International Journal of Computer Information Systems,

Vol. 3, No. 4, 2011

Data Link Layer MC-CDMA Modeling and
Probability Characteristic Evaluation
AL-THUNEIBAT S. A.
Department of Electrical Engineering, BAU, Jordan
E-mail: Thuneibat@Hotmail.com

Abstract-This paper presents a study on CDMA modeling and
performance evaluation. We had divided the performance of data
link layer MC-CDMA into probability and time characteristics.
In this paper we developed a queuing model of MC-CDMA
system. Calculation results of the probability characteristics are
obtained and discussed.
Keywords-MC-CDMA; Modeling; Characteristic Evaluation.
1. INTRODUCTION
IEEE had considered the data link layer as two sublayers.
The upper sublayer that is responsible for data link error and
flow control is called logical link control (LLC) layer, and the
lower sublayer that is responsible for resolving access to the
shared media is called the media access control (MAC) layer.
When multiple nodes are connected to a common link then a
multiple access protocol is necessary to coordinate access to
the shared link.
In general, multiple access protocols are divided into three
wide groups: random access methods to which belongs carrier
sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA)
and with collision detection (CSMA/CD), controlled-access
methods, such as reservation, polling and token passing. The
third group called channelization multiple access in which the
available bandwidth of a link is shared in time, in frequency,
or through code between different nodes. The three
channelization protocols are denoted as TDMA, FDMA and
CDMA [1].
In CDMA, one channel carries all transmissions
simultaneously. CDMA is based on coding theory that each
station is assigned a different code, which is a sequence of
numbers called chips. Each node then uses its unique code to
encode the data bits it sends. To generate chip sequences, a
Walsh table is used, which is a two-dimensional table with an
equal number of rows and columns, each row represent a chip.
Generated by Walsh table chips are orthogonal that is the
product of a chip with any other chip is zero and the product
of a chip with itself is number of rows in table.
In a CDMA protocol, each bit being sent by the sender is
encoded by multiplying the bit by a chip that changes at a
much faster rate, known as the chipping rate, than the original
sequence of data bits. CDMA technology used in spread
spectrum system and has been strongly linked as a common
platform on which 2G and 3G wireless systems have
developed, and currently even in the roadmap to 4G wireless,
CDMA has emerged as a strong contender to be a significantly
rapidly growing technology. The assignment of the same time
and frequency allocation in a given RF band with separation in
the code domain via unique orthogonal pseudorandom
spreading leads to several advantages. It not only enables the
reuse of frequencies in every cell, but leads to other benefits
like mitigation of multipath fading and interference, soft
handoff capability, the ability to exploit voice activity and
increase in spectrum usage [2].
CDMA systems are widely deployed and also serve as
building blocks for more advanced systems. The performance
evaluation of CDMA system through mathematical modeling
by using queuing networks is found in [3], a model is
proposed for the analysis of CDMA systems. This model is a
birth and death process whose birth process considers the new
call arrival rate, the blocking rate, the effect of soft handoff
and the effect of the band allocation strategy in multi band
(multicarrier) MC-CDMA systems. This model accurately
predicts the distribution of the number of calls connected to a
base station
The main force driving evolution of wired networking
technology is the need to handle multimedia traffic with
widely varying statistical characteristics and with specific
requirements for Quality of Service (QoS). While this trend
will continue, future network infrastructures will be a mixture
of both wired and wireless networks. In fact, wireless access
to the Internet will probably become much more common than
wired access. To prevent waste of resources in the wired
backbone, the wireless access network must have the same or
comparable capabilities to handle multimedia traffic.
Today, wireless technology lags far behind wired
technology in its ability to serve multimedia traffic. The
effectiveness of wireless technology is restricted by wireless
channel impairments and by severe limitations on wireless
bandwidth and on transmission power by mobiles. To
overcome these restrictions, system designers have a finite but
complex set of techniques to employ. Such techniques include
error-correction and error-detection coding, source coding,
medium access protocols, smart antennas, power control
algorithms, and retransmissions. Identifying the system
parameters, besides transmission power, having the greatest
effect on the provision and maintenance of the QoS for
multimedia traffic, developing control algorithms based on the
parameters identified, and comparison of the performance of
the proposed algorithms against the theoretical limits is
presented by Marbukh and Moayeri in [4-6].
Simulation for the evaluation of MC-CDMA system
performance has been widely popular in the literature [7, 8, 9].
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International Journal of Computer Information Systems,
Vol. 3, No. 4, 2011

