Documente Academic
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Documente Cultură
VIRTUAL I
Alfonso Pérez García.
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INDICE.
PROGRAMA...........................................................................4
BIBLIOGRAFIA. 5
Practicas. 5
UNIDAD 1. Principios y Conceptos de la IV..............................6
¿Qué es la Instrumentación Virtual? (1.1) 6
¿Cómo construir un instrumento virtual? 6
Conclusiones 9
Acerca de la instrumentacion virtual. 10
Visión General...................................................................................................10
¿Que es la instrumentación virtual?....................................................................10
¿Porque es necesaria la IV?................................................................................11
¿Porque ha sido tan existosa la IV?.....................................................................12
¿Que hace a NI un lider de la IV?.........................................................................14
¿Que hace a NI diferente de otras companies de IV?............................................15
¿Quien usa IV de NI?..........................................................................................18
El software en la instrumentación virtual. (1.2) 19
El rol de la Instrumentación Virtual, vision general..............................................19
Las tres capas del software de IV........................................................................19
¿Que hace a Labview ideal para la IV?.................................................................20
¿Como toma ventaja la IV de lo ultimos avances del software?.............................21
¿Que es el software de medición y servicios de control?......................................22
El hardware en la instrumentación virtual. (1.3) 24
El rol del Hardware en la Instrumentación virtual, vision general.........................24
¿Cuales son las capacidades del hardware de IV?................................................24
¿Sobre que plataformas de hardware de E/S, corre el software de IV?..................25
¿Como amplian la IV las nuevas tecnologias de buses (USB2.0 y el PCI Express)?..27
¿Cuales son los beneficios del Ethernet para la IV?..............................................29
La IV en la ingenieria de procesos (1.4) 30
IV para Pruebas, Control y Diseño; Visión General...............................................30
IV para pruebas.................................................................................................30
IV para Control y E/S industrial...........................................................................31
IV para Diseño...................................................................................................32
La IV, mas alla de la computadora personal. (1.5) 33
Additional Virtual Instrumentation Resources.....................................................33
UNIDAD 2. La IV y los instrumentos tradicionales.................34
Instrumentación Virtual e Instrumentos tradicionales, Visión General..................34
Diferencias entre la IV y lo instrumentos tradicionales. (2.1) 34
¿Que es un IV y como se diferencia de uno tradicional?.......................................34
Diferencias de hardware entre IV e IT. (2.2) 37
¿Como las capacidades del hardware de IV se compara con los IT?.......................37
Compatibilidad entre IV e IT. (2.3) 38
¿Son los IV y los instrumentos tradicionales compatibles?...................................38
Diferencias entre Inst. Virtuales e Instrumentos Sinteticos. (2.4) 38
¿Como se diferencian los intrumentos virtuales de los sinteticos?........................38
Synthetic instrument 40
Synthetic Measurement System.........................................................................40
External links 41
UNIDAD 3. Tipos de software en la IV-..................................43
Las tres capas del software para la IV. (3.1) 43
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Software de aplicación.......................................................................................43
Software de prueba y administración de datos....................................................43
Software de servicios de Medicion y Control.......................................................43
Labview como alternativa ideal. (3.2) 43
Software de medición en IV. (3.3) 43
Software de servicios de control en IV. (3.4) 43
Tendencias de uso de la tecnología en la IV. (3.5) 44
UNIDAD 4. El rol del hardware en la IV.................................45
Las capacidades del hardware para IV. (4.1) 45
Plataformas y modulos de E/S que corren software de IV. (4.2) 45
4.3 Como se usan el USB, PCI, PCI express y otras tecnologías en la IV.
(4.3) 45
Los beneficios del ethernet y otros recursos para la IV. (4.4) 45
ANEXOS..............................................................................46
CONCEPTOS: Resolucion, Sensibilidad, Exactitud etc............46
Resolución..................................................................................................... ....46
Exactitud................................................................................................... ........46
Precision...........................................................................................................48
Incertidumbre................................................................................................ ....49
Unidades patron del sistema internacional de unidades 50
Protocolo HART 56
PROTOCOL OVERVIEW........................................................................................56
PROTOCOL HISTORY...........................................................................................57
HART COMMUNICATIONS BENEFITS.....................................................................58
REFERENCIAS.....................................................................62
PROGRAMA
SEP DIRECCION GENERAL DE INSTITUTOS TECNOLOGICOS SEIT
1.IDENTIFICACION DEL PROGRAMA DESARROLLADO POR UNIDADES DE APRENDIZAJE.
