Centralization, Formalization and Specialization

CFtTRAllZATl0t, F0RHAllZATl0t At0 SPFClAllAZATl0t
1
Table of Contents
Telenor background ................................................................................................................ 5
entralization .......................................................................................................................... 6
entralization & Decentralization in telenor ........................................................................ 6
How telenor is centralized? ................................................................................................. 6
How it is decentralized? ...................................................................................................... 7
auses Ior centralization in strategy .................................................................................... 7
Advantage oI centralization ................................................................................................. 7
Advantage oI decentralization ............................................................................................. 7
Formalization in uIone ................................................................................................................ 8
UIone background ................................................................................................................... 8
Vision statement .................................................................................................................. 8
Mission statement ............................................................................................................... 8
Formalization .............................................................................................................................. 9
Explanation ............................................................................................................................. 9
Formalization in uIone ............................................................................................................ 9
Job timing ........................................................................................................................... 9
Leave ................................................................................................................................ 10
PerIormance ...................................................................................................................... 10
Advantages oI high Iormalization .......................................................................................... 10
Specialization in habib bank...................................................................................................... 11
Background oI habib bank .................................................................................................... 11
Vision statement ................................................................................................................ 12
Mission statement ............................................................................................................. 12
Specialization ........................................................................................................................ 12
Specilization in habib bank ................................................................................................... 12
Work specialization ........................................................................................................... 12
Division oI labor ............................................................................................................... 13
Formalization in PAK Army: .................................................................................................... 14
Introduction to PAK Army: ....................................................................................................... 14
Organization oI Pak Army: ................................................................................................... 14
Formalization: ........................................................................................................................... 15
Formalization in Pak Army: .................................................................................................. 15
2
UniIorm: ........................................................................................................................... 15
Timing: ............................................................................................................................. 15
entralization in Dell: ............................................................................................................... 16
Background oI dell: .................................................................................................................. 16
entralization in dell: ............................................................................................................ 16
entralization: ................................................................................................................... 16
entralization in dell: ........................................................................................................ 17
Specialization in nestle.............................................................................................................. 18
Introduction to nestle: ........................................................................................................... 18
Vision and Strategy ............................................................................................................... 18
Specialization:....................................................................................................................... 18
Specialization in nestle: ..................................................................................................... 19
Formalization in RMI ............................................................................................................... 20
About RMI............................................................................................................................ 20
Vision ............................................................................................................................... 20
Mission Statement ............................................................................................................. 20
Formalization ........................................................................................................................ 21
Formalization in RMI ............................................................................................................ 21
For employees ................................................................................................................... 21
For patients ........................................................................................................................... 21
entralization in MicrosoIt ....................................................................................................... 22
About MicrosoIt:................................................................................................................... 22
entralization ........................................................................................................................ 23
entralization in MicrosoIt.................................................................................................... 23
Specialization in Mobilink ........................................................................................................ 24
Introduction to Mobilink ....................................................................................................... 24
Formalization ............................................................................................................................ 24
Organization have the Iormal work specialization ................................................................. 25
Special type oI division oI labor ............................................................................................ 25
DiIIerent tasks are divided into special type oI diIIerent jobs................................................. 25
entralization in Pepsio .......................................................................................................... 26
Introduction to Pepsio ......................................................................................................... 26
DIFFERENT PEPSI-OLA PRODUTS ......................................................................... 26
entralization ........................................................................................................................ 27
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entralization in Pepsico........................................................................................................... 27
International structure ....................................................................................................... 27
Formalization in NADRA ......................................................................................................... 27
Background oI NADRA ........................................................................................................ 28
Formalization ........................................................................................................................ 29
Formalization in NADRA ................................................................................................. 29
BeIore privatization ........................................................................................................... 29
AIter privatization ................................................................................................................. 29
Specialization in coca cola ........................................................................................................ 29
Background oI coca cola ....................................................................................................... 30
Birth oI oca ola ............................................................................................................ 30
New oke ......................................................................................................................... 30
Mission and values ................................................................................................................ 30
Mission ............................................................................................................................. 30
Specialization ........................................................................................................................ 31
Specialization in coca co1a .......................................................................................... 31
Formalization in FBI ................................................................................................................. 32
What is FBI ....................................................................................................................... 32
History .............................................................................................................................. 32
Formalization ........................................................................................................................ 33
Formalization in FBI ............................................................................................................. 33
entralization in IMF ................................................................................................................ 34
Introduction to IMF ............................................................................................................... 34
Surveillance .......................................................................................................................... 34
Technical Assistance ......................................................................................................... 34
Lending................................................................................................................................. 34
entralization in IMF ................................................................................................................ 34
How entralized ................................................................................................................... 34
How decentralized ................................................................................................................ 35
Introduction to HP .................................................................................................................... 35
Shared values ........................................................................................................................ 36
orporate objectives ............................................................................................................. 36
Hp products .......................................................................................................................... 37
Specialization in HP .............................................................................................................. 38
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5
entralization in telenor

