQDPD
0,8
7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$
0,5
0,7
VHSWHPEDU
0,3
0,8
73
UHZHP GD VH LVSRG WUDNH QDOD]L HQHUJHWVNL NDEO >LULQD WUDNH WUHED GD EXGH RNR P D NYDOLWHW PDWHULMDOD WUHED GD JDUDQWXMH YHN WUDMDZD WUDNH RG JRGLQD =D SUHOD] LVSRG SXWD X XUEDQL]RYDQLP QDVHTLPD XPHVWR NDEORYVNH NDQDOL]DFLMH SRJODYTH PRCH GD VH NRULVWL GLUHNWQR SRODJDZH NDEORYD X ]HPTX VO X URY GXELQH P SRVWDYTD VH SRVWH TLFD NDEOD SUHPD WDaNL L]QDG NRMH VH SRVWDYTDMX DUPLUDQR EHWRQVNH SORaH VORM ]HPTH LVSXQD L VORM PU^DYRJ EHWRQD 0%
0,5
0,5
NDEO SRVWHTLFD DUPLUDQREHWRQVND SORaD VORM ]HPTH LVSXQD XSR]RUDYDMX`D WUDND EHWRP
3RVOH SRODJDZD L]UDGH NDEORYVNLK VSRMQLFD L ]DYU^QLFD QDSRQVNRJ LVSLWLYDZD NRPSOHWQRJ NDEORYVNRJ YRGD L ]DWUSDYDZD NDEORYVND WUDVD VH GRYRGL X SUYRELWQR VWDZH SODQLUD VH ]HPTD RGYR]L VH VXYL^QD ]HPTD L PDWHULMDO SRSUDYTDMX VH L DVIDOWLUDMX VDREUD`DMQLFH
VHSWHPEDU
7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$
1,4
73
.$%/296.$ .$1$/,=$&,-$
.DEORYVND NDQDOL]DFLMD VH NRULVWL QD SUHOD]LPD LVSRG NRORYR]D XOLFD SXWHYD WUDPYDMVNLK NRORVHND CHOH]QLaNLK SUXJD NROVNLK SUROD]D ]D XYR_HZH NDEORYD X 76 N9 73D NUR] GYR UL^WD ]JUDGD NDGD QH PRJX GD VH SRVWLJQX GR]YRTHQD RGVWRMDZD NDEOD X RGQRVX QD GUXJH SRG]HPQH LQVWDODFLMH LWG .DEORYVND NDQDOL]DFLMD VH L]UD_XMH RG SODVWLaQLK FHYL DOL MH GR]YRTHQD L SULPHQD SUHIDEULNRYDQLK EHWRQVNLK HOHPHQDWD ND EORYLFD ,]QDG FHYL SRVWDYTDMX VH XSR]RUDYDMX`H WUDNH 1D VO SULND]DQ MH SULPHU L]YR_HZD NDEORYVNH NDQDOL]DFLMH NR UL^`HZHP SODVWLaQLK FHYL
f_j_ m >cm]
10
10
10
73
.DEORYVNR RNQR VH NRULVWL QD PHVWX SURPHQH SUDYFD LOL QLYRD NDEORYVNH NDQDOL]DFLMH NDR L QD SUDYRM GHRQLFL NDEORYVNH NDQDOL ]DFLMH NRMD MH GXCD RG P .DEORYVNR RNQR VH L]YRGL X WURWRDUX D L]X]HWQR L X NRORYR]X XOLFH .DEORYVNR RNQR ]DMHGQR VD SRNORSFHP PRUD VWDWLaNL GD SRGQHVH VYD RSWHUH`HZD NRMD VH MDYTDMX QD PHVWX XJUDGZH
9HOLaLQD NDEORYVNRJ RNQD ]DYLVL RG EURMD NDEORYD XVORYD UDGD X RNQX GR]YRTHQRJ SROXSUHaQLND VDYLMDZD NDEORYD LWG 0LQLPDOQL XOD]QL RWYRU SRNULYHQ SRNORSFHP RG OLYHQRJ JYRC_D WUHED GD L]QRVL P [ P 1D GQX RNQD WUHED GD EXGH GUH QDCQL RWYRU %RaQL ]LGRYL RNQD PRJX GD EXGX RG EHWRQD LOL RSHND 1D VO SULND]DQ MH SULPHU L]YR_HZD NDEORYVNRJ RNQD
Eb\_gb ihNehiZp
65/65 20 180
25 10 10
25
180
25
25
65 180
25
65 180
25
25
73
'R]YRTHQR MH SDUDOHOQR YR_HZH HQHUJHWVNRJ L WHOHNRPXQLNDFL RQRJ NDEOD QD PH_XVREQRP UD]PDNX RG QDMPDZH -86 1& P ]D NDEORYH N9 N9 L N9 P ]D NDEORYH N9 8NU^WDZH HQHUJHWVNRJ L WHOHNRPXQLNDFLRQRJ NDEOD YU^L VH QD UD]PDNX RG QDMPDZH P 8JDR XNU^WDZD WUHED GD EXGH X QDVHTHQLP PHVWLPD QDMPDZH 4 SR PRJX`VWYX ^WR EOLCH 4 YDQ QDVHTHQLK PHVWD QDMPDZH 4 (QHUJHWVNL NDEO VH SR SUDYLOX SRVWDYTD LVSRG WHOHNRPXQLNDFL RQRJ NDEOD 8NROLNR QH PRJX GD VH SRVWLJQX UD]PDFL SUHPD WDaNDPD L QD WLP PHVWLPD VH HQHUJHWVNL NDEO SURYODaL NUR] ]D^WLWQX FHY DOL L WDGD UD]PDN QH VPH GD EXGH PDZL RG P 5D]PDFL L XJORYL XNU^WDZD SUHPD WDaNDPD L VH QH RGQRVH QD RSWLaNH NDEORYH DOL L WDGD UD]PDN QH VPH GD EXGH PDZL RG P
HOHNWURGLVWULEXFLMH PRJX GD VH SRODCX X LVWL URY VD HQHUJHW VNLP NDEORYLPD QD QDMPDZHP UD]PDNX NRML VH SURUDaXQRP SRNDCH
]DGRYRTDYDMX`L DOL QH PDZHP RG P
3UL SRODJDZX HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD N9 SUHSRUXaXMH VH SRODJDZH X LVWL URY L WHOHNRPXQLNDFLRQRJ NDEOD ]D SRWUHEH GDTLQVNRJ XSUDYTDZD WUDQVIRUPDWRUVNLK VWDQLFD NRMH SRYH]XMH NDEO
7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$
VHSWHPEDU
73
1D PHVWX XNU^WDZD NDEORYVNRJ YRGD VD CHOH]QLaNRP SUXJRP NDEO VH SRODCH X EHWRQVNL NDQDO RGQRVQR X EHWRQVNX LOL SODVWLaQX FHY XYXaHQX X KRUL]RQWDOQR L]EX^HQ RWYRU QDVLSD WDNR GD MH PRJX`D ]DPHQD NDEOD EH] UDVNRSDYDZD GRZHJ VWURMD SUXJH 8NU^WDZH NDEORYVNRJ YRGD VD CHOH]QLaNRP LOL WUDPYDMVNRP SUXJRP WUHED GD VH L]YHGH SRG SUDYLP XJORP L WDNR GD NDEO EXGH QDMPDZH P LVSRG JRUZH LYLFH ^LQH 0HVWR XNU^WDZD WUHED YLG TLYR GD VH REHOHCL R]QDNDPD RG EHWRQD SODVWLNH LWG 1D VO GDW MH SULPHU XNU^WDZD NDEORYVNRJ YRGD VD CHOH]QLaNRP SUXJRP
B>C 1 m
mihahjZ\Zm_ ljZd_
p_\ 100 mm
200
mihahjZ\Zm_ ljZd_
200
p_\ 100 mm
100
B>C 1m
100
VHSWHPEDU
7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$
73