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BIBLIOGRAFIA.
Practicas.
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Para finalizar, la siguiente tabla (Tabla 1) nos indica algunas de las principales
diferencias entre el instrumento convencional o tradicional, y el instrumento
virtual:
Conclusiones
Visión General
Con más de 6 millones de canales nuevos de medición vendidos el último año,
National Instruments es el líder mundial en instrumentación virtual. Los ingenieros
han utilizado la instrumentación virtual por mas de 25 años para traer el poder del
software flexible y la tecnología de la PC para probar controlar y diseñar
aplicaciones, haciendo mediciones análogas y digitales mas exactas en rangos de
Dc hasta 2.7 Ghz, en esta sección se proporcionara una excelente introducción a
la instrumentación virtual así como también recursos adicionales para que se
profundice mas la investigación.
PC performance, in particular, has increased more than 10,000X over the past 20
years. Virtual instruments takes advantage of this PC performance increase by
analyzing measurements and solving new application challenges with each new-
generation PC processor, hard drive, display, and I/O bus. These rapid
advancements, combined with the general trend that technical and computer
literacy starts early in school, contribute to successful computer-based virtual
instrumentation adoption.
Finally, system design software that provides an intuitive interface for designing
custom instrumentation systems furthers virtual instrumentation. LabVIEW is an
example of such software. The LabVIEW graphical development environment
offers the performance and flexibility of a programming language, as well as high-
level functionality and configuration utilities designed specifically for
measurement and automation applications.
In one word, the answer is software. Software that enables engineers and
scientists to create user-defined instruments.
While software is the heart of every virtual instrument, almost every virtual
instrument requires measurement hardware to accurately acquire the
measurement. Independent of the programming environment chosen, virtual
instrumentation software must provide excellent integration with system
measurement hardware. National Instruments software, including LabVIEW, offers
open connectivity to tens of thousands of sensors, cameras, actuators, cameras,
traditional instruments and plug-in devices (USB, PCI, etc.) from thousands of
third-party hardware vendors.
National Instruments has been a virtual instrumentation leader for more than 25
years. This leadership has grown and been sustained through constant and
consistent innovation.
3. NI SignalExpress
Design and test engineers asked National Instruments for virtual
instrumentation software that interactively measures and analyzes data. In
response, National Instruments created SignalExpress – a drag-and-drop,
no-programming-required environment ideal for exploratory measurements.
Here are a few examples of how customers use National Instruments virtual
instrumentation products:
1. AP Racing – Building Formula 1 Caliper and Brake Test Dynamometers
For more than 30 years, AP Racing has been a world leader in brake caliper
and race clutch technology and manufacturing. AP Racing concluded that a
unique new dynamometer would be a distinct advantage, and virtual
instrumentation using National Instruments DAQ devices and LabVIEW
provided the flexibility it needed to innovate in the marketplace.
To learn more about these customer solutions and read hundreds more, visit
ni.com/success.
One of the most powerful features that LabVIEW offers is its graphical
programming paradigm. With LabVIEW, engineers and scientists can design
custom virtual instruments by creating a graphical user interface on the computer
screen through which they:
• Operate the instrumentation program
• Control selected hardware
• Analyze acquired data
• Display results
They can customize the LabVIEW user interface, or front panel, with knobs,
buttons, dials, and graphs to emulate traditional instrument control panels of,
create custom test panels, or visually represent process control and operation.
Figure 2. LabVIEW virtual instruments include the user interface and application
logic.
