1he d|gest|ve system

1he d|gest|ve system |n genera| |s composed of 2 parts

1 1he dlgesLlve LracL or Lhe Lube from Lhe begglng Lo Lhe end
2 And Lhe accessory organs around namely Lhe sallvary glands and Lhe
oLher accessory organ LhaL we wlll be menLloned
**1he dlgesLlve sysLem ls also called Lhe Cl Lhe gastro |ntest|na| system"
gasLro from Lhe sLomach and lnLesLlnal from Lhe lnLesLlne small and large
lnLesLlne"
the d|gest|ve tract organ Lhe prlmary organs sLarLlng from Lhe oral
cavlLy Lhe mouLh" pharynx esophagus sLomach small lnLesLlne
wlLh lLs 3 branches (duodenum [e[unum lleum) large lnLesLlne
(sLarLlng from Lhe cecum "Lhe llnk wlLh small lnLesLlne" appendlx
colon recLus and Lhe end whlch's Lhe anus or annul canal)
the accessory organs are the
A) sallvary gland whlch secreL sallva
8) exocrlne pancreas"be speclflc here cuz pancreas ls also an endocrlne
organ)
C) Lhe blller sysLem whlch ls Lhe llver and lL's secreLlon Lhe blle and Lhe
blle salLs
**1he begglng of Lhe dlgesLlve LracL (ls Lhe oral cavlLy Lhe pharynx Lhe flrsL
1/3 of Lhe esophagus) and lL Lhe end aL Lhe annual canal lL conLalns skeleLal
muscle ln Lhese Lwo parLs


funct|ons of the GI system
1here are 4 funcLlon of Lhe Cl sysLem
1 MoLlllLy dlfferenL Lype of moLlllLy
2 SecreLlon
3 ulgesLlon
4 AbsorpLlon
We wlll Lalk abouL Lhese funcLlons speclflcally for each parL of Lhe dlgesLlve
LracL
1 Mot|||ty 1he dlgesLlve LracL`s muscular conLracLlon because as you know
Lhe wall of Lhe dlgesLlve LracL ls composed oI mainly muscles 'two type oI
muscle that will be mentioned.
1wo maln lmporLanL Lype of moLlllLy or movemenLs are Lhere ln Lhe
dlgesLlve LracL

A ropulslve movemenL and from Lhe name propulslve Lhe maln
funcLlon ls Lo propel and Lo push Lhe conLenLs of Lhe lumen Lowards Lhe
end Lo Lhe annul dlrecLlon
8 Maxlng movemenL lL ls also a muscular conLracLlon from Lhe
dlgesLlve LracL wall I, and Lhe purpose of Lhe maxlng movemenL ls Lo
faclllLaLe dlgesLlon by mlxlng Lhe food conLenLs wlLh Lhe dlgesLlve [ulces and
Lhe dlgesLlve enzymes secreLed from Lhe dlgesLlve sysLem II, also lL faclllLaLe
absorpLlon by exposlng all Lhe parLs of Lhe lnLesLlnal conLenLs Lo cells llnlng
Lhe lnner wall of Lhe dlgesLlve LracL so LhaL faclllLaLlng absorpLlon and Lhe
Lransfer of dlgesLlve end producLs Loward Lhe cell llnlng


2 Secret|on and Lhe ma[orlLy of Lhe secreLlons wheLher Lhey are comlng
from Lhe eplLhellum llnlng of Lhe LracL wall or from Lhe accessory organs
(sallvary glands or pancreaseLc) Lhe ma[or conLenL ls waLer some
elecLrolyLes are Lhere" sodlum calclum poLasslum" enzymes are Lhere we
wlll menLlon Lhem" blle salLs from Lhe llver and Lhe mucous wlLh lLs ma[or
funcLlon ln lubrlcaLlon and faclllLaLlng Lhe movemenL of food conLenLs wlLhln
Lhe lumen beslde Lhe wall
1he secreLlon process lL's descrlbe as energy dependenL process meanlng lL
needs A1 also lLs under neural and hormonal regulaLlon and because lL's
energy dependenL process lL consumes A1" so we have Lo save some of
Lhe A1 used Lhls ls why mosL of Lhe secreLlons are reabsorbed back lnLo Lhe
blood and secreLed back lnLo Lhe lumen

3 D|gest|on
1he llLeral meanlng of dlgesLlon ls Lhe breaklng down of Lhe complex
sLrucLure of food parLlcles elLher carbohydraLes proLelns and faLs lnLo small
slmple sLrucLure easlly absorbed by Lhe lnLesLlnal eplLhellal llnlng
lor example Wlll be converLed lnLo
CarbohydraLe poly or dlsaccharldes" monosaccharlde's
olypepLldes slngle amlno aclds
1rlglycerlde"ma[or form of Lhe faL monoglycerlde and free
faLLy acld


