Suggested Solution for Applied Mathematics 2008 (II) [Mini-Forum] Y.K.

Ng (Last update:18/4)
Paper II

dy y y 2. (a) number of subintervals = 2n = 2, n=1

1. (a) = ( )2 − − 4 --- <*>
dx x x 2 − 0.98
I S . R. = [ f (0.98) + 4 f (1.49) + f (2)]
dy du 6(1)
Put y = ux , =u+x .
dx dx 2 − 0.98
= [0.379121461 + 4(0.184632473) + 0.095696496]
du 6(1)
<*> becomes: u+x = u2 −u − 4
dx = 0.2063 (4 d.p.)

du (2 − 0.98) 5
i.e. x = u2 −4 (b) Error = − f ( 4)
(ξ) , where 0.98 < ξ < 2
dx 4
2880n
dx du 1 1 1 (2 − 0.98) 5 (2 − 0.98) 5
∫ x ∫ u2 −4 4 ∫ u −2 u + 2
( 4)
(b) = = ( − )du |Error| = 4
| f (ξ) | < ⋅ 9 = 0.003450 < 0.004
2880 (1) 2880 (1) 4
u−2 y − 2x y z z2
4 ln x + C = ln = ln (Q u = ) (c) Put x= . x= , dx = zdz
u+2 y + 2x x 2 2
z2
y − 2x 1 2 −
= Ax 4 , where A = e C . I =∫
2 −x
e dx = ∫
2
e 2 ⋅ zdz
y + 2x 0.98
x 1.4 z
z2 z2
3 − 2(1) 1 − 1 −
At x = 1 , y = 3 , ∴ A(1) 4 = = 2 2
3 + 2(1) 5
= 2∫
1.4
e 2 dz = 2 π ∫1.4 2π
e 2 dz

y − 2x x 4 = 2 π[ P(0 < Z < 2) − P(0 < Z < 1.4)]

∴ =
y + 2x 5 = 2 π (0.4772 – 0.4192)
4 5
5 y − 10 x = x y + 2 x = 0.205604646

2 x 5 + 10 x
i.e. y=
5− x4 Absolute error = | I S .R. − I | = 0.2063 – 0.205604646
= 0.000695353
< 0.001

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Suggested Solution for Applied Mathematics 2008 (II) [Mini-Forum] Y.K.Ng (Last update:18/4)

1 4. (a) To move from A to C, Andy needs to take three times of N (North) and three
3. (a) Note that f (−1) = f (1) = , f (0) = 1
2 times of E (East) in 6 trials.
( x − 0)( x − 1) ( x − (−1))( x − 1) To arrange three N and three E in a line of 6 spaces,
p( x) = f (−1) + f (0)
(−1 − 0)(−1 − 1) (0 − (−1))(0 − 1) 6!
the number of ways = = 20
( x − (−1))( x − 0) 3 !3 !
+ f (1)
(1 − (−1))(1 − 0) (b) (i) Probability = 20(0.3) 3 (0.7) 3 = 0.18522 ≈ 0.1852 (4 d.p.)

1 1 (ii) To move from A to B, Andy needs 2 E and 1 N.

= x( x − 1) − ( x 2 − 1) + x( x + 1)
4 4 3!
number of ways from A to B = =3
1 2 2 !1!
=− x +1
2 3!
Similarly, number of ways from B to C = =3
f (3)
(ξ) 1! 2 !
(b) Error = ( x + 1) x( x − 1) , for some −1 < ξ < 1 .
3! Number of ways from A to C via B = 3 × 3 = 9
(3)
|f (ξ) | 3
|Error| = | x −x|
3! Required probability = (20 − 9)(0.3) 3 (0.7) 3 = 0.1019

πx (3) π πx
* f ( x) = cos , f ( x) = ( ) 3 sin
3 3 3

(3) π πx π π
∴ |f ( x) |= ( ) 3 | sin |≤ ( ) 3 sin for −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
3 3 3 3

±1
* Let h( x) = x 3 − x . h' ( x ) = 3x 2 − 1 = 0 gives x =
3

−1 1 2
max | h( x) |= max{| h(−1) |, | h(1) |, | h( ) |, | h( ) |} =
x∈[ −1, 1] 3 3 3 3

π π
(3) ( ) 3 sin 3
|f (ξ) | 3 3 3 ⋅ 2 = π < 0.07
* |Error| = | x −x| ≤
3! 6 3 3 486

