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In line with the document oI the World Bank, Project Appraisal Document, the cost oI system
administration, management, operation and maintenance oI the MHS have been considered as 3
oI the total project cost. Thus the operation and maintenance cost oI this project is Rs.
1,091,185.00.
S.6.3 EconomIc BeneIIts
The economic beneIits are those beneIits, which are brought about by the MHS in the society.
The assessment oI economic beneIits is a complex task it covers a wide range oI beneIits that
include quantiIiable and non-quantiIiable as well as incremental and non-incremental beneIits
based on existing level oI energy uses. Further the beneIits could be direct as well as indirect
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also. In our case, in order to make the calculation simple as mentioned above, the calculation iI
EIRR includes only the quantiIiable non-incremental beneIits.
The beneIits have been assessed based on the avoided cost oI diesel generation in the case oI
supply Ior productive end uses and the avoided cost oI kerosene uses in the case oI supply to
households Ior lighting purpose. Further, the avoided cost oI the dry cell use Ior household
purposes has also been taken into consideration.
S.6.3.1 BeneIIts Irom Kerosene RepIacement
In the proposed MHS area the average use oI kerosene in the locality is 3.0 liters per household
per month. AIter the generation oI the electricity it is assumed that the community would require
only 1 liter oI kerosene per household per month. Hence, two liters oI kerosene will be saved per
household per month. As the total beneIiciary household is 800, so total oI 19200 liters oI
kerosene will be replaced per year. At the rate oI Rs.100 per liter in the community, annually Rs.
1,920,000.00 amount will be saved.
S.6.3.2 BeneIIts Irom DIeseI RepIacement
It is envisioned that six agro-processing mill each will save two liter oI diesel per operating hour
in average. Apart Irom this, bakery is also expected to save one liter oI diesel per operating hour.
So, Annually 28224 liters oI diesel equivalent to Rs. 3,104,640.00 will be saved with unit cost oI
NRs. 110 per litre.
S.6.3.3 BeneIIts Irom Dry eII Battery RepIacement
It is Iound that the beneIiciary households consume about three pairs oI dry cell batteries on an
average, per month. It is estimated that on an average, two pair oI dry cell batteries per
household per month will be saved due to the electricity Iacility. As the total beneIiciary
household is 800, so total oI 19200 pair oI dry cell batteries will be replaced per year. As the
price oI dry cells is Rs.40 per pair in the local market, it is assessed that the beneIit Irom the
replacement oI dry cells is Rs. 768,000.00 per year.
S.6.3.4 IncrementaI BeneIIt
The beneIits, which are not included in the analysis but could be mentioned, are the incremental
beneIits. The incremental beneIits are the beneIits, which come Irom the increase modern Irom
the electricity uses due to the availability in lower prices. The beneIit includes the direct
increases in the communities' education through the advent oI electricity in the locality. There
could be indirect educational beneIits due to the availability oI more reading hours and better
quality lighting Iacility. Further, there could be other electricity uses such as media viz. TV,
Radio and Computer operation etc. The community will have the opportunity to get engaged in
the income generating activities, especially during evening hours and dawn. There could be
health beneIits due to the reduction in air pollution resulting Irom kerosene uses and reduction in
drudgery due to the promotion oI various end-use appliances. There could be also being
tremendous reduction in carbon emissions Irom diesel and kerosene replacements.
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CHAP1ER SIX
EAJIROAMEA1AL ASPEC1S OF 1HE MHS
enerally, environmental problems in Nepal are the result oI mismanagement oI natural
resources evolved Irom the lack oI integration oI environmental considerations in the
development process. Integration oI environmental assessment in the development oI MH Irom
the planning stage helps identiIy possible adverse impacts and their mitigation measures to avoid
or minimize the adverse consequences in the micro level, which in the long run helps to make the
MH scheme cost eIIective as well sustainable. Realizing this, a separate EIA study oI the project
has to be conducted by DDC: DEES Rukum and the report should be prepared as Vol. II oI the
DPR oI the Puspakamal Jama Khola MHS.
AIter implementation oI the MHS, the social situations, community Iacilities, employment
opportunities, land price and markets Ior local produce will increase considerably. There will not
be considerable biological impacts such as eIIects on vegetation and Iorest resources, wild liIe,
crops, aquatic liIe etc. The implementation oI the project will not cause signiIicant physical
impacts such as Iloods, landslides, deterioration oI water and soil qualities. However, minor
impacts such as loss oI some agriculture lands, cutting oI some trees etc. will occur in the project
area. Preventive measures such as awareness creation and tree plantation are suggested to reduce
potential adverse impacts. Especially, micro watershed development and tree plantation are
recommended in the peripheral areas oI the canal, intake, penstock alignment, overIlow canal,
tailrace canal etc.