1LMH GR]YRTHQR SDUDOHOQR YR_HZH HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD LVSRG LOL L]QDG YRGRYRGQLK L NDQDOL]DFLRQLK FHYL +RUL]RQWDOQL UD]PDN HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD RG YRGRYRGQH LOL NDQD
OL]DFLRQH FHYL WUHED GD L]QRVL QDMPDZH P ]D NDEORYH RGQRVQR QDMPDZH P ]D RVWDOH NDEORYH
N9
LOL L]QDG YRGRYRGQH LOL NDQDOL]DFLRQH FHYL QD UDVWRMDZX RG QDMPDZH P ]D NDEORYH N9 RGQRVQR QDMPDZH P ]D RVWDOH NDEORYH
8NROLNR QH PRJX GD VH SRVWLJQX UD]PDFL SUHPD WDaNDPD L QD WLP PHVWLPD HQHUJHWVNL NDEO VH SURYODaL NUR] ]D^WLWQX FHY
VD YRGRYRGQRP LOL NDQDOL]DFLRQRP FHYL URY VH NRSD UXaQR EH] XSRWUHEH PHKDQL]DFLMH
1LMH GR]YRTHQR SDUDOHOQR YR_HZH HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD LVSRG LOL L]QDG WRSORYRGD 3UL XNU^WDZX HQHUJHWVNL NDEO VH PRQWLUD L]QDG WRSORYRGD D L]X]HWQR L LVSRG WRSORYRGD VO ,]PH_X HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD L WRSORYRGD VH SUL XNU^WDZX SRVWDYTD WRSORWQD L]RODFLMD RG SROLXUHWDQD SHQX^DYRJ EHWRQD LWG +RUL]RQWDOQL UD]PDN HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD RG VSRTQH LYLFH NDQD OD ]D WRSORYRG VO WUHED GD L]QRVL QDMPDZH D P ]D NDEORYH N9 RGQRVQR QDMPDZH D P ]D RVWDOH NDEORYH 8NROLNR QH PRJX GD VH SRVWLJQX QDMPDZL UD]PDFL L] WDaNH SUL PHZXMX VH GRGDWQH ]D^WLWQH PHUH NRMLPD VH REH]EH_XMH GD WHPSH UDWXUQL XWLFDM WRSORYRGD QD NDEO QH EXGH YH`L RG R& NDR SRMDaDQD L]RODFLMD L]PH_X WRSORYRGD L HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD SULPHQD NDEORYD VD L]RODFLMRP RG XPUHCHQRJ SROLHWLOHQD ;3 $6- ;+( $ SULPHQD PHWDOQLK HNUDQD L]PH_X NDEOD L WRSORYRGD VO SULPHQD SRVWHTLFH RG VSHFLMDOQLK PH^DYLQD ]D ]DWUSDYDZH WRSORYRGD L NDEOD QD SULPHU PH^DYLQD ^TXQND L SHVND 0RUDYFD VD GRGDWNRP GR POHYHQRJ NUHaZDND PH^DYLQD SHVND L FHPHQWD LWG 3UL XNU^WDZX L SDUDOHOQRP YR_HZX HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD ]D MDYQR RVYHWTHZH L WRSORYRGD WUHED GD VH RVWYDUL UD]PDN RG QDMPDZH P
7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$
VHSWHPEDU
73
vr u} e mest o
73
1LMH GR]YRTHQR SDUDOHOQR YR_HZH HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD LVSRG LOL L]QDG JDVRYRGD 5D]PDN L]PH_X HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD L JDVRYRGD SUL XNU^WDZX L
SDUDOHOQRP YR_HZX WUHED GD EXGH QDMPDZH P X QDVHTHQLP PHVWLPD P L]YDQ QDVHTHQLK PHVWD
5D]PDFL PRJX GD VH VPDZH GR P DNR VH NDEO SRORCL X ]D^WLWQX FHY GXCLQH QDMPDZH P VD REH VWUDQH PHVWD XNU^WDZD LOL FHORP GXCLQRP SDUDOHOQRJ YR_HZD
0(?862%12 35,%/,#$9$:( , 8.5>7$:( (1(5*(76.,+ .$%/29$ 0H_XVREQL UD]PDN HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD YL^HCLOQLK RGQRVQR NDEORYVNRJ VQRSD WUL MHGQRCLOQD NDEOD X LVWRP URYX RGUH_XMH VH QD
RVQRYX VWUXMQRJ RSWHUH`HZD DOL QH VPH GD EXGH PDZL RG P SUL SDUDOHOQRP YR_HZX RGQRVQR P SUL XNU^WDZX 'D VH REH]EHGL GD VH X URYX NDEORYL PH_XVREQR QH GRGLUXMX L]PH_X NDEORYD PRCH FHORP GXCLQRP WUDVH GD VH SRVWDYL QL] RSHND NRMH VH PRQWLUDMX QDVDWLFH QD PH_XVREQRP UD]PDNX RG P
8NU^WDZH NDEORYVNRJ YRGD VD SXWHP L]YDQ QDVHTD YU^L VH WDNR ^WR VH NDEO SRODCH X EHWRQVNL NDQDO RGQRVQR X EHWRQVNX LOL SODVWLaQX FHY XYXaHQX X KRUL]RQWDOQR L]EX^HQ RWYRU WDNR GD MH PRJX`D ]DPHQD NDEOD EH] UDVNRSDYDZD SXWD 9HUWLNDOQL UD]PDN L]PH_X JRUZH LYLFH NDEORYVNH NDQDOL]DFLMH L SRYU^LQH SXWD WUHED GD L]QRVL QDMPDZH P VO
XS R]RUDY DMX`H XSR]RU DMX`H WUDN H UDNH XS R]RUDY DMX`H XSR]RU DMX`H WUDN H UDNH
.0;
7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$
VHSWHPEDU
73
8NU^WDZH HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD VD YRGRWRNRP UHND NDQDO LWG L]YRGL VH SRODJDZHP SUHNR PRVWRYD SRJODYTH ,]X]HWQR XNU^WDZH VD YRGRWRNRP PRCH GD VH L]YHGH SRODJDZHP NDEOD QD GQR LOL LVSRG GQD YRGRWRND 3RODJDZH HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD QD GQR YRGRWRND L]YRGL VH QD PHVWX JGH MH EU]LQD YRGH QDMPDZD L JGH QH SRVWRML PRJX`QRVW YH`HJ RGURQD ]HPTH LOL QDVLSDZD PXTD .DEORYL ]D RYR SRODJDZH PRUDMX GD EXGX SRMDaDQL DUPDWXURP RG aH OLaQLK CLFD QD SULPHU NDEO WLSD ;+( $ 3RODJDZH HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD LVSRG GQD YRGRWRND L]YRGL VH SUR YODaHZHP NUR] FHY QD GXELQL RG QDMPDZH P LVSRG GQD YRGRWRND
32/$*$:( (1(5*(76.,+ .$%/29$ 35(.2 026729$ VD SROLPHUQRP L]RODFLMRP L SROLPHUQLP SOD^WRP ;3$6 ;+( $ LWG =D SRODJDZH VUHGZHQDSRQVNLK NDEORYD SUHNR PRVWRYD VD LQWHQ ]LYQLP YLEUDFLMDPD SUHSRUXaXMH VH NRUL^`HZH WURCLOQLK ND EORYD WLSD ;+( $ 7R MH NDEO NRML VH VDVWRML RG WUL SRXCHQD
