Paper 1

International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology,
Vol. 3, No.4, 2011

Computer Simulation to Investigate System Identification
and Vibration Monitoring in Rotor Dynamic Analysis

Hisham.A.Al-Khazali
1
and Mohamad.R.Askari
2

1
Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing,
School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering,Kingston University,London,UK
K0903888@kingston.ac.uk

2
Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing,
School of Aerospace & Aircraft Engineering,Kingston University,London,UK
M.Askari@Kingston.ac.uk

Abstract

Increased complexities of rotating machinery and demands for higher speeds and greater power
have created complex vibration problems. Engineering judgments based on understanding of
physical phenomena are needed to provide the diagnosis and methods for correcting the rotating
machinery faults. A computer program can be used to calculate the dynamic behavior of the system:
critical speeds, stability charts, frequency response function due to unbalance and modal parameter
(natural frequency, mode shape). A finite element model of a multi-bearing rotor system is
developed. The system to be analyzed consists of three main parts: rotor, discs, and bearings. The
rotor is considered to be a flexible body with distributed mass and elasticity .The discs are assumed
to be thin and rigid. The bearings are modeled as linear forcing elements acting on the rotor at
appropriate locations. The effects of reaction bearing can be detected in both direction of movement.
It has been observed that bearing plays the major role in the restraint of the vibration amplitudes of
the rotor stationary load that cause reduce load in the bearing and give the bearing long and save
life. Dynamic unbalance response of multi-bearing rotor systems can be detection. The accuracy of
the model and the solution techniques have been demonstrated by comparison with results of
previous publications and some mathematical calculations. The raw data obtained from Simulation
has been used finite element (FE) in (ANSYS 12) model.It has good capability for Eigen analysis
and also good graphical facility and obtained good result. 3-D models result large number of nodes
and elements. This paper demonstrates how to extract a plane 2-D model from the 3-D model that
can be used with fewer nodes and elements because ease for use, accuracy and performance.Which
subsequently help to carry out health monitoring as well as further design and development in
revolving machinery.

Keyword: Computational Techniques, Modal Parameter, Rotor Dynamics, Balancing, System
Identification.

1. Introduction

Modal models are widely used to describe the dynamic behaviour of non-rotating structures. The
methods by which these models are obtained have been refined through many years of use and have
now reached an advanced stage of development [1,2].These methods can be extended to the study of
rotating machinery dynamics. For modeling purposes, rotating machines can be considered as
structural assemblies of rotating and non-rotating components. The dynamic behaviour of these
assemblies is determined by the properties of their individual components and their interactions, as is
the case for conventional structures formed by the assembly of purely non-rotating elements [3]. The
use of a structural approach to the study of rotating machinery dynamics allows us to model their
dynamic behaviour based exclusively on their response to controlled excitation forces, without
focusing on the interactions between their components. Thus by taking the effects of rotation into
account, modal analysis and testing methods that were originally designed for conventional, non-
Special Issue Page 1 of 93 ISSN 2229 5216
Vol. 3, No.4, 2011

rotating, structures can be adapted for their use with rotating machinery[1,3].The field balancing is an
ordinary way to reduce shaft vibrations to a given level. In recent decades, the balancing theory has
been thoroughly studied and various balancing techniques have been developed. However, the existing
balancing methods are still potential for improvements in accuracy and efficiency [3]. The motion of a
rotor system is a complex spatial motion, which cannot be objectively and reliably detected with just
one single sensor.
The rotor vibration of a turbine generator is important to control and to monitor in order to protect
against machine trouble so used simulation solver is better to detected[4,5].As the rotating machine
wears, foundations settle, and parts deform, subtle changes in the dynamic properties of the machine
begin to occur. Shafts become misaligned, parts begin to wear, rotors become unbalanced, and
clearances increase. All of these factors are reflected in an increase in vibration energy, which as it is
dissipated throughout the machine, excites resonances and puts considerable extra dynamic loads on
bearings [6,7]. Consequently, one of the major areas of interest in the modern-day condition
monitoring of rotating machinery is that of vibration. If a fault develops and goes undetected, then, at
best, the problem will not be too serious and can be remedied quickly and cheaply; at worst, it may
result in expensive damage and down-time, injury, or even loss of life[8]. The fact that vibration
signals carry much information relating to running condition of machines is the basis for using regular
vibration measurement and analysis as an indicator of machine health trends and the need for
maintenance. Therefore, by measurement and analysis of the vibration of rotating machinery, it is
possible to detect and locate important faults such as mass unbalance, shaft bow and cracked shafts.
Therefore, it is necessary to establish the on-line diagnostic system as one that constantly monitors the
operating conditions so as to detect any abnormal symptom of trouble. This system also has the
capability to analyze and evaluate the cause of the trouble [8,9 ].