Telenor background
ToIonoi Iakislan, a vhoIIy ovnod
sulsidiaiy of ToIonoi ASA, vilh loIocon opoialions in 14 counliios ToIonoi acquiiod
lho Iiconso foi pioviding CSM soivicos in Iakislan in ApiiI 2OO4, and had Iaunchod ils
soivicos connoiciaIIy in IsIanalad, RavaIpindi and Kaiachi on 15 Maich 2OO5, and on
23 Maich 2OO5. ToIonoi has ils coipoialo hoadquailois in IsIanalad, vilh iogionaI
officos in Kaiachi and Lahoio. On }anuaiy 28, 2OO5, ToIonoi oslalIishod ils fiisl caII
conlio in Lahoio. Mainlaining a vido covoiago in lho counliy, vilh 5OO doslinalions
covoiod vilhin Ioss lhan 16 nonlhs of lho conpanys Iaunch, il is lho 2nd Iaigosl
nolvoik of Iakislan afloi MoliIink vilh a sulsciiloi laso of 21.29 niIIion as of }uIy
2OO9 (ITA figuios). ToIonoi Iakislan considois MoliIink as ils najoi conpoliloi.
Il is spioad acioss lho counliy vilh a nolvoik of 15 conpany-ovnod saIos and soivico
conlois, noio lhan 2OO fianchisoos and sono 1OO,OOO iolaiI oulIols soIIing sulsciiplions
and iofiIIs achioving a 2OO incioaso in lho sulsciiloi laso in 2OO6 and pIanning foi
fuilhoi oxpansion of nolvoik and soivicos.
Il is cuiionlIy pioviding piopaid, poslpaid and vaIuo-addod soivicos. Ils packagos
incIudo:
TaIkShavk
ToIonoi Ioisona
juico.

6

Centralization
"It is defined as how power is distributed
with in the organization

OR
"The degree to which
decision making is centra1ized
t a sing1e point in an organization.

Centralization & Decentralization in telenor

Apail fion slialogy, aII olhoi funclions aio do-conliaIizod. IoopIo al ToIonoi Iakislan
aio nolivalod lo lako lhoii iosponsiliIilios ospociaIIy in cioss funclionaI piojocls.
Managois in oach dopailnonl ovoisoo lhal lho onpIoyoos lako up lhoii ioIos and dulios
and lhoii poifoinanco is noniloiod accoidingIy.
ow telenor is centralized?

7

If vo Iook lovaids lho alovo diagian lhan al lho lop IovoI is CLO.vho can nako lho
slialogy foi ovoi aII oiganizalion .So aII of lho onpIoyoos nusl foIIov lhis slialogy lo

achiovo lho goaIs of loIonoi Iakislan. So in lhis conloxl lho loIonoi is conliaIizod .Moan
lhal ovoiy onpIoyoo viII foIIov lhis slialogy.
So in lho slialogy naking lho uppoi IovoI nanagononl lho slialogic nanagononl hava
aa najoi ioIo .so hoio lho povoi is onIy vilh lho slialogic nanagois so lhals vhy vo
vouId say lho lhl loIonoi is conliaIizod

ow it is decentralized?

Managois in
oach dopailnonl ovoisoo lhal lho onpIoyoos lako up lhoii ioIos and dulios and lhoii
poifoinanco is noniloiod accoidingIy. So in oach offico of loIonoi lho nanagois can
lako lhoii ovn docisions so hoio vo can say lhal lho loIonoi Iakislan is doconliaIizod.
ocauso hoio povoi is disliilulod aIso anong lho 1
sl
Iino nanagois.

Causes for centralization in strategy

1-Oiganizalion is googiaphicaIIy dispoisod.
2-uo lo lough conpolilion in coIIuIai naikol.
3-Top IovoI nanagois havo lolloi knovIodgo and oxpoiionco aloul cuiionl lionds.
4-As oiganizalion adopl nochanislic sliucluio
Advantage of centralization
With a decentralized organizational structure you can achieve
Ilexibility and innovation.

Advantage of decentralization
With a centralized organization you have control and
coordination.

8

ormalization in ufone
Ufone background
Officia1 Name
of ufone Ra'isan is RAK TELECOM MOBILE
LIMITE (RTML) owned subsidiary of RTCL Commenced
operaions from Is1amabad on January 29, 2as newor'
coverage in more han , 1ocaions curren1y caers for
Inernaiona1 Roaming o more han 26 operaors in more
han counries

Vision statement
To be he 1eading
e1ecommunicaion service provider in Ra'isan by offering
innovae communicaion so1uions for our cusomers whi1e
exceeding shareho1der va1ue & emp1oyee expecaionD
No maer who you are, where you are,
Whom you wan o say i or how you fee1,
Wha you wan o say, you are our focus
Because a Ufone,
I's a11 abou U

Mission statement
We are where you wan o
beA Ufone we aim o provide you wih wider coverage,
superior conneciviy, c1ear signa1s & voice qua1iyD
WEREVER YOU ARE, UEONE KEERS YOU CONNECTE

Ufone is offering the following packages:
O Uh pac'age
O Ufone gena pac'age
O Ufone 'a
O Tension free pac'age
O Uwon
O Uwon +

9

ormalization
"The degree to which
obs within the organization are Standardized and the extent to
which emp1oyee Behavior is guided by ru1es and regu1ations
#
It is the extent to which ru1es and procedures are written and
enforced
\lanation
Formalization is the extent to which
rules and procedures are Iollowed in an organization. This element varies greatly across
organizations. For example, in some organizations arrival and departure times to and Irom work
are speciIied to the minute, with time clocks used to control deviant behavior. In other
organizations it is understood that employees will spend suIIicient time on the job to get the
work done. In some organizations rules and procedures cover most activities, while in others
people are allowed to exercise their own judgment.

In assessing the degree oI Iormalization, one needs to use care. In some organizations many rules
are codiIied in huge manuals, but no one pays attention to them. In others little is written down,
but rules are inIormally understood and Iollowed. Thus the most useIul deIinition oI
Iormalization is that it represents the use oI rules in an organization.

ormalization in ufone
In ufone high forma1izaion is app1y Ru1es and regu1aions of
ufone are very sric Job iming, 1eave, performance in a11 of
such 1i'e aciviies ufone ru1es and regu1aions are very sric
which are given be1ow

ob timing
Job iming of ufone are form -9 and no brea'
is a11owed in his ime for emp1oyees So ha he emp1oyees can
10
wor' hard a11 he day for organizaion, and achieve he
organizaion's goa1s

eave
In one year hree wee's of mandaory 1eave are
avai1ab1e for he emp1oyees If he emp1oyee wans 1eave more
han his so he wi11 provide an assurance of medica1 1eave or
some hing e1se oherwise one day pay wi11 be deduced from his
sa1ary

Performance
In ufone he performance mean he wor'
done of every emp1oyee is proper1y chec' if an emp1oyee is no
performing we11 so he wi11 be fire from he organizaion or his
sa1ary wi11 be deduced or his appraisa1 wi11 no be good so ha
chances of promoion wi11 be 1ess for him .

