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Course Number Course Title Credit Hours Instructor Office Office Hours e-mail Web-site
GENERAL INFORMATION INME 4107 Materials Science and Engineering 3 Dr. Pablo G. Caceres-Valencia Lucchetti L-212 Tu and Th 7:00am to 10:00am pcaceres@me.uprm.edu http://academic.uprm.edu/pcaceres
The course will be assessed in the following manner: 1st Partial Exam 20% 2nd Partial Exam 20% Quizzes (*) 25% Laboratory 25% Others (**) 10% (*)
(*) Date due Moodle Quizzes and Pop-Quizzes (max-8). Missed quizzes will be graded with zero. Lack of access to Moodle is not an excuse for not submitting your answers. (**) Class participation and Attendance. After the third missed class, one point will be deducted in the final grade for each missed class thereafter (up to 10 points).
Assessment
Exams
Allexamswillbeconductedoutsidelectureperiodsonthespecified dates.Neatnessandorderwillbetakingintoconsiderationinthe gradingoftheexams.Uptotenpointscanbedeductedforthelack ofneatnessandorder.Youmustbringcalculators,classnotesand blankpagestotheexams.
Grades
FinalGradeRange 100 90 89 80 79 70 69 60 59 0
FinalLetterGrade A B C D F
Attendance
Attendanceandparticipationinthelecturearecompulsory andwill beconsideredinthegrading.Studentsshouldbringcalculators, rulers,penandpencilstobeusedduringthelectures.Studentsare expectedtokeepupwiththeassignedreadingandsolveproblems in class.PleaserefertotheBulletinofInformationforUndergraduate StudiesfortheDepartmentandCampusPolicies.
TENTATIVESDATES
Week 01/1101/11 01/25 02/08 02/22 03/08 03/22 04/05 04/19 05/03 IntroductiontoMaterialScienceand Engineering. AtomsandStructure CrystalStructure Diffusion Exam1 DislocationandStrengthening Mechanisms Q4 PhaseTransformation Q5 Ceramics,PolymersandComposites Corrosion Q6 ElectricalandMagneticProperties Q7 Exam2 Week 01/18 02/01 02/15 03/01 03/15 03/29 04/12 04/26 05/10 MechanicalProperties. Q1 CrystalStructure. Q2 DefectsandImperfections. Q3 DislocationandStrengthening Mechanisms PhaseDiagrams HolyWeek Ceramics,PolymersandComposites ElectricalandMagneticProperties ClassesEnd
OUTCOMES After the completion of the course the students should be able to: characterize structure-property-performance relationship distinguish the structure of different types of materials specify the microstructure of an alloy from phase diagrams analyze the mechanical and the electrical properties of materials select materials for various engineering applications establish how failures occur in materials and how to prevent them. describe corrosion of materials and how to prevent them.
Structure Properties
Materials Science
Processing
Processing Structure Properties Performance
Material science is the investigation of the relationship among processing, structure, properties, and performance of materials.
Properties
Properties are the way the material responds to the environment and external forces. Mechanical properties response to mechanical forces, strength, etc. Electrical and magnetic properties - response electrical and magnetic fields, conductivity, etc. Thermal properties are related to transmission of heat and heat capacity. Optical properties include to absorption, transmission and scattering of light. Chemical stability in contact with the environment corrosion resistance.
www.webelements.com
Length-scales
Angstrom = 1 = 1/10,000,000,000 meter = 10-10 m Nanometer = 10 nm = 1/1,000,000,000 meter = 10-9 m Micrometer = 1m = 1/1,000,000 meter = 10-6 m Millimeter = 1mm = 1/1,000 meter = 10-3 m Interatomic distance ~ a few A human hair is ~ 50 m Elongated bumps that make up the data track on CD are ~ 0.5 m wide, minimum 0.83 m long, and 125 nm high
10-2 m
Natural Things
10-3 m Dust mite 200 m Ant ~ 5 mm Human hair ~ 60-120 m wide Fly ash ~ 10-20 m Red blood cells with white cell ~ 2-5 m 10-4 m
1 cm 10 mm
The Scale of Things Nanometers and More The Scale of Things Nanometers and More
0.1 mm 100 m
Microworld
10-5 m
0.01 mm 10 m
Infrared
10-6 m
Nanoworld
10-8 m
10-10 m
Soft x-ray
10-9 m
Ultraviolet
0.1 m 100 nm
0.01 m 10 nm
1 nanometer (nm)
0.1 nm
10-2 m
Manmade Things
The Challenge
10-3 m
10-4 m
0.1 mm 100 m
Microworld
10-5 m
0.01 mm 10 m
Infrared
O O
10-6
Red blood cells Pollen grain Self-assembled, Nature-inspired structure Many 10s of nm
10-7 m
Ultraviolet
0.1 m 100 nm
Nanoworld
10-8 m
0.01 m 10 nm
Nanotube electrode
Fabricate and combine nanoscale building blocks to make useful devices, e.g., a photosynthetic reaction center with integral semiconductor storage.