2. Modal analysis theory for systems with general system matrices (symmetric or
asymmetric)

Figure 1. Schematic of a rotor three discs setup parameter [2,3].

2.1. Equations of motion

2.1.1. Description of frequency response functions (FRF)

The derivative processes of FRFs are described here and the detail scan are founding. The FRF data
of any structure can also be obtained through experimental modal testing or by means of the FE
simulation method [10,11].For the vibration equation of a system, the mathematical model can be
expressed as follows [4]:

f x K x C x M = + +
- - -
... (1)

The potential energy of the system is the strain energy of the deflected shaft, which is equal to the work
done [2].

) (
2
1
3 3 2 2 1 1 max
+ + + = e e e g m g m g m V
......(2)
X
Y
Z
Vol. 3, No.4, 2011

Where mg is the load due to the mass m, and is the total deflection of mass m, due to all masses .For
harmonic oscillation (free vibration) the maximum kinetic energy to the masses is

...) (
2
2
3 3
2
2 2
2
1 1
2
. max
+ + + = e e e
e
m m m T .. (3)
Where is the frequency of oscillation .Equating V max and T max ,we obtain

2
1
2
3 3
2
2 2
2
1 1
3 3 2 2 1 1
(
(
)
`
+ + +
+ + +
=
e e e
e e e
e
m m m
m m m g
... (4)

s s +
s s
= =
) ( ); 2 (
6
) (
0 ; ) (
6
) ( ) (
2 2
2 2 2
l x a x l x a
l I E
x l a P
a x x b l
L I E
x b p
x x Y
i
e
.. (5)
2.1.2. The pseudo mode shape method

The simple system of a rotorbearingestablishment system is shown above see Fig.(1), that
demonstrates the modelling balancing method (MBM) operation. The rotor was treated as them other
structure, while the foundation and two bearing supports were treated as the substructure. Considering
only the translation (DOF) sin the Y and Z directions at each of the bearing supports, the mode shape
vectors of the bearingfoundation structure were represented with a total of four (DOFs).Eq.(6)
involves the first four natural Frequencies (N= 4) that can be expressed as follows [3].

| | | | | | | |
4 4
2 2
4 4
4 4
3 3
2 2
3 3
3 3
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 1
2 2
1 1
1 1
2 2 2 2 e e e e e e e e e e e e i M

i M

i M

i M

H
j i j i j i j i
j i
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
=
.. (6)

Where i=1,2,,.,4 and j=1,2,.,4.Assume that the first term at the right-hand side of Eq.(6)was
dominant in affecting the values of the (FRFs) when =
1
where as the other terms had a weak
influence on these FRFs. Thus, the second, third and fourth terms can be omitted. The simplified form
of Eq. (6) can now be presented as follows

2
1 1 1
1 1
1 ,
2 e i M

H
j i
j i
= ......... (7)
As mentioned, with two (DOFs) at each of two bearing supports, there were a total of four (DOFs)
for all of the supports of the whole system [11].After this, a (4*4) symmetric frequency response
function matrix, [12],w as built as follows

(
(
(
(
(
=
r r r r
r r r
r r
r
H H H H
H H H
H H
H
matrix FRF
, 4 4 , 3 4 , 2 4 , 1 4
, 3 3 , 2 3 , 1 3
, 2 2 , 1 2
, 1 1
. (8)
At the first mode(r =1), the available peak values in the (FRF) data were denoted as H
11,1
, H
21,1
, H
31,1
,
H
41,1
, H
22,1
, H
32,1
, H
42,1
, H
33,1
, H
43,1
, and H
44,1
. These values can then be utilized to evaluate the related
components.