So _us 1i'e he above discussed examp1es a11 of he ru1es and
regu1aions of ufone are very sric Which mean ha ufone is a
high1y forma1ized organizaion

Advantages of bigb formalization

Managers are c1ear abou organizaions goa1s
2 Organizaions po1icies are c1ear1y menioned
3 Ru1es and regu1aions are sric1y fo11owed a a11 1eve1s of
managemen
4 Rroper conro11ing is easy as we11 as possib1e
C1ear guide1ines are provided o he 1ower 1eve1 emp1oyees

11

\ecialization in babib bank

ackground of babib bank

BL esab1ished operaions in Ra'isan in 947 and moved is head
office o Karachi Our firs inernaiona1 branch was esab1ished
in Co1ombo, Sri Lan'a in 9 and abib Ban' R1aza was bui1 in
972 o commemorae he ban''s 2h Anniversary

Wih a domesic mar'e share of over 4, BL was naiona1ized in
974 and i coninued o dominae he commercia1 ban'ing secor
wih a ma_or mar'e share in inward foreign remiances () and
1oans o sma11 indusries, raders and farmers Inernaiona1
operaions were expanded o inc1ude he USA, Singapore, Oman,
Be1gium, Seyche11es and Ma1dives and he Neher1ands

On ecember 29, 23 Ra'isan's Rrivaizaion Commission
announced ha he Governmen of Ra'isan had forma11y graned
he Aga Khan Eund for Economic eve1opmen (AKEE) righs o
of he shareho1ding in BL, agains an invesmen of RKR 2249
bi11ion (US 389 mi11ion) On Eebruary 26, 24, managemen
conro1 was handed over o AKEE The Board of irecors was
12
reconsiued o have four AKEE nominees, inc1uding he Chairman
and he Rresiden/CEO and hree Governmen of Ra'isan nominees

Vision statement
Enabling people to advance with conIidence and
success

Mission statement
To make our customers prosper, our staII excel and create value Ior
shareholders

\ecialization
"An agreemen wihin a
communiy, group, or organizaion under
which he members mos suied (by virue of heir naura1
apiude, 1ocaion, s'i11, or oher qua1ificaion) for a specific
aciviy or as' assume greaer responsibi1iy for is execuion
or performance
OR
"Emp1oyees wih in he funciona1 division of organizaion
perform a specia1ized se of as' or aciviies
\ecilization in babib bank
abib ban' is a1so a high1y specia1ized organizaion Eo11owing

are he poins which show specia1izaion in habib ban' in erm of
wor' specia1izaion and a1so division of 1abor
ork s\ecialization
O he enire _ob is bro'en down ino seps, each sep
comp1eed by a separae individua1
13
O individua1 wor'ers specia1ize in doing par of an aciviy
O They perform repeiive performance of a few s'i11s
O They use he mos effecive means o ma'e he mos
efficien use of emp1oyee's s'i11s
O some as' requires high1y deve1oped s'i11s and educaion
_us 1i'e manager, RGM ,GM ec
O Ohers can be performed by he 1ow s'i11s and educaion _us
1i'e cashier , c1er's ec
Division of labor
O ma'es efficien use of emp1oyees s'i11s
O increases emp1oyee's s'i11s hrough repeiion
O 1ess beween-_ob downime increases produciviy
O They gave specia1ized raining which is more efficien
O A11ows he use of specia1ized equipmens

14
ormalization in PAK Army:
Introduction to PAK Army:
Tho Iakislan Ainy is lho Iaigosl lianch of lho
Iakislan niIilaiy, and is iosponsilIo foi pioloclion of lho slalo loidois, lho socuiily
of adninisloiod loiiiloiios and dofonding lho nalionaI inloiosls of Iakislan vilhin
lho fianovoik of ils inloinalionaI olIigalions. Thoy nusl lo alIo lo achiovo lhoso
goaIs lolh in nucIoai vaifaio and convonlionaI vaifaio.
Tho Iakislani Ainy is a voII-liainod and voII-oquippod niIilaiy soivico and
conlinod vilh lho Navy and Aii Ioico nakos Iakislan's ainod foicos, lho 7lh
Iaigosl niIilaiy in lho voiId. Tho nollo of lho Iakislani Ainy ioads: "Iman, Taqwa,
JIhad fI 5abI!I!!ah". TiansIalod inlo LngIish, il noans "Iailh, Iioly, Sliiving in lho
palh of AIIah (Tho Cod)".
Tho Ainy is nodoIIod on lho Unilod Kingdon ainod foicos and cano inlo oxislonco
afloi lho indopondonco in 1947. Il has an aclivo foico of 55O,OOO poisonnoI and
5OO,OOO non in iosoivo lhal conlinuo lo soivo unliI lho ago of 45.
Tho Iakislani Ainy is a conpIoloIy voIunlooi foico and has loon invoIvod in nany
confIicls vilh India. Conlinod vilh lhis iich conlal oxpoiionco, lho Ainy is aIso
aclivoIy invoIvod in conliiluling lo Unilod Nalions poacokooping offoils. Olhoi
foioign dopIoynonls havo consislod of Iakislani Ainy poisonnoI as advisois in
nany Afiican, Soulh Asian and Aial counliios. Tho Iakislani Ainy nainlainod
ivision and liigado slionglh piosoncos in sono of lho Aial counliios duiing lho
pasl Aial-IsiaoIi Wais, and lho fiisl CuIf Wai lo hoIp lho CoaIilion.
Tho Iakislani Ainy is Iod ly lho Chiof of Ainy Slaff, cuiionlIy ConoiaI Ashfaq
poivoz kiyani.
rganization of Pak Army:
Tho Chiof of lho Ainy Slaff (COAS), foinoiIy caIIod lho Connandoi in Chiof (C in
C), is chaIIongod vilh lho iosponsiliIily of connanding lho Iakislani Ainy. Tho
COAS opoialos fion ainy hoadquailois in RavaIpindi, noai IsIanalad. Tho
IiincipaI Slaff Officois assisling hin in his dulios al lho Lioulonanl ConoiaI IovoI
incIudo a
Chiof of ConoiaI Slaff (CCS), vho supoivisos lho day lo day iunning of lho ainy,
iiocloi ConoiaI MiIilaiy Opoialions (CMO), iosponsilIo foi lho ovoiaII
opoialionaI pIanning,
lho Masloi ConoiaI of Oidnanco (MCO),
15
lho Quailoi-Masloi ConoiaI (QMC),
he Ad_uan Genera1 (AG),
he Inspecor Genera1 of Training and Eva1uaion
(IGT&E), and
he Mi1iary Secreary (MS)
The headquarers funcion a1so inc1udes he Judge Advocae
Genera1 (JAG), and he Compro11er of Civi1ian Rersonne1, he
Chief of he Corps of Engineers (E-in-C) who is a1so head of
Mi1iary Engineering Service (MES), a11 of hem a1so repor o
he Chief of he Army Saff