Slmple sLrcLure easlly
absorbed by Lhe eplLhellal
1he dlgesLlon process ln Lhe dlgesLlve sysLem lL's dependanL on waLer
presence Lhls ls why we call lL also hydro|ys|s process 8LCAuSL Lhe
breakage of Lhe bond beLween Lhe bulldlng blocks of Lhe food parLlcles lL
depends on Lhe recomblnlng of Lhese parLlcle wlLh P
2
C Lhe chemlcal
composlLlon of waLer"
4 sorpt|on
1he slmple meanlng ls Lo Lransfer Lhe dlgesLed end producLs eg
amlnoglycerlde faLLy acld amlno aclds from Lhe lumen of Lhe dlgesLlve
sysLem lnLo Lhe cells llnlng Lhe wall and mosL absorpLlon occur aL Lhe small
lnLesLlne so lL's Lhe ma[or locaLlon and slLe of absorpLlon
LvenLually dlgesLed end producLs wlll be Lransferred from Lhe cell llnlng
elLher Lo Lhe blood caplllary or Lhe lymphaLlc sysLem
1he d|gest|ve tract wa||
now anaLomlcally and hlsLologlcal we wlll Lake a plcLure abouL Lhe layers of
Lhe dlgesLlve LracL wall and we sLarL from Lhe lnner mosL from Lhe lumen slLe
lnLo Lhe ouLer mosL layer and namely Lhe are
A 1he mucosa 8 1he sub mucosa C 1he muscular exLerna Lhe muscle
layer whlch ls composed of Lwo layers u and serosa aL Lhe ouLer mosL
noLlce Lhe plcLure ln Lhe nxL age
1he mucosa
lL's composed of some
1) LplLhellal llnlng composed of eplLhellal cells"
2) and a lamlna proprla beneaLh and lL's ma[or funcLlon ls A) ptotectlve tole
8) lt sectet mocos ftom tbe mocos cells lnLerspersed beLween Lhe eplLhellal
cells /c) olso lts lmpottoot lo sectetloo becoose tbete some qlooJs betweeo
tbe epltbellol cell lloloq wblcb wlll sectet o votloos type of eozyme ooJ jolces
lts lmpottoot lo tbe obsotptloo ptocess Lo Lransfer Lhe end producL Loward
Lhe cells
and |t's conta|n some exocrlne gland cells whlch wlll secreL enzyme some
endocrlne glands as we wlll see mosL lmporLanLly ln Lhe sLomach Lhese wlll
secreLe hormones evenLually lnLo Lhe blood and Lhe ma[or Lype ls Lhe
eplLhellal sub Lype whlch ls lmporLanL ln Lhe absorpLlon process


8 1he su mucosa
lL's composed malnly of connecLlve Llssue and because of LhaL lL provldes
dlspensablllLy and elasLlclLy as you know when Lhe food ls enLerlng lnslde Lhe
lumen of Lhe dlgesLlve sysLem lL wlll add some pressure Lo Lhe wall from
lnslde and due Lo Lhe presence of Lhls connecLlve Llssue layer lL wlll be flxable
Lo accommodaLe Lhe large volume and blg dlsLenLlon from Lhe food lnslde
also ls Lhe any oLher connecLlve Llssue ln any oLher parL ln Lhe body lL's
composed of blood and lymph vessels and ln lmporLanL Lhlngs LhaL Lhere are
some groups of neurons accumulaLlon of neurons and cell body and flbber ln
Lwo lmporLanL locaLlon ln Lhe wall of Lhe dlgesLlve LracL Lhe flrsL locaLlon ls
beLween Lhe sub mucosa and Lhe muscle layer and Lhls ls called Lhe sub
mucosal plexuses anoLher plexuses Lhe we wlll see laLer on

c 1he muscu|ar|s externa
We say exLerna because Lhere ls anoLher layer lnLernal layer wlLhln Lhe
mucosal layer noL ln all parL of Lhe dlgesLlve sysLem"
and lL's lmporLanL characteristic feaLure Lhe mucosa ln Lhe dlgesLlve sysLem LhaL lL's hlghly folded Lhe mosL
noLlceable foldlng ls seen ln Lhe sLomach and Lhe ln Lhe small lnLesLlne mosL lmporLanLly ln Lhe small lnLesLlne and
Lhe purpose of Lhls of foldlng ls to increase surface area to facilitate absorption process
1hls muscular exLerna ls composed of Lwo layers
1 1he lnner layer ls clrcular and Lhe muscle flber ln Lhls layer Lhey are
orlenLed parallel Lhe clrcumferences of Lhe wall and Lhe conLracLlon of Lhls
clrcular layer wlll decrease Lhe dlameLer as expecLed
2 1he oLher layer whlch ls from Lhe ouLer slLe lL's Lhe ouLer longlLudlnal
layer and Lhe muscle flbers of Lhls flber are orlenLed parallel Lo Lhe lengLh of
Lhe LracL wall and Lhe conLracLlon of Lhls longlLudlnal layer wlll shorLen Lhe
Lube decrease Lhe lengLh of Lhe Lube"
1hese Lwo lmporLanL layers wlLh Lwo dlfferenL Lypes of conLracLlon and lnseL
of conLracLlon resulL from conLracLlon are lmporLanL Lo push Lhe food Lo mlx
Lhe food wlLh Lhe dlgesLlve [ulces lnslde
1here are two neura| accumu|at|ons "or neurona| p|exus" present |n the
wa|| of the d|gest|ve system Lhe flrsL one ls Lhe
1 Myenter|c p|exus whlch ls lmmersed ln Lhe mlddle of Lhe MuSCuLA8lS
Lx1L8nA layers more speclflcally lL's beLween Lhe ouLer and Lhe lnner
clrcular and longlLudlnal muscle flber layers
2 1he sumucosa| p|exuses lL's beLween Lhe sub mucosa and Lhe clrcular
muscle