2.2. Test setup

Figure 2. Geometry design for modal (at start rotating machine three discs).
Vol. 3, No.4, 2011

3. Simulation of model three discs in (ANSYS 12)
A model of rotor system three discs with multi degree of freedom (Y and Z directions) has been used
to demonstrate the above capability see Fig.(3)&(4).A program has been written in (ANSYS 12), Post-
processing commands (/POST26). Applying of gyroscopic effect to rotating structure was carried by
using (CORIOLIS) command. This command also applies the rotating damping effect. (CMOMEGE)
specifies the rotational velocity of an element component about a user defined rotational axis.
(OMEGA) specifies the rotational velocity of structure about global Cartesian axes. Model the bearings
using a spring/damper element (COMBIN 14).Another command which was used in input file
(SYNCHRO) that specifies whether the excitation frequency is synchronous or asynchronous with the
rotational velocity of a structure in a harmonic analysis [13]. The finite element (FE) method used in
ANSYS offers an attractive approach to modelling a rotor dynamic system .While it may require more
computational. Resources compared to standard analyses, it has the following advantages
- Accurate modelling of the mass and inertia.
- A wide range of elements supporting gyroscopic effects.
- The use of the CAD geometry when meshing in solid elements.
- The ability of solid element meshes to account for the flexibility of the disk as well as the
possible coupling between disk and shaft vibrations.
The ability to include stationary parts within the full model or as substructures.

A-ANSYS (APDL),(3-D). B-(ANSYS) workbench(3-D).
Figure 3. Finite element modal rotating machinery (three discs);

Figure 4. Finite element modal (FEM) rotating machinery (three discs);ANSYS (APDEL),(2-
Dimensionses).

In the sections that follow, modelling details and analysis procedures for a rotating structure are
detailed. Generally, a 3-D model directly available from the CAD can be used for the analysis Fig.(
3);however,3-D models result in a large number of nodes and elements models .This paper
demonstrates how to extract a plane 2-D model Fig.(4) from the 3-D model Fig.(3),which can be
analyzed using far fewer nodes and elements .The ease of use, accuracy, and performance of 2-D and
3-D model analyses are closest match each other when we comparison with experiment test. Rotor
dynamics plays a crucial role in identifying critical speeds, and to ultimately design rotating structures
that tolerate extremely high vibrations. This example illustrates the application of rotor dynamics
analysis procedures using the Nelson-Vaugh rotor model [14,15].A 2-D axisymmetric representation of
Vol. 3, No.4, 2011

the 3-D solid model is used to perform a rotor dynamic analysis. The results of the 2-D axisymmetric
model analyses are closest match to the full 3-D solid model results [13,14&15].

3.1. The ANSYS animation
3.1.1. Three discs in the effective length with two bearing

A-First mode shape. Natural frequency 28.77 Hz(3-D).

B-Second mode shape .Natural frequency 116.06Hz,(3D).

C-Third mode shape. Natural frequency 191.88Hz.
Figure 5. Finite element method (FEM), different mode shape (ANSYS workbench);
3.1.2. Three discs in the effective length with two bearings, (2D), ANSYS APDEL

A-First mode shape.Natural frequency 28.56 Hz,(2-D).
Vol. 3, No.4, 2011

B-Second mode shape.Natural frequency115.2 Hz,(2-D).

C-Third mode shape. Natural frequency191.41Hz (2-D).

D-Fourth mode shape. Natural frequency 260.21Hz,(2-D).

Figure 6. Finite element method simulations (FEM),different mode,ANSYS APDEL;

3.2. Performance of rejoinder forces in the left and right bearings (three discs)

Through additional simulation we discover the relation between the rejoinder forces versus time
shown from the Fig.(7-A,B,C,D),the performance of rejoinder forces in the right and left bearings with
different speed of rotations in this modal (three discs in effective length).

-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012
R
e
a
c
t
i o
n

F
o
r
c
e
F
y
(
L
e
f
t
b
e
a
r
i n
g
)
, N
Time(s)
1000rpm
9000rpm
20000rpm
50000rpm

-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012
R
e
a
c
t
i o
n

F
o
r
c
F
y

(
R
i g
h
t

b
e
a
r
i n
g
)
, N
Time(s)
1000rpm
9000rpm
20000rpm
50000rpm

A-Reaction force( Fy) left bearing. B- Reaction force( Fy) right bearing.
Vol. 3, No.4, 2011

-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012
R
e
a
c
t
i o
n

F
o
r
c
e
F
z
(
L
e
f
t
b
e
a
r
i n
g
)
, N
Time(s)
1000rpm
9000rpm
20000rpm
50000rpm

-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012
R
e
a
c
t
i o
n
F
o
r
c
e
F
z
( R
i g
h
t
b
e
a
r
i n
g
) , N
Time (s)
1000rpm
9000rpm
20000rpm
50000rpm

C-Reaction force ( Fz) left bearing. D-Reaction force(Fz) right bearing.
Figuer 7. Relation between reaction force bearings versus time at different speed of rotation(three
discs in effective length);