ormalization:
"The degree to which obs within the organization
are Standardized and the extent to which emp1oyee Behavior is
guided by ru1es and regu1ations
ormalization in Pak Army:
Ra' army is
high1y forma1ized organizaion in Ra'isan because in every
deparmen of Ra' army he ru1es are wrien and sric1y obeyed
by he so1diers Jus 1i'e if an order is given o he so1diers
o go o siachin ,hey mus sric1y obey his order and mus go
o siachin Is _us an examp1e beside his he Ra' Army is
forma1ized in he fo11owing
Uniform:
Uniform of so1dier are compu1sory in Ra' army
Wihou uniform hey can no gave heir duy and a1so does no
ener ino he premises Every ran' of so1dier have a differen
uniform from he ohers
Timing:
Timing is a1so very sric in Ra' army Ra' army did no
compromise on iming ,he so1diers mus have o come on ime and
o 1eave in heir own ime oherwise punishmen wi11 be given o
hem
In spie of hese poins many oher poins are a1so presen
which I can no menioned from which we can say ha Ra' Army is
a high1y forma1ized organizaion
16

Centralization in Dell:
ackground of dell:
e11 Compuer was founded as RC's Limied in 984 by
universiy suden Michae1 e11 Se11ing assemb1ed
compuers from his dormiory room, Michae1 abandoned
he universiy during he p1anning sage of his firs
in-house compuer design in 98 The company was so
successfu1 ha wihin wo years RC's Limied had
disribuion offices in Europe, and changed i's
grammaica11y-incorrec name o e11 Compuer
Corporaion By 99, seven years afer se11ing i's firs
compuer, e11 Compuer Corporaion was 1ised in he Eorune
Wih much experience in mai1 order e1ephone sa1es, e11 was
one of he firs companies o offer compuers for mai1 order via
he Inerne The e11 Coupon program made many Inerne mode1s
cheaper han oher brands, and coninues o be popu1ar o his
day

Dell, Incorporated is a computer hardware manuIacturer and distributor. The company is one oI
the world's largest computer distributors in terms oI both quantity oI units sold and gross income,
and one oI the United States' largest corporations. From 1999 until 2006 Dell delivered more
complete computer systems worldwide per quarter than any other P manuIacturer. However, a
bad reputation stemming Irom poor customer support had seen Dell's market shrink, with rival
Hewlett-Packard outselling Dell Ior the Iirst time in Q4 2006. Dell is now attempting to improve
it's image with Linux-based desktop and laptop models, a community-driven idea generation
website, and a move to less expensive AMD processors.

Centralization in dell:
Centralization:
"It is defined as how power is distributed with in the
organization
17
Centralization in dell:
When rapid wor1dwide growh forced 1oca1 e11 divisions o hand1e
server monioring and managemen on heir own, e11 was 1ef wih
an unwie1dy decenra1ized managemen
sysem To regain conro1 of he g1oba1 e11 infrasrucure, he
e11 IT group dep1oyed Microsof
Operaions Manager 2, enab1ing i o cenra1ize and
conso1idae managemen of Microsof Windows, Exchange, and SQL
Server sysems wor1dwide

So afer ha hey ma'e heir own managemen informaion sysem
(MIS)And he decisions are now cenra1ized mean is up o he
CEO ha how he a'es he decision and a11 of he emp1oyee wi11
fo11ow and ac upon his decision

So iI we look to
the upper
diagram so
it will shows that
the top level
strategic
planning are made by the EO, who then gave project to the employees so here we can see that
the dell is centralized and all over the world the policies and strategies iI their EO is compelled
and applied and is acted upon.

18
\ecialization in nestle

Introduction to nestle:

Nestle has been serving Pakistani consumers since 1988, when our parent company, the
Switzerland-based Nestle SA, Iirst acquired a share in Milkpak Ltd.

Today we are Iully integrated in Pakistani liIe, and are recognised as producers oI saIe, nutritious
and tasty Iood, and leaders in developing and upliIting the communities in which we operate.

We at Nestle Pakistan ensure that our products are made available to consumers wherever in the
country they might be. onvenience is at the heart oI the Nestle philosophy, and our aim is to
bring products to people's doorsteps.

vision anu Stiategy

The Nestle global vision is to be the leading health, wellness, and Nutrition ompany in the
world. Nestle Pakistan subscribes Iully to this vision. In particular, we envision leading a
dynamic motivated and proIessional workIorce proud oI its heritage and bullish about the
Iuture.