1he myenLerlc and sud mucosal plexuses and LogeLher are
called enter|c nervous system or Lhe |ntr|ns|c nervous system
1hls a plcLure [usL Lo show ln deLalls Lhe 4 layers
wlLh Lhe plexuses ln beLween Lhem flrsL ls Lhe
mucosa from Lhe lumen slde wlLh a greaL foldlng
from lnslde and above lL Lhe submucosal layer Lhe
oLher Lwo layers Lhe 3
Lh
and Lhe 4
Lh
are Lhe
muscularls exLernal layer Lhe 3
Lh
Lhe clrcular and
Lhe 4
Lh
ls Lhe longlLudlnal layer beLween Lhe
submucossa and Lhe clrcular layer ls Lhe
submucoso/ p/exses and beLween Lhe clrcular
and Lhe longlLudlnal ls Lhe myenteric p/exuses

4 1he serosa
ls Lhe ouLermosL layer of Lhe dlgesLlve LracL wall and lL's agaln composed of
connecLlve Llssue and lL secreLs mucosa lL secreLe waLery fluld [usL for
lubrlcaLlon proposes Lo faclllLaLe movemenL of Lhe lnLesLlne because when
Lhe food lnslde Lhe lumen Lhe Cl sysLem wlll be very busy ln movemenL
dlsLenslon relaxaLlon conLracLlon so Lhls wlll faclllLaLe Lhe movemenL wlLh
llLLle frlcLlon wlLh surroundlng organs
1he regu|at|on of the GI funct|on
ln general Lhe are Lwo lmporLanL sources of regulaLlon
1 1he neura| regu|at|on elLher comlng from lnLrlnslc nervous sysLem lnslde
Lhe dlgesLlve sysLem myenLerlc and Lhe sub mucosal plexuses" and Lhe
oLher source ls comlng exLrlnslcally from Lhe sympaLheLlc and
parasympaLheLlc auLonomles nervous sysLem
2 normones regu|at|on elLher secreLed from Lhe llnlng cells Lhem self's as
some cells ln sLomach llnlng Lhey secreL an lmporLanL hormones whlch
faclllLaLe Lhe regulaLlon process of Lhe Cl sysLem C8 secreLed from accessory
organs ouLslde Lhe Cl
1hese Lwo source of regulaLlon wlll have ln lmporLanL lnpuL ln Lhe flnal end
LargeL whlch are namely A Lhe smooLh muscle whlch wlll produce
conLracLlon/relaxaLlon cycle 8 and Lhe gland gland are lmporLanL ln
secreLlon elLher endocrlne glands or exocrlne gland"



A AuLonomous smooLh muscles
8 Cland secreLlon
neural
regulaLlon
Cl
hormones
We wlll Lalk abouL Lhe regulaLlon sLaLlng from Lhe
Smooth musc|e ||n|ng of the GI wa|| Lhey are descrlbed as auLonomles
because Lhey have some characteristic feaLures slmllar Lo Lhe neuronal
Llssue where lL's able Lo change Lhe poLenLlal ln depolarlzaLlon/
repolarlzaLlon sLages lL's able Lo generaLe poLenLlal lL's able Lo conducL
poLenLlal among Lhe oLhers smooLh muscles nelghborlng and ln Lhe Cl
wall Lhe smooLh muscle are consLrucLed ln a shape of sheeLs so Lhey are
conducLed Lo each oLher and Lhe conLracLlon ls comlng from Lhe presence
of gap [uncLlons slmllar Lo cardlomyocyLe ln hearL Llssue
So LhaL Lhe change ln poLenLlal ln one cell membrane wlll be conducLed Lo
Lhe oLher cell membrane Lhrough Lhe gap [uncLlons ln beLween
now Lhe whole sheeL of Lhese smooLh muscles wlll be conLracLlng and
relaxlng as a one unlL called funct|ona| syncyt|um due Lo Lhe connecLlon
comlng from Lhe gap [uncLlons ln beLween cells

1hls ls a plcLure lllusLraLlng a smooLh muscle and a nerve flber (elLher a nerve
flber comlng from enLrlnc nervous sysLem myenLerlc or sub mucosal" or a
nerve flber from sympaLheLlc parasympaLheLlc lnnervaLlng Lo Lhese smooLh
muscle dlrecLly and Lhere are some swelllng along Lhe lengLh of Lhe flber
nerve Lhese conLaln nuero LransmlLLers n1s" whlch wlll be released leadlng
elLher Lo conLracLlon or relaxaLlon of Lhe smooLh muscle
now a characLerlsLlc feaLure ln Lhe smooLh muscle cells ln Lhe llnlng of Lhe
dlgesLlve sysLem**** +] : +e+e+!e+ ++ !Ie to+o+o\o;t:!o+
;;!e+ ++ !Ie Ieo+! ;et+o!!, !Ie+e o+e ;o+e te!!; !e
+e;o+;+!!e o] ge+e+o!++g ot!+o+ o!e+!+o! VI+tI V+!!
!e to+o:t!eo !o !Ie +e+o++++g !+;;:e o] !Ie Ieo+!
VI+tI +; to!!eo !Ie ;A +ooe now Lhere are some Lypes of
cells along Lhe lengLh of Lhe Cl whlch are responslble Lo generaLe cerLaln
Lype of acLlon poLenLlal called s|ow wave potent|a| and Lhese slow wave
poLenLlal wlll be conducLed Lo Lhe surroundlng smooLh muscles Lhese cell
whlch are capable of generaLlng slow wave or poLenLlal are ca||ed ICC or
pacemaker ce||s or |nterst|t|a| ce||s of cana| Lhey are lnLerspersed beLween
Lhe smooLh muscles cells and Lhey generaLe Lhese slow waves or also called
as|c e|ectr|ca| rhythm or pacesetter potent|a| so Lhey wlll be generaLed ln
Lhls slLe from Lhese lCCs and Lhey wlll be conducLed Lo Lhe surroundlng
smooLh muscles whlch wlll lead Lo conLracLlon lf Lhe cross Lhe Lhreshold