In the simulation of any digital communication system
especially in wireless environment, one of the most
computationally exhaustive blocks is the modeling and
analysis of the multipath fading mobile radio channel. Several
performance measure evaluation of the system such as BER,
dynamic signal processing blocks, channel correlation
properties, network protocol designing, error control coding,
handoff algorithms, estimation of packet error rates are highly
dependent on the channel modeling employed. Broadly we
have the waveform channel model (WCM) and Discrete
Channel Model (DCM) approaches for this purpose. Basically
DCM is a high level abstraction of the physical WCM and this
reduces the computational burden a lot reducing the
simulation time as well.
Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is one of the approaches
being used in wireless channel modeling. HMM is an
established powerful mathematical model with a wide range of
other applications including signal processing, speech
recognition, pattern recognition, wavelets, queuing theory. It
has the capability to model a set of ordered observed data
generated by any unobservable statistical process. Several
types of results based on error patterns are analyzed using
HMM technique in different wireless system applications as
discussed in [10].
This paper presents an integrated mathematical model,
which is using the Markov processes theory and the queuing
network theory that allow for more detailed level in taking
into account the specific algorithms and delicate properties of
MC-CDMA system, and able to evaluate a wide range of
probability characteristics.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2,
the conceptual model of the investigated system is presented,
some assumption are introduced that allow presenting
modeling results in a more visual form. In Section 3,
parameters and structure of the MC-CDMA system model is
developed. Numerical results of the MC-CDMA modeling are
presented in Section 4. Finally, concluding remarks and
discussion of the results are drawn in Section 5.
2. THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF THE INVESTIGATED
SYSTEM
We consider a multiple access system, which consists of K
mobile stations, which need to transmit frames and
communicate with base station. To access the shared media
the MC-CDMA access method is used. This model takes into
account the functions of the physical and data link layers of
the (OSI) Open Systems Interconnection reference model [11].
Between each mobile station and base station over the shared
media, a full-duplex channel is organized. This channel is
formed by a combination of two simplex up-link and down-
link sub-channels, the block diagram of this system is shown
in Figure 1, where (a) shows the transmitter, (b) demonstrates
the receiver. For the management of subchannels we suggest
the use of multi-selective reject options of LAPB (Link Access
Procedure, Balanced) procedures explained in [12, 13]. These
standards define the SET MODE (SM) command, the
Selective Reject (SREJ) response, and the procedures used to
support multi-selective reject options in LAPD. The multi-
selective reject option of LAPD reduces the sensitivity of the
throughput of the Data-link layer to degradations in the Bit
Error Ratio of the underlying transmission media. The
procedures defined in these standards are recommended for
use for applications where there is a significant probability of
having more than one unacknowledged I (Information)-frame.
In order to simplify the modeling we had assumed that all
of up-link subchannels are identical, that is the values of the
following characteristics are equal:
- The number of data Q
inf
and check Q
crc
(bits) in the
frame,
- Average propagation time t
tr
(sec) between mobile
and base stations,
- Transfer delay t
pm
(sec), defined by interleaving bits
in a mobile station,
- Allocated bandwidth F
ch
(MHz) to each mobile
station for the transmission,
Figure 1. Conceptual model of MC--CDMA system,
(a) transmitter, (b) receiver
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Vol. 3, No. 4, 2011

- Signal to noise ratio E
ch
(dB) in the receivers of mobile
and base stations,
- The number of chips N
ch
(bit), used for encoding each
bit,
- Time out value t
tm
(sec) in flow control procedure,
- Window size w
ch
(frames) in sliding window
procedure.
The data flows into mobile station are assumed to be
Poisson distributed. The intensity
in
(bps) of these flows is
identical for all subchannels. The sequence of bits is divided
into frames, the size of the data portion in a frame is Q
inf
(bits)
and the control portion in a frame is Q
crc
(bits).
Also assumed that all frames are received by base station
with equal energy, and the reception probability of error is
affected by multiple access to media with different numbers of
transmitting mobile stations, as well as by additive white
Gaussian noise.
Probability of error p
b
(k) for transmitted every bit in a
condition that k mobile stations are sending frames is defined
as:
( )
( )
( )
0.5
0.5
2
0.5
2
2 1
3 3 2
3
1 1
3
6 2
3
1 1
3
6 2
b ch ch
ch
ch
ch
ch
ch
ch
k
p k Q
N E
N
k
Q
E
N
N
k
Q
E
N
o
o

(
| |
= +
(
|

\ .
(

(
| |
+ (
|
(
| + +
(
|
| (
\ .