Meet the nutritional needs oI consumers oI all age groups Irom inIancy to old age, Irom
nutrition to pleasure, through an innovative portIolio oI branded Iood and beverage products oI
the highest quality.

\ecialization:
"Emp1oyees wih in he funciona1 division of
organizaion perform a specia1ized se of as' or aciviies

19
\ecialization in nestle:
Nestle is a highly specialized organization mean at every right
place a right person is present .From MD up to the end employee every personnel are best Ior
their job .mean their qualiIication are exact according to their seat they hold in nestle.

20
ormalization in RMI

About RMI
ocated at the gateway oI Khyber, Rehman Medical Institute has revolutionized the concept oI
medical care in the NWF-P. For the Iirst time ever, the people oI this area have access to
healthcare Iacilities oI international standards.

The Iounder, ProI. Muhammad Rehman with a vision oI providing quality healthcare services to
the people oI this region, established the RMI which is now catering to all major and minor
disciplines oI medical sciences.

Vision
To be the premiere healthcare provider of the region.
Mission tatement
The Rehman Medical Institute is committed to providing:
O Quality Healthcare Services through state oI the art diagnostic Iacilities and treatment
oI the highest possible standard in a comIortable, caring and saIe environment.
O areer Opportunities in an environment providing our employees with a purpose and
pride in the organization, through personal development and recognition Ior perIormance
excellence.
O /ucation an/ Training to health proIessionals while inculcating in them the ethics and
values oI proIessional modes oI practice.

21
ormalization
The degree to which obs within the organization
are Standardized and the extent to which emp1oyee Behavior is
guided by ru1es and regu1ations
ormalization in RMI
RMI is a highly Iormalized institution and hospital. The rules oI
RMI are written and also strictly applied both Ior their employees as well as their patients.
or em\loyees
Employees oI RMI like doctors, nurses and other administration staII will
must obey the strict rules and regulations oI RMI just like limited number oI holidays, present in
time in hospital and also leave the hospital in time, no compromise on health oI peoples. so these
rules and also more just like these must be obey by the employees.

or \atients
Rules Ior patients are also very strict just like only 1 person will be present in
the room with the patient and children Iewer than 12 are strictly prohibited to go inside the
building oI hospital; any type oI Iood will not be taken inside the hospital building.
So iI look all oI these points so we conclude that the RMI hospital is a highly Iormalized
hospital.

22
Centralization in Microsoft

About Microsoft:

8lll CaLes and aul Allen founded MlcrosofL Corp ln 1973 1he flrsL producL
Lhe company sold was MlcrosofL 8ASlC a compuLer programmlng language sysLem for creaLlng
sofLware 1he company released lLs flrsL verslon of Wlndows on nov 20 1983
MlcrosofL CorporaLlon ls a sofLware company based ln 8edmond WashlngLon MlcrosofLs
flagshlp producL Lhe Wlndows operaLlng sysLem ls Lhe slngle mosL popular operaLlng sysLem
for home deskLop use lLs oLher deskLop producLs namely MlcrosofL Cfflce lnLerneL Lxplorer
and Wlndows Medla layer are elLher bundled dlrecLly wlLh Lhe Wlndows operaLlng sysLem or
are ofLen sold LogeLher wlLh Wlndows as prelnsLalled sofLware on new compuLer sysLems
AddlLlonally Lhe company manufacLures and sells compuLer hardware such as keyboards and
mlce and owns or possesses lnLeresL ln several conLenLdlsLrlbuLlon channels such as MSn8C
Lhe MSn lnLerneL porLal and Lhe MlcrosofL LncarLa elecLronlc encyclopedla
1he MlcrosofL Wlndows operaLlng sysLem sLarLed llfe as an opLlonal addlLlon Lo Lhe MSuCS
operaLlng sysLem 1he ldea of a graphlcal user lnLerface was ploneered by Apple CompuLers
Apple ll and MaclnLosh Powever due Lo prlor work wlLh l8M MlcrosofL successfully convlnced
Lhe hardware glanL Lo shlp MlcrosofL Wlndows prelnsLalled on l8M personal compuLers 1hls
monumenLal sLep had plggybacked Wlndows Lo be one of Lhe mosL recognlzed sofLware LlLles
ln hlsLory 1he MlcrosofL Cfflce sulL of appllcaLlons (Word Lxcel owerpolnL and Access)
began llfe as MlcrosofL Works an Apple MaclnLosh appllcaLlon LhaL provlded Lhe funcLlons of a
word processor spreadsheeL and daLabase all ln one MlcrosofLs popular lnLerneL Lxplorer
web browser was orlglnally a rebranded verslon of Spyglass Mosalc

23
Centralization
"It is defined as how power is distributed with in
the organization
Centralization in Microsoft
MicrosoIt is a highly centralized corporation.they use
speciel type oI spItware to centralizes their corporation .In early 2007, hieI InIormation OIIicer
(IO) charged the IT leadership team at MicrosoIt to adopt an internal portal solution based on
MicrosoIt OIIice SharePoint Server 2007 Ior centralizing and sharing business intelligence
tools and inIormation across the entire organization. This is the MicrosoIt onsolidated Business
Intelligence (MicrosoIt BI) BI portal, developed and maintained by the Business Intelligence
Engineering (BIE) within the MicrosoIt InIormation Technology (MicrosoIt IT) group. This
centrally hosted, customizable portal integrates with a large number oI MicrosoIt business
intelligence tools and products - MicrosoIt OIIice SharePoint (Prolarity Analytics, MicrosoIt
OIIice Excel Services, MicrosoIt OIIice PerIormance Point Server), MicrosoIt SQL
Server Reporting Services, and SQL Server Analysis Services including an internal tool called
the MicrosoIt BI report catalog,
The MicrosoIt BI portal gives MicrosoIt employees and decision makers a single, personalized
location with one enterprise report catalog to access standard and ad hoc reports, scorecards, and
other business intelligence components. These components were previously scattered across
various locations and were diIIicult to manage, introducing security challenges. The MicrosoIt
BI portal enables business units within MicrosoIt to streamline reporting and decision-making
processes as well as share business intelligence across the company in a more secure and
eIIicient way. Additionally, it enables close collaboration with business partners and vendors that
work with MicrosoIt on strategic and business-critical projects worldwide.