Over the 20+ years of its development, LabVIEW has tightly integrated cutting
edge software technology while still providing a seamless transition from version
to version. With the long project lifetimes often found in the test and
measurement industry, it’s critical that LabVIEW provide a stable platform for
Many software packages get caught in the trap of rapid adoption of new
technology without regard to longevity. For example, software packages based
primarily on the Microsoft platform of technology over the past 15 years have had
several instances where their software had to be totally redefined due to the
discontinuity of the latest technology, such as COM, ActiveX, and most recently,
.NET.
Measurement and control services software is equivalent to the I/O driver software
layer. However, it is much more than just drivers. Though often overlooked, it is
one of the most crucial elements of rapid application development. This software
connects the virtual instrumentation software and the hardware for measurement
and control. It includes intuitive application programming interfaces, instrument
drivers, configuration tools, I/O assistants, and other software included with the
purchase of National Instruments hardware. National Instruments measurement
and control services software offers optimized integration with both National
Instruments hardware and National Instruments application development
environments.
As an example, National Instruments raised the bar for data acquisition software
when it introduced NI-DAQmx for the Windows OS and increased the ease, speed,
and power with which scientists and engineers take measurements. NI-DAQmx
leverages several technologies that legacy drivers do not exhibit including
multithreading, simplified application programming interface (API), interactive
configuration, and intelligent multi-device synchronization. Additionally, NI-
DAQmx supports broad ranges of programming languages, devices, buses,
sensors, and even mixed signal types. With NI-DAQmx, a new user to data
acquisition can easily create an application that leverages parallel processing and
synchronizes multiple devices all with interactive, configuration-based
programming.
I/O plays a critical role in virtual instrumentation. To accelerate test, control, and
design, I/O hardware must be rapidly adaptable to new concepts and products.
Virtual instrumentation delivers this capability in the form of modularity within
scalable hardware platforms. This document introduces a few of these platforms
and modular I/O types and illustrates the .
National Instruments modular I/O covers diverse I/O types so that engineers and
scientists can select I/O across many categories including analog, digital,
counter/timer, image, and motion. Modular I/O also includes modular instruments
such as oscilloscopes, meters, arbitrary function generators, LCR meters, and
more. With the wide variety of excellent I/O, engineers can randomly select any
I/O type required by the application. Careful engineering ensures that these
diverse I/O types work seamlessly together, meaning they can efficiently share
backplane and timing resources.
Standard hardware platforms that house the I/O are important to I/O modularity.
Laptop and desktop computers provide an excellent platform where virtual
instrumentation can make the most of existing standards such as the USB, PCI,
Ethernet, and PCMCIA buses. Using these standard buses, National Instruments
can focus on measurement hardware innovation while benefiting from inevitable
PC platform innovation (for example, USB 2.0 and PCI Express).
Figure 2. Modular I/O and scalable platforms such as USB, PCI, and PXI provide
flexibility and scalability.
See Also:
Learn about the PXI hardware platform
Learn about the USB hardware platform
Learn about the Compact FieldPoint hardware platform
Learn about the CompactRIO hardware platform
The 132 MB/s bandwidth provided by the 32-bit, 33MHz PCI bus still present on
most desktop PCs was a good match for plug-in peripherals 10 years ago, but now
can be monopolized by a single device, such as a Serial-ATA drive. And Gigabit
LAN cards – at 1000 Mb/s – use approximately 95 percent of available PCI
bandwidth. PCI bus architecture requires it to share the available 132 MB/s with all
devices on the bus, so high-bandwidth devices such as Serial-ATA drives and
Gigabit LAN cards strangle other devices on the PCI bus. To remedy these
limitations, a new peripheral bus called PCI Express has recently started to appear
in new PCs. PCI Express maintains software compatibility with PCI, but replaces
the physical bus with a high-speed (2.5 Gb/s) serial bus. Data is sent in packets
through transmit and receive signal pairs called lanes with about 200 MB/s
bandwidth per direction, per lane. Multiple lanes can be grouped together into x1
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(“by-one”), x2, x4, and x8 lane widths. Unlike PCI, which shares bandwidth
between all devices on the bus, this bandwidth is provided to each device in the
system. PCI Express benefits for virtual instrumentation are obvious. Plug-in
devices such as data acquisition devices and frame grabbers can use the
increased bandwidth for faster acquisitions and higher throughputs, and multiple
system devices benefit from guaranteed bandwidth availability.