(
| |
(
|
(
| + +
(
|
| (
\ .


where
( ) ,
36
1
20
1
36
1
20
1
360
23 2
2
)
`

|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
k k
N N k
ch ch
o

is the variance and
| |
}

=
x
u
du e x Q
2
2
2
1
t

These simplifications are not essential, but allow to
present results of modeling in more visual form.
3. PARAMETERS AND STRUCTURE OF THE MC-CDMA
SYSTEM MODEL
For the evaluation of the probability parameters of the
transmission by up-link subchannels of the above described
MC-CDMA system (figure 1) we developed the following set
of analytical models M={M
I
, M
i
, i=0,,K}, shown in Figure
2. In this figure, the direction of lines defines the direction of
the output parameters from one model into another. Models
M
i
, i=1,,K, describe the transmission of frames over up-link
subchannel under the procedure HDLC/LAPB, assuming that
in the MC-CDMA system there is a simultaneous
transmissions over i up-link subchannels.
M
0
model describes the processes of seize and release of
up-link subchannels of the modeled MC-CDMA system. M
I

model reconstructs the integrated probability characteristics of
the system. These characteristics are determined by there
corresponding output parameters of the above models, and
will be calculated and discussed. Mi models may be described
as homogeneous and closed queuing network with the
dependence of the service intensity of jobs in queuing systems
(QS) on the network status. The model takes into account the
erroneous receiving of frames, the actual frame size, the width
of transmission band, and the propagation duration of the
signal from mobile to base station, the properties of coding
scheme and flow control over up-link subchannel.
This model is developed with L QS, 0, 6 L = and N=w
ch

the number of jobs. Block diagram of the model is shown in
figure 3.
Where S
0
-S
6
denote

for queuing systems and e
0
-e
8
denote
for events as follows:
- S
0
displays time duration between arrivals of
successive frames to the channel of mobile station;
- S
1
displays the time duration from the arrival of
frame to mobile station to the end of primary
transmission of the frame by the this station;
- S
2
displays time duration of interleaving and
propagation of signal from mobile to base station
when primary transmission of a frame;
- S
3
displays time duration before the mobile station
receives an acknowledgment from base station
indicating the reception of frame;
- S
4
displays time duration before the mobile station
receives a negative acknowledgment from base
station indicating the erroneous reception of frame;
- S
5
displays time duration from the reception of
negative acknowledgment by mobile station (or time
is out) to the end of retransmission of frame;
- S
6
displays time duration of propagation of signal
from mobile to base station when retransmission of a
frame;
Figure 2. The structure of M
i
models
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International Journal of Computer Information Systems,
Vol. 3, No. 4, 2011

Figure 4. Nnumber of frame retransmissions k=15,

ch
=5, q
ch
=256
- e
0
displays the arrival of successive frame to mobile
station to be transmitted;
- e
1
displays the end of primary transmission of a
frame by the mobile station;
- e
2
displays the end of primary reception of a frame
by the base station;
- e
3
displays the safe and sound reception of frame by
the base station;
- e
4
displays the reception of acknowledgment from
base station and removing frame from the buffer of
mobile station;
- e
5
displays the erroneous reception of frame by the
base station;
- e
6
displays the end of retransmission of a frame by
the mobile station;
- e
7
displays the safe and sound reception of the
retransmitted frame by the base station;
- e
8
displays the erroneous reception of the
retransmitted frame by the base station;
These models are used for the calculation of probability
and time characteristics; here we describe the calculation of
probability characteristics, time characteristics will be
represented in further researches.
4. CALCULATION AND NUMERICAL RESULTS
We used MathCAD calculation program and performed
several experiments with this model. The results of some runs
are shown in Figure 4-13. In these experiments, the
information load on each of the up-link subchannels remains
the same, we vary the number of k mobile stations in the MC-
CDMA system and the intensity
ch
of information streams,
also we change the average size Q
inf
+Q
crc
of frames. The
following parameters are identical for all runs: w
ch
=8 frames,
t
tr
=133 sec, E
ch
=5 dB, N
ch
=60 bit,
inf
=64000 bps,
F
ch
=1.2288 MHz, t
ch
=0.001, v
ch
=64000, these parameters are
described above.
Figure 4 demonstrates the number of frame
retransmissions
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 5 6
i i i i
M M M M
e
n n n n = + + ,
where
( )
6 , 0 , = l n
i
M
l
is the average number of jobs in QS 4,
5 and 6, depending on the number of up-link subchannels by
curve 1. Curve 2 specifies the average number of
retransmissions in the system.
Figure 5 and 6 show the probability density
function K i p
K
i
i i
M
i
, 0 ,
0
) (
0
= =