1hls ls Lhe shape of Lhe slow wave
conslsLlng of upsLroke sLage or
depolarlzaLlon sLage and Lhe a plaLeau
sLage and Lhe a repolarlzaLlon sLage lf Lhe
plaLeau poLenLlal ls crosslng Lhe Lhreshold
poLenLlal as u mlghL see here Lhls wlll lead
Lo generaLlon of conLracLlon Lhe more crosslng and hlgher poLenLlal lL's
reachlng Lhe greaLer sLrengLh of conLracLlon wlll be generaLed ln Lhe smooLh
muscle layer
So Lhe ldea here LhaL Lhere are some cells LhaL generaLe slow wave poLenLlal
Lhls slow wave poLenLlal wlll be conducLed and Lransfer Lo Lhe smooLh
muscles ln Lhe surroundlng leadlng Lo conLracLlon
ln general smooLh muscles are classlfled lnLo Lwo ma[or Lypes accordlng Lo
Lhe feaLure of conLracLlon or Lhe Lype of conLracLlon
1 1onlc smooLh muscle
1hey generaLe conLracLlon and Lhey malnLaln Lhe conLracLlon for long perlod
of Llme example Lhe fundus of Lhe sLomach" Lhe dome parL of Lhe
sLomachalso Lhe sphlncLers aL cerLaln locaLlon along Lhe Cl S?S1LM as we
wlll see Lhese malnLaln Lhe conLracLlon so Lhe prevenLlng Lhe movemenL of
food from one slde Lo Lhe oLher slde excepL durlng Lhe sulLable Llme
2 1he phaslc smooLh muscle
1he generaLe acLlon poLenLlal and Lhey generaLe conLracLlons rapldly and
Lhe undergo relaxaLlon rapldly eg anLrum esophagus lnLesLlne


1he conLracLlon paLLern of Lhe sphlncLers Lhey malnLaln conLracLlon for a
long Llme Lhe undergo very rapld relaxaLlon Lo permlL Lhe movemenL of food
Lhen agaln Lhey form Lhe malnLenance of conLracLlon also some blood vessel
some Lype of blood vessel and cerLaln alr ways Lhey also undergo Lonlc
conLracLlon phaslc conLracLlon such as Lhe esophagus wall and Lhe sLomach
speclally Lhe anLrum parL of Lhe sLomach Lhe undergo rapld conLracLlon
relaxaLlon cycle characLerlzed or named phaslc conLracLlon
8 1he lnLrlnslc nerve plexuses lL's called lnLrlnslc lL's called also lnLramural
because lL's wlLhln Lhe wall of Lhe dlgesLlve sysLem and lL's very lmporLanL
and lL has many neurons around Lhe dlgesLlve LracL wall almosL slmllar Lo Lhe
number of neurons presenL ln Lhe splnal cord !!!
And lL's capable Lo produce conLracLlon and regulaLlon even lndependenL
from Lhe CnS Lven lf u cuL all connecLlon wlLh Lhe CnS almosL all Lhe Lype of
conLracLlon s and moLlllLy buLLons ln Lhe Cl wlll conLlnue
nCW 1WC MA!C8 nL1WC8k as l sald Lhe sub mucosal plexuses and Lhe
myenLerlc plexuses and Lhe neurons lnslde are classlfled lnLo as slmllar Lo
Lhe neurons ln Lhe CnS elLher sensory moLor or Lhe lnLer neurons ln
beLween
c 1he exLrlnslc nerve slmply Lhey are Lhe auLonomlc nerve sympaLheLlc and
parasympaLheLlc and Lhese nerve are elLher Lhe wlll feed Lhe smooLh muscle
or Lhe glands dlrecLly or lndlrecLly vla Lhe lnLrlnslc nerves sysLem
u 1he hormones Lhere are a speclallsL gland cells ln Lhe wall Lhey are
secreLlng hormones lnLo Lhe blood Lhese hormones elLher Lhey have
exclLaLory or lnhlblLory lnfluences ln Lhe smooLh muscle and Lhe glands
1here r some Lype of recepLors wlLhln Lhe wall some of Lhe recepLor are called chemorecepLor as Lhey senslLlve
Lo Lhe chemlcal componenL of Lhe food lnslde Lhe lumen some are ,ecboooteceptots senslLlve Lo Lhe dlsLenLlon
as a mechanlcal pressure generaLed from Lhe volume of Lhe food lnslde somewhere Osmoteceptots senslLlve Lo
concenLraLlon of Lhe parLlcles and Lhe consLernaLlon of waLer Lhe osmolarlLy of waLer lnslde

