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1. INTRODUCTION
uses about 50% of the total commercial energy in the country . The total industrial
energy consumption, including non-energy uses grew from 54700 Ktoe in 1984-85 to
74940 Ktoe in 1994-95. In terms of percentage for the same period the percentage
energy consumed . Of the commercial sources of energy, coal and lignite contribute
about 56%, oil and natural gas about 40%, hydroelectric power around 3% and
nuclear power 1%. Over 42% of energy sales from utility sector in 1991-92 were to
the industrial sector. In addition, the industry produces 10% of total utility
globally. The consumption of electricity per unit of product in these industry is much
processes still in existence. Most of the energy intensive plant are based on
international technologies developed during the period when energy efficiency was
considered a secondary criterion for plant design. Even in the fifth and sixth plans,
Concern, if any, in this direction has remained confined at the conceptual level
within the consultancy organizations without making inroads into the industry in a
major way.
industries of India with regard to their energy conservation effort and trends shown
by the industries.
CEMENT:
India is the 4th largest producer of cement in the world after China,
Japan and USA. The cement industry is highly energy intensive with energy costs
making up as much as 40% of the total cost of manufacturing . This has been one of
the reasons for the high responsiveness of the industry to energy conservation. The
drop in specific energy consumption has been spectacular (Table3). New cement
plants have their energy performance comparable to international best standards. The
various studies conducted by the CII indicates a potential energy saving of 10%
influence on the environment. The energy saving projects in the industry will also
1991-92 1993-94
Specific electrical energy consumption (units/tone
122 114
of cement)
Specific energy consumption (kcal/kg of dinker) 930 880
PAPER INDUSTRY:
energy cost as a percentage of manufacturing cost has increased from 11.5% in 1971
-72 to 15% in 1979-80 and farther to ;4.5% ranks only next raw material cost. This is
in sharp contrast to energy cost in advanced countries where energy cost forms
energy 12-14% of the manufacturing cost. A study by DSIR (1990) points out that
average steam consumption in tonnes of steam per tonne of paper is 6.5-8.5 in mills
abroad. The creation of many small mills has reduced the average size of the
production l»it from.J3~s in 1970 to 9,500 tonnes in 1988. Larger mills, both agro
and forest based, are comparatively more energy efficient mills compared to the
smaller ones.
are that most smaller mills do no: have chemical recovery systems and co-gene-
ration due to installation of low pressure boiler, lower labor productivity, old
utilization.
FERTILIZER:
from the energy viewpoint has shown a steady improvement over the years as cam
improvement over the years as can be judged from the specific energy consumption
for ammonia production which has reduced from 14.8 Gcal/Mt in 1979-80 to 11.4
Gcal/Mt in 1992-93. The new (gas based) fertilizer plants in India ha. ye specific
energy consumption comparable or even better than plants in the world (Table 4).
The energy consumption of naphtha and fuel oil based plants is also encouraging
(RPS). This scheme along with special fiscal incentives has encouraged
SUGAR:
expected to grow at the rate of )% p.a. It is also one of the most regulated industries
in India. The total absolute primary energy consumption in the industry is around
100 million Goals. The energy consumption is high because of the presence of a
The sugar Industry holds a great potential for cogeneration due to the
surplus bagasse produced. This potential which has been identified at 3500 Mw can
improve the financial state of the mills and the power situation in the country.
TEXTILE:
The India;, textile industry for 20% of the world production and
contributes 25-30% of the total value of exports from India. The condition of the
plants is quite diverse. In some plants there is a total lack of systematic energy
management while in some progressive mills efforts in tuning and systematic energy
the mill. There is a great potential for using solar thermal energy in this sector
because of the requirement of large quantities of low grade heat. The energy saving
ALUMINIUM :
accounting for the entire production capacity. Energy consumption varies from plant
to plants as their smelters are based on different design parameters. NALCO has
adopted the latest energy efficient systems au-Ml has the lowest specific heat
consumption of 13,500 kwh per tonne of aluminium production whereas for the
remaining plants it is in the range of 15,000 to 18,100 kwh per tonne of Al.
Aluminium production is highly energy intensive and provides a great scope for
-20%.
energy policy. The Ministry of power has been designated as the nodal agency for
the Ministry of Power. However, policy formulae ion have also been initiated in the
Ministry of industry and Ministry of Petroleum. They are generally discussed with
the Ministry of Finance, and in Inter-Ministerial Committees before being sent to the
a) Depreciation allowance at 100% in the first year on certain energy saving devices
and systems.
b) Certain energy-efficient equipment are exempt from the payment of excise and /
c) Soft loans from financial institutions for technology upgradation and introduction
d) Subsidies for consultancy y and training in the areas of energy management and
conservation;
profit, research institute established in 1974. In the initial period the institute
the end of 1982, research activities were initiated in the fields of energy, and
expanded soon to cover the environment, biotechnology, forestry and a whole mage
one hand and the growing demand of fuel coupled with increasing prices on the
energy conservation among industry personnel through the major activities a) Energy
dissemination.
the ways in which different forms of energy are being used and quantifies energy use
according to discrete functions. Energy audit does not provide the final answer to the
problem but only identifies, where the potential for improvement lies and therefore
projects (presently small scale and refrigeration sectors) and macro-level studies on
problems of the SSI through technology upgradation and human and institutional
development in some small scale energy intensive sectors. Four small scale sectors
are presently being covered foundry, glass, brick and sericulture. Besides
operators will also be carried out simultaneously to familiarize them with the new
implementation of replicable projects) will be worked out with an effort try and
that are available. Furthermore, they are uncertain regarding the energy saving and
to industry personnel.
5. CONCLUSION
their cost of production, making them competitive globally. As 1 keh saved at the
user end could mean a relief of 2-4 kwh of generation capacity depending upon the
plant load factor, transmission and distribution losses, and end use efficiency, energy
conservation offers the least cost option for bridging the ever widening gap between
seriously, many state governments have made energy audit mandatory for units
above a certain size (generally related to connected load). But the fact remains that
the real motivation will come when the entrepreneurs start realizing the actual
benefits of energy use and use it as a tool to increase profits and productivity, rather
REFERENCES