USB 2.0, now standard on all new desktop and laptop PCs, also offers significant
benefits to virtual instrumentation. Initially created to connect peripherals such as
keyboards and mice to the PC, USB has quickly become the ubiquitous standard
for sending data to and from the PC and electronic devices, including digital
cameras, MP3 players, and even data acquisition devices. The USB plug-and-play
nature makes usability and device portability extremely simple. The PC
automatically detects when a new device has been plugged in, queries for device
identification, and appropriately configures the required drivers. In addition, USB
is hot-pluggable, so, unlike other data buses, there is no need to power down the
PC before adding or removing a device. The high speed of USB 2.0 improves data
throughput by 40X compared to USB 1.1, increasing bandwidth to 480 Mb/s.
All new PCs come with USB 2.0 ports, and PCI Express is emerging as the new
plug-in bus standard. As Intel, Dell, HP, and other vendors continue to develop
systems and components based on these technologies, economies of scale
continue to improve performance and costs. Virtual instrumentation and National
Instruments products will continue to use these bus technology advances to
provide higher speed test and measurements products at even lower prices.
Virtual instrumentation systems frequently use Ethernet for remote test system
control, distributed I/O, and enterprise data sharing. The primary benefit in using
Ethernet is cost. In nearly all cases, the Ethernet network preceded the
measurement system, so it often adds little cost to the measurement system
itself. Ethernet provides a low-cost, moderate-throughput method for exchanging
data and control commands over distances. However, due to its packet-based
architecture, Ethernet is not deterministic and has relatively high latency. For
some applications, such as instrumentation systems, the lack of determinism and
high latency make Ethernet a poor choice for integrating adjacent I/O modules.
These situations are better served with a dedicated bus such as PXI, VXI, or GPIB.
Virtual instrumentation has been widely adopted in test and measurement areas.
It has gradually increased addressable applications through continuous LabVIEW
innovation and hundreds of measurement hardware devices. Today, National
Instruments is leading the charge to expand this technology to the control and
design sectors. The benefits that have accelerated test development are
beginning to accelerate control and design. Engineers and scientists who are
increasing demands for virtual instrumentation in hopes of efficiently addressing
worldwide demand are the driving force behind this acceleration.
IV para pruebas.
Test has been a long-proven field for virtual instrumentation. More than 25,000
companies (the majority being test and measurement companies) use National
Instruments virtual instrumentation. Now, companies quickly are adopting up to
200 MS/s digitization capabilities. The PXI consortium hosts more than 60
members delivering hundreds of products. And tens of thousands of R&D,
validation, and product test engineers and scientists literally use thousands and
thousands of instrument drivers.
Still, the need for test has never been greater. As the pace of innovation has
increased, so too has the pressure to get new, differentiated products to market
quickly. Consumer expectations continue to increase; in electronics markets, for
example, disparate function integration is required in a small space and at a low
cost. The economic downturn of recent years has not curbed the need to
innovate, but instead has added the restraint of fewer resources. Meeting these
demands is a factor in business success – the company that can meet these
demands quickly, consistently, and most reliably has a decided advantage over
the competition.
All of these conditions drive new validation, verification, and manufacturing test
needs. A test platform that can keep pace with this innovation is not optional, it is
essential. The platform must include rapid test development tools adaptable
enough to be used throughout the product development flow. The need to get
products to market quickly and manufacture them efficiently requires high-
throughput test. To test the complex multifunction products that consumers
demand requires precise, synchronized measurement capabilities. And as
companies incorporate innovations to differentiate their products, test systems
must quickly adapt to test the new features.
To learn more about virtual instrumentation and other essential technologies for
test, visit ni.com/modularinstruments.
PCs and PLCs both play an important role in control and industrial applications.
PCs bring greater software flexibility and capability, while PLCs deliver
outstanding ruggedness and reliability. But as control needs become more
complex, there is a recognized need to accelerate the capabilities while retaining
the ruggedness and reliabilities.
