8admlnLon ls a racqueL sporL played by elLher Lwo opposlng players (slngles) or Lwo opposlng palrs (doubles) who Lake

poslLlons on opposlLe
halves of a recLangular courL LhaL ls dlvlded by a neL layers score polnLs by sLrlklng a shuLLlecock wlLh Lhelr racqueL so LhaL lL passes over Lhe
neL and lands ln Lhelr opponenLs half of Lhe courL Lach slde may only sLrlke Lhe shuLLlecock once before lL passes over Lhe neL A rally ends
once Lhe shuLLlecock has sLruck Lhe floor

1he beglnnlngs of 8admlnLon can be Lraced Lo mld18Lh cenLury 8rlLlsh lndla where lL was creaLed by 8rlLlsh mlllLary offlcers sLaLloned
Lhere2 Larly phoLographs show Lngllshmen addlng a neL Lo Lhe LradlLlonal Lngllsh game of baLLledore and shuLLlecock 8elng parLlcularly
popular ln Lhe 8rlLlsh garrlson Lown oona (now une) Lhe game also came Lo be known as oona23 lnlLlally balls of wool referred as ball
badmlnLon were preferred by Lhe upper classes ln wlndy or weL condlLlons buL ulLlmaLely Lhe shuLLlecock sLuck 1hls game was Laken by reLlred
offlcers back Lo Lngland where lL developed and rules were seL ouL
As early as 1860 lsaac SpraLL a London Loy dealer publlshed a bookleL 8admlnLon 8aLLledore a new game buL unforLunaLely no copy has
survlved4
1he new sporL was deflnlLlvely launched ln 1873 aL Lhe 8admlnLon PouseCloucesLershlre owned by Lhe uuke of 8eauforL uurlng LhaL Llme
Lhe game was referred Lo as 1he Came of 8admlnLon and Lhe games offlclal name became 8admlnLon3
unLll 1887 Lhe sporL was played ln Lngland under Lhe rules LhaL prevalled ln 8rlLlsh lndla 1he 8aLh 8admlnLon Club sLandardlzed Lhe rules and
made Lhe game appllcable Lo Lngllsh ldeas 1he baslc regulaLlons were drawn up ln 18873 ln 1893 Lhe 8admlnLon AssoclaLlon of Lngland
publlshed Lhe flrsL seL of rules accordlng Lo Lhese regulaLlons slmllar Lo Lodays rules and offlclally launched badmlnLon ln a house called
uunbar aL 6 Waverley Crove orLsmouLh Lngland on SepLember 13 of LhaL year6 1hey also sLarLed Lhe All Lngland Cpen 8admlnLon
Champlonshlps Lhe flrsL badmlnLon compeLlLlon ln Lhe world ln 1899
1he lnLernaLlonal 8admlnLon lederaLlon (l8l) (now known as 8admlnLon World lederaLlon) was esLabllshed ln 1934
wlLh Canadauenmark Lngland lrance Lhe neLherlands lreland new Zealand ScoLland and Wales as lLs foundlng members lndla [olned as
an afflllaLe ln 1936 1he 8Wl now governs lnLernaLlonal badmlnLon and develops Lhe sporL globally
Whlle lnlLlaLed ln Lngland compeLlLlve mens badmlnLon ln Lurope has LradlLlonally been domlnaLed by uenmark Aslan naLlons however have
been Lhe mosL domlnanL ones aL Lhe world level lndonesla SouLh korea Chlna and Malaysla along wlLh uenmark are among Lhe naLlons LhaL
have conslsLenLly produced worldclass players ln Lhe pasL few decades wlLh Chlna belng Lhe greaLesL force ln boLh mens and womens
compeLlLlon ln recenL years
LqulpmenL


8admlnLon racqueLs
edlL8acqueLs
8admlnLon racqueLs are llghLwelghL wlLh Lop quallLy racqueLs welghlng beLween 70 and 93 grams (24 Lo 33 ounces) noL lncludlng grlp or
sLrlngs89 1hey are composed of many dlfferenL maLerlals ranglng from carbon flbre composlLe (graphlLe relnforced plasLlc) Lo solld sLeel
whlch may be augmenLed by a varleLy of maLerlals Carbon flbre has an excellenL sLrengLh Lo welghL raLlo ls sLlff and glves excellenL klneLlc
energy Lransfer 8efore Lhe adopLlon of carbon flbre composlLe racqueLs were made of llghL meLals such as alumlnlum Larller sLlll racqueLs