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Suggested Solution for Applied Mathematics 2008 (II) [Mini-Forum] Y.K.Ng (Last update:18/4)
5. 52
0.2 6. Let the sample size be n. Then X ~ N (µ, ).
T n
0.25 J
52 X − µ0
T Under H 0 , X ~ N (µ 0 , ), Z =
R1 n 5/ n
1 T
X − µ0
0.4 J For rejecting H 0 at 5% level, Z= > 1.645
T 5/ n
8.225
X > µ0 +
p n
T
0.4 J 8.225
0.6 ∴ K = µ0 +
T n
R2
1 T (a) Put n = 64 , K = µ 0 + 1.028125
J (b) Now 0.017 > P(Type II error)
T
= P(Do not reject H 0 | H 0 is false)
Let J = traffic jam, T = on time, p = P (T | R 2 ∩ J ). 52
= P( X ≤ K | X ~ N (µ 0 + 2, ))
P( R2 ∩ T ) n
* 0. 6 = P( R 2 | T ) =
P(T )
8.225
(µ 0 + ) − (µ 0 + 2)
0.6(0.4) p + 0.6(1 − 0.4)(1) K − (µ 0 + 2) n
= = P( Z ≤ ) = P( Z ≤ )
[0.4(0.25)(0.2 + 0.4(1 − 0.25)(1)] + [0.6(0.4) p + 0.6(1 − 0.4)(1)] 5/ n 5/ n

0.24 p + 0.36 = P( Z ≤ 1.645 − 0.4 n )

=
0.24 p + 0.68 ∴ 1.645 − 0.4 n ≤ −2.12
(0.6)(0.24 p + 0.68) = 0.24 p + 0.36 , p = 0 .5 n ≥ 88.5952
* Required probability i.e. minimum sample size = 89.
P ( J ∩ T ) 0.4(0.25)(0.2) + 0.6(0.4)( p)
= P( J | T ) = =
P (T ) 0.24( p) + 0.68

0.14
= = 0.175
0.8

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Suggested Solution for Applied Mathematics 2008 (II) [Mini-Forum] Y.K.Ng (Last update:18/4)

1 1+ 2 2+3 Method II
7. (a) A= S1 + ( S 2 − S1 ) + ( S 3 − S 2 ) + ...
2 2 2 Q S n − S n −1 = S n −1 − S n − 2 = ... = S 2 − S1 = S1

(n − 1) + n 1 ∴ the (n +1) vertices form a straight line and hence the area of the
+ ( S n − S n −1 ) − n ⋅ S n
2 2 shaded polygon is zero.
S1 n (k + 1) + k nS ∴ A=0
= +∑ ( S k +1 − S k ) − n
2 k =1 2 2 2A
i.e. GC= =0
S1 n
1 n nS (n − 1) S n
= + ∑ k ( S k +1 − S k ) + ∑ ( S k +1 − S k ) − n
2 k =1 2 k =1 2

S1 1 nS (c) For the set { S1 ' , S 2 ' ,..., S n ' }

= + [(n − 1) S n − S n −1 − ... − S 2 − S1 ] + ( S n − S1 ) − n
2 2 2 2A ' (n + 1) S n '−2nS '
New GC’ = =
S n nS n (n − 1) S n ' (n − 1) S n '
= nS n − ( S n + S n −1 + ... + S 2 + S1 ) + −
2 2 n + 1 2n S '
= − ⋅
(n + 1) S n n −1 n −1 S n '
= − nS
2 n n

(b) Method I
∑ S k ' ∑ 2S k
k =1 k =1
Put S k ' = 2 S k , then S ' = = = 2S
Q S n − S n −1 = S n −1 − S n − 2 = ... = S 2 − S1 = S1 n n
∴ S k = kS1 for k = 1 , 2, …, n. n + 1 2n 2 S n + 1 2n S
∴ GC’ = − ⋅ = − ⋅ = GC
(n + 1) S n (n + 1)nS1 n n − 1 n − 1 2S n n − 1 n − 1 S n
A = − nS = − ∑ Sk
2 2 k =1 i.e. GC will not be changed in doubling S k ' s .