24
\ecialization in Mobilink

Introduction to Mobilink
obilink, a subsidiary oI the Orascom Telecom Holding, is
Pakistan`s leading cellular and Blackberry service provider. With more than 31.6 million
subscribers, Mobilink maintains market leadership through cutting-edge, integrated technology,
the strongest brands and the largest portIolio oI value added services in the industry, a broadband
carrier division providing next generation internet technology as well as the country`s largest
voice and data network with over 8,000 cell sites. Housing Pakistan`s largest distribution and
contact centre networks and an unparalleled 6,500 kilometers Iiber optic backbone, Mobilink has
already invested over US $3.3 billion in the country to date and provides uninterrupted
countrywide connectivity, unmatched customer services and international roaming in over 140
countries. The company is also the oIIicial cellular partner oI the Pakistan ricket Board. As a
responsible corporate citizen, Mobilink also oIIers a range oI socially inclusive products and
services dedicated to enhance access to inIormation. Through Mobilink Foundation, the
company supports education, health and environmental initiatives and promotes sustainable
business practices.
Mobilink oIIers exclusively designed tariII plans that cater to the communication needs oI a
diverse group oI people, Irom individuals to businessmen to corporate and multinationals. To
achieve this objective, we oIIer both postpaid (Indigo) and prepaid (JAZZ) solutions to our
customers. ompared to our competitors, both the postpaid (Indigo) and prepaid (JAZZ) brands
are the largest brands oI their kind in the Pakistan cellular industry.
In addition to providing advanced voice communication services that makes the lives oI millions
that much easy, we also oIIer a host oI value-added-services to our prized customers. At the
same time, Mobilink places high importance to its coverage, which is why we cover you in
10,000 cities and towns nationwide as well as over 140 countries on international roaming
service. In other words, we speak your language, everywhere.

ormalization
It is the extent to which ru1es and procedures
are written and enforced
25
rganization bave tbe formal work s\ecialization

Activities and duties are well divided into several separate jobs within the
organization. This means that an entire job is not done by individual but instead is broken
down into steps and each step is perIormed by a diIIerent person. As a result there is a well
organized Iormal kind oI structure.
\ecial ty\e of division of labor

Work specialization is also known as division oI labor.
MOBILINK has divided its labors (employees) into special kind oI divisions. This is also the
Ioundation oI Iormal kind oI departmentalization.
Different tasks are divided into s\ecial ty\e of different |obs

Jobs are also divided into diIIerent levels oI hierarchy manner resulting into a Ior mal
kind oI Work Specialization.
Jobs are also very specialized in mobiliink they have the right person available Iro every right
job ,just like their low level executive must be graduate and their top level executive are PhD and
Ms also.

26
Centralization in Pe\siCo

Introduction to Pe\siCo
In 1965, Pepsio, Inc was Iounded by Donald M. Kendall,
president and chieI executive oIIicer oI Pepsi-ola and Herman W. Lay, chairman and chieI
executive oIIicer oI Frito-Lay, through the merger oI the two companies. aleb Bradham, a New
Bern, N.. pharmacist, created Pepsi-ola in the late 1890s.
Pepsio is a leading global snack and beverage company operating in Iour major business
segments such as Frito-Lay North America, Pepsio Beverages North America, Quaker Foods,
and Pepsio International. The company manuIactures, markets and sells a variety oI salty,
convenient, sweet and grain-based snacks, carbonated and non-carbonated beverages and Ioods.
The company has leading market share in many oI its product categories, and its presence in all
major emerging economies positions the company Ior continued growth well into the Iuture. It
has operations in almost 200 countries and has made a market shiIt towards healty an
environmentally Iriendly products in the last Iew years.

DIRT PPI-CA PRDUCT

E Pepsi
E Diet Pepsi
E Pepsi Aha
E Slice
E Mirinda
E 7-Up
E AquaIina Mineral Water

27
Centralization
"The
degree to which decision making is centra1ized
t a sing1e point in an organization.

Centralization in Pe\sico
The Pepsi structure is mainly centralized, but is Ilexible
enough to pick up on local characteristics to ensure that the business is run as eIIiciently as
possible.
Within the overall structure oI the company, which covers every corner oI the globe, there is a
Ilexible approach that allows the company to maximize the talents oI employees at all levels.
While a multinational company the size oI Pepsi, which directly employs around 100,000 people,
has to have a centralized structure monitoring every aspect oI the business it has to be able to
adapt and allow local conditions to maximize the talents oI its workIorce. learly the way that
the company operates in areas like hina has to be diIIerent Irom how it works in the United
States.
International structure

Each area oI the Pepsi Empire has its own set up comprising oI a hieI Executive OIIicer
supported by a board oI directors and executives responsible Ior distinct areas such as sales &
marketing, research & development, human resources and operations. Within each department
there will be a degree oI autonomy allowing local managers to make decisions and to operate
their division how they Ieel is best.

ormalization in
ADRA

28
ackground of ADRA

National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) was established as National Database
Organization (NDO), an attached department under the Ministry oI Interior, Government oI
Pakistan in 1998. On 10 March, 2000, NDO & Directorate General oI Registration (DGR)
merged to Iorm NADRA, an independent corporate body with requisite autonomy to operate
independently and Iacilitate good governance.