4 .Effect of unbalance on modal three discs in effective length

Field balancing of flexible rotor system is a key technique to reduce turbine vibration in power
plants. The field balancing is an ordinary way to reduce shaft vibrations to a given level. In recent
decades, the balancing theory has been thoroughly studied and various balancing techniques have been
urban. However, the existing balancing methods are still potential for improvements in accuracy and
efficiency. Increased running speeds and there requirement for rotating machinery to operate within
specified levels of vibration mean that the control of machinery vibration is essential in todays
industry[16,17]. A thorough study that describes the dynamic behavior of a rotating machine requires
integrating not only the correct rotating shaft model but also the accurate boundary conditions such as
the properties of the bearing supports and the external forces on the system. Fortunately, thanks to the
sufficient computing power that is generally available and affordable nowadays, there are many
programmed procedures and solution packages for analyzing the stability, steady-state and transient
responses of individual rotor systems. However, there is no adequate commercial software which is
designed to solve the topics of interest in the induction motor system[18,19]. This has motivated the
current study to develop the finite element solution modules for the investigation of the vibration
behavior of an induction motor .The conditions of stability for the induction motor are explored
thoroughly by varying some of the significant design parameters, such as the bearing stiffness and
damping, the eccentricity and the adding mass for the optimum balance effect, etc. The variations of
the vibration amplitudes at certain major locations of the motor rotor and its sensitivity to the relating
design parameters are also examined completely. A finite element program was developed by this
thesis for solving the dynamic properties of the spindle of rotating machines. These dynamic properties
include the natural frequencies and mode shapes for the spindle with either the rigid modes or flexible
modes. It is also capable of solving the transient analysis of the vibration and the orbits for the cutting
tools of the rotating machines [18].

4.1. Prediction unbalance with add mass, (on amplitude modal three discs in effective
length), ANSYS outcome

A-Displacement versus time before add mass. B-Displacement versus time after add mass
24 gram, (8 gram each disc).
Vol. 3, No.4, 2011

C-Merge comparison.
Figuer 8. The amplitude versus time,(A-With out load ,B-After add 24 gram mass&C-
Merge);
4.2. Investigation theoretical calculations of unbalance loading in revolving machinery
We see the Fig.(9), Schematic of a rotor three discs setup parameter after add mass unbalance
loading is applied to the system .

Figuer 9. Schematic of a rotor three discs setup parameter after add mass [2,3].

The theoretical calculations showed that the natural frequency of the system should reduce slightly
due to the additional load of the unbalance.
Theoretical calculated value of natural frequency is 29.015 Hz is close to the achieved value obtained
from simulation.by using Eqs.(2)-(5) to find deflection(Y
11
) then calculate the stiffness ( K) and natural
frequency.

Table 1. Defintion of parameter before add mass

Diameter 0.01m

P=M*9.81 (0.8)Kg

L 0.48 m

x 0.12 m

b 0.36 m

J 0.24m

C 0.12m

a 0.12 m

I 4.91E-10

mass per unit length(kg/m)

Discs
Bearing
Add mass
X
Y
Z
Vol. 3, No.4, 2011

Table 2. Calculations natural frequency&stiffness of the system before add mass

n
=2**N/60

Y
11
2.77E-04

shaft 182.8426 rad/s
f
n1
=
n
/( 2*)

n1
182.8426 rad/s
f
n1
29.0154 Hz
n
^
2
=K/M k=
n
^
2
*M
n 1746.018216 rpm
80235.4 N/m
80.2354 KN/m

182.309135 rad/s

Table 3. Defintion of parameter after add mass

Diameter 0.01m

P=M*9.81 (0.8+0.008)Kg

L 0.48 m

x 0.12 m

C 0.12m

J 0.24m

b 0.36m

a 0.12 m

I 4.91E-10

mass per unit length=kg/m

Table 4.Calculations natural frequency&stiffness of the system after add mass

n
=2**N/60
Y
11
3.78E-04
shaft 178.369 rad/s
f
n1
=
n
/(2*)

n1
178.369 rad/s
f
n1
28.388301 Hz
n
^
2
=K/M k=
n
^
2
/M
n 1703.29848 rpm

178.368956 K 76357.2 N/m
K 76.3572 KN/m
with
unbalanced
24 gram in three Discs

n
=(K/(M+m))^0.5 177.4837886 rad/sec
f
n
=
n
/(2*) 28.24742227 Hz
N=
n
*60/(2*3.141) 1694.845336 rpm
Vol. 3, No.4, 2011