MHGQRCLOQD NDEOD ;+( $ NRML MH DUPLUDQ VD RNUXJORP SRFLQNR YDQRP CLFRP L ]D^WL`HQ SROLHWLOHQVNLP SOD^WRP
1LMH GR]YRTHQR SRODJDZH HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD VD RORYQLP SOD^WRP 132 $6 LWG SUHNR aHOLaQRUH^HWNDVWLK PRVWRYD
=D SRODJDZH SUHNR PRVWRYD GR]YRTHQR MH NRUL^`HZH SDSLUQLK NDE ORYD VD DOXPLQLMXPVNLP SOD^WRP WLSD 13+$ $
3UHSRUXaXMH VH SRODJDZH HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD LVSRG SH^DaNLK VWD]D X NDQDOLPD LOL FHYLPD 2YL NDQDOL FHYL QH VPHMX GD VOXCH ]D RGYRG DWPRVIHUVNH YRGH D PRUD GD EXGH RPRJX`HQR SULURGQR KOD_HZH NDEORYD .RG YH`HJ PRVWD MH XRELaDMHQR GD VH X ZHJRYRM XQXWUD^ZRVWL SUHGYLGL SRVHEDQ WXQHO VD NRQ]RODPD LOL LVSXVWLPD ]D QR^HZH NDEORYD 'R]YRTHQR MH L VORERGQR SRODJDZH SR NRQVWUXNFLML PRVWD DNR VX HQHUJHWVNL NDEORYL QHSULVWXSDaQL QHVWUXaQLP OLFLPD L DNR VX ]D^WL`HQL RG GLUHNWQRJ ]UDaHZD VXQFD 6YXGD JGH MH WR PRJX`H HQHUJHWVNH NDEORYH WUHED SRODJDWL EH] VSRMQLFD QD PRVWX 3UHSRUXaXMH VH GD NDEORYVNH VSRMQLFH EXGX
XGDTHQH QDMPDZH P RG NUDMHYD PRVWD $NR MH SRVWDYTDZH VSRMQLFH QD PRVWX L]QX_HQR UH^HZH VSRMQLFX WUHED PRQWLUDWL QD QRVH`L VWXE LOL QD QHNR GUXJR VWDELOQR PHVWR 7UHED L]EHJDYDWL SRODJDZH NDEORYD SUHNR GUYHQLK PRVWRYD 8 VX SURWQRP NDEORYVNL YRG VH SRODCH NUR] SODVWLaQX LOL PHWDOQX FHY 1D PHVWLPD SUHOD]D HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD VD aHOLaQH NRQVWUXNFLMH PRVWD QD REDOQH RVORQFH PRVWD NDR L QD SUHOD]LPD SUHNR GLODWD FLRQLK GHORYD PRVWD WUHED SUHGYLGHWL RGJRYDUDMX`X UH]HUYX NDEOD 7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$
VHSWHPEDU
73
3UHSRUXaXMH VH SRODJDZH MHGQRCLOQLK NDEORYD ;+( $ 13+$ $ LWG X WURXJODVWRP VQRSX VOD 1D NUD`LP GHRQLFDPD GR]YRTHQR MH L SRODJDZH X KRUL]RQWDOQRM UDYQL QD PH_XVREQRP UD]PDNX RG D P VOE 6QRS VH IRUPLUD SURYODaHZHP NDEORYD NUR] RGJRYDUDMX`X PDWULFX SUL RGPRWDYDZX VD WUL NDOHPD )RUPLUDQL VQRS VH QD VYDNLK P GR P RPRWDYD REXMPLFRP VDPROHSTLYRP WUDNRP LWG
a
D X WURXJODVWRP VQRSX
E X KRUL]RQWDOQRM UDYQL
.UR] aHOLaQX FHY GR]YRTHQR MH SURYODaHZH VQRSD NRML aLQH MHGQRCLOQL NDEORYL VYH WUL ID]H
=D SULaYU^`LYDZH MHGQRCLOQLK NDEORYD PRJX GD VH NRULVWH VDPR REXMPLFH RG QHIHURPDJQHWQRJ PDWHULMDOD EDNDU DOXPLQL MXP SODVWLND LWG 1D RED NUDMD NDEORYVNRJ YRGD WUHED JDOYDQVNL GD VH SRYHCX
,]X]HWQR DNR 83( NDEO N9 L N9 ;+( $ LWG SRYH]XMH 76 VD VDPR MHGQRP 76 N9 D SURUDaXQRP LOL PH UHZHP VH GRNDCH GD SRVWRML RSDVQRVW RG L]QR^HZD SRWHQFLMDOD L] 76 N9 WDGD HOHNWULaQH ]D^WLWH 83( NDEORYD PRJX GD RVWDQX L]RORYDQH X RGQRVX QD X]HPTHZH 76 N9 YLGL SR JODYTH X 73
N9
PHWDOQL SOD^WRYL LOL HOHNWULaQH ]D^WLWH VYD WUL MHGQRCLOQD NDEOD L GD VH X]HPTL RYDM VSRM
7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$
VHSWHPEDU
73
.$%/296., 35,%25
.DEORYVNL SULERU VOXCL ]D ]DWYDUDZH NUDMHYD NDEOD UDGL VSUHaD YDZD SURGRUD YODJH ^WR VH RVWYDUXMH SRPR`X NDEORYVNLK ]DYU^QLFD JODYD ]D XQXWUD^ZX L VSRTD^ZX PRQWDCX L NDEORYVNLK VSRMQLFD
6WH]DTNH VD ]DYUWZLPD NRULVWH VH X UDaYDVWLP VSRMQLFDPD 7 LOL < SULNTXaFL NDR L ]D SULNTXaHZH NUDMHYD HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD QLVNRJ QDSRQD QD VDELUQLFH UD]YRGQH WDEOH WUDQVIRUPDWRUVNH VWD QLFH 73D LOL NDEORYVNH SULNTXaQH NXWLMH 'RGDWDN 73 3RYH]LYDZH RGYRMQRJ NDEOD X UDaYDVWRM VSRMQLFL L]YRGL VH EH] SUH VHFDZD SURYRGQLND JODYQRJ YRGD =D VYDNL WLS SUHVH LOL VWH]DTNH VD ]DYUWZLPD NDR L ]D FHORNXSDQ PDWHULMDO ]D SUHVRYDZH PRUD GD VH REH]EHGL DWHVW RYOD^`HQH QH]DYLVQH LQVWLWXFLMH
33$6- ;3$6 LWG VH NRULVWH NDEORYVNH VSRMQLFH L ]DYU^QLFH RG WRSORVNXSTDMX`LK LOL KODGQRVNXSTDMX`LK HOHPHQDWD LOL VD QDOLYQLP VLVWHPLPD RG HSRNVLGD LOL SROLXUHWDQD $ 132 $6 LWG SUHSRUX aXMH VH NRUL^HZH NDEORYVNLK VSRMQLFD L ]DYU^QLFD RG WRSOR VNXSTDMX`LK KODGQRVNXSTDMX`LK LOL SUHIDEULNRYDQLK HOHPH QDWD
=D NDEORYH VD SDSLUQRP L]RODFLMRP 132 $6 LWG GR]YRTHQR MH NRUL^`HZH L NODVLaQRJ NDEORYVNRJ SULERUD