National Database & Registration Authority (NADRA) has gained international recognition Ior
its success in providing solutions Ior identiIication, e-governance and secure documents that
deliver multi-pronged goals oI mitigating identity theIt, saIe-guarding the interests oI our clients,
and Iacilitating the public. In-depth Research and Development eIIorts have enabled NADRA to
become the trailblazer in the area oI SoItware Integration, Data Warehousing, Network
InIrastructure Development and Project Management.

NADRA set out on the journey oI ivil Registration oI all Pakistanis in March 2000 and in a
short span oI time NADRA`s team indigenously created a state oI the art centralized Data
Warehouse, Network InIrastructure and Interactive Data Acquisition Systems to issue secure
omputerized National Identity ards (NI). With the introduction oI this new Iool-prooI,
comprehensive and highly sophisticated computerized system, NADRA has been successIul in
reducing the identity theIt to a bare minimum. NADRA prides itselI on one oI the largest
centralized databases in the world. This highly secure and intelligent National Data Warehouse is
the central hub oI NADRA`s extraordinary strength and growth in the last 8 years. NADRA`s
National Data warehouse hosts the data oI over 96 million citizens and runs various Transaction
Processing, Business Intelligence and Decision Support applications. Operating on international
standards and models, NADRA has also developed a comprehensive supply chain, developing
understandings with worldwide technology developers & resellers that give us access to state-oI-
the-art technologies and also enable us to assist clients in acquiring the best value Ior money in
the market.
29
ormalization
'It is defined as how the rules are written and strictly applied in an
organi:ation`
ormalization in ADRA
efore \rivatization
When NADRA was not privatize so it is not highly Iormalized mean
their rules are written but not strictly applied Ior the employees and also in the rules and policies
Ior making the NI.As usually happened in pakistan in private organizations the rules are not
strictly Iollowed so it happened also in NADRA in that time mean in 2000.

After \rivatization
But aIter privatization when the departments merged and they Iormed
NADRA .so aIter that up till now the NADRA is highly Iormalized organization. Their rules are
really strict and Iollowed by the employees and also by the NI holders. Their employees are
present on time in the oIIice and leave the oIIice in time ,the rules Ior NI holders are also
computerized and strict and in the exact days they provides NI to the peoples. So I can say
that now a days NADRA is a highly Iormalized organization.

\ecialization in coca cola

30
ackground of coca cola
In May, 1886, oca ola was invented by Doctor John
Pemberton a pharmacist Irom Atlanta, Georgia. John Pemberton concocted the oca ola
Iormula in a three legged brass kettle in his backyard. The name was a suggestion given by John
Pemberton's bookkeeper Frank Robinson.
irtb of Coca Cola
Being a bookkeeper, Frank Robinson also had excellent penmanship. It was he who Iirst scripted
"oca ola" into the Ilowing letters which has become the Iamous logo oI today.
The soIt drink was Iirst sold to the public at the soda Iountain in Jacob's Pharmacy in Atlanta on
May 8, 1886.
ew Coke
On April 23, 1985, the trade secret "New oke" Iormula was released. Today, products oI the
oca ola ompany are consumed at the rate oI more than one billion drinks per day.
Mission and values
Mission
Everything we do is inspired by our enduring mission:

Values
* To ReIresh the World... in body, mind, and spirit.
* To Inspire Moments oI Optimism... through our brands and our actions.
* To reate Value and Make a DiIIerence... everywhere we engage.

31
\ecialization
"Emp1oyees wih in he funciona1 division of
organizaion perform a specia1ized se of as' or aciviies
\ecialization in coca cola
oca-ola will employ a range oI specialists e.g.
marketers, advertisers, skilled technologists, specialist managers, accountants, maintenance
specialists, etc.

The division oI labor involves employing specialist employees to do specialist work. Individuals
are able to concentrate on what they do best to combine to team and company eIIorts. The
production manager cannot do all oI the work oI the production department him or herselI.
Instead production depends on a range oI specialist operatives - e.g. to set up a production line,
to check that the line is running smoothly, to check products oII the line, to repair the line, to
make adjustments etc.

32
ormalization in I
bat is I
EBI hese 1eers sand for Eedera1 Bureau of Invesigaion
The bureau is a par of he Unied Saes Governmen
If someone commis a crime agains he Unied Saes, he EBI
ries o find ou who he crimina1 is I has so1ved many
puzz1ing cases The sories of a good many of hese cases are
_us as hri11ing as any made-up deecive sories he F.B.I. helps
states and cities Iight crime, too. One F.B.I. Iile is especially helpIul. This is the Iingerprint Iile.
In it are the Iingerprints oI every known criminal in the whole country.
F.B.I. agents have a nickname. It is "G men," short Ior "government men." G men do not wear
uniIorms.
istory
In our ime i is no a secre ha in he Unied
Saes of America a grea number of federa1 agencies wih is own
funcions and imporance for he wor1d
Of course, he mos famous and 'nown o everybody is he EBI
Rrobab1y no everybody 'now he who1e name of he organizaion,
we11, here i is Eedera1 Bureau of Invesigaion I is a 'ind
of crimina1 invesigaive and ine11ecua1 agency, he he1pfu1
suppor of he Unied Saes eparmen of Jusice In ear1y 98
he EBI was more 'nown as Bureau of Invesigaion (he BOI) and
was around us for a11 he ime Nowadays, he EBI covers a11
ana1yica1 conro1 over vio1aions of more han 2 ypes of
federa1 offenses and oher associaed quesions, hus formu1aing
hem ino one 1aw powerfu1 agency of he Unied Sae governmen
There are some facs which can he1p o ge more informaion abou
he EBI an o undersand i more precise1y, more informaion of
is managemen and he primary ideas There exis some definie
issues ha are ob1igaory
The beginning of he EBI in he 1egis1aive process, is
organizaiona1 connecion o he Rresidency, he sae of
affaires and acions ha have creaed he procedures of he
agency ise1f, a11 of hese are exreme1y significan and
considerab1e issues concerning any federa1 agency, according o
his aric1e, concerning he fbi