Table 5. Calculations amplitude of the system after add mass

0.0003

-
70.4576
db

M 2.4Kg Mass of Disc

m 0.024kg Additional mass

e =0.03 meter Eccentricity

0.5 Damping Ratio

X 0.0003

Because the natural frequency and amplitude is knowing at resonance

X=(m/M*e*(/
n
)^
2
)/(((1-(/
n
)^
2
)^
2
+(2* */
n
)^
2
^
0.5
)

At resonance (/
n
)=1

X=(m*e)/M

X=0.024*0.03/2.4 0.0003

decible(dB)=10 log(p/p

)

decible(dB)=10 log(x/x
)^
2

decible(dB)=20 log(x/x
)

Table 6.Calculations amplitude of the system after add mass with different speed of rotation

Stationary 1000rpm 2000rpm 3000rpm 4000rpm

28.24742 16.6666666 33.3333 50 66.6666666 Hz
Rotational
n
28.24742 28.24742 28.24742 28.2474 28.24742 Hz Natural
/
n
1 0.59002438 1.180048 1.77007 2.36009754

(/
n
)^
2
1 0.34812877 1.392512 3.13315 5.57006043

Non
Dimensional

Amplitude

X 0.0003 1.19E-04 0.000336 0.00012 4.87823E-05

Magnitude

20Log(x) -70.4576 -78.84998 -6.95E+0 -78.2899 -86.2365 db

Table 7.Calculations amplitude of the system after add mass with different speed of rotation,(1000-
10000rpm)

On top of the theoretical calculations of natural frequency& stiffness of the system before add mass
shows Table(2) and after add mass shows in Table (4) depend on defintion of consideration of the
setup before and after add mass shown in Table(1)&(3), where; (m) is the mass of unbalance loding
,(M) is the mass of the disc,(e) is eccentricity (distance between extra mass to the center) and( X) is the
non dimensional format of the amplitude.
Vol. 3, No.4, 2011

By using the non-dimensional system of rotary unbalance ampllitude formula (X),and knowing the
natural frequency and amplitude at resonance where (/
n
)=1, the damping ratio of the system
calculated( ),(measure of the degree of damping).From Table(5),(6)&(7) can be calculated amplitude
of the system before and after add mass with different speed of rotation.
These set of calculations indicate that,the product of the unbalance mass (m) and the eccentricity (e) for
unbalanced system can be achieved by knowing the amplitude at the natural frequency through an
impact testing experiment and also backward-calculating of equation of non dimentional amplitude
(X).In other word,as it can be understood from the revolving unbalance amplitude formula equation of
non-dimentional amplitude (X) and experiments in order to calculate the magnitude of the eccintric
mass(m) and eccentricity(e)of any rotating unbalance system,only one set of testingrather at high
speed is essential of course more experiments will result into a better and more perfect result.
This will confirm that impact testing could be utilised on practical balancing applications such as a jet
turbine stitic and dynamic balancing applications.As in revolving unbalance,more eccentric mass can
be assumed as one consolidated point mass,knowing the product of the eccentric mass and the
eccentricity will be sufficient on balancing applications.
From the calculation and experiment above show fact the rotational speed (angular velocity) of the
rotor does not have an affect on the natural frequency value (
n
).

4.3. Behavior of bending stress with unbalance when add mass, simulation results

The bearings used for supporting rotating machinery are one of the crucial elements by which the
safe operation of the machinery is ensured. In recent years, with continuing demands for increased
performance; many rotating industrial machines are now being designed for operation at high speed, a
trend which has resulted in increased mechanical vibration and noise problems [15,20].
We study the relative between the bending stress versus time (second) see Fig.(10A,B),the
performance of bending stresses at this modal (three disc in effective length) when added 24 gram mass
on discs, (8 gram in disc 1,with angle =(0
,90
),8 gram in middle disc2 ,with angle =(135
,315
),and
8 gram in disc 3 ,with angle =(45
,270
) the bending stresse decreases in both direction of motion (Y,

Z) that mean reduce the reaction force in the bearing to make the bearing long and keep save life.

A-Before add mass. B-After add 24 gram mass.

C- Merge in Y direction. D-Merge in Z direction.
Figuer 10. Relation Between The Bending Stress Versus Time (Sec.);

Sy _ At_ Disk
Sz _At _ Disk
Sy _ At_ Disk
Sz _At _ Disk
Vol. 3, No.4, 2011

5. Change effect of dynamic propertiesfor a mechanical structure on modal
parameter under dynamic excitation
5.1. Change diameter of disc (change mass)

With further simulation we find the relation between mode shape number versus natural frequncy
(Hz) we can see from the Fig.(11-A,B,C&D) the effect of change diameter of discs (change mass) to
the natural frequency on (one,two&three discs)with different size diameter (50,75,100) mm.