.DEORYVNH VSRMQLFH L ]DYU^QLFH WUHED GD PRQWLUDMX VWUXaQR REXaHQL UDGQLFL NRML VWULNWQR SULPHZXMX VYD XSXWVWYD L ]DKWHYH SURL]YR_DaD SRVHEQR X YH]L WHKQROR^NH aLVWR`H QHSUHNLGQRVWL HOHNWULaQH ]D^WLWH VODERSURYRGQLK VORMHYD L SOD^WD VUHGZHQD SRQVNLK NDEORYD LWG .DEORYVND ]DYU^QLFD VUHGZHQDSRQVNRJ NDEOD PRUD GD SRVHGXMH SULERU VWH]DTND SOHWHQLFD ]D X]HPTHZH LWG ]D MHGQRVWDYQR SULNTXaHZH PHWDOQRJ SOD^WD L DUPDWXUH RGQRVQR HOHNWULaQH ]D^ WLWH NDEOD QD X]HPTLYDa WUDQVIRUPDWRUVNH VWDQLFH LOL VWXED .DEORYVND VSRMQLFD VH SRVHEQR QH X]HPTXMH QH]DYLVQR RG WRJD GD OL MH RG L]RODFLRQRJ PDWHULMDOD LOL PHWDOQD .RG L]UDGH NDEORYVNH ]DYU^QLFH REDYH]QD MH SULPHQD X]GXCQR ]DS WLYHQLK VWRSLFD SDSXaLFD 7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$
VHSWHPEDU
73
VOD WRSORVNXSTDMX`D VSRMQLFD ]D 11 83( LOL 39& NDEO VOE WRSORVNXSTDMX`D ]DYU^QLFD ]D VSRTD^ZX PRQWDCX ]D
VUHGZHQDSRQVNL MHGQRCLOQL 83( NDEO VOY WRSORVNXSTDMX`D VSRMQLFD ]D VUHGZHQDSRQVNL MHGQR CLOQL 83( NDEO
VSRTD^ZL SOD^W NDEOD CLOD NDEOD VSRMQD aDXUD ]D SUHVRYDZH WRSORVNXSTDMX`D FHY ]D CLOX NDEOD VSRTD^ZD WRSORVNXSTDMX`D FHY
.DEO
N9 N9 N9
/PLQ
[m]
NDEORYVND SDSXaD JXPHQD WUDND ]D LVSXQX L ]DSWLYDZH L]RODFLRQL aODQFL GYRVORMQD NRPSR]LWQD WRSORVNXSTDMX`D FHY PDUDPLFD ]D UHJXODFLMX SRTD L]RODFLMD NDEOD VODERSURYRGQL VORM EDNDUQL HNUDQ ]D X]HPTHZH VSRTD^ZL SOD^W NDEOD
VHSWHPEDU
PLQ
73
VSRTD^ZL SOD^W NDEOD EDNDUQL HNUDQ VODERSURYRGQL VORM PDUDPLFD ]D UHJXODFLMX HOHNWULaQRJ SRTD GYRVORMQD NRPSR]LWQD WRSORVNXSTDMX`D FHY EDNDUQD PUHCDVWD WUDND L]RODFLMD NDEOD VODERSURYRGQD WUDND VSRMQH aDXUH ]D SUHVRYDZH VSRTD^ZD ]D^WLWQD WRSORVNXSTDMX`D FHY
6OY 7RSORVNXSTDMX`D NDEORYVND VSRMQLFD ]D 61 NDEO ,63,7,9$:( (1(5*(76.,+ .$%/29$ , .$%/296.2* 35,%25$
,VSLWLYDZH HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD VD SDSLUQRP L]RODFLMRP 132 $6 13+2 $ 13+$ $ LWG YU^L VH SUHPD -86 1&
,VSLWLYDZH HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD VD L]RODFLMRP RG SROLPHUQLK PDWHULMDOD ;3$6- 33$6 ;+( $ LWG YU^L VH SUHPD -86
1& -86 1&
,VSLWLYDZH NDEOD L NDEORYVNRJ SULERUD YU^L VH NDR REDYH]QR NRPDGQR LVSLWLYDZH LVSLWLYDZH WLSD VSHFLMDOQR SRVHEQR LVSLWLYDZH L SULMHPQR LVSLWLYDZH .DEORYL L NDEORYVNL SULERU PRUDMX GD SRVHGXMX DWHVW RYOD^`H QH QH]DYLVQH LQVWLWXFLMH
2EDYH]QR NRPDGQR LVSLWLYDZH MH LVSLWLYDZH NRMH VH YU^L QD VYDNRM SURL]YHGHQRM GXCLQL NDEOD LOL VYDNRP HOHPHQWX NDEORYVNRJ SULERUD D REXKYDWD PHUHZH HOHNWULaQH RWSRUQRVWL SURYRGQLND -86 1& REDYH]QD QDSRQVND LVSLWLYDZD WDEHOH L PHUHZH IDNWRUD GLHOHNWULaQLK JXELWDND ]D SDSLUQH NDEORYH QD ]QDaHQRJ QDSRQD N9 L N9 13+2 $ 13=2 $ LVSLWLYDZH SDUFLMDOQLK SUDCZHZD ]D VUHGZHQDSRQVNH NDEORYH VD SROLPHUQRP L]RODFLMRP ;+( $ LWG 6SHFLMDOQD LVSLWLYDZD VH YU^H GD EL VH SURYHULOR GD OL NDEO LVSXZDYD ]DKWHYH VWDQGDUGD SR NRMHP MH SURL]YHGHQ VWYDU VX SRVHE QRJ GRJRYRUD L]PH_X SURL]YR_DaD L NRULVQLND D REXKYDWDMX SURYHUX NRQVWUXNFLMH GLPHQ]LMD SURYRGQLND L]RODFLMH L ]D ^WLWQLK VORMHYD QDSRQVNR LVSLWLYDZH ]D VUHGZHQDSRQVNH NDEORYH L WR aHWYRURaDVRYQR ]D NDEORYH VD SROLPHUQRP L]RODFLMRP VD WUR VWUXNRP YUHGQR^`X ID]QRJ QDSRQD PLQXWQR ]D SDSLUQH NDEORYH VD YUHGQRVWLPD QDL]PHQLaQLK MHGQRVPHUQLK LVSLWQLK QDSRQD XYH`DQH ]D SXWD SXWD X RGQRVX QD YUHGQRVWL GDWH X WDEHOL ,VSLWLYDZH WLSD MH LVSLWLYDZH NRMH YU^L SURL]YR_Da QD QRYRP WLSX NDEOD VSRMQLFH LOL ]DYU^QLFH NDR SUHGVWDYQLNX GUXJLK LVWLK LOL VOLaQLK WLSRYD VHSWHPEDU 7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$
73
,VSLWLYDZH WLSD SR SUDYLOX VH QH YU^L DNR SURL]YR_Da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aQLP QDSRQRP DOL VH SUHSRUXaXMH LVSLWLYDZH MHGQR VPHUQLP QDSRQRP ,VSLWQL QDSRQ VH SULNTXaXMH L]PH_X MHGQH CLOH L PHWDOQRJ SOD^WD SUL aHPX VH NRG WURCLOQRJ NDEOD SUHRVWDOH GYH CLOH YH]XMX ]D PHWDOQL SOD^W 9UHGQRVWL LVSLWQLK QDSRQD GDWH VX X WDEHOL 7DEHOD ,VSLWQL QDSRQL SDSLUQLK NDEORYD 1D]QDaHQL QDSRQ NDEOD
[ Uo/U ]
N9 N9 N9
VD L]RODFLMRP RG SROLPHUQLK PDWHULMDOD ;3$6- 33$6 ;+( $ LWG YU^L VH QDL]PHQLaQLP QDSRQRP NRG VUHGZHQDSRQVNLK NDEORYD L QD L]PHQLaQLP LOL MHGQRVPHUQLP QDSRQRP NRG QLVNRQDSRQVNLK NDEORYD
9UHGQRVWL LVSLWQLK QDSRQD L GXCLQH WUDMDZD LVSLWLYDZD GDWH VX X WDEHOL ,VSLWQL QDSRQ VH SULNTXaXMH L]PH_X CLOH L HOHNWULaQH ]D^WLWH NRG VUHGZHQDSRQVNLK NDEORYD RGQRVQR L]PH_X MHGQH CLOH L SUHRVWDOLK CLOD YH]DQLK QD NUDWNR PH_XVREQR L VD ]HPTRP 7DEHOD ,VSLWQL QDSRQL 39& L 1D]QDaHQL QDSRQ NDEOD
83(
NDEORYD
83(
[ Uo/U ]
N9 N9 N9 N9
[ 5 min ]
[ 24 h ]
[ 15 min ]