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Independent industry experts have recognized the need for tools that can meet
the increasing need for more complex, dynamic, adaptive, and algorithm-based
control. The PAC is the industry’s request and virtual instrumentation’s answer.
PACs deliver PC software flexibility with PLC ruggedness and reliability. LabVIEW
software and rugged, real-time, control hardware platforms are ideal for creating a
PAC.
IV para Diseño.
The same design engineers that use a wide variety of software design tools must
use hardware to test prototypes. Commonly, there is no good interface between
the design phase and testing/validation phase, which means that the design
usually must go through a completion phase and enter a testing/validation phase.
Issues discovered in the testing phase require a design-phase reiteration.
Figure 2. Test plays a critical role in the design and manufacture of today’s
electronic devices.
In reality, the development process has two very distinct and separate stages –
design and test are two individual entities. On the design side, EDA tool vendors
undergo tremendous pressure to interoperate from the increasing semiconductor
design and manufacturing group complexity requirements. Engineers and
scientists are demanding the capability to reuse designs from one tool in other
tools as products go from schematic design to simulation to physical layout.
Similarly, test system development is evolving toward a modular approach. The
gap between these two worlds has traditionally been neglected, first noticeable in
the new product prototype stage. Traditionally, this is the stage where the product
designer uses benchtop instruments to sanity-check the physical prototypes
against their design for correctness. The designer makes these measurements
manually, probing circuits and looking at the signals on instruments for problems
or performance limitations. As designs iterate through this build-measure-tweak-
rebuild process, the designer needs the same measurements again. In addition,
these measurements can be complex – requiring frequency, amplitude, and
temperature sweeps with data collected and analyzed throughout. Because these
engineers focus on design tools, they are reluctant to invest in learning to
automate their testing.
To learn more about how virtual instrumentation can help with all steps of new
product design, visit ni.com/design.
Many engineers and scientists have a combination of both virtual and traditional
instruments in their labs. In addition, some traditional instruments provide a
specialized measurement which the engineer or scientist would prefer to have the
vendor define rather than actually defining it themselves. This begs the question,
“Are virtual instruments and traditional instruments compatible?”
To find an instrument driver or learn how to create one for an instrument, visit
ni.com/idnet.
Synthetic instrument
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_instrument"
External links
Software de aplicación.
4.3 Como se usan el USB, PCI, PCI express y otras tecnologías en la IV.
(4.3)
ANEXOS
Resolución.
Cuando hablamos de este concepto no nos referimos a repetir la solucion ,
tampoco a las decisiones que se toman en los congresos, parlamentos o
tribunales, aunque pareceria.
Como se podran dar cuenta una vez mas el significado de una palabra en
ocasiones es muy amplio, en esta ocasión el termino se refiere a la cantidad de
divisiones que tiene un rango determinado; por ejemplo podemos decir, en el
periodo de tiempo que goberno el PRI de 1930 a 2000, existe una division tipica
que generalmente usamos y es “años”.
Por lo tanto de 1930 a 2000 hay 70 años (70 divisiones), pero, ¿que tantos
meses? Para contestar a esta pregunta bastaria con calcular el numero de meses
que hay en 70 años , lo cual nos da un cifra de 70 x 12 meses =840 meses, esto
nos indica que el periodo de 1930 a 2000 podemos decir que tiene 70 años u 840
meses, ¿cuál es la diferencia? Entre uno y otro.
Cuando dividimos en años la cantidad fue menor que cuando dividimos en meses,
se dice que cuanto mayor es la cantidad de divisiones que hacemos, mayor es la
resolucion que tenemos. En terminos populares decimos fineza.
Otro ejemplo que podemos citar al respecto es el de una bascula en el
supermercado, como ustedes habran podido observar alguna vez las basculas del
supermercado tienen una capacidad tipica de 3 o 5 kg, con indicaciones desde 0 y
de uno en uno hasta el maximo, pero también cuentan con divisiones mas
pequeñas entre kg y kg, la mayoria de esllas con una indicacion de 50 gramos
por division, la cual seria su resolucion.
