Name: Michaela Miraj September 14, 11 Block: 4

Date of Performance: Date of Submission: September 15, 11

Teacher: Ms. Wicks

Chemistry
Identifying Laboratory Equipment Techniques & Operations Experiment Nos. 2 & 3

A. Introduction: Chemists use a variety of tools to explore the world around them. Tools are important in the advancement of science. The type of tools chemists use depends on the problems they are trying to solve. A chemist may use something as simple as a graduated cylinder to measure the volume of ethyl alcohol. At another time, the same chemist may use a complex computer to analyze large amounts of data concerning the output of a chemical plant manufacturing ethyl alcohol. In this investigation, you will identify pieces of lab equipment or apparatus likely to be found in a Chemistry Laboratory. You will also learn the function of each piece of lab equipment. To work safely and efficiently, it is important to know some very common laboratory techniques and operations in Chemistry. B. Problems: What are the names and functions of some pieces of equipment found in a typical Chemistry Laboratory? What are the different laboratory techniques required to perform important operations in the chemistry laboratory?

C. Performing Laboratory Techniques Properly Discuss the steps of the following laboratory techniques indicated below: 1. Transferring chemicals a. When transferring a liquid to a test tube, the container should be held at eye level, pouring the liquid slowly, until the correct amount has been transferred. b. When you are pouring a liquid from a reagent bottle into a beaker, the reagent should be poured slowly down a glass-stirring rod. When you are transferring a liquid from one beaker to another, you can hold the stirring rod and beaker in one hand. a. Pouring liquids- whenever pouring liquids it is important that the following is done: (a) always read the label on a reagent bottle before using its contents. (b) Always wear safety goggles when handling chemicals. (c) Never touch chemicals with your hands. (d) Never return unused chemicals to their original containers. 1

a. Use the back of your fingers to remove a reagent bottle. Hold the stopper between your fingers until you finish transferring the liquid. Do not place the stopper on your workbench. b. Hold the container from which you are pouring with the palm of your hand covering the label. b. Diluting acids a. Handle corrosive chemicals with extreme care. When diluting a concentrated acid, you must always add the acid slowly to the water while stirring to avoid splattering and releasing the heat all at once. In other words, ADD ACID. Never do the reverse, the result could be quite hazardous. 2. Filtering a mixture- Filtration a. Fold a filter paper circle in half and then quarters. Open the folded paper to form a cone, with one thickness of paper on one side and three thicknesses on the other. b. Put the paper cone in a filter funnel. Place the funnel in an iron ring clamped to a ring stand. Moisten the filter paper with a small volume of distilled water, and gently press the paper against the sides of the funnel. c. Place a beaker beneath the funnel to collect the filtrate. The tip of the funnel should touch the inside surface of the beaker and extend about one inch below the rim. 3. Heating in a test tube a. Adjust the gas burner to produce a gentle blue flame b. Fill a test tube one-third full with the liquid to be heated c. Grasp the test tube with a test-tube holder, near the upper end of the tube. d. Hold the test tube in a slanting position in the flame, and gently heat the tube a short distance below the surface of the liquid. e. Shake the tube gently as it is being heated, until the liquid boils or reaches the desired temperature D. Safety: Handle all glassware carefully. Be careful when handling hot glassware and equipment. Use caution in handling sensitive equipment such as triple beam and electronic balances. E. Procedure: 1. Carefully inspect the different types of laboratory apparatus or equipment that have been set out by your teacher. 2. Read the Lab Techniques and Operations packet and watch the demonstrations carefully

3. For the laboratory apparatus or equipment, familiarize yourself with them by constructing a table similar to the one shown below: ( Research in the internet for the appropriate images).

Name of Equipment Beaker

Diagram

Use or Function Glass or plastic; glass beakers may be heated

Buret

Glass; used volumes of titrations

to measure solutions in

Ceramic Squares

Used under hot apparatus or glassware

Clamps

The following types of clamps may be fastened to support apparatus; buret/ test tube clamp, clamp holder

Clay triangle

Wire frame with porcelain supports; used to support a crucible

Condenser

Glass; used procedures

in

distillation

Crucible and cover

Porcelain; used to heat small amounts of solid substances at high temperatures

Crucible tongs

Iron or nickel; used to pick up and hold items

Dropper pipet

Glass tip with rubber bulb; used to transfer small volumes of liquid

Erlenmeyer flask

Glass; common sizes are 100 mL, 250 mL; may be heated; used in titrations

Evaporating dish

Porcelain; used to contain small volumes of liquid being evaporated

Florence flask

Glass; may be heated; used in making and for storing solutions

Forceps

Metal; used to hold or pick up small objects

Gas burner

Constructed of metal; connected to a gas supply with rubber, tubing, used to heat chemicals (dry or in solution) in beakers, test tubes, and crucibles

Gas collecting tube

Glass; used to measure gas volumes

Glass rod nichrome wire

with

Used in flame tests

Graduated cylinder

Used to measure approximate volumes; must not be heated

Graduated pipet

Used to measure

Mortar and pestle

Porcelain; may be used to grind crystals and lumpy chemicals to a powder

Pipet bulb

Rubber; used in filling a piper with a solution; a pipet must never be filled by mouth

Tripod

Holds up a beaker

F. Analysis and Conclusion: 1. Draw the set-up in the filtration and distillation processes. Label the parts.

2. What are the techniques necessary to run the above processes efficiently? There are two techniques necessary to run the above processes efficiently and they are: filtering a mixture and pouring liquids. H. Further Application (not required for Regents): 6

Discuss a procedure of making any improvised equipment of your choice (e.g. graduated cylinder, breaker, funnel, burette, etc.) Heterogenous Mixture Pour 5 mL of water in a beaker. Then, take a dropper pipet and fill it with vinegar. Finally pour it into the beaker with water. Observe what happens. The vinegar suspends on top of the water.