0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
M
o
d
e
S
h
a
p
e
N
u
m
b
e
r
Natural Frequency(Hz)
Mode Shape Number & Natural Frequency(Hz),one Disc
One Disc in the Middle,(50 mm)

0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450
M
o
d
e
S
h
a
p
e
N
u
m
b
e
r
Natural Frequncy(Hz)
Mode Shape Number & Natural Frequency(Hz),Two Disc
Two Disc with Bearing,(50 mm)

A-One disc in the middle. B-Two discs in the effective length.

0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425
M
o
d
e
S
h
a
p
e
N
u
m
b
e
r
Mode shape Number & Natural Frequency(Hz),Three Disc
Three Disc with bearing,(50 mm)

0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
M
o
d
e
S
h
a
p
e
N
u
m
b
e
r
Mode Shape Number & Natural Frequency(Hz)
Gyroscoping,(50 mm)
Gyroscoping ,(75 mm)
Gyroscoping ,(100 mm)

C-Three discs in effective length. D- Merge all cases.
Figure 11. Relation Between Mode Shape Number Versus Natural Frequency With Different Discs
Mass;

6. Discussion and Conclusions

The performance of a rotor system with stationary load in the effective length(Three discs)have been
investgate in this paper.Another alternative is the use of a modal model of the foundation alone
together with the FE model of the rotor and the mathematical model
To wind up, the correlated knowledge as obtained in the study has drawn up a technical basis for better
commanding the design quality of the induction motor. The developed solution modules have features
of performing multi-purpose rotor dynamic analyses for the characteristics of the rotating machines.
The application case addressed in this study has just shown its advantageous strength in solving the
realistic problem of the shaft failure for the electric machine. It is especially beneficial for the design of
reliable and high quality high-speed spindle machinery. Further improvement and validation of the
developed software system can solve some other rotating spindle problems such as those potential
problems in improving the cutting effectiveness by raising the working speeds of the current ultra high
speed gas bearing spindles.
A database could be created .This database consisting of complete mathematical model of the machine
which includes both the supporting structures as well as the moving parts and is based on the structural
dynamics characteristics of the system.
Vol. 3, No.4, 2011

Linear structures for the purpose of vibration analysis may be modeled either as a continuous
system or a discrete one. In the case of the latter method, the mass of the system is lumped into
a finite number of masses connected by springs and dampers representing the stiffness and
damping in the system respectively. The system is then said to possess an infinite number of
degrees of freedom. Damping mechanism comes in different forms such as viscous, structural,
hysteretic and coulomb .The viscous damping being the most common form. The equations of
motion of the discrete model consists of a finite number of second order ordinary differential
equations coupled together, in which case they have to be solved simultaneously. The process
becomes progressively more difficult as the number of degrees of freedom increases.
The simulation values outcome from the (ANSYS) Fig.(5),(6) in three discs to identify natural
frequency and draw mode shape are perfectly nearby to approval values obtained from the theoretical
value outcome from Table (2) for the first natural frequency.
Due to applying an excessive load 24 grams to the system (8 gram per each discs) at the same
speed.That mean the amplitude is reducing in the shaft see Fig.(8-A,B),after add mass in the disc 1
with angle (0
, 90
), in disc 2 with angle (135
, 315
) & in disc 3 with angle (45
, 270
) ,we
expect the noise is reduce as well due to reduce excess vibration when add this mass to the model.
We can see that clear in ANSYS Fig.(8-A,B&C) we can prove when add 24 gram mass at the same
condition and dimension for three discs, can reduce the amplitude of vibration as well.
For further studies, while (ANSYS) gives accurate results we used it to find the relation between the
reaction bearing forces(N)with respect time(second) shown in the Fig.(7).The behaviour of reaction
forces in Fig.(7-A,B),we see the reaction force in Y direction at left bearing begin constant after a few
second is become incresing little bit in a postive direction when the motor run up at increasing the
speed while for right bearing is become incresing at amoment when the motor run up but in negative
direction then decreasing reaction force bearings in Z direction,we can see from the Fig.(7-C,D) in left
bearing is become incresing little bit in negative direction and then change to postive after a few
second is become decreasing when incresing the speed of revolving,while we note the reaction force in
Z direction increasing little bit.We can see the maximum reaction force value in the Y direction left
bearing that mean the left bearing carry maximum load during the motor run up. Through this study
the behaviour of reaction bearing forces in both bearings can aid in the design of low-noise rotor-
bearing systems and reduce the reaction force in the bearing to make the bearing long save life by
investigate the effects of design parameters on the noise produced by rotor-bearing systems supported
by oil lubricated journal bearings. To do this, the effects of radial clearance and the width of the
bearing, lubricant viscosity and mass eccentricity of the rotor on the noise of the bearing are
investigated. The results show that the a-weighted sound pressure level of the bearing is markedly
influenced by the mass eccentricity of the rotor and the radial clearance and the width of the bearing.
High viscosity of the lubricant slightly decreases the noise of the bearing, but its effect is relatively low
at high speed. The results of this chapter could aid in the design of low-noise rotor-bearing systems
supported by oil lubricated journal bearings.
With further simulation we find the relation between the bending stress with respect time(second).
We can note that in Fig.(10-A,B,C&D) ,the performance of bending stresses at three discs in the
effective length before and after adds 24 gram mass to the model.
In order to investigate the effects of design parameters on the noise of rotor-bearing systems,the effects
of radial clearance and width of bearing, lubricant viscosity. For various rotational speeds, it is found
that, as a general rule, the noise of the bearing decreases as, the lubricant viscosity increases, the width
of the bearing increases, and the radial clearance of the bearing decreases.
A simple mathematical model has been used, however more elaborate models based on a much large
degree of freedom may be used based on suppleness or stiffness influence coefficients. The
mathematical models may also be used to refine the measured data and help in removal of
contaminated data. It is therefore feasible to create a mathematical model as a database for various
systems for condition monitoring during their life time of the machines.