Generalmente la “resolucion” se expresa en unidades de la variable por
division de un rango definido, en el primer ejemplo la variable fue tiempo por
lo tanto la resolucion seria años por division o meses por division; en el
segundo ejemplo,la variable fue peso por lo tanto la resolucion seria gramos por
division.
Se recomienda al estudiante que haga algunos ejercicios de dividir rangos de una
variable en una cierta cantidad y expresar la resolucion.
Como se habran dado cuenta la “resolucion” es un concepto que tiene que ver
con mediciones y aparatos que miden.
Exactitud.
El termino “exactitud” es muchas veces confundido con el termino “precision”
el cual es diferente. A continuación citaremos el termino del glosario de
Por lo tanto podemos entender que la “exactitud” es que tan cerca del valor
real es la medicion que hicimos, lógicamente podriamos preguntarnos entonces
¿el valor medido no es el valor real? Y la respuesta a esa pregunta es que
ciertamente el valor medido no es el valor real, pero si con cierta cercania, entre
mas cercano esté la exactitud sera mayor.
Precision.
Actualmente este termino ha sido oficialmente reemplazado por el termino
“repetibilidad”, aunque en la practica existe una inercia que llevara algun
tiempo detener. De acuerdo con el glosario de “Nacional Instrument” el término
significa lo siguiente:
Mas adelante se ejemplificara con el tiro de arco. Por ahora continuaremos con la
definición del concepto de incertidumbre.
Incertidumbre.
Cuando hablamos de incertidumbre nos podemos referir a un sin numero de
posibilidadas, por ejemplo la sensación que experimentan algunos de ustedes
cuando llega el final de semestre y esperan sus calificaciones finales, o la no tan
agradable que experimentamos cuando un ser querido es sometido a una cirugía
mayor y no sabemos que va a pasar, lo que es cierto es que la “incertidumbre”
contiene un alto grado de desconocimento, de no saber, de falta de certeza es
decir de verdad. En pocas palabras tiene que ver con no saber la verdad. Y en
este sentido cuando se utiliza el termino en el campo de las medicones la
“incertidumbre” es el grado de alejamiento que se tiene de la realidad, mas
particularmente que tan lejos se esta del valor real y en este sentido es la
medida complentaria de la exactitud.
A mayor incertidumbre menor exactitud y viceversa, en terminos estadisticos
la “incertidumbre” es una medida de dispersión en tanto que la “exactitud”
es una medida de centralización.
Rango
Sensibilidad
Histeresis
Sensor
Transductor
Tiempo de respuesta
Span (alcance)
Una medida del error es la incertidumbre, diferencia entre los valores máximo y
minimo obtenidos en una serie de lecturas sobre una misma dimension constante.
El metro
El kilogramo
El segundo
El ampere
El grado kelvin
El mol
La candela.
Estas unidades están definidas en la tabla que se presenta mas adelante, en tanto
que la tabla siguiente presenta los prefijos asociados con las potencias de 10 o
notación científica de numeros.
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Temperatura Kelvin K La fracción 1/ (273.16) de la temperatura termodinámica del punto
triple del agua.(13 conferencia general de pesas y medidas, 1967.)
Intensidad Candela Cd La intensidad luminosa en dirección perpendicular de una superficie de
luminosa 1/ (600,000) m2 de un cuerpo negro a la temperatura de
congelamiento del platino (2,042 ° K) bajo una presión de
101,325 N/m2 . La intensidad en una dirección dada de una luz
monocromatica de 540 Thz con una intensidad energética de 1/683
Watts por Steradian.(1979)
Cantidad de Mol mol La cantidad de sustancia de un sistema que contiene un número de
sustancia entidades elementales igual al numero de átomos que hay en 0.012
Kg de carbono 12.(14ª conferenciageneral de pesas y medidas,
1971)
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UNIDADES DERIVADAS.