were made of wood Cheap racqueLs are sLlll ofLen made of meLals such as sLeel buL wooden racqueLs are no longer manufacLured for Lhe
ordlnary markeL because of Lhelr excesslve mass and cosL nowadays nanomaLerlals such as fullerene and carbon nanoLubes are added Lo
rackeLs glvlng Lhem greaLer durablllLy
1here ls a wlde varleLy of racqueL deslgns alLhough Lhe laws llmlL Lhe racqueL slze and shape ulfferenL racqueLs have playlng characLerlsLlcs
LhaL appeal Lo dlfferenL players 1he LradlLlonal oval head shape ls sLlll avallable buL an lsomeLrlc head shape ls lncreaslngly common ln new
racqueLs
edlLSLrlngs
8admlnLon sLrlngs are Lhln hlgh performlng sLrlngs ln Lhe range of abouL 062 Lo 073 mm Lhlckness 1hlcker sLrlngs are more durable buL many
players prefer Lhe feel of Lhlnner sLrlngs SLrlng Lenslon ls normally ln Lhe range of 80 Lo 160 n (18 Lo 36 lbf) 8ecreaLlonal players generally
sLrlng aL lower Lenslons Lhan professlonals Lyplcally beLween 80 and 110 n (18 and 23 lbf) rofesslonals sLrlng beLween abouL 110 and 160 n
(23 and 36 lbf) Some sLrlng manufacLurers measure Lhe Lhlckness of Lhelr sLrlngs under Lenslon so Lhey are acLually Lhlcker Lhen Lhan speclfled
when slack Ashaway Mlcropower ls acLually 07mm buL ?onex 8C66 ls abouL 072mm
lL ls ofLen argued LhaL hlgh sLrlng Lenslons lmprove conLrol whereas low sLrlng Lenslons lncrease power10 1he argumenLs for Lhls generally
rely on crude mechanlcal reasonlng such as clalmlng LhaL a lower Lenslon sLrlng bed ls more bouncy and Lherefore provldes more power 1hls ls
ln facL lncorrecL for a hlgher sLrlng Lenslon can cause Lhe shuLLle Lo sllde off Lhe racqueL and hence make lL harder Lo hlL a shoL accuraLely An
alLernaLlve vlew suggesLs LhaL Lhe opLlmum Lenslon for power depends on Lhe player8 Lhe fasLer and more accuraLely a player can swlng Lhelr
racqueL Lhe hlgher Lhe Lenslon for maxlmum power nelLher vlew has been sub[ecLed Lo a rlgorous mechanlcal analysls nor ls Lhere clear
evldence ln favour of one or Lhe oLher 1he mosL effecLlve way for a player Lo flnd a good sLrlng Lenslon ls Lo experlmenL
edlLCrlp
1he cholce of grlp allows a player Lo lncrease Lhe Lhlckness of hls racqueL handle and choose a comforLable surface Lo hold A player may bulld
up Lhe handle wlLh one or several grlps before applylng Lhe flnal layer
layers may choose beLween a varleLy of grlp maLerlals 1he mosL common cholces are u synLheLlc grlps or Lowelllng grlps Crlp cholce ls a
maLLer of personal preference layers ofLen flnd LhaL sweaL becomes a problem ln Lhls case a drylng agenL may be applled Lo Lhe grlp or
hands sweaLbands may be used Lhe player may choose anoLher grlp maLerlal or change hls grlp more frequenLly
1here are Lwo maln Lypes of grlp replacemenL grlps and overgrlps 8eplacemenL grlps are Lhlcker and are ofLen used Lo lncrease Lhe slze of Lhe
handle Cvergrlps are Lhlnner (less Lhan 1 mm) and are ofLen used as Lhe flnal layer Many players however prefer Lo use replacemenL grlps as
Lhe flnal layer 1owelllng grlps are always replacemenL grlps 8eplacemenL grlps have an adheslve backlng whereas overgrlps have only a small
paLch of adheslve aL Lhe sLarL of Lhe Lape and musL be applled under Lenslon overgrlps are more convenlenL for players who change grlps
frequenLly because Lhey may be removed more rapldly wlLhouL damaglng Lhe underlylng maLerlal
ShuLLlecock