7. Summary
The analysis of vibration restraint with different eccentricities of the unbalanced masses and effect of
the adding of balance masses will help to restrain the vibration amplitude successfully.
Vol. 3, No.4, 2011

It is envisaged that the approach is not limited to the condition monitoring and predictive failure but
could help the designers to have improved rotor performance at the system design stage.
Utilize the developed solution module in investigating various aspects of the vibration behaviour of an
induction motor system for solving its failure problem of the shaft. Some of the crucial factors to the
quality and performance of the motor, such as the vibration amplitude as resulted from the bearing
wear, damping effects, and the passing of system resonance critical speeds, are all investigated in the
study. An efficient dual-rotor model is verified to have excellent accuracy when comparing the
calculated Frequency Response Function (FRF) with that from modal testing. Present paper is to
investigate the effects of design parameters on the noise produced by rotor-bearing systems, and study
the reaction force acting to the right and left bearing.
To develop a multipurpose modal method, using (ANSYS 12) in vibration analysis, simulation part
which would engage subsequently obtaining the modal parameters and comparisons with data obtained
from theoretical model for comparisons. The research work included the development of related
theoretical groundwork originated from principles of rotor dynamics. The method would be capable of
solving many of the related revolving appliance problems such as high speed gas bearing spindle and
electric motors.
Overload vibration can reason to the noise and wear in revolving structures and bearing, it is
important to identify all the critical speeds within the range of operation and analyses the damping
effects, and other phenomena in rotating machinery and their effects in the safe operation of rotating
machinery, which would be the subject of study in this paper and obtained high-quality result for and
then reduce noise happened duo to excess vibration in bearing during know the reaction forces act in
right &left bearing with increasing the speed of revolution. It is envisaged that the approach is not
limited to the condition monitoring and predictive failure but could help the designers to have better
understanding of rotor performance at the system design stage.

7.1. Summarise what have learened
Various aspects have been investigating of the vibration behaviour of an induction motor system for
solve its collapse trouble of the shaft.
Various aspects of bearing behaviour have been investigating of an induction motor system for solve
its breakdown problem of the shaft in machine turning with high speeds. It is found that the bearing
plays the main role in the moderation of the vibration amplitudes of the rotor of stationary load that
cause decrease load in the bearing and then give the bearing long and save life .
The outcome of the study is to develop a multipurpose modal analysis, using (ANSYS 12) in vibration
analysis, simulation part.
This paper demonstrates how to extract a plane 2-D model Fig.(4) from the 3-D model Fig.(3), which
can be analyzed using far smaller number nodes, elements, ease of use, correctness, and recital 2-D and
3-D model analyses are nearby match each other when comparison with theoretical part.

8. Acknowledgments
The author is deeply appreciative support derived from the Iraqi Ministry of Higher Education, Iraqi
cultural attach in London and Kingston University London for supporting this research.