(n + 1)nS1 n n n(n + 1)
= − S1 ∑ k = 0 (Q ∑k = )
2 k =1 k =1 2

2A
∴ GC= =0
(n − 1) S n

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Suggested Solution for Applied Mathematics 2008 (II) [Mini-Forum] Y.K.Ng (Last update:18/4)
8. (a) Let X A be the lifetime, in minutes, of a type A battery. σB σB
(c) (i) x 9 − 1.96 = 235.12 , x 9 + 1.96 = 239.04
 P( X A > 241.5) = 0.791 9 9
 ,
 P(| X A − µ A |< 2.2) = 0.34 On solving the two equations, x 9 = 237.08 , σB = 3
(ii) (1) H 0 : µ = 240
 241.5 − µ A
 P( Z > ) = 0.791 − −− <1>
H 1 : µ > 240
 σA

 P(| Z |< 2.2 ) = 0.34 16
 σA
− −− < 2 > (2) ∑ x i = 3894
i =1

2 .2 2.2 16
From <2>, P(0 < Z < ) = 0.17 , = 0.44 x9 × 9 + ∑ xi
σA σA 237.08 × 9 + 3894
i =1
x= = =241.1088
i.e. σA = 5 25 25

241.5 − µ A 241.5 − µ A 32
From <1>, P( Z > ) = 0.791 , = − 0.81 Under H 0 , X 25 ~ N (240, )
5 5 25
µ A = 245.55 x − 240 241.1088 − 240
z= = 1.848 > 1.645
(b) Let Y be the number of type A batteries in the batch that the lifetime is 3/5 3/5
longer than 240 minutes. ∴ We reject H 0 at 5% level of significance.
Y ~ Bin(20, p) ,
where p = P ( X A > 240)

240 − 245.55
= P( Z > ) = P( Z > −1.11) = 0.8665
5
P (reject the batch)
= P ( Y < 17 )
20
= 1− ∑ P(Y = k )
k =18

20
= 1− ∑ 20 C k p k (1 − p) 20− k
k =18

= 0.5109 (4 d.p.)

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Suggested Solution for Applied Mathematics 2008 (II) [Mini-Forum] Y.K.Ng (Last update:18/4)

2 C2 ⋅2 C0 1 2 1 (c) (i) Let M be the mark obtained got by a wild-guesser in a question of

9. (a) (i) Required probability = = (or × )
4 C2 6 4 3 Economics test.
(ii) Let N be the passing mark. M = {1, k , 0}
Let X be the marks that a wild-guesser obtained in the History test. 1
P( M = 1) = ,
X ~ Bin(10, p) , where p = 1 / 6 . 6
We need to find minimum of N such that 2 C1 ⋅ 2 C1 2
P( M = k ) = = ,
10 10
1 5 4 C2 3
P( X ≥ N ) = ∑ P( X = k ) = ∑ 10 C k ( 6 ) k ( 6 )10− k < 0.1
k=N k=N 2 C0 ⋅2 C2 1
P ( M = 0) = = .
Now P( X ≥ 0) = 1 4 C2 6
P( X ≥ 1) = 0.8385 0.3 = E ( M ) = 1⋅ P( M = 1) + k ⋅ P ( M = k ) + 0 ⋅ P ( M = 0)
P( X ≥ 2) = 0.5155 1 2k
∴ 0.3 = + i.e. k = 0 .2
P( X ≥ 3) = 0.2248 6 3
P( X ≥ 4) = 0.0697 < 0.1 (ii) Table shows the 5 ways to obtain mark greater than 8:
P( X ≥ 5) = 0.0155 < 0.1 No. of qu that
So, N ≥ 4, minimum value of passing mark = 4. M =1 10 9 9 8 8
(b) Let N be the passing mark. M = 0.2 0 1 0 2 1
Let Y be the marks that a wild-guesser obtained in the Geography test. M =0 0 0 1 0 1
app. Total marks 10 9.2 9 8.4 8.2
1 1 1 5
Y ~ Bin(60, ) , Y ~ N (60 × ,60 × × )
6 6 6 6 Required probability
app.
25 10 ! 1 10 2 0 1 0 10 ! 1 9 2 1 1 0
∴ Y ~ N (10, ) = ( ) ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) ( )
3 10 ! 0 ! 0! 6 3 6 9 !1! 0! 6 3 6
( N − 0.5) − 10 10 ! 1 9 2 0 1 1 10 ! 1 8 2 2 1 0
Now 0.695> P(Y < N ) = P( Z < ) + ( ) ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) ( )
5/ 3 9 ! 0 !1! 6 3 6 8 ! 2 ! 0! 6 3 6
3 ( N − 10.5) 10 ! 1 8 2 1 1 1
∴ > 0.51 , N > 11.97 + ( ) ( ) ( )
5 8 !1!1! 6 3 6
i.e. Minimum value of passing mark = 12. = 0.0000187 (3 sig. fig.)