1DSRQVNR LVSLWLYDZH SOD^WD VUHGZHQDSRQVNRJ NDEOD YU^L VH DNR MH SOD^W L]UD_HQ RG 39&D LOL SROLHWLOHQD ,VSLWLYDZH VH YU^L MHGQRVPHUQLP QDSRQRP NRML VH SULNTXaXMH L]PH _X HOHNWULaQH ]D^WLWH LOL DUPDWXUH LOL PHWDOQRJ SOD^WD L ]HPTH 9LVLQD MHGQRVPHUQRJ LVSLWQRJ QDSRQD L]QRVL N9 9UHPH LVSLWLYDZD SOD^WD NDEOD L]QRVL PLQ
7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$
VHSWHPEDU
73
3RVOH SRODJDZD VSDMDZD L ]DYU^DYDZD NDEOD YU^L VH QDSRQVNR LVSLWLYDZH NDEORYVNRJ YRGD 1DSRQVNR LVSLWLYDZH YU^L VH L SRVOH RSUDYNH VUHGZHQDSRQVNRJ NDEOD 1DSRQVNR LVSLWLYDZH SRVOH SRODJDZD YU^L VH SUHPD WDaNL ]D 132 NDEORYH L WDaNL ]D 83( NDEORYH ,VSLWLYDZH 39& NDEORYD N9 SRVOH SRODJDZD YU^L VH QD L]PHQLaQLP QDSRQRP N9 LOL MHGQRVPHUQLP QDSRQRP N9 9UHPH LVSLWLYDZD L]QRVL PLQ
6WUXMQR RSWHUH`HZH HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD WUHED GD EXGH RJUDQLaHQR WDNR GD WRSORWD SURL]YHGHQD X NDEOX EXGH RGYHGHQD X RNROLQX L GD VH QH SUHNRUDaL PDNVLPDOQD GR]YRTHQD WHPSHUDWXUD SURYRGQLND X QRUPDOQRP SRJRQX L X NUDWNRP VSRMX 'R]YRTHQR VWUXMQR RSWHUH`HZH NDEORYVNRJ YRGD UDaXQD VH SUHPD L]UD]X
,GR]
= N RS N W N W NEN ,QG
JGH MH ,GR] GR]YRTHQR VWUXMQR RSWHUH`HZH NDEORYVNRJ YRGD X DPSHULPD $ NRS VDaLQLODF SURPHQH GR]YRTHQRJ VWUXMQRJ RSWHUH`HZD NDEORYVNRJ YRGD RG IDNWRUD RSWHUH`HZD P L L]QRVL NRS ]D VWDOQR LQGXVWULMVNR RSWHUH`HZH IDNWRU RSWHUH`HZD P L NRS ]D SURPHQTLYR GLVWULEXWLYQR RSWHUH`HZH IDNWRU RSWHUH `HZD P
NW
VDaLQLODF SURPHQH GR]YRTHQRJ VWUXMQRJ RSWHUH`HZD NDEORYVNRJ YRGD RG WHPSHUDWXUH WOD W QD GXELQL SRODJDZD NDEOD L X RSVHJX R& W R& UDaXQD VH SUHPD L]UD]X
N W
= + ( W )
NW
NEN
,QG
YRGD RG VSHFLILaQH WRSORWQH RWSRUQRVWL WOD W L GRELMD VH L] WDEHOH VDaLQLODF SURPHQH GR]YRTHQRJ VWUXMQRJ RSWHUH`HZD NDEORYVNRJ YRGD RG EURMD SRORCHQLK YRGRYD EN X URYX L PH_XVREQRJ XGDTHZD NDEORYVNLK YRGRYD D L GRELMD VH L] WDEHOH QD]QDaHQD YUHGQRVW GR]YRTHQRJ VWUXMQRJ RSWHUH`HZD NDEORY VNRJ YRGD X DPSHULPD $ NRMX GDMH SURL]YR_Da NDEOD ]D SUDN WLaQH SURUDaXQH PRJX GD VH NRULVWH SRGDFL L] WDEHOD D L E ]D UHIHUHQWQH XVORYH NRML VX GDWL X LVWLP WDEHODPD WHPSHUDWXUD WOD W R& VSHFLILaQD WRSORWQD RWSRUQRVW WOD W = .P: GXELQD SRODJDZD K P K P ]D NDEO N9 GLVWULEXWLYQR RSWHUH`HZH NRS MHGDQ NDEORYVNL YRG X URYX
=D RGUH_HQL WLS HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD L UD]OLaLWH XVORYH SRODJDZD X QD^LP VWDQGDUGLPD VX GDWH YUHGQRVWL VDaLQLRFD NRUHNFLRQLK IDN WRUD NW NW L NEN 9UHGQRVWL RYLK VDaLQLODFD VX SUHNR L]UD]D L
VHSWHPEDU
7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$
73
WDEHOD X WDaNL SULODJR_HQH ]D SUDNWLaQH SURUDaXQH WDNR GD VH GRELMDMX YUHGQRVWL VD QDMYH`RP JUH^NRP RG 3URPHQD GXELQH SRODJDZD NDEOD LOL JHRPHWULMVNLK NDUDNWHULVWLND NDEOD LPDMX UHODWLYQR PDOL XWLFDM QD GR]YRTHQR VWUXMQR RSWHUH `HZH NDEOD )DNWRU RSWHUH`HZD P MH RGQRV VUHGZHJ L PDNVLPDOQRJ RSWHUH`HZD L L]QRVL P ]D VWDOQR LQGXVWULMVNR RSWHUH`HZH GRN ]D SUR PHQTLYR GLVWULEXWLYQR RSWHUH`HZH L]QRVL RNR P L WR SULEOLCQR RGJRYDUD GQHYQRP GLMDJUDPX RSWHUH`HZD VD FLNOLaQLP VPHZLYDZHP PDNVLPDOQRJ RSWHUH`HZD X WUDMDZX RG VDWL VD RSWH UH`HZHP X YLVLQL PDNVLPDOQRJ RSWHUH`HZD X QDUHGQLK VDWL 6SHFLILaQD WRSORWQD RWSRUQRVW WOD W ]DYLVL RG YUVWH WOD ^TXQDN SHVDN ]HPTD L] RWNRSD LWG L VDGUCDMD YODJH X WOX X WRNX JRGLQH 8 YUHPH PDNVLPDOQRJ JRGL^ZHJ RSWHUH`HZD GLVWULEXWLYQRJ NRQ]XPD ]LPVNL SHULRG UDaXQD VH VD QRUPDOQRP YODCQR^`X WOD LVSRG VORERGQLK L DVIDOWLUDQLK SRYU^LQD X NRMLPD VH QDOD]L NDEO WDNR GD VH ]D SUDNWLaQH SURUDaXQH L SURVHaQH XVORYH UDGD GLVWUL EXWLYQH PUHCH L SRODJDZD X VNODGX VD RYRP SUHSRUXNRP PRCH GD XVYRML W .P: NW RVLP ]D GRPLQDQWQR SHVNRYLWR WOR NDGD PRCH GD VH XVYRML W
.P:
L WDGD MH NW