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Inducción magnética Tesla T 1 T = 1 WB /m2
Intensidad de campo magnético Ampere por metro A/m
Flujo eléctrico Ampere A
Flujo luminoso Lumen Lm 1 Lm = 1 Cd sr
Luminancia Candela por metro Cd/m2
cuadrado
Iluminación Lux Lx 1 Lx = 1Lm /m2
Numero de ondas Metro a la menos 1 m-1
Entropía Joule por Kelvin J/°K
Calor especifico Joule por kilogramo kelvin J/kg°K
Conductividad térmica Watt por metro kelvin W/m°K
Intensidad energética Watt por estero-radian W/sr
Actividad de una fuente radiactiva Segundó a la menos 1 s-1
Fuente:http://redquimica.pquim.UNAM.mx/fqt/cyd/glinda/sistema1.htm
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Protocolo HART
PROTOCOL OVERVIEW
LEADING COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
The HART Protocol is the leading communication technology used with smart
process instrumentation today. The HART Protocol continues to grow in popularity
and recognition in the industry as a global standard for smart instrument
communication. More than two-thirds of all smart instruments shipping today
communicate using the HART Protocol.
EASY TO USE
HART is field-proven, easy to use and provides highly capable two-way digital
communication simultaneously with the 4-20mA analog signaling used by
traditional instrumentation equipment.
UNIQUE COMMUNICATION SOLUTION
Unlike other digital communication technologies, the HART Protocol provides a
unique communication solution that is backward compatible with the installed
base of instrumentation in use today. This backward compatibility ensures that
investments in existing cabling and current control strategies will remain secure
well into the future.
Designed to compliment traditional 4-20mA analog signaling, the HART Protocol
supports two way digital communications for process measurement and control
devices. Applications include remote process variable interrogation, cyclical
access to process data, parameter setting and diagnostics.
STRUCTURE
Specification of the HART protocol is based largely on the OSI 7-Layer
Communication Model (see Figure 1).
The HART protocol specifications directly address 3 layers in the OSI model: the
Physical, Data Link and Application Layers. The Physical Layer connects devices
together and communicates a bit-stream from one device to another. It is
concerned with the mechanical and electrical properties of the connection and the
medium (the copper wire cable) connecting the devices. Signal characteristics are
defined to achieve a raw uncorrected reliability (see the FSK Physical Layer
Specification).
While the Physical Layer transmits the bit stream, the Data Link Layer is
responsible for reliably transferring that data across the channel. It organizes the
raw bit stream into packets (framing), adds error detection codes to the data
stream and performs Media Access Control (MAC) to insure orderly access to the
communication channel by both master and slave devices.
The bit stream is organized into 8-bit bytes that are further grouped into
messages. A HART transaction consists of a master command and a slave
response. Media access consists of token passing between the devices connected
to the channel. The passing of the token is implied by the actual message
transmitted. Timers are used to bound the period between transactions. Once the
timer expires, control of the channel is relinquished by the owner of the token. For
more information see the Data Link Layer Specification.
The Application Layer defines the commands, responses, data types and status
reporting supported by the Protocol. In addition, there are certain conventions in
HART (for example how to trim the loop current) that are also considered part of
the Application Layer. While the Command Summary, Common Tables and
Command Response Code Specifications all establish mandatory Application Layer
practices (e.g. data types, common definitions of data items, and procedures), the
Universal Commands specify the minimum Application Layer content of all HART
compatible devices.
PROTOCOL HISTORY
The HART protocol was originated by Rosemount in the late 1980's. HART is an
acronym for "Highway Addressable Remote Transducer." The protocol was "open"
for other companies to use and a User Group formed in 1990.
In March of 1993, the group voted to create an independent, nonprofit
organization to better support the HART Protocol. In July of that year, the HART
Communication Foundation was established to provide worldwide support for
application of the technology. The Foundation would own the HART technology,
manage the protocol standards, and ensure that the technology is openly
available for the benefit of the industry.
Today, the HCF manages the protocol standards and the protocol intellectual
property, holds training workshops, distributes CD-ROMs for information
dissemination, publishes a quarterly newsletter, is online with a highly visited web
site and sponsors HART exhibit booths at trade shows around the globe each year.
The HART Protocol is supported by all major instrumentation suppliers and
available products cover the full range of process measurement and control
applications.
INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO DE SAN LUIS POTOSI ING. ALFONSO PÉREZ GARCÍA Página 60
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REFERENCIAS