Maln arLlcle ShuLLlecock
A shuLLlecock (ofLen abbrevlaLed Lo shuLLle also called a blrdle) ls a hlghdrag pro[ecLlle wlLh an open conlcal shape Lhe cone ls formed from
slxLeen overlapplng feaLhers embedded lnLo a rounded cork base 1he cork ls covered wlLh Lhln leaLher or synLheLlc maLerlal
SynLheLlc shuLLles are ofLen used by recreaLlonal players Lo reduce Lhelr cosLs as feaLhered shuLLles break easlly 1hese nylon shuLLles may be
consLrucLed wlLh elLher naLural cork or synLheLlc foam base and a plasLlc sklrL
Shoes
8admlnLon shoes are llghLwelghL wlLh soles of rubber or slmllar hlghgrlp nonmarklng maLerlals
Compared Lo runnlng shoes badmlnLon shoes have llLLle laLeral supporL Plgh levels of laLeral supporL are useful for acLlvlLles where laLeral
moLlon ls undeslrable and unexpecLed 8admlnLon however requlres powerful laLeral movemenLs A hlghly bullLup laLeral supporL wlll noL be
able Lo proLecL Lhe fooL ln badmlnLon lnsLead lL wlll encourage caLasLrophlc collapse aL Lhe polnL where Lhe shoes supporL falls and Lhe
players ankles are noL ready for Lhe sudden loadlng whlch can cause spralns lor Lhls reason players should choose badmlnLon shoes raLher
Lhan general Lralners or runnlng shoes because proper badmlnLon shoes wlll have a very Lhln sole lower a persons cenLre of gravlLy and
Lherefore resulL ln fewer ln[urles layers should also ensure LhaL Lhey learn safe and proper fooLwork wlLh Lhe knee and fooL ln allgnmenL on
all lunges 1hls ls more Lhan [usL a safeLy concern proper fooLwork ls also crlLlcal ln order Lo move effecLlvely around Lhe courL
Forehand and backhand
8admlnLon offers a wlde varleLy of baslc sLrokes and players requlre a hlgh level of sklll Lo perform all of Lhem effecLlvely All sLrokes can be
played elLher forehand or backhand A players forehand slde ls Lhe same slde as Lhelr playlng hand for a rlghLhanded player Lhe forehand
slde ls Lhelr rlghL slde and Lhe backhand slde ls Lhelr lefL slde lorehand sLrokes are hlL wlLh Lhe fronL of Lhe hand leadlng (llke hlLLlng wlLh Lhe
palm) whereas backhand sLrokes are hlL wlLh Lhe back of Lhe hand leadlng (llke hlLLlng wlLh Lhe knuckles) layers frequenLly play cerLaln
sLrokes on Lhe forehand slde wlLh a backhand hlLLlng acLlon and vlce versa
ln Lhe forecourL and mldcourL mosL sLrokes can be played equally effecLlvely on elLher Lhe forehand or backhand slde buL ln Lhe rearcourL
players wlll aLLempL Lo play as many sLrokes as posslble on Lhelr forehands ofLen preferrlng Lo play a roundLhehead forehand overhead (a
forehand on Lhe backhand slde) raLher Lhan aLLempL a backhand overhead laylng a backhand overhead has Lwo maln dlsadvanLages llrsL
Lhe player musL Lurn Lhelr back Lo Lhelr opponenLs resLrlcLlng Lhelr vlew of Lhem and Lhe courL Second backhand overheads cannoL be hlL wlLh
as much power as forehands Lhe hlLLlng acLlon ls llmlLed by Lhe shoulder [olnL whlch permlLs a much greaLer range of movemenL for a
forehand overhead Lhan for a backhand 1he backhand clear ls consldered by mosL players and coaches Lo be Lhe mosL dlfflculL baslc sLroke ln
Lhe game slnce preclse Lechnlque ls needed ln order Lo musLer enough power for Lhe shuLLlecock Lo Lravel Lhe full lengLh of Lhe courL lor Lhe
same reason backhand smashes Lend Lo be weak
edlLoslLlon of Lhe shuLLlecock and recelvlng player
1he cholce of sLroke depends on how near Lhe shuLLlecock ls Lo Lhe neL wheLher lL ls above neL helghL and where an opponenL ls currenLly