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Suggested Solution for Applied Mathematics 2008 (II) [Mini-Forum] Y.K.Ng (Last update:18/4)
10. (a) 0.5 = P (‘six’ does not appear in the first time AND ‘six’ appears at least (iii) (1) x 0 = 0 .7
one in the next 9 trials.) x1 = 0.85133992
= P (‘six’ does not appear in the first time) × x 2 = 0.90068463
[1 – P (no ‘six’ appears in 9 trials) x 3 = 0.91259959
= q (1 − q 9 ) = q − q 10 x 4 = 0.91527770
10 x 5 = 0.91587006
∴ 2q − 2q + 1 = 0
i.e. q is a root of 2 x 10 − 2 x + 1 = 0 i.e. x 5 ≈ 0.9159 (4 d.p.)
10 (2) | x n − r |=| g ( x n −1 ) − g (r ) |
(b) Let f ( x) = 2 x − 2 x + 1 for x ∈ [0.7, 1] .
=| g ' (ξ) | ⋅ | x n −1 − r | , ξ lies between x n −1 and r.
< 0 0.7 ≤ x < 10 −1 / 9

 < 0.4257 | x n −1 − r |
f ' ( x) = 20 x 9 − 2 = 0 for x = 10 −1 / 9 .
 < ...
> 0 10 −1 / 9 < x ≤ 1
< 0.4257 n | x 0 − r |
For 0.7 ≤ x < 10 −1 / 9 , f ' ( x) < 0 < 0.4257 n | 1 − 0.7 |
f ( x) ≤ f (0.7) = – 0.3425 < 0 = 0.4257 n (0.3)
For 10 −1 / 9 < x ≤ 1 , f ' ( x) > 0 together with ∴ | x 5 − r |< 0.4257 5 (0.3) = 0.004194
f (10 −1 / 9 ) = – 0.3967>0 and f (1) = 1 > 0 ∴ We cannot use (c)(ii) to deduce that | x 5 − r |< 0.0001.
f ( x) = 0 has exactly one root in [0.7, 1].
1
(c) (i) g ' ( x) =
10( x − 0.5) 9 / 10
∴ g ' ( x) > 0 for x ∈ [0.7, 1] .
∴ g (x) is strictly increasing on [0.7, 1] .
∴ 0.8513 < g (0.7) < g ( x) < g (1) = 0.9330
i.e. 0 .7 < g ( x ) < 1
1 1
(ii) | g ' ( x) |= 9 / 10
< = 0.4257 < 1
10( x − 0.5) 10(0.7 − 0.5) 9 / 10

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Suggested Solution for Applied Mathematics 2008 (II) [Mini-Forum] Y.K.Ng (Last update:18/4)
(c) * y (0) = 1.5 x(0)
 dx 3 1 − −− <1>
 dt = 100 x − 100 y 1 3
11. (a)  2k 1 − k 2 = (k1 + k 2 ) , k1 = 4k 2
 dy = − 1 x + 1.5 y − −− < 2 > 2 2
 dt 100 100
1 15
* 0 < y (0) = 2k1 − k2 = k2 , ∴ k1 , k 2 > 0
d x2
3 dx 1 dy 2 2
= − (Differentiate <1>)
dt 2 100 dt 100 dt k2
(i) x = k 2 (4e 0.01 t + e 0.035 t ) , y= (16e 0.01 t − e 0.035 t )
3 dx 1 1 1 .5 2
= − (− x+ y) (by <2>)
100 dt 100 100 100 Consider x(t ) = y (t ) ,

3 dx 1 1.5 1 k2
= + x− ( y) k 2 (4e 0.01 t + e 0.035t ) = (16e 0.01 t − e 0.035 t )
100 dt 10000 100 100 2