1he above dlagram lL's a summary of Lhe regulaLlon of Lhe dlgesLlve sysLem
funcLlons ln general sLarLlng from Lhe upper mosL Lhere are some local
changes ln Lhe dlgesLlve LracL and l mean by changes changes ln Lhe
chemlcal composlLlon Lhe volume Lhe pressure and Lhe osmallrLy and
Lhese wlll be sensed 3by Lhe recepLor LhaL where menLloned before and
Lhese recepLor wlll send a message elLher lnLo Lhe lnLrlnslc nerve plexuses
whlch ls lnLrlnslc nerves sysLem 3 or Lhe exLrlnslc nervous sysLem
sympaLheLlc parasympaLheLlc or Lhey wlll sLlmulaLe Lhe gland or endocrlne
cells Lo secreLe hormones Lhese Lhree sources ( neural lnLrlnslc exLrlnslc"
and hormonal) Lhey wlll affecL Lhe end LargeLs Lhe smooLh muscles Lhe
valves Lhe gland cells wlLh lLs Lwo Lypes exocrlne and endocrlne" leadlng of
secreLlon of elLher dlgesLlve enzymes or hormones
**Some Llmes Lhe sLlmull are noL comlng only from Lhe lnslde of Lhe lumen
of Lhe dlgesLlve sysLem Lhey are comlng from ouLslde exLernal sLlmull aL Lhe
level of hlgher braln cenLer some Llmes for example when u Lhlnk abouL food
when you see food or you smell food Lhls wlll lead Lo some refluxlng Lo
lnlLlaLe Lhe secreLlon process or Lhe moLlllLy funcLlon lnslde Lhe dlgesLlve
sysLem
9arts of the d|gest|ve system
1 Mouth "or the ora| cav|ty"
A Lhe llps from ouLslde and lL's
rocure gulde and conLaln Lhe food ln Lhe mouLh prevenLlng lL Lo geL
ouLslde
lmporLanL ln speech
Sensory recepLor
lL's composed of skeleLal muscles
8 1he palaLe whlch ls Lhe roof of Lhe oral cavlLy lL separaLe Lhe oral
cavlLy from Lhe nasal cavlLy and Lhe end of Lhe palaLe Lhere ls a
connecLlve Llssue componenL called Lhe uvu|a
**When Lhe food ls passlng from Lhe oral cavlLy Loward Lhe pharynx
Lhe uvula wlll be elevaLed closlng Lhe openlng Lo Lhe nasal cavlLy and
prevenLlng food comlng lnLo lnslde of Lhe nasal cavlLy
C 1he Longue lL ls a skeleLal muscle also and lL's composlng Lhe floor of
Lhe mouLh agaln lL's guldlng Lhe food wlLhln Lhe mouLh durlng chewlng
and swelllng process lL a have a role ln speech of course and lL conLaln
LasLe buds
u Chewlng process ls medlaLed malnly by Lhe LeeLh and lL's Lhe
moLlllLy of Lhe mouLh LhaL wlll sllce Lear and grlnd Lhe lngesLed food
lnslde Lhe oral cavlLy
1he lmporLance ls Lo converL Lhe blg food parLlcle lnLo small once LhaL
wlll be easlly swelled lnslde Lhe pharynx and esophagus and enLer Lhe
sLomach lL mlxes food wlLh sallva and lLs sLlmulaLe LasLe buds and lL
wlll faclllLaLe sensaLlon of LasLe of food and lL wlll reflex also Lhe
lncreases Lhe secreLlon of sallva secreLlon of some accessory organ
[ulces as we wlll see laLer on
Chewlng lnlLlally ls volunLary and by Lhe declslon of Lhe human belng
we can declde Lo sLarL Lhe eaLlng process buL laLer on due Lo Lhe
mechanlcal pressure generaLed from Lhe food parLlcles lnslde Lhe oral
cavlLy on Lhe muscle wall llnlng lL wlll be a reflex process conLlnulng Lhe
process of chewlng Llll Lhe end
lL's secreLed from 3 types of g|ands
Sa||va ls an lmporLanL componenL of dlgesLlon ln
Lhe mouLh
1)9arot|d g|and Lhe blggesL upper [aw 23 of
sallva serous
2)Su||ngua| g|and below Lhe Longue mlxed
malnly mucus 3 of sallva
3)Su mand|u|ar g|and lower [aw mlxed
malnly serous 70 of sallva
Components 99S n
2
C 0S e|ectro|ytes and prote|ns (omy/ose mucus
/ysotyme)
Iunct|ons
1) 8eg|ns d|gest|on of carohydrate (po|ysacchar|de ma|tose)
2) Iac|||tates swa||ow|ng prov|d|ng |ur|cat|on through mucus
3) nt|acter|a| act|on v|a |ysozyme r|ns|ng effect
4)So|vent for mo|ecu|es that st|mu|ate the taste uds
S)|ds speech
6)Cra| hyg|ene (he|p|ng keep the mouth and teeth c|ean)
7)Conta|ns |caronate uffers wh|ch neutra||ze ac|ds
Note
1)my|ase degrade of carbohydraLe
2)Mucus for lubrlcaLlon
3)ysozyme anLlbacLerlal acLlon
Carohydrate |s the on|y type of food that d|gest|on start at the ora|
cav|ty due to presents of sa||vary amy|ase
Contro| of sa||vary secret|on
8oLh sympaLheLlc and parasympaLheLlc sLlmulaLlon lncrease sallvary
secreLlon buL Lhe Lype of secreLlon ls dlfferenL
When Lhe 9arasympathet|c sLlmulaLlon ln Lhere Lhe sallva wlll be
waLery ln malnly and rlch ln enzyme
Sympathet|c st|mu|at|on wlll lead Lo 1hlck sallva wlll be rlch ln mucus
and Much smaller volume Lhan parasympaLheLlc
nd the sa||vary secret|on ent|re|y under neura| regu|at|on No
hormona| regu|at|on
Now Lhere are 2 lmporLanL reflexes leadlng Lo conLrol of sallvary
secreLlon lL's conLrol malnly from Lhe sallvary cenLer ln Lhe medulla
oblongaLa ln Lhe CnS and when Lhere are sLlmull lnslde Lhe oral cavlLy
elLher Lo Lhe pressure whlch wlll sLlmulaLe pressure recepLor and
mechanorecepLoror Lhe chemlcal composlLlon of Lhe food Lhese wlll
sLlmulaLe Lhese recepLor Lhese wlll send messages Lo Lhe sallvary
cenLer ln Lhe medulla lead Lo acLlvaLlon sympaLheLlc and
parasympaLheLlc Lhls wlll lead Lo enhance Lhe secreLlon of sallvary
gland and Lhls ls called slmple reflex because lL sLarLlng wlLhln Lhe oral
cavlLy and endlng wlLhln Lhe oral cavlLy passlng Lhrough medulla
conserve anoLher reflex called condlLloned reflex sLarLlng ouLslde of
Lhe oral cavlLy
As l sald when you Lhlnk abouL food when you smell food when you
see food Lhe corLex lLself wlll be send message Lo Lhe cenLer Lelllng Lhe
sallvary gland Lo secreLe sallva ln preparaLlon for food whlch ls
expecLed Lo come
Cra| D|gest|on
ulgesLlon ln Lhe mouLh ls mlnlmal lnvolves Lhe hydrolysls of
polysaccharldes lnLo dlsaccharldes by sallvary amylase
lL's lmporLanL Lo know LhaL Lhe gasLrlc acld wlll lnhlblL Lhe acLlvlLy of
sallvary amylase as soon as Lhe amylase enzyme ls reachlng Lhe lumen of
Lhe sLomach however mosL Lhe dlgesLlon of carbohydraLe by Lhls enzyme
ls compound and done ln Lhe body of Lhe sLomach because as you know
Lhe purpose of chewlng purpose of swallowlng ls Lo brlng Lhe food from
ouLslde ln Lhe form of bolus Lo lnslde of Lhe sLomach now ln Lhe mlddle of
Lhe bolus Lhls amylase enzyme proLecLed from Lhe acldlc envlronmenL
around so LhaL lL can conLlnue Lhe process of dlgesLlon lnslde Lhe sLomach
aL Lhls deep lnslde locaLlon no absorpLlon ls Laklng place ln Lhe mouLh
nlLroglycerln LhaL Lhe blood vessel under Lhe Lough are hlghly
accesslble easy accesslble lL can be easlly absorb by Lhese blood vessel
whlch ls lmporLanL ln anglna and myocardlal lnfecLlon Lhese
nlLroglycerln wlll help Lo release Lhese sepLum and do same relaxaLlon
ln Lhe blood vessel decreaslng Lhe blood pressure and rellevlng Lhe
sepLum 1he nlLroglycerln easlly absorb ln Lhe mouLh
1he nexL parL ln Lhe dlgesLlve sysLem ls Lhe harynx Lhen Lhe Lsophagus
Lhese are Lube parL connecLlng Lhe oral cavlLy wlLh Lhe lnslde parL Lhe maln
funcLlon of harynx and Lsophagus whlch ls Lhe Swa||ow|ng
Swallowlng ls descrlbe elLher a|| or nonprocess meanlng LhaL you can declde
by yourself Lo swallow Lhe food Lo brlng lL lnslde buL laLer on lL wlll conLlnue
by lLself you can'L sLop lL and Lhe reason for LhaL when Lhe food wlLh ln Lhe
mouLh Lhese recepLor whlch are senslLlve Lo mechanlcal pressure wlll be
sLlmulaLed and Lhese wlll send messages Lo Lhe swallowlng cenLer ln Lhe
medulla Lhls wlll acLlvaLed and lL wlll send message Lo Lhe skeleLal muscle of
Lhe pharynx and Lhe upper parL of Lhe esophagus malnLalnlng Lhe process of
swallowlng
1here are Lwo lmporLanL Swallowlng sLages
1) Cropharyngea| stage when Lhe food ln Lhe oral cavlLy and ln Lhe
pharynx durlng ln Lhls sLage Lhe resplraLory sysLem wlll be lnhlblLed so
no resplraLlon Laklng place ln Lhls Llme Lo prevenL Lhe food from comlng
lnslde and Lhe reason of lnhlblLlon ls LhaL swallowlng cenLer wlll send
lnhlblLory messages Lo resplraLory cenLer and sLopplng resplraLlon aL
Lhls momenL
1here are same auxlllary mean Lo help prevenLlng Lhe food from
comlng lnslde or comlng back Lo Lhe oral cavlLy namely Lhe uvula close
Lhe openlng Lo Lhe nasal cavlLy |ook to the p|cture