In general, the MHS under consideration does not require a huge and costly mitigation measures.
The intake site is located at a geologically stable existing mill canal so it does not need huge
excavation and cutting oI trees. More than 15 oI the Ilow will be in the stream even in the dry
season, which will help in preserving the Ilora and aquatic liIe in the downstream areas.
Similarly, the headrace canal which is lined will not be any risk oI sliding the canal due to
seepage and spill oI water during water conveyance. The headrace alignment seems stable and
Iorebay area is also located in the stable area. Hence there is no risk oI erosion. There will not be
heavy excavations and tree cuttings Ior civil constructions. Hence, there will not be risk oI
Ilooding and erosion.
Environmental impact identiIication and means oI mitigation were also assessed. The
environmental impacts as dewatering oI riverbed Irom the intake, potential ground or soil erosion
caused by Ilushing Ilows discharge Irom sedimentation basins and overIlow oI the Iore bay,
potential ground instability caused by canal construction and leakage Irom canal, cutting oI trees
Ior poles were considered. Likewise appropriate means oI mitigation such as maintenance oI at
least 15 residual Ilow in the dewatering section oI the river Ior the aquatic liIe, cutting oI
Iorest cover are also considered.
This project might have impacts on Iorestation due to the management oI local wooden poles.
About 333 wooden poles will be required Ior this scheme. The headrace alignment also does not
Detail Feasibility Study Jahari Khola Sahid Smriti Micro Hydropower System
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destroy the trees. Apart Irom this, villagers should be motivated to be engaged in community
plantations. So, it will have positive impact in the environment.
Thus, the project does not hamper any household in the project area and does not disturb
signiIicant cultivated lands. Since the excavations Ior the project is minimum, there is no
possibility oI natural disturbances such as landslide, erosion and Ilooding. Furthermore, as per
the mitigation measures, REDP supports the Environment and Natural Resource Management
(ENRM) activities like nursery establishment, bioengineering works, tree, Iruit and Iodder
plantations, training to nursery naike, environment campaigns etc. in the project area. This will
be compensated by environmental beneIits due to replacements oI kerosene and diesel, and other
direct and indirect environmental and social beneIits in the project area. As per the United
Nations Framework Ior Conventional Climate Change (UNFCCC) guidelines, environmental
beneIits due to replacement oI kerosene by micro hydro electricity are around 0.9 kg oI
carbon/kWh electricity consumed. So, the micro hydro directly has positive role towards the long
term environmental protection thereby supporting global agenda to reduce carbon emissions.
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CHAP1ER SEJEA
7 SOCIAL ASPEC1S OF 1HE MHS
Micro-hydro is generally a clean source oI energy without adverse impact on the environment.
However, the sustainability oI micro-hydro schemes depends much not only on technical,
management and Iinancial aspects but on social aspects also. The past experience on development
suggests that people's access to public goods (such as water and other natural resources) diIIers
signiIicantly depending on their social identity, in terms oI caste, ethnicity and gender and on
their economic status and location (urban/rural/remote rural). Because policies have been
insensitive to the social realities oI Nepal, certain groups have been excluded Irom the
mainstream oI the development process. ThereIore, it is essential to undertake social assessment
oI proposed scheme in order to assess existing social considerations oI the locality, determine
possible impacts, plan mitigation measures and implement various social development activities.
The social assessment oI the proposed MHS area revealed some degree oI social exclusion based
on caste and ethnicity. It is recommended that serious attention should be given their eIIective
participation in the programme to include a speciIic Iocus on social inclusion.
The land needed Ior canal construction and Ior constructing other civil structures are already
committed by the villagers and it will be handled by MHF. All the concerned landowners are
well oII and don`t have many uses oI the lands to be used Ior MH construction at present and they
have agreed to provide the lands Iree oI cost. There is also no problem in powerhouse land. Thus
there is no issue related to water right conIlict and land acquisition at present and it's unlikely that
any issue will arise in Iuture related to these. The existing mill in the project can be replaced aIter
the successIul implementation oI the scheme by giving chance oI running agro processing mill to
the current mill owner. Moreover, the MHF has been already initiated to register at the District
Water Resource Committee, in order to avoid the possible conIlict regarding the use oI water in
Iuture, even though there is not any sign oI conIlict on water sharing practice at present.