10-9 m
Soft x-ray
1 nanometer (nm)
10-10 m
0.1 nm
Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surface positioned one at a time with an STM tip Carbon nanotube ~1.3 nm diameter Corral diameter 14 nm
Solids
Ca10(PO4)6OH2
oxide
polymer
metal
polymer
'Electronic' properties of solids: .those dominated by the behavior of the electrons Electrical conduction: insulating, semiconducting, metallic, superconducting
'Electronic' properties of solids: .those dominated by the behaviour of the electrons Optical properties: absorption, emission, amplification and modification of light
laser mirror prism
window
IBM
Chemical classification:
molecular ionic covalent metallic
bonding
Metals
Cu-alloys Ni-alloys Ti-alloys Alumina Si-Carbide PE, PP, PC PA (Nylon)
Ceramics, glasses
Soda-glass Pyrex
Polymers,
GFRP CFRP elastomers Butyl rubber Neoprene
Composites
KFRP Plywood
Silicon, GaAs
Woods
Electronic
(Semiconductors, Magnetic, Optical)
Bio-materials
Natural fibres: Hemp, Flax, Cotton
Metals:
Materials that are inorganic substances which are composed normally of combinations of "metallic elements and may also contain some non metallic elements (alloys). Examples of metallic elements are iron, copper, aluminum, nickel, titanium. Non metallic elements such as carbon, nitrogen and oxygen may also be contained in metallic materials. These elements, when combined, usually have electrons that are non localized and as a consequence have generic types of properties. Metals usually are good conductors of heat and electricity. Metals have a crystalline structure in which the atoms are arranged in an orderly manner. Also, they are quite strong but malleable and tend to have a lustrous look when polished. Metals and alloys are commonly divided into two classes: ferrous metals and alloys and non ferrous metals and alloys that do not contain iron or only a relatively small amount of iron.
Ceramics:
Ceramics are generally compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements chemically bonded together and include such compounds as oxides, nitrides, and carbides. Ceramic materials can be crystalline, non-crystalline, or mixtures of both. Typically they have high hardness and high-temperature strength but they tend to have mechanical brittleness. They are usually insulating and resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments. Ceramics can be divided into two classes: traditional and advanced. Traditional ceramics include clay products, silicate glass and cement; while advanced ceramics consist of carbides (SiC), pure oxides (Al2O3), nitrides (Si3N4), nonsilicate glasses and many others.
Plastics:
Plastics or polymers are substances containing a large number of structural units joined by the same type of linkage. These substances often form into a chain-like structure and are made of organic compounds based upon carbon and hydrogen. Usually they are low density and are not stable at high temperatures. Polymers in the natural world have been around since the beginning of time. Starch, cellulose, and rubber all possess polymeric properties. Man-made polymers have been studied since 1832. Today, the polymer industry has grown to be larger than the aluminum, copper and steel industries combined. Polymers already have a range of applications that far exceeds that of any other class of material available to man. Current applications extend from adhesives, coatings, foams, and packaging materials to textile and industrial fibers, composites, electronic devices, biomedical devices, optical devices, and precursors for many newly developed high-tech ceramics.
Semiconductors (Electronic Materials): Semiconductors are materials which have a conductivity between conductors (generally metals) and nonconductors or insulators (such as most ceramics). Semiconductors can be pure elements, such as silicon or germanium, or compounds such as gallium arsenide or cadmium selenide. In a process called doping, small amounts of impurities are added to pure semiconductors causing large changes in the conductivity of the material. Due to their role in the fabrication of electronic devices, semiconductors are an important part of our lives. Imagine life without electronic devices. The developments in semiconductor technology during the past 50 years have made electronic devices smaller, faster, and more reliable.
Composites: Composites consist of a mixture of two or more materials. Most composite materials consist of a selected filler or reinforcing material and a compatible resin binder to obtain the specific characteristics and properties desired. Usually, the components do not dissolve in each other and can be physically identified by an interface between the components. Fiberglass, a combination of glass and a polymer, is an example. Concrete and plywood are other familiar composites. Many new combinations include ceramic fibers in metal or polymer matrix.
What is Concrete? Brain Storming Activity 1: Concrete Survey 1. When was concrete first made? 9000 BC 500 BC 100 AD 2. Circle the possible components of concrete. water cement gravel sand 3. What is the purpose of cement in concrete? 4. What role does water play in producing concrete? 5. Why does concrete harden? 6. Why does concrete set (harden) slowly? 7. How can you make concrete set: (a) faster (b) slower? 8. Is concrete stronger in compression, tension, or the same in either? 9. How strong can concrete or cement be (in pounds per square inch (psi))? 50,000 20,000 5000 2000 10. How long can concrete last (in years)? 50,000 5000 500 50 1756 air 1824 steel rods
scores: 8-10 materials science major; 2-4 concrete laborer; 5-7 concrete contractor; 0-1 home owner Concrete Survey (Key) 1. When was concrete first made? 9000 BC 500 BC 100 AD 1756 1824 air
3. What is the purpose of cement in concrete? It acts as a primary binder to join the aggregate into a solid mass. 4. What role does water play in producing concrete? Water is required for the cement to hydrate and solidify. 5. Why does concrete harden? The chemical process called cement hydration produces crystals that interlock and bind together.
6. Why does concrete set (harden) slowly? It takes time for the hydrated cement crystals to form 7. How can you make concrete set: faster? add calcium chloride or accelerator" slower? add sugar or "set retarder" 8. Is concrete stronger in compression, tension, or the same in either? It is stronger in compression. 9. How strong can concrete or cement be (in pounds per square inch (psi))? 50,000 20,000 5000 2000 10.How long can concrete last (in years)? 50,000 5000 500 50