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References: Wright and Ashford, sections 12-9 and 12-10, Surveying textbook (Moffitt and Bouchard, 9th ed.), esp. pp. 549-551 CE 211 (111) Lab Manual, p65-68 Circular Curve Notation (see figure below): Point of Intersection (PI): the point at which the two tangents to the curve intersect Delta Angle: the angle between the tangents is also equal to the angle at the center of the curve Back Tangent: for a survey progressing to the right, it is the straight line that connects the PC to the PI Forward Tangent: for a survey progressing to the right, it is the straight line that connects the PI to the PT Point of Curvature (PC): the beginning point of the curve Point of Tangency (PT): the end point of the curve Tangent Distance (T): the distance from the PC to PI or from the PI to PT External Distance (E): the distance from the PI to the middle point of the curve Middle Ordinate (M): the distance from the middle point of the curve to the middle of the chord joining the PC and PT Long Chord (LC): the distance along the line joining the PC and the PT Length of Curve: the difference in stationing along the curve between the PC and the PT
3. Set instrument at PC, horizontal circle indexed to zero, telescope direct. Sight PI using lower motion. 4. Lay off consecutive appropriate deflection angles and chords, using upper motion, until PT is reached. 5. Sometimes it is necessary to "move up" on the curve because an obstruction blocks your vision.
Moving up on a curve
From CE 211 Lab Manual The steps involved in moving the instrument "up on the curve" are as follows: 1. Set instrument to intermediate curve station, horizontal circle indexed to zero, telescope direct. Plunge telescope, sight PC using lower motion. 2. Plunge telescope to direct position, lay off deflection angle for instrument station toward curve using upper motion. This will place the line of sight tangent to the curve at the instrument station. 3. Continue laying off consecutive deflection angles and chords as before, using the upper motion, until the PT is reached. Review: The angle from the PC to a point on a circular curve is one-half of the central angle subtended.
The degree of curvature, D, subtends one station. (therefore, d1/D = distance to first station/100). Between each station, add half of the degree of curve to the deflection angle.
To lay out the curve, we also need the chord distance to the point. The chord length for one full station would be 2*R*sin(D/2), so for 15 degree curve = 99.71' (which differs from arc distance by .29') Since we usually layout the curve in half stations or less, the difference is smaller, and possibly negligible. For example, for the same 15 degree curve, the chord distance for 50' of arc would be
2(381.93)sin(7.5/2) = 49.96, a difference of only .04' (note that the angle subtended by 50' is D/2 or 7.5 degrees).
gradually changes in radius from infinity to some finite value where the associated circular curve begins. In short, a spiral curve is required. There are a number of identifiable curves that spiral, but their mathematical differences do not affect their usefulness on highways. The geometry of the spiral curve is more rigorous that that of the circular curve and handbook tables are the usual way of working out the deflection angles needed to lay out a spiral curve in the field. The discussion has been worked out with reference to Route Location and Design, 5th ed., Hickerson, Thomas F., New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964, for the appropriate tables. The spiral curve element generally selected by the designer is the length of the spiral "ls ". The choice is usually made to introduce superelevation slowly enough so as not to exceed certain relative slopes between pavement edge and centerline grades. As a minimum, spiral curve lengths should not be shorter than the distance covered in two seconds at highway design speed.
Spiral Notation
TS: point of change from tangent to spiral SC: point of change from spiral to circle CS: point of change from circle to spiral ST: point of change from spiral to tangent l: spiral arc length from TS to any point on the spiral ls : total length of spiral from TS to SC Theta: central angle of spiral are l Thetas : the spiral angle = central angle of spiral arc ls Phi: spiral deflection angle at the TS from initial tangent to any point on the spiral Ds : degree of curve of the spiral at any point, and R = its radius Dc: degree of curve of the shifted circle to which the spiral becomes tangent at the SC, and R-c the radius fo the circle Delta: total central angle of the circular curve Deltac: central angle of circular arc of L-c extending from the SC to the CS ys : tangent offset of the SC with reference to the TS and the initial tangent xs : tangent distance for the SC p: offset from the initial tangent to the PC of the shifted circular curve k: abscissa of the shifted PC referred to the TS Ts : total tangent distance = distance from PI to TS or ST Es : = total external distance = distance from PI to midpoint of curve
What is delta backsight? It is the angle to turn from a backsight point (TS in this case) to get tangent to the curve (the red line is tangent to the curve). ...
What is delta forward? It is the angle to turn after you have become tangent to the curve, to get to the next stake point (SC in this case). ...