The project requires some cash contribution. The required collateral Ior bank loan process i.e. land
certiIicate will be collected Irom elite households in consensus decision and there is not any
problem Ior other vulnerable communities regarding this. The cash collection Irom very poor
households will be made mandatory and this should be managed by the MHF. The community
will be strongly encouraged to develop mechanisms to subsidize the contribution Irom the poor
groups. Likewise, there are very Iew opportunities Ior the poor VC members Ior economical
upliItment. The trained manpower is very less in the MHS area. The provision oI end use
development with the MHS and internal saving and credit Iacilities in the COs will help Ior
economical upliItment oI the community. Similarly, the programme will have positive impacts on
health and sanitation through environment awareness programme. The communities will
encouraged to make, ICS, latrines and waste disposal site and the provision oI additional REDP
subsidy Ior toilet attached biogas will be supportive Ior the promotion oI biogas in the MHS area.
It is observed that the community may need additional support to Iind creative ways to reduce the
dominance oI the elite and encourage more democratic behavior in the MHF/WC. The
successIul implementation oI VCs concerns activities will be perIormed by respective community
organizations with the help oI support organization and the technical input oI DDC: DEES.
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CHAP1ER EICH1
COACLUSIOA AA RECOMMEAA1IOA
Conclusion
I. The site oI Jama Khola Sahid Smriti Micro-hydro power scheme is suitable Ior
development oI Micro Hydro Plant. The project site is stable and passes across the stable
land strata.
II. Various alternatives were studied and the layout proposed oIIers the most optimal and
economical alternatives.
III. The scheme involves very simple civil engineering works and readily available
mechanical and electrical equipments thus can be completed in a short interval oI time.
IV. Naturally occurring construction materials like stone, sand and aggregate are available in
the banks oI the same river which reduces the cost oI local construction materials.
V. The proposed scheme has minimal interIerence with the environment and would not
aIIect the ecology oI the area. Rather, it would minimize the carbon emission Irom
burning oI Iorest wood thus improving the environmental and the health oI people. In
long run, it would aid in the conservation oI the Iorest with the use oI electricity Ior
household cooking and heating purpose.
VI. The proposed scheme shall provide the electricity continuously and with much reliability.
Thus the scheme will be helpIul in creating employment Iacilities and improve the
quality oI liIe in terms oI per capita income, education and health in that area.
Recommendations
I. The proposed power scheme with an estimated cost oI NRs. 36,372,823.00 and capacity
oI 94 kW is recommended Ior the implementation.
II. Financial parameters show the Iinancial viability oI the project. IRR, B/C ratio and NPV
Ior the project are 10.8 , 1.03 and Rs. 1,172,307.00. These parameters can also be used
with the optimum use oI end uses in the long run.
III. The community should promote skilled local human resources as operators so that the
micro hydro plant can be operated eIIiciently.
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REFEREACES
Canadian International Water and Energy Consultants, Master Plan Ior Irrigation
Development in Nepal, Cycle-2 Report, NMEN,1980
Civil Works uidelines Ior Micro-Hydropower in Nepal ( International Technology
1999)
DHM Climotological Records oI Nepal (1987-1998)
Environmental Management uidelines - REDP, 1997
Financial uide Line-ITD, Nepal
Micro-Hydro Design Manual - Adam Harvey, 1983
Micro Hydro Sources Book - NRECS, 1986
Report on alkot MHP, Rukum -BPC, Butwal - 1997
Statistical Book Nepal - Central Bureau oI Statistics, 1998
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1ABLE OF COA1EA1S
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
SALIENT FEATURES............................................. IERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.I
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.I
CHAPTER ONE ....................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................... 1
1.3 SCOPE OF WORK (METHODOLOY) ................................................................................... 2
1.3.1 Detail Design ............................................................................................................. 2
1.3.2 Estimating and Economic Analysis.......................................................................... 2
CHAPTER TWO ...................................................................................................................... 4
2 SURVEY REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................. 4
2.1 TECHNICAL ASPECTS .......................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
2.1.1 Flow measurement .................................................................................................. 4
2.1.2 Hydrology ............................................................................................................... 4
2.1.3 Survey Methodology ............................................................................................... 4
2.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS ............................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
2.2.1 eneral Background ................................................................................................ 5
2.2.2 Location .................................................................................................................. 5
2.2.3 Households.............................................................................................................. 5
2.2.4 Current Energy Situation ......................................................................................... 5
2.2.5 Management structure ............................................................................................. 6
2.3 WATER RIHT ISSUE ....................................................................................................... 6
2.4 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ............................................................................................ 6
2.5 ENVIRONMENT................................................................................................................. 6
CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................. 7
3.1 DESIN FLOW, ROSS HEAD AND POWER OUTPUT ....... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT
DEFINED.