poslLloned players have much beLLer aLLacklng opLlons lf Lhey can reach Lhe shuLLlecock well above neL helghL especlally lf lL ls also close Lo Lhe
neL ln Lhe forecourL a hlgh shuLLlecock wlll be meL wlLh a neL klll hlLLlng lL sLeeply downwards and aLLempLlng Lo wln Lhe rally lmmedlaLely
1hls ls why lL ls besL Lo drop Lhe shuLLlecock [usL over Lhe neL ln Lhls slLuaLlon ln Lhe mldcourL a hlgh shuLLlecock wlll usually be meL wlLh a
powerful smash also hlLLlng downwards and hoplng for an ouLrlghL wlnner or a weak reply ALhleLlc [ump smashes where players [ump
upwards for a sLeeper smash angle are a common and specLacular elemenL of ellLe mens doubles play ln Lhe rearcourL players sLrlve Lo hlL
Lhe shuLLlecock whlle lL ls sLlll above Lhem raLher Lhan allowlng lL Lo drop lower 1hls overhead hlLLlng allows Lhem Lo play
smashes clears (hlLLlng Lhe shuLLlecock hlgh and Lo Lhe back of Lhe opponenLs courL) and dropshoLs (hlLLlng Lhe shuLLlecock so LhaL lL falls
sofLly downwards lnLo Lhe opponenLs forecourL) lf Lhe shuLLlecock has dropped lower Lhen a smash ls lmposslble and a fulllengLh hlgh clear
ls dlfflculL
edlLverLlcal poslLlon of Lhe shuLLlecock
When Lhe shuLLlecock ls well below neL helghL players have no cholce buL Lo hlL upwards LlfLs where Lhe shuLLlecock ls hlL upwards Lo Lhe
back of Lhe opponenLs courL can be played from all parLs of Lhe courL lf a player does noL llfL hls only remalnlng opLlon ls Lo push Lhe
shuLLlecock sofLly back Lo Lhe neL ln Lhe forecourL Lhls ls called a neLshoL ln Lhe mldcourL or rearcourL lL ls ofLen called a push or block
When Lhe shuLLlecock ls near Lo neL helghL players can hlL drlves whlch Lravel flaL and rapldly over Lhe neL lnLo Lhe opponenLs rear mldcourL
and rearcourL ushes may also be hlL flaLLer placlng Lhe shuLLlecock lnLo Lhe fronL mldcourL urlves and pushes may be played from Lhe
mldcourL or forecourL and are mosL ofLen used ln doubles Lhey are an aLLempL Lo regaln Lhe aLLack raLher Lhan chooslng Lo llfL Lhe shuLLlecock
and defend agalnsL smashes AfLer a successful drlve or push Lhe opponenLs wlll ofLen be forced Lo llfL Lhe shuLLlecock
edlLCLher facLors
When defendlng agalnsL a smash players have Lhree baslc opLlons llfL block or drlve ln slngles a block Lo Lhe neL ls Lhe mosL common reply
ln doubles a llfL ls Lhe safesL opLlon buL lL usually allows Lhe opponenLs Lo conLlnue smashlng blocks and drlves are counLeraLLacklng sLrokes
buL may be lnLercepLed by Lhe smashers parLner Many players use a backhand hlLLlng acLlon for reLurnlng smashes on boLh Lhe forehand and
backhand sldes because backhands are more effecLlve Lhan forehands aL coverlng smashes dlrecLed Lo Lhe body lL ls very good Lool Lo play
hard shoLs whlch are dlrecLed Lowards your body
1he servlce ls resLrlcLed by Lhe Laws and presenLs lLs own array of sLroke cholces unllke ln Lennls Lhe servers rackeL musL be polnLlng ln a
downward dlrecLlon Lo dellver Lhe serve so normally Lhe shuLLle musL be hlL upwards Lo pass over Lhe neL 1he server can choose a low
serve lnLo Lhe forecourL (llke a push) or a llfL Lo Lhe back of Lhe servlce courL or a flaL drlve serve LlfLed serves may be elLher hlgh serves
where Lhe shuLLlecock ls llfLed so hlgh LhaL lL falls almosL verLlcally aL Lhe back of Lhe courL or fllck serves where Lhe shuLLlecock ls llfLed Lo a
lesser helghL buL falls sooner