.DGD VH X LVWL URY SRODCH YHOLNL EURM HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD QD SULPHU QD L]OD]X L] 76 ; N9 L 76 ; N9 YUHGQRVW VDaLQLRFD NEN WDEHOD PRCH GD EXGH YHRPD PDOD L SUHQRVQD PR` NDEORYD ]QDWQR XPDZHQD 7DNYL VOXaDMHYL WUHED SRVHEQR GD VH DQDOL]LUDMX 3UREOHP VH UH^DYD XVYDMDZHP YH`HJ SUHVHND SURYRGQLND YRGD WDaND SULPHQRP NDEORYD VD L]RODFLMRP RG XPUHCHQRJ SROLHWLOHQD WLSD ;3$6- ;+( $ LWG SULPHQRP SRVWHTLFH RG VSHFLMDOQLK PH^DYLQD QD SULPHU PH^D YLQD ^TXQND L SHVND 0RUDYFD VD GRGDWNRP GR POHYHQRJ NUHaZDND PH^DYLQD SHVND L FHPHQWD LWG 5DVSRUHG NDEORYD SUL SRODJDZX X LVWL URY PRCH GD EXGH X MHGQRP QLYRX LOL X GYD QLYRD SDNHW NDEORYD .RUHNFLRQL IDNWRUL X RED RYD VOXaDMD VX SULEOLCQR MHGQDNL ]D MHGQDN EURM NDEORYD X URYX =DWR VH SRODJDZH X GYD QLYRD SUHSRUXaXMH WDPR JGH MH SURVWRU ]D VPH^WDM NDEORYD PDOL L JGH SRVWRMH XVORYL ]D SRX]GDQR RWNULYDZH NYDUD X NDEOX L ZHJRYX RSUDYNX 'R]YRTHQR VWUXMQR RSWHUH`HZH NDEOD X ]LPVNRP SHULRGX ,GR]= YUHPH PDNVLPDOQRJ JRGL^ZHJ RSWHUH`HZD GLVWULEXWLYQRJ NRQ]XPD RGQRVQR X OHWZHP SHULRGX ,GR]/ ]D SURVHaQH NDUDNWHULVWLNH WOD W = .P: MHGDQ NDEO X URYX L RVWDOH XVORYH NRML VX NDUDNWHUL VWLaQL ]D NRQ]XPQR SRGUXaMH 6UELMH UDaXQDMX VH L] RGQRVD
,GR]=
,QG L ,GR]/
,QG
,GR]=
JGH MH ,QG QD]QDaHQD YUHGQRVW GR]YRTHQRJ VWUXMQRJ RSWHUH`HZD NDEOD aLMH YUHGQRVWL VX GDWH X WDEHODPD D L E
7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$
VHSWHPEDU
73
= + ( W )
7DEHOD 6DaLQLODF SURPHQH GR]YRTHQRJ VWUXMQRJ RSWHUH`HZD NDE ORYVNRJ YRGD RG VSHFLILaQH WRSORWQH RWSRUQRVWL WOD W
W [Km/W]
NW 132 83( 39&
7DEHOD 6DaLQLODF SURPHQH GR]YRTHQRJ VWUXMQRJ RSWHUH`HZD NDEORYVNRJ YRGD RG EURMD EN NDEORYD SRORCHQLK X URYX %URM NDEORYD X URYX EN
NEN D D D
= P = P
7DEHOD D 1D]QDaHQH YUHGQRVWL GR]YRTHQLK VWUXMQLK RSWHUH`HZD 11 NDEORYD ]D SURPHQTLYR GLVWULEXWLYQR RSWHUH`HZH 1D]QDaHQL SUHVHN NDEOD 1D]QDaHQD YUHGQRVW GR]YRTHQH VWUXMH Ind [ A ]
39& &X
[mm ]
&
NDEO
$O &X
NDEO
$O
W =
W = .P: NRS
K
= P EN
7DEHOD E 1D]QDaHQH YUHGQRVWL GR]YRTHQLK VWUXMQLK RSWHUH`HZD 61 NDEORYD ]D SURPHQTLYR GLVWULEXWLYQR RSWHUH`HZH 1D]QDaHQL SUHVHN NDEOD 1D]QDaHQD YUHGQRVW GR]YRTHQH VWUXMH Ind [ A ]
132 N9 &X
NDEO
N9 &X $O N9 &X
83(
NDEO
N9 &X $O
[mm ]
[ [
N9 $O
[ W = & W = .P: EN NRS K = P K = P ]D NDEO N9 132 83(
NDEO WURCLOQL 132 $6 13=2 $ LWG NDEO WUL MHGQRCLOQD X VQRSX ;+( $ LWG 7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$
VHSWHPEDU
73
.RMX VQDJX X QD^LP XVORYLPD PRJX GD SUHQHVX SRMHGLQDaQR SRORCHQL HQHUJHWVNL NDEORYL QD WHULWRULML VWDURJ %HRJUDGD L 1RYRJ %HRJUDGD D XRaL 1RYH JRGLQH YUHPH PDNVLPDOQRJ JRGL^ZHJ RSWHUH`HZD NRQ]XPD E X OHWZLP PHVHFLPD" Y 2GDEUDWL 11 NDEORYH NRMLP WUHED SUHQHWL PDNVLPDOQX UDVSRORCLYX VQDJX (7D X 76 ; N9 LQVWDOLVDQH VQDJH N9$
5H^HZH
^WR RGJRYDUD REDYTHQLP GXJRJRGL^ZLP PHUHZLPD QD GXELQDPD NRMH VX SUL EOLCQH GXELQDPD SRODJDZD HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD P GR P SD VDaL QLODF SURPHQH GR]YRTHQRJ VWUXMQRJ RSWHUH`HZD NDEORYVNRJ YRGD RG WHP SHUDWXUH WOD W L]QRVL
N W
R &
GR NWV% =D GDTL SURUDaXQ XVYRMDPR NWV% ^WR PRCH GD VH NRULVWL L NDR SURVHaQD JRGL^ZD YUHGQRVW ]D WHULWRULMX 6UELMH 6SHFL ILaQD WRSORWQD RWSRUQRVW WOD ]D 1RYL %HRJUDG SHVDN VH NUH`H W .P: X YUHPH PDNVLPDOQRJ JRGL^ZHJ RSWHUH`HZD GLVWULEXWLYQRJ NRQ ]XPD ]LPL GR W .P: OHWL SD SUHPD WDEHOL GRELMDPR VDaL QLODF NW1% ]LPL L NW1% OHWL 1D]QDaHQH YUHGQRVWL GR]YRTHQLK VWUXMQLK RSWHUH`HZD ,QG ]D SURPHQTLYR GLVWULEXWLYQR RSWHUH`HZH NRS L P GDWH VX X WDEHODPD GRN ]D VWDOQR LQGXVWULMVNR RSWHUH`HZH RGJRYDUDMX`H YUHGQRVWL L] WLK WDEHOD WUHED SRPQRCLWL IDNWRURP NRS P 3UHPD WRPH GR]YRTHQR VWUXMQR RSWHUH`HZH NDEORYVNRJ YRGD ]D GLVWUL EXWLYQR RSWHUH`HZH X ]LPVNRP SHULRGX QD WHULWRULML VWDURJ %HRJUDGD WR MH L SURVHN ]D WHULWRULMX 6UELMH ,GR]=V% L 1RYRJ %HRJUDGD ,GR]=1% EL`H
,GR]=V% ,GR]=1%
6SHFLILaQD WRSORWQD RWSRUQRVW WOD W ]DYLVL RG YUVWH WOD ^TXQDN SHVDN ]HPTD L] RWNRSD LWG L VDGUCDMD YODJH X WOX X WRNX JRGLQH 8 ]LPVNLP PHVHFLPD NDGD MH L PDNVLPDOQR RSWHUH`HZH GLVWULEXWLYQRJ NRQ]XPD UDaXQD VH VD QRUPDOQRP YODCQR^`X WOD ^WR MH SRYRTQR VD VWDQRYL^WD GR]YRTHQLK VWUXMQLK RSWHUH`HZD 8 VWDURP GHOX %HRJUDGD W VH NUH`H RG W .P: GR W .P: SD SUHPD WDEHOL VDaLQLODF SURPHQH GR]YRTHQH VWUXMH L]QRVL NWV%
= N RS N W NWV% N EN ,QG = ,QG = ,QG = N RS N W NW1% NEN ,QG = ,QG = ,QG
PP $O
1D SULPHU NDEO 132 $6 N9 [ SURVHaQR GD VH RSWHUHWL WDEHOD E
,GR]=V%
,QG
GRN EL X XVORYLPD OR^H VSHFLILaQH WRSORWQH RWSRUQRVWL WOD QRUPDOQR YODCDQ SHVDN WOR LVSRG DVIDOWLUDQLK LOL VORERGQLK SRYU^LQD QD WHUL WRULML 1RYRJ %HRJUDGD PRJDR GD VH RSWHUHWL VD
7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$
VHSWHPEDU
73
8 WDEHOL 3UD GDMX VH UH]XOWDWL SURUDaXQD GR]YRTHQLK VWUXMQLK RSWHUH`HZD VQDJD NDEORYD X YUHPH PDNVLPDOQRJ JRGL^ZHJ RSWHUH ,QG ]D `HZD GLVWULEXWLYQRJ NRQ]XPD ]LPVNL SHULRG ,GR]=