unction and tasks of I
The as' of he EBI is o change he 1aw hrough he
invesigaion of infringemen of federa1 i11ega1 1aw, o save he
33
Unied Saes from a1ien ine11igence and erroris acions, o
offer conro1 and 1aw powerfu1 assisance o federa1, sae,
resriced, and wor1dwide agencies, and o carry ou hese
responsibi1iies in he way ha i is open and carefu1 o he
requiremens of he pub1ic and is devoion o he Consiuion
of he Unied Saes

ormalization

Formalization is the extent to which rules and procedures
are followed in an organization"
ormalization in I
EBI is a high1y
forma1ized invesigaion agency Their ru1es are very sric and
wrien and very sric1y app1ied on a11 he emp1oyees from head
o he 1ower 1eve1 consab1e
There are strict rules an F.B.I. agent must Iollow. J. Edgar Hoover, the Iormer head oI the F.B.I.,
explained why: "One man didn't build the F.B.I., but one man can tear it down."
O Their rules are regarding like this e.g.
O They wore no uniIorm mean there are no proper uniIorm oI the FBI agent
O They will not meet with any government person without the permission oI agency
O They will not gave interview to any TV, radio or newspaper
O They must be all the time in contact with the agency through wireless set otherwise they
will be punished.
O They will report ever oI their activity to the agency
O They will not tell about their agency activities to the outsiders OR Iamily.

So iI we look these all rules are written and strictly Iollowed so we must say that FBI is a highly
Iormalized organization.

34

Centralization in IM
Introduction to IM
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization oI 187 countries, working to Ioster
global monetary cooperation, secure Iinancial stability, Iacilitate international trade, promote
high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.
The IMF's Iundamental mission is to help ensure stability in the international system. It does so
in three ways: keeping track oI the global economy and the economies oI member countries;
lending to countries with balance oI payments diIIiculties; and giving practical help to members.
urveillance
The IMF oversees the international monetary system and monitors the Iinancial and economic
policies oI its members. It keeps track oI economic developments on a national, regional, and
global basis, consulting regularly with member countries and providing them with
macroeconomic and Iinancial policy advice.
Tecbnical Assistance
To assist mainly low- and middle-income countries in eIIectively managing their economies, the
IMF provides practical guidance and training on how to upgrade institutions, and design
appropriate macroeconomic, Iinancial, and structural policies.
ending
The IMF provides loans to countries that have trouble meeting their international payments and
cannot otherwise Iind suIIicient Iinancing on aIIordable terms. This Iinancial assistance is
designed to help countries restore macroeconomic stability by rebuilding their international
reserves, stabilizing their currencies, and paying Ior importsall necessary conditions Ior
relaunching growth. The IMF also provides concessional loans to low-income countries to help
them develop their economies and reduce poverty.

Centralization in IM
In IMF both the centralization and decentralization is Iound.
ow Centralized
Regarding the monitory policies and lending loan to the countries it
is centralized mean they take and make their decisions in the main oIIice which is in America.
35
As I already mentioned with the IMF 187 countries are members so they control their monitory
policies Iorm their main department and also make new policies Ior them and tale decisions that
how much loan will be suIIicient Ior them. So in this way it is centralized.
ow decentralized
As part oI a broader eIIort to strengthen its engagement with the
membership and to better inIorm about its activities and policy advice in line with country-
speciIic circumstances, the IMF has Iormed inIormal Regional Advisory Groups Ior AIrica, the
Americas, Asia and PaciIic region, Europe, Middle East, aucasus and entral Asia. The groups
have an independent, advisory Iunction and bring diIIerent perspectives to the Fund's work in the
regions. The regional advisory groups comprise prominent experts Irom the private and public
sectors, as well as academia and civil society.
So in this way we can say that it is decentralized.

Introduction to P
StanIord University classmates Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard
Iounded HP in 1939. The company's Iirst product, built in a Palo Alto garage, was an audio
oscillator - an electronic test instrument used by sound engineers. One oI HP's Iirst customers
was Walt Disney Studios, which purchased eight oscillators to develop and test an innovative
sound system Ior the movie antasia.
36
bared values
!assion for customers
We put our customers Iirst in everything we do.

Trust an/ respect for in/ivi/uals
We work together to create a culture oI inclusion built on trust, respect and dignity Ior all.

Achievement an/ contribution
We strive Ior excellence in all we do; each person's contribution is critical to our success.

Results through teamwork
We eIIectively collaborate, always looking Ior more eIIicient ways to serve our customers.

Spee/ an/ agility
We are resourceIul and adaptable, and we achieve results Iaster than our competitors.
Cor\orate ob|ectives
ustomer loyalty
We earn customer respect and loyalty by consistently providing the highest quality and value.

!rofit
We achieve suIIicient proIit to Iinance growth, create value Ior our shareholders and achieve our
corporate objectives.

Growth
We recognize and seize opportunities Ior growth that builds upon our strengths and
competencies.

Market lea/ership
We lead in the marketplace by developing and delivering useIul and innovative products,
services and solutions.
37

\ \roducts

O Laptops
O Desktops
O Printers
O Scanners
O ameras
O Mobile phones
O omputer accessories

38
\ecialization in P
Hp is a highly specialized organization. They hire specialized
peoples Ior the right job. They hire right peoples Ior the right job, their work done are very
systematic division oI labor is present in their organization. Their top level executives are very
specialized in their speciIic Iield and also their lower level employees are very skillIul.

Centralization, Formalization and Specialization

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abib ban' is a1so a high1y specia1ized organizaion Eo11owing

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