Master SC – Information and Communication Security 1

Biometrics

http://scgwww.epfl.ch/courses

Dr. Andrzej Drygajlo

Speech Processing and Biometrics Group
Signal Processing Institute
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)

Center for Interdisciplinary Studies

in Information Security (ISIS)
 Fingerprint Recognition 2

• Generalities
• Applications
• Fingerprints and their images
• History of fingerprints
• Fingerprint sensing
• Fingerprint features
• Fingerprint matching
• Fingerprint enhancement
• Performance evaluation
• Synthetic fingerprint generation
 Why do we need enhancement? 3

High contrast print Typical dry print Faint print

Low contrast print Typical Wet Print Creases

Need for Enhancement 4

Original Print Extracted Features Ground Truth

Traditional Approach – Gabor filters 5

Local Orientation
θ(x,y)
Gradient Method

Enhancement
Frequency/Spatial

Local Ridge Spacing

F(x,y)
Projection Based Method
Fourier Analysis Approach 6

Energy Map
E(x,y)

Orientation Map
FFT Analysis FFT Enhancement
O(x,y)

Ridge Spacing Map

F(x,y)
 Fourier Analysis 7

• Primarily involves interpreting the spectrum

•Provides an alternate representation of the signal.
•Allows us to model a system.
•Provides more information about the signal.
•Filtering and convolution become trivial.
Interpreting the Spectrum 8
Interpreting the spectrum II 9
What are Contextual Filters? 10

Original Image Frequency Domain Filtered Image

Filter
Surface Wave Model 11

Fingerprint ridges can be modeled as an oriented wave

i( x, y) = A cos[ 2πf {x cos(θ ) + y sin(θ )} ]

θ( x , y ) = Local ridge orientation

f ( x, y ) = Local ridge frequency

Validity of the model 12
Fourier Analysis –Energy Map 13

Original Image Energy Map

N −1 N −1 2

Ε (x, y) = ∑ ∑
u = 0 v = 0
F (u , v )
Fourier Analysis – Frequency Map 14

Original Image Local Ridge Frequency

Map

f ( x, y ) = Ε{f }= ∑ ∑
N −1 N −1
u=0 v=0
f (u , v ) p (u , v )
2
F (u , v )
p (u , v ) =
∑ ∑
N −1 N −1 2
u =0 v=0
F (u , v )
Fourier Analysis-Orientation Map 15

Original Image Local Ridge Orientation

Map

θ ( x , y ) = Ε {θ } = ∑ ∑
N −1 N −1
u =0 v=0
θ (u , v ) p (u , v )
2
F (u , v )
p (u , v ) =
∑ ∑
N −1 N −1 2
u =0 v=0
F (u , v )
 Fourier Domain Based Enhancement 16

Original Image Contextual Filter Enhanced Image

H (r , φ ) = H r (r ) ⋅ Hφ (φ )
⎧ 2 π (φ − φC )
(rrBW ) 2n ⎪cos if φ − φc ≤ φBW
H r (r ) = Hφ (φ ) = ⎨ 2φBW
(rrBW ) 2n + (r 2 − rBW ) 2 n
2
⎪⎩ 0 otherwise
rBW : radial bandwidth , φBW : angular bandwidth,φc : mean orientation
Additional Results 17
Effect on Feature Extraction 18

Fingerprint Image Minutiae