9. References

[1] Jimin He and Zhi-Fang Fu., Modal analysis, Active Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann,Oxford, 2001.
[2] Singiresu S. Rao., Mechanical Vibrations, Prentice-Hall, Inc.Si Edition ,Singapore,2005.
[3] Michel Lalanne and Guy Ferraris, Rotor Dynamics Prediction in Engineering, Second
Edition,Publishing by John Wiley & Sons Ltd, England,1998.
[4] EWINS D.J, Modal Testing: Theory and Practice, John Wily, Exeter, England,1995.
[5] Kalkat M, S. Yildirim and UZMAY I., Rotor Dynamic Analysis of Rotating Machine System
Using Artificial Neural Network, International Journal of Rotating Machinery, vol. 9, pp.255-
262,2003
[6] Emmanouilidis, C, MacIntyre, Dr. J., Cox, Prof. C., Neuron fuzzy computing aided machine faults
diagnosis, Rroc.of JCIS, The Fourth joint conference on information sciences. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina, USA, 1998, Vol 1. pp 207-210.
Vol. 3, No.4, 2011

[7] Vyas, N.S. and Satish Kumar D., Artificial Neural Network design for the fault identification in a
rotor bearing system, Mech.And Mach. Theory, vol.36, pp.157-175, 2001.
[8] Beatty R.F.,Differentiating Rotor Response Due to Radial Rubbing Journal of Vibration
Acoustics, Stress and Reliability in Design, pp.151-160,1985.
[9] Travis Joel Bash., Active magnetic bearings used as an actuator for rotor health monitoring in
conjunction with conventional support bearings, Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering
Thesis Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,2005.
[10] Hutin C.,Modal Analysis is Using Appropriated Excitation Techniques,Journal of Sound
&Vibration vol.34,no.10, pp.18-25, 2000.
[11] Ewins, D.J., Modal testing: theory, practice and application, Research Studies Press, Bal dock,
Hertfordshire, England, 2000.
[12] Rocklin , G., Crowley , Vold, J.,A comparison of H1,H2 and Hv frequency response functions,
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[13] ANSYS 12 Help Menu (can be found with ANSYS 12).
[14] Beley, A., Rajakumar, C and Thieffry, P.,Computational methods for rotordynamics
simulation,NAFEMS World Congress, 2009.
[15] Nelson, H. D., Vaugh , Mc, J. M., The Dynamics of Rotor Bearing Systems Using Finite
Elements, ASME, Journal. Eng., vol. 98, pp.593-600,Ind.,1976.
[16] Qu, L.S.& H.Qiu .Xu.,Rotor Balancing Based Holospectrum Analysis:Principle and
Practice ,China, Mechanical Engineering vol.9,pp.60-63,(in Chinese),1998.
[17] Shliu, Liangsheng Qu., Anew Field Balancing Method of Rotor Systems Based on Holospectrum
and Genetic Algorithm,Journal of Applied Soft Computing,vol.8,pp.446-455.Available online
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[18] Rieger, N.F., A comprehensive guide to computer programs for analysis rotor systems, Mach.
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[19] W.J. Chen, A Note on Computational Rotor Dynamics,ASME Journal
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[20] Bentley, D. E., Muszynska, A.,Identification of bearing and seal dynamic stiffness parameters by
steady-state load and squeeze film tests ,Proceedings of The Symposium on Instability in
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Authors Profile

Mr.Hisham.A.H.Al-Khazali, He has PhD Student in Kingston University London.He
was born in 28 Aug 1973 Baghdad/Iraq. Received his BEng in Mechanical Engineering
(1996), University of Technology,Baghdad. MSc in Applied Mechanics, University of
Technology, Baghdad (2000).

E-mail, k0903888@kingston.ac.uk

Dr.Mohamad.R.Askari, BSc(Eng), MSc, PhD, CEng, MIMechE, MRAeS. He has
(Principal Lecturer, Blended Learning Coordinator),Member teaching staff in Kingston
University London, His Teaching Area: Applied Mechanics, Aerospace Dynamics,
Dynamics and Control, Structural and Flight Dynamics, Engineering Design, Software
Engineering to BEng Mechanical and Aerospace second and final years. Year Tutor for
BEng Mechanical Engineering Course and School Safety Advisor.

E-mail, M.Askari@Kingston.ac.uk

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International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology,

Vol. 3, No.4, 2011

),8 gram in middle disc2 ,with angle =(135

) the bending stresse decreases in both direction of motion (Y,

), in disc 2 with angle (135

) & in disc 3 with angle (45

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