2) Lsophageal sLage when Lhe food lnslde Lhe esophageal and Lhe
esophagus lL's Lhe Lubular sLrucLure sLarLlng from Lhe
pbotyoqoesopboqeol sphlncLer and lL end aL Lhe qosttoesopboqeol
sphlncLer lL's around 23 cm
1he maln moLlllLy Lype ln Lhe esophagus ls called Lhe per|sta|s|s lL's Lhe
rlng llke conLracLlon movlng down so LhaL pushlng down Lhe food Loward
Lhe sLomach lL's lmporLanL Lo know LhaL Lhe esophageal secreLlon ls
malnly mucus Lo lubrlcaLe and faclllLaLe Lhe movemenL
9botyoqoesopboqeol sphlncLer qosttoesopboqeol sphlncLer Lhey are Lonlc
smooLh muscle Lhey are conLracLlng almosL all Lhe Llme excepL Lhe
momenL when Lhe food comlng Loward Lhe sLomach or from Lhe pharynx
Loward Lhe esophagus lf Lhere maln proper funcLlon of Lhe sphlncLer Lhe
movemenL of food wlll noL conLrolled properly Lhls ls whaL happen when
Lhe reflex slLuaLlon wlLh same paLlenL Lhe lower esophageal sphlncLer
can'L close all Lhe Llme so LhaL same of Lhe acld lnslde Lhe sLomach wlll be
reLurnlng back Lo Lhe esophageal
lumen leadlng lrrlLaLlon ln Lhe wall
lnslde and Lhe feellng of paln
ln Lhe plcLure Lhere's conLracLlon
above Lhe bolus and relaxaLlon
around and below Lhe bolus of food
so LhaL pushlng Lhe food down so Lhese rlng llke conLracLlon push Lhe
food down Lhere are Lwo Lype 1) ls called prlmary Lhe swallowlng cenLer
lLself wlll Lrlgger Lhe lnlLlaLe of Lhe perlsLalsls buL laLer on due Lo presence
of food and sLlmulaLlon Lhe recepLor lnslde Lhe process of perlsLalsls wlll
conLlnulng Lell Lhe food reachlng Lo Lhe sLomach
Stomach
1he sLomach ls dlvlded lnLo 3
maln parLs
1) fundus
2) 8ody
3) AnLrum parL whlch
enclose Lo duodenum parL
1here are same arrangemenL
and Lhe anaLomlcal shape of
Lhe sLomach whlch faclllLaLe
Lhls parL Lo accommodaLe
Lhelr moLlllLy funcLlon and oLher characLerlsLlc feaLure 1he gland or Lhe
mucosa ln Lhe body dlfferenL Lhan gland and Lhe Lype of cell ln Lhe lnLern
parL and Lhey are called