3 dx 1 1 .5 3 dx 3e 0.0035 t = 8e 0.01 t
= + x− ( x− ) (by <1>)
100 dt 10000 100 100 dt 8 8
e 0.025 t = , t = 40 ln
4.5 dx 3 .5 3 3
= + x
100 dt 10000 8
Thus, the net asset values of A and B are equal after 40 ln months.
d x 2
dx 3
i.e. 2
− 0.045 + 0.00035x = 0
dt dt k2
(ii) y= (16e 0.01 t − e 0.035 t ) ,
2
(b) Consider 0 = λ2 − 0.045λ + 0.00035 = (λ − 0.01)(λ − 0.035)  32
> 0 0 < t < 40 ln
7
λ = 0.01 or 0.0035 
dy k 2  32
i.e. x = k1 e 0.01 t
+ k2e 0.035 t = (16e 0.01 t − 3.5e 0.035 t ) = 0 for t = 40 ln
dt 200  7
dx  32
By <1>, y = 3 x − 100 < 0 t > 40 ln
dt  7

= 3(k1 e 0.01 t + k 2 e 0.035 t ) − 100(0.01k1 e 0.01 t + 0.035k 2 e 0.035 t ) i.e. net asset value of B attains its greatest value after

1 32
= 2k1 e 0.01 t − k 2 e 0.035 t 40 ln months.
2 7

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Suggested Solution for Applied Mathematics 2008 (II) [Mini-Forum] Y.K.Ng (Last update:18/4)
( x − 0)( x − 2)( x − 4) ( x + 2)( x − 2)( x − 4) 4 4
∫ −2 h( x)dx = ∫ −2 (− x
3
12. (a) g ( x) = 0 ⋅ + 32 ∴ − 2 x 2 + 16 x + 32)dx
(−2 − 0)(−2 − 2)(−2 − 4) (0 + 2)(0 − 2)(0 − 4)

( x + 2)( x − 0)( x − 4) ( x + 2)( x − 0)( x − 2) 4

+ 48 + 0⋅ + k∫ ( x 4 − 4 x 3 − 4 x 2 + 16 x)dx
(2 + 2)(2 − 0)(2 − 4) (4 + 2)(4 − 0)(4 − 2) −2

= − x 3 − 2 x 2 + 16 x + 32 4

(b) Let F ( x) = p( x) − q( x) .
Now, ∫ −2 h( x)dx = 160
Q F ( x i ) = p ( x i ) − q( x i ) = 0 for i = 1 , 2, 3, 4. 4
4  x 4 2x 3 
∫ − 2 (− x − 2 x + 16 x + 32)dx = − 4 − 3 + 8x + 32 x  = 180
∴ x − x1 , x − x 2 , x − x 3 and x − x 4 are four distinct factors 3 2 2

  −2
of F (x)
4
4
∴ F ( x) = [∏ ( x − x i )]r ( x) for some polynomial r (x) . 4  x5 4x 3  144
∫ −2
4 3 2 4
i =1 ( x − 4 x − 4 x + 16 x ) dx =  − x − + 8x 2  = −
 5 3  − 2 5
i.e. p( x) = q( x) + ( x − x1 )( x − x 2 )( x − x 3 )( x − x 4 )r ( x)
4 4 − (−2) 144k
(c) (i) ∫ − 2 f ( x)dx ≈ 2(3)
[ f (−2) + 2( f (0) + f (2)) + f (4)] ∴ 160 = 180 −
5
= 0 + 2(32 + 48) + 0 25
∴ k=
= 160 36

(4 − (−2)) 3 ( 2) 25 4
(ii) Error = − 2
f (ξ) , for some ξ lies between –2 and 4. h( x) = (− x 3 − 2 x 2 + 16 x + 32) + ( x − 4 x 3 − 4 x 2 + 16 x)
12(3) 36
( 2)
= −2 f (ξ ) 1
= (25 x 4 − 136 x 3 − 172 x 2 + 976 x + 1152)
( 2) 36
|Error| = 2 | f (ξ) |< 2m
(d) Now h( x)(= f ( x)) = g ( x) at x = −2 , 0, 2 and 4
∴ h( x) = g ( x) + ( x + 2)( x − 0)( x − 2)( x − 4)r ( x) --- End of Solutions ---
For h(x) to be the lowest degree, r (x) is a constant, say k.
∴ h( x) = g ( x) + k ( x 4 − 4 x 3 − 4 x 2 + 16 x)
h( x) = (− x 3 − 2 x 2 + 16 x + 32) + k ( x 4 − 4 x 3 − 4 x 2 + 16 x)

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