NDEORYH VD DOXPLQLMXPVNLP SURYRGQLFLPD NRML VH ]D SURVHaQH NDUDNWH ULVWLNH WOD W = .P: NRULVWH X GLVWULEXWLYQLP PUHCDPD 6UELMH
8 VOXaDMX QDSDMDZD SRWUR^DaD VD VWDOQLP RSWHUH`HZHP LQGXVWULMD YUHGQRVWL L] WDEHOH 3UD WUHED SRPQRCLWL IDNWRURP NRS
7DEHOD 3UD 'R]YRTHQD VWUXMQD RSWHUH`HZD VQDJH NDEORYD VD $O SURYRGQLFLPD X ]LPVNRP SHULRGX
FRV ,]RODFLMD NDEOD 3UHVHN $O SURYRGQLND GR]YRTHQD VWUXMD GR]YRTHQD VQDJD
N9 N9 N9 N9
[mm ]
[A] [kW*]
[A] [MVA]
NRS
[A] [MVA]
[A] [MVA]
39&
132
83(
GLVWULEXWLYQL NRQ]XP
E 1D RVQRYX REDYTHQLK PHUHZD XVYDMDPR GD VUHGZD GQHYQD WHPSHUDWXUD WOD X OHWZHP SHULRGX L]QRVL W R& SD VDaLQLODF SURPHQH GR]YRTHQRJ VWUXMQRJ RSWHUH`HZD NDEORYVNRJ YRGD RG WHPSHUDWXUH WOD W L]QRVL NW
GRN VDaLQLRFL NW NEN L NRS LPDMX YUHGQRVWL GDWH SRG D 3UHPD WRPH GR]YRTHQR VWUXMQR RSWHUH`HZH NDEORYVNRJ YRGD X OHWZHP SHULRGX QD WHULWRULML VWDURJ %HRJUDGD WR MH L SURVHN ]D WHULWRULMX 6UELMH ,GR]/V% L 1RYRJ %HRJUDGD ,GR]/1% EL`H
,GR]/V% ,GR]/1%
= N RS N W N WV% NEN ,QG = ,QG = ,QG ,GR]=V% = N RS N W N W1% N EN ,QG = ,QG = ,QG ,GR]=1%
N9 [ PP $O
,QG
GRN EL X XVORYLPD OR^H VSHFLILaQH WRSORWQH RWSRUQRVWL WOD VXY SHVDN OHWL WHULWRULMD 1RYRJ %HRJUDGD PRJDR GD VH RSWHUHWL
,GR]/1%
,QG
$ 09$
.P: ,QG
QR VWUXMQR RSWHUH`HZH NDEOD X OHWZHP SHULRGX MH ,GR]/ L] WDEHOD D L E
VHSWHPEDU 7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$
GR]YRTH L GRELMD VH
73
Y 'R]YRTHQR VWUXMQR RSWHUH`HZH (7D X YUHPH PDNVLPDOQRJ JRGL^ ZHJ RSWHUH`HZD GLVWULEXWLYQRJ NRQ]XPD ]LPVNL SHULRG ,GR](7 L]QRVL
,Q
N9$
8 76 ; N9 LPD L]YRGD 11 73D SD VYDNL NDEO WUHED GD SUHQHVH X $ X VLVWHPX QDSDMDZD SURVHNX RNR N9$ RGQRVQR VWUXMX , [ 9 LOL , $ X VLVWHPX QDSDMDZD [ 9 ,] WDEHOH 3UD VH YLGL GD RYH VWUXMH PRJX SRMHGLQDaQR GD SUHQHVX L 39& NDEORYL SUHVHND PP $O 0H_XWLP ]ERJ SRODJDZD YL^H NDEORYD X LVWL URY QD L]OD]X L] 76 GDTX DQDOL]X `HPR L]YHVWL ]D 39& L 83( NDEORYH WLSVNRJ SUHVHND PP $O 2YD DQDOL]D `H SRND]DWL WDEHOD 3UY GD SUHVHN SURYRGQLND PP $ RPRJX`DYD GD VH PDNVLPDOQD VQDJD (7D PRCH GD L]QHVH L] 76 L SRG QDMWHCLP UHDOQLP XVORYLPD DNR EL VH VYLK 11 NDEORYD SRORCLOR X LVWL URY EN NEN ,GR]= $ > I1). 0H_XWLP YUHGQRVWL QD]QDaHQLK VWUXMD 19 RVLJXUDaD VH ELUDMX SUHPD GR]YRTHQLP VWUXMDPD YRGD WDNR GD VX VWYRUHQL XVORYL GD VH SUHNR RYLK YRGRYD GHOLPLaQR UH]HUYLUDMX L SRWUR^DaL VXVHGQLK 76 .DR LOXVWUDFLMX QDYRGLPR SULPHU NDGD VH NDEORYL SR L]ODVNX L] 76 JUDQDMX X GYD VPHUD WDNR GD MH X LVWRP URYX EN NDEOD ^WR EL PRJOR GD VH WUHWLUD L NDR WLSVNR UH^HZH ,] WDEHOH GRELMDPR GD VDaLQLODF NEN L]QRVL QDMPDZH NEN WDNR GD GR]YRTHQR VWUXMQR RSWHUH`HZH ,GR]= VYDNRJ RG NDEOD X URYX X RGQRVX QD RGJRYDUDMX`H GR]YRTHQR VWUXMQR RSWHUH`HZH SRMHGLQDaQR SRORCHQRJ NDEOD ,GR]= NRMH VPR SURUDaXQDOL SRG D WDEHOD 3UD ]D NDEO SUHVHND PP $O L]QRVL QDMPDZH
,GR]= NEN ,GR]=
$
]D
39&
NDEO L ,GR]=
$
]D
83(
NDEO
19 RVLJXUDa PRCH WUDMQR GD SUHQRVL VWUXMX aLMD MH YUHGQRVW QDMPDZH YH`D RG QD]QDaHQH VWUXMH 0H_XWLP SR^WR NRG SRODJDZD NDEOD X LVWL URY PRCH UHDOQR GD VH REH]EHGL UD]PDN L]PH_X NDEORYD YH`L RG FP ^WR EL GDOR YUHGQRVW VDaLQLRFD NEN QH^WR YH`X RG L ]DWR X RED VOXaDMD ELUDPR 19 RVLJXUDa ,QR $ $NR EL KWHOL GD VH ]ERJ ]DKWHYD UH]HUYL UDZD SRWUR^DaD VXVHGQLK 76 XSRWUHEH 19 RVLJXUDaL ,QR $ QD L]OD]X L] 76 WUHED GD NRULVWLPR 83( NDEORYH L SRVWHTLFX RG VSHFLMDOQLK PH^D YLQD QD SULPHU PH^DYLQD ^TXQND L SHVND 0RUDYFD VD GRGDWNRP GR POHYHQRJ NUHaZDND PH^DYLQD SHVND L FHPHQWD LWG 5H]XOWDWL SURUDaXQD GDWL VX X WDEHOL 3UY =D UD]OLaLWH XVORYH UDVSOHWD 11 NDEORYD EURM NDEORYD EN X URYX NRUL^`HZHP VWDQGDUGQH NDEORYVNH SRVWHTLFH WVW .P: NW LOL SRVWHTLFH RG VSHFLMDOQLK .P: NW X WDEHOL VH GDMX YUHGQRVWL GR]YR PH^DYLQD WVS THQLK VWUXMQLK RSWHUH`HZD NDEORYD ,GR]= X YUHPH PDNVLPDOQRJ JRGL^ZHJ RSWHUH`HZD NDR L RGJRYDUDMX`H YUHGQRVWL QD]QDaHQLK VWUXMD WRSTLYLK XPHWDND 19 RVLJXUDaD ,QR X UDVNORSQRP EORNX 11 X 76 5H]XOWDWL SURUDaXQD L L]YHGHQD DQDOL]D RPRJX`DYDMX L GD ]DNTXaLPR GD
VD VWDQRYL^WD WHUPLaNLK QDSUH]DZD PDNVLPDOQR JRGL^ZH MHGQRYUH PHQR RSWHUH`HZH (7D VQDJH N9$ PRCH GD VH L]QHVH L] 76 L VD NDEORYVNLK YRGRYD VYDNL NDEO EL SUHQHR X SURVHNX RNR N9$ RGQRVQR
VWUXMX
, $
X VLVWHPX QDSDMDZD
[ 9
LOL
,
$
X VLVWHPX
7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$
VHSWHPEDU
73