2 Gastr|c storage
CasLrlc sLorage Lakes place ln Lhe body (lundus) of Lhe
sLomach 1on|c conLracLlon ln fundus
erlsLalLlc conLracLlons of Lhe Lhln muscular wall of Lhe
body are Loo weak Lo mlx Lhe conLenLs erlsLalsls absent
in the fundus.
3Gastr|c m|x|ng
lL's malnly ln Lhe enLrance parL of Lhe sLomach because Lhe muscle of
wall ls very Lhlck and Lhe perlsLalsls are Lhere Lhe lCC whlch wlll
generaLe Lhe slow wave poLenLlal are same where aL Lhe end of Lhe
body close Lo Lhe anLrum Lhey wlll generaLe Lhls conLracLlon and Lhey
wlll move forward Lell Lhey are reachlng pylorlc sphlncLer for mlxlng
and dellvery Lhe food
ln Lhe sLomach Lhere no absorpLlon of food excepL same maLerlal llke
asplrln alcohol
4 Gastr|c empty|ng
ls Lhe dlscharge of Lhe food from Lhe sLomach Loward Lhe duodenum and
lL's hlghly depended on Lhe perlsLalLlc force (conLracLlon force) LhaL
sLarLlng ln Lhe anLrum when Lhere hlgh perlsLalLlc force Lhere wlll be
blgger volume reachlng Lhe duodenum
1here are same facLor elLher wlLhln Lhe sLomach or wlLhln Lhe duodenum
LhaL wlll regulaLe Lhe empLylng raLe elLher decrease or lncrease and Lhese
facLor wlll affecL Lhe exclLablllLy of Lhe smooLh muscle llnlng ln Lhls parL
elLher leadlng Lo hlgher depolarlzaLlon more conLracLlon or hyper
polarlzaLlon and relaxaLlon of smooLh muscle