=
t t of the number of
busy up-link subchannels in the system for different system
parameters. Here t
i
is the solution of the following equations:
( )
0
1 , 1 , 0
0
) (
1
) (
1
1
) (
1
) ( ) (
1
) (
1
1
) (
1 0
) (
0
0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0
=
= = + +
= +

+ +
K
M
K K
M
K
i
M
i i
M
i
M
i i
M
i
M M
K i
t t
t t t
t t


Figures 7 and 8 show the average number of transmitted
frames
( ) ( )
0
i i
M M ch
p
n w n = over up-link subchannel
depending on the number of busy up-link in the system by
curve 1, while curve 2 specifies the average number of frames
in all up-link subchannels, where
( )
0
i
M
n is the average number
of jobs in QS 0 and w
ch
(frames) is window size in sliding
window procedure.
Figure 3. Queuing model of transmission over up-link
subchannel in CDMA
Figure 6. PDF function of the number of busy up-link
subchannels k=15,
ch
=5, q
ch
=256.

Figure 5. PDF function of the number of busy up-link
subchannels k=25,
ch
=160, q
ch
=8
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Vol. 3, No. 4, 2011

Figures 9 and 10 show the probability of failure
( )
i
M
b
p of
i up-link subchannel in the transmission of newly arrived
frame depending on the number of up-link subchannels by
curve 1, while curve 2 specifies the average probability of
failure in all up-link subchannels. The failure is initiated by
data link flow control mechanism (there are w
ch
information
frames in the subchannel is not transmitted)
Fig 11 and 12 show the utilization
coefficient
( ) ( ) ( )
1 5
I i i
i
M M M
c
q q = + , where
( )
1
i
M
q and
( )
5
i
M
q is
the total intensity of job flow into 1
st
and 5
th
QS, of the
allocated bandwidth depending on the number of up-link
subchannels. Curve 1, represents the total utilization
coefficients, while curve 2 shows the average utilization
coefficient in system. Curve 3 defines the total utilization
coefficient when retransmission of frames takes place and
curve 4 determines the average utilization coefficient when
retransmission of frames takes place.
Fig 13 and 14 show the intensity of the retransmission of
frames depending on the number of up-link subchannels,
engaged in the transmission of frames by curve 1, while curve
2 specifies the average intensity of retransmissions in the
system. Curve 3 defines the intensity
ch
of frame arrival to a
transmitting station in the system.
5. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
From Figure 4 we clearly can see the growth of the
number of retransmissions as the number of stations i
increased, this exponential increase began at i= k=15. Figure 5
and 6 show the PDF function of the number of busy up-link
Figure 7.average number of transmitted frames depending on the
number of busy up-link in the system k=25,
ch
=5, q
ch
=256.
Figure 8.average number of transmitted frames depending on the
number of busy up-link in the system k=15,
ch
=160, q
ch
=8.
Figure 9. Probability of failure of i up-link subchannels
depending on the number of up-link subchannels k=25,
ch
=5,
Figure 10. Probability of failure of i up-link subchannels depending
on the number of up-link subchannels k=15,
ch
=160, q
ch
=8.
Figure 12. Utilization coefficient of bandwidth depending on
the number of up-link subchannels k=15,
ch
=160, q
ch
=8.


Figure 11. Utilization coefficient of allocated bandwidth
depending on number of up-link k=25,
ch
=5, q
ch
=256.


October Issue Page 43 of 89 ISSN 2229 5208
International Journal of Computer Information Systems,
Vol. 3, No. 4, 2011

subchannels, the PDF function reaches the maximum
probability for i= k=25. Figure 7 and 8 show the average
number of transmitted frames, this number increase until i= k
then this number reaches the total number of transmitted
frames. Other figures give analog results; these results are
very essential and important for the design and development
of the improved probability characteristic of MC-CDMA
system.
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th
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AUTHORS PROFILE

Thuneibat Saed Ali is a doctor of the electrical
and Electronic Engineering Department at the Al-
Huson University college, AL-Balqa' Applied
University (BAU), Jordan. He specializes in
research and teaching in optical and Digital
communication systems, Computer Networks. His
research interests include Optical Fiber
Performance, Digital Systems and Networks

Figure 14. The intensity of retransmission of frames
depending on the number of up-link subchannels k=15,

ch
=160, q
ch
=8

Figure 13. The intensity of retransmission of frames depending
on number of up-link subchannels k=25,
ch
=5, q
ch
=256

October Issue Page 44 of 89 ISSN 2229 5208