3.2 CIVIL COMPONENTS .................................................................................................. 7
3.2.1 Headworks (Intake/Weir) ........................................................................................ 7
3.2.2 Headrace Canal ....................................................................................................... 7
3.2.3 ravel Trap cum Desilting Basin ............................................................................. 8
3.2.4 Forebay ................................................................................................................... 8
3.2.5 Penstock Alignment ................................................................................................ 9
3.2.6 Anchor Blocks and Support Piers ............................................................................ 9
3.2.7 Powerhouse Building .............................................................................................. 9
3.2.4 Tailrace Canal ......................................................................................................... 9
3.3 MECHANICAL COMPONENTS ............................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.3.1 Trashrack ................................................................................................................ 9
3.3.2 Flushing Arrangement ........................................................................................... 10
3.3.3 Penstock Pipe ........................................................................................................ 10
3.3.4 Valves ................................................................................................................... 10
Detail Feasibility Study Jahari Khola Sahid Smriti Micro Hydropower System
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3.3.5 Turbine.................................................................................................................. 10
3.3.6 Drive System ......................................................................................................... 11
3.4 ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS ............................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.4.1 enerator .............................................................................................................. 11
3.4.2 TransIormer .......................................................................................................... 11
3.4.3 overning System ................................................................................................. 12
3.4.4 Control and Protection System .............................................................................. 12
3.4.5 Earthing ................................................................................................................ 13
3.4.6 Current Limiting Devices ...................................................................................... 13
3.4.7 Transmission and Distribution ............................................................................... 13
3.4.8 Stay Wire Sets ....................................................................................................... 20
3.4.9 Lightening Arrestors.............................................................................................. 20
3.4.10 Poles.................................................................................................................. 20
3.4.11 Service Wire ...................................................................................................... 21
3.4.12 Insulators ........................................................................................................... 21
CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................................. 22
4 END USES ....................................................................................................................... 22
CHAPTER FIVE .................................................................................................................... 23
5 FINANCIAL AND ECONOMICAL ASPECTS OF THE MHS ........................................ 23
5.1 CAPITAL COSTS ............................................................................................................. 23
5.2 FINANCIAL MIX ............................................................................................................. 24
5.3 REVENUES AND EXPENSES ............................................................................................. 24
5.3.1 Revenue Irom Lighting Uses ................................................................................. 25
5.3.2 Revenue Irom Business Uses ................................................................................. 25
5.3.3 Annual Operating Cost .......................................................................................... 25
5.4 DEBT SERVICE SCHEDULE .............................................................................................. 26
5.5 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS .................................................................................................... 26
5.4.1 Net Present Value (NPV), BeneIit Cost Ratio (B/C ratio) and Internal Rate oI Return
(IIR) ...................................................................................................................... 27
5.6 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS .................................................................................................... 27
5.6.1 Investment cost ..................................................................................................... 27
5.6.2 Operation and Maintenance Cost ........................................................................... 27
5.6.3 Economic BeneIits ................................................................................................ 27
5.6.3.1 BeneIits Irom Kerosene Replacement ................................................................ 28
5.6.3.2 BeneIits Irom Diesel Replacement ..................................................................... 28
5.6.3.3 BeneIits Irom Dry Cell Battery Replacement ..................................................... 28
5.6.3.4 Incremental BeneIit ........................................................................................... 28
CHAPTER SIX ....................................................................................................................... 29
6 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE MHS .............................................................. 29
CHAPTER SEVEN ................................................................................................................ 31
7 SOCIAL ASPECTS OF THE MHS .................................................................................. 31
CHAPTER EIGHT................................................................................................................. 32
8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ................................................................. 32
8.1 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. 32
8.2 8.1.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................. 32
REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 33
Detail Feasibility Study Jahari Khola Sahid Smriti Micro Hydropower System
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AIXIS
Annox A ofnII IonsIbIIIfy Iormnf
Annox I ofnII of CosfIng
Annox C HydroIogy
Annox VoIfngo ro CnIcuInfIon
Annox I Ihofogrnhs
Annox I rnwIng SocfIon
Annox C omnnd/ Mnrkof AnnIysIs
Irojocf Cosf, Sourco, nnd Incomo
Cnsh IIow AnnIysIs