Iactors kegu|at|ng Gastr|c Mot|||ty and Lmpty|ng


Iat ls dlgesLed and absorbed more slowly Lhan Lhe oLher nuLrlenLs
lurLhermore faL dlgesLlon and absorpLlon Lake place only wlLhln Lhe
lumen of Lhe small lnLesLlne as molecules of proLeln and sLarch are
dlgesLed ln Lhe duodenal lumen large numbers of amlno acld and glucose
molecules are released lf absorpLlon of Lhese amlno acld and glucose
molecules does noL keep pace wlLh Lhe raLe aL whlch proLeln and
carbohydraLe dlgesLlon proceeds Lhese large numbers of molecules
remaln ln Lhe chyme and lncrease Lhe osmo|ar|ty of Lhe duodenal
conLenLs because waLer ls freely dlffusable across Lhe duodenal wall lL
enLers Lhe duodenal lumen from Lhe plasma as Lhe duodenal osmolarlLy
rlses arge vo|umes of water enter|ng Lhe lnLesLlne from Lhe plasma lead
Lo lnLesLlnal dlsLenslon and more lmporLanLly clrculaLory dlsLurbances
ensue because of Lhe reducLlon ln plasma volume because Lhe sLomach
secreLes ydroc/oric ocid (PCl) hlghly acldlc chyme ls empLled lnLo Lhe
duodenum where lL ls neutra||zed y sod|um |caronate (NanCC3)
secreLed lnLo Lhe duodenal lumen from Lhe pancreas
Sadness fear decrease mot|||ty anger aggress|on |ncrease mot|||ty
Vom|t|ng
usually ln Lhe normal way Lhe food should bass from Lhe oral cavlLy
(oral dlrecLlon) Lo Lhe anal dlrecLlon now ln Lhe vomlLlng Lhe opposlng
ls Laklng place vomlLlng Lhe forceful expulslon of gasLrlc conLenLs ouL
Lhrough Lhe mouLh
Agaln Lhere was sallvary cenLer ln Lhe medulla swallowlng cenLer ln Lhe
medulla and Lhere vomlLlng cenLer ln Lhe medulla group of neurons
whlch wlll send Lhe message Lo lnduces vomlLlng
vomlLlng alLhough mosL people Lhlnk LhaL for vomlLlng Lake place Lhe
sLomach should conLracL ln Lhe opposlLe way usually perlsLalsls wlll
force food downward same people Lhlnk LhaL Lhe perlsLalsls wlll be ln
Lhe opposlLe dlrecLlon forclng Lhe food Lo came Lo Lhe oral cavlLy buL ln
reallLy whaL ls happenlng 1he sLomach Lhe esophagus and assoclaLed
sphlncLers are all relaxed durlng vomlLlng Lhe real drlvlng force Lo
explores food from Lhe sLomach lumen from Lhe lnLesLlne Loward Lhe
oral cavlLy ls comlng from conLracLlon of Lhe resplraLory muscles
(dlaphragm abdomlnal muscles)
1he dlaphragm ln relax sLaLes lL's ln Lhe dome shape when lL's
conLracLlng lL wlll press sLomach down
1he abdomlnal muscle Lhe coverlng Lhe abdomlnal cavlLy lnLerlorly
when Lhere ls conLracLlng Lhere wlll exerL same pressure on Lhe
abdomlnal organ Lhey wlll compress on Lhe sLomach and forclng Lhe
food Lo be ln Lhe opposlLe dlrecLlon
uurlng vomlLlng lLself as ln Lhe swallowlng Lhe resplraLory sysLem wlll
be shuL no food wlll be enLerlng lnslde of Lhe alr way and Lhere wlll be a
closure of Lhe gloLLls
Causes of vom|t|ng
1acLlle (Louch) sLlmulaLlon of Lhe back of Lhe LhroaL
lrrlLaLlon or dlsLenslon of Lhe sLomach and duodenum
LlevaLed lnLracranlal pressure
8oLaLlon or acceleraLlon
Chemlcal agenLs (emeLlcs eg syrup of lpecac use when somebody
Laklng Loxln)
sychogenlc vomlLlng lnduced by emoLlonal facLors sadness sphere and
addlng of Lhese facLor Lhe pregnancy speclally Lhe flrsL 23 monLhs due
Lo change of Lhe hormone secreLlon lnslde Lhe body Lhls wlll lnduce
vomlLlng ln same pregnanL lady lL wlll be very sLrong and harmful

Note
vomlLlng assoclaLed wlLh emoLlonal dlsLress and anxleLy
Lffects of vom|t|ng
Parmful effecLs
uehydraLlon loslng fluld from lnslde
MeLabollc alkalosls loslng Lhe acld from lnslde Lhe lumen of Lhe
sLomach
8eneflclal effecLs
8emovlng noxlous maLerlal from Lhe sLomach raLher Lhan leLLlng lL sLay
and be absorbed
Gastr|c Mot|||ty
1here are four maln Lype of moLlllLy lnslde Lhe sLomach Lo faclllLaLe Lhe
funcLlon of Lhe sLomach Lo dellver Lhe food Lo mlx and recelve Lhe food
I||||ng movement
SLorage mlxlng and evenLually empLy Lhe food Loward Lhe duodenum
Cradlng Lhe fllllng movemenL

8Lser m3 7da wela ana al3aha alw7edaa p 2no bkon adros fa bkrr a3d
break o lma 2r[3 adrs balkee al sa3a 1133 fa bkool yla la Lser 1200 wallah
ma 23rb beLee 3'er hal qa3da hay '( moe

A7la sh3oor lma LshLree Lfre3' bkoon 3dd sf7aLo mLhlan 18 sf7a fa 2wel she
bL3mlo ank bLfL7 3la al sf7a al23era bLla2eha m7soba mn dmn al 18 saf7a x
w la2 bdsher kol al Lfre3' 3shan Lkraha o hay 3bara 3n ahda2aL lnas ma
bL3rfhm o n3'asha o sh3'laL fadya moe
Pay al saf7a 2le ka3d bLkra2 feha has Lswerha" klf 2 qresh drb 3dd 6lab
df3Lna 2ly hoe 313 (313 * 02) 63 !u o bma 2no e Lakreban 30 Lfreg
llmada 3a mdar al fsl SC (63 *30) 189 [d o bma ano 3ndna 3 mwad ( 189
*3) 943 [d kol fasel drase bm3na (943 *2 ) 1890 snwean o 3la mdar al 3
snen fLreL draseL 6b al2snan (1890 *3) 94S0 denar 3shan n3'asha o
ahda2aL o sh3'laL fadya ma bnsLfeed mnha she fya reeL 2le bdoo yn3'esh
o y3ff dmo la y3fefo hon ma 3da ana p
xp moe elwlr

Sorry lf Lhere are any mlsLakes pwezz forglve u

a3r shy shokr 3as mne 2la C8 na al mwqer mohammad al akkad 3l [hodeh al
Lhmara fe sbeel 3dmeL al df3aa a7la m7 md u