QDSDMDZD [ 9 $NR SR_HPR RG UHDOQH SUHWSRVWDYNH GD VH SR L]ODVNX L] 76 NDEORYVNL YRGRYL JUDQDMX EDU X GYD VPHUD VD SR YRGD X LVWRP URYX YLGL VH GD MH XYHN ,GR]= ! , 1D RVQRYX SUHGKRGQLK SURUDaXQD L DQDOL]H PRJOL EL GD L]YXaHPR VOHGH`H ]DNTXaNH NDR WLSVNR UH^HZH ]D L]YR_HZH UDVSOHWD 11 NDEORYVNLK YRGRYD L] 76 ; N9 VQDJH N9$ SUHSRUXaXMH VH NRUL^`HZH 83( NDEORYD ;3$6- SUHVHND [ PP SRVWHTLFH RG VSHFLMDOQLK PH^DYLQD RG 76 GR PHVWD JUDQDZD NDEORY VNLK WUDVD X YL^H SUDYDFD 19 RVLJXUDaD VD SDWURQLPD WRSTLYLK XPHWDND QDMYL^H ,QR $ 7DEHOD 3UY ,]ERU 19 RVLJXUDaD X 76 ;
EN NEN ,GR]= [A] ,QR [A] ,GR]= [A] ,QR [A] ,GR]= [A] ,QR [A] ,GR]= [A] ,QR [A] ,GR]= [A] ,QR [A] ,GR]= [A] ,QR [A] 39& N9
N9$
WVW
NDEO
83(
WVS
WVW
WVS
VHSWHPEDU
7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$
73
.DEO VH RGPRWDYD UDYQRPHUQLP SRYODaHZHP VD JRUZH VWUDQH WDNR GD MH VPHU RGPRWDYDZD VXSURWDQ RG VPHUD VWUHOLFH QD VSR TD^ZRM VWUDQL NDOHPD (1(5*(76., .$%/29, , 352%/(0$7,.$ 8=(04(:$
OQ / N /N
'XCLQD GR NRMH VH NDEO X VPLVOX X]HPTHZD SRQD^D NDR NUDWDN SURUDaXQDYD VH SUHPD L]UD]X
/N
$NR WUDQVIRUPDWRUVND VWDQLFD N9 UDGL X UD]JUDQDWRM NDEORYVNRM YLVRNRQDSRQVNRM PUHCL JUDGVNL NRQ]XP NDEO SULNTX aHQ QD WUDQVIRUPDWRUVNX VWDQLFX VH SRQD^D NDR GXJDaDN NDEO X VPLVOX X]HPTHZD L LPD VWDOQX YUHGQRVW RWSRUQRVWL UDVSURVWL UDZD NRMD VH UDaXQD SUHPD L]UD]X
5N
8 RYRM WDaNL R]QDNH X GDWLP L]UD]LPD LPDMX ]QDaHZH 5NN RWSRUQRVW UDVSURVWLUDZD NUDWNRJ NDEOD NDR X]HPTLYDaD X RPLPD VSHFLILaQD HOHNWULaQD RWSRUQRVW WOD X RPPHWULPD P 7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$ VHSWHPEDU
73
5N
GHR XNXSQH GXCLQH NUDWNRJ NDEOD NRML MH X QHSRVUHGQRP NRQWDNWX VD WORP D QDOD]L VH L]YDQ SRYU^LQH NRMX ]DKYDWD X]HPTLYDa WUDQVIRUPDWRUVNH VWDQLFH X PHWULPD P RWSRUQRVW UDVSURVWLUDZD GXJDaNRJ NDEOD NDR X]HPTLYDaD X RPLPD
.DEO VD QHSURYRGQLP SOD^WRP WLS ;+( $ ;+3 LWG SR VUHGQR GHOXMH NDR X]HPTLYDa MHU SRPR`X HOHNWULaQH ]D^WLWH SRYH ]XMH X]HPTLYDaH VXVHGQLK WUDQVIRUPDWRUVNLK VWDQLFD $NR WUDQVIRUPDWRUVND VWDQLFD N9 UDGL X UD]JUDQDWRM YLVRNRQDSRQVNRM PUHCL JUDGVNL NRQ]XP VYDND WUDQVIRUPDWRUVND VWDQLFD SRYH]DQD MH VD YL^H WUDQVIRUPDWRUVNLK VWDQLFD WDNR GD VX SUHNR HOHNWULaQLK ]D^WLWD JDOYDQVNL SRYH]DQL L X]HPTLYDaL WLK WUDQVIRUPDWRUVNLK VWDQLFD 9UHGQRVW RWSRUQRVWL UDVSURVWLUDZD NDEOD 5N NDR X]HPTLYDaD X WUDQVIRUPDWRUVNRM VWDQLFL NDGD NDEO SRYH]XMH GYH LOL YL^H VX VHGQLK WUDQVIRUPDWRUVNLK VWDQLFD SUL P L]QRVL SUL EOLCQR 5N DNR NDEORYVNL YRG SRYH]XMH WUDQVIRUPDWRUVNH VWDQLFH VD X]HPTLYDaLPD RWSRUQRVWL UDVSURVWLUDZD GR 5N DNR NDEORYVNL YRG SRYH]XMH WUDQVIRUPDWRUVNH VWDQLFH VD X]HPTLYDaLPD RWSRUQRVWL UDVSURVWLUDZD RNR 'D EL VH XUDaXQDR HIHNDW VPDZHZD LPSHGDQVH VLVWHPD X]HPTHZD WUDQVIRUPDWRUVNH VWDQLFH ]ERJ XWLFDMD X]HPTLYDaD VXVHGQLK WUDQV IRUPDWRUVNLK VWDQLFD GXC aLWDYRJ NDEORYVNRJ YRGD PRUD GD VXVHGQLK GHRQLFD YRGD QD NDEORYVNLP VSRMQLFDPD ]DYU^QLFDPD L X WUDQVIRUPDWRUVNLP VWDQLFDPD *DOYDQVND YH]D HOHNWULaQLK ]D^WLWD VH SURYHUDYD SRVOH ]DYU^H QH PRQWDCH NDEORYVNH VSRMQLFH LOL ]DYU^QLFH D X WRNX HNVSORDWD FLMH QDMPDZH MHGDQSXW X JRGLQD
'HWDTQR R HIHNWLPD NDEORYD NDR X]HPTLYDaLPD L R SUREOHPX L]QR^HZD SRWHQFLMDOD L] 76 N9 YLGL X 73 L .RPHQWDUX 73
/LWHUDWXUD
-XJRVORYHQVNL VWDQGDUGL R HQHUJHWVNLP NDEORYLPD =ERUQLFL UDGRYD VD VLPSR]LMXPD R HQHUJHWVNLP NDEORYLPD 6WXGLMVNRJ NRPLWHWD -8.2 &,*5( %RULVODY /DOHYL` (OHNWURHQHUJHWVNL NDEORYL 3URVSHNWL GRPD`LK SURL]YR_DaD NDEORYD 7HKQLaNH SUHSRUXNH (' 6UELMH
VHSWHPEDU
7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$
73
6$'5#$5 EU 6WU 2SVHJ YDCHZD L QDPHQD 7HUPLQL L GHILQLFLMH 7HKQLaNL SRGDFL L SRJRQVNL XVORYL ,]ERU NDEORYD QLVNRJ QDSRQD N9 ,]ERU NDEORYD N9 ,]ERU NDEORYD N9 ,]ERU NDEORYD N9 7LSL]DFLMD SUHVHND SURYRGQLND L HOHNWULaQH ]D>WLWH 3UHSRUXNH ]DSRODJDZH HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD 'LUHNWQR SRODJDZH HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD X ]HPTX .DEORYVND NDQDOL]DFLMD .DEORYVNR RNQR ^DKW 3ULEOLCDYDZH L XNU^WDZH HQHUJHWVNLK L 7. NDEORYD 3ULEOLCDYDZH L XNU^WDZH HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD VD CHOH]QLa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`HZH HQHUJHWVNRJ NDEOD 7UDQVSRUW L RGPRWDYDZH HQHUJHWVNLK NDEORYD (QHUJHWVNL NDEORYL L SUREOHPDWLND X]HPTHZD
7(+1,A.$ 35(3258.$
VHSWHPEDU