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Fluid Power Centre, University of Bath

Introduction to Hydraulic Circuits and Components

1. INTRODUCTION

Valves

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This introductorycourse is aimed to provide

familiarisation with, fluid, power circuits in a ~ . r.::..:... e.-!J CJ.\ practical way by introducing the participants to the main hydraulic components, their performance characteristics and the standard symbols used for the repre~tation on circuit diagrams. The engineer will then be able to read ~ circuit diaarams and understand the principles of circuit operation, 15E:a'ffi;g~in)'~ind the

Control flow and its direction

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Control pressure Pressure losses Response ',:" ~ .,\J I Jv...J I Functional arranaement and connections

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Actuators

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Co1tiert flow into velocity Convert fluid power into mechanical power and pressure to force or torque

Linear or rotary movement

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Load carrying ability

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Pipingand connectors '. " i.!J........

Size and type of coupling leakage Accumulators Energy storage . Cyclic loads
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in hydraulic systems will be demonstrated and also how these effects are controlled for stable ~\ operation. \.v,PI (; I:'.;,~ i~

Correct installation method to ensure zero od;;

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The course includes practical l8:boratory work

which will

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1amiliarise t.

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with

the

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operation of system components.

with

some

experience

will

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and for those

their ~L- -~A

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knowledge of circuit principles and highlight

. c.i,J' possible pitfalls.
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Filters

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To maintaio 10 levels of contamination Prevent serio damage to components and increase reliability ~jJ~1

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1.1. Components used in Hydraulic Systems . .' lll',

':'" --"'\U'. ":'Y,' ' components )11

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Important . aspects of the major hydraulic

are:

Components .;;;;;~~ fit are n the system which has to ~erf

the't~ provide ~ specified

Pumps Sourcesof flow ,j./ . Convertmechanicalpower into fluid power

functions. Pipe sizes have to be determined in .y'I-';;.YI~I order to minimise pressure losses and connections need to be compatible.-withthose of

the components.

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Fixed or variable flow

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1.2. Summary of the Course Describes the method of operation of the major components. For any given component there are many types available and some of these will be

Mechanical and volumetric efficiency

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pu~p requirements

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Module FP1 - 1. 1

Fluid Power Centre, University of Bath

Introduction to Hydraulic Circuits and Components

discusseCb

1.4. HydraurlC

Circuit Representation

. Shows how the operating characteristicskf these components are described in the litera~~reand how they interact with components in the system.
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Actuator Load
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Introduces the analysis and drawing 10f simple circuits. Participants will be involved. in circuit design examples which they will be able to test in the laboratory. Describes the different types of fluids that are available and their major characteristics.

Variable restrictor

Directional control valve

Pressure reliefvalve
1.3. Typical Applications ~~ Mobile
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Water in

Fork Lift trucks ~ Excavators

..:.. ~I Dumpert~ucks ~ L"' - -~ '- Cranes

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. .;::...;...> ~ining

Face cuttma

Roof uP~orts s ~'.

_;.-vI _~ -Rock drillina

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r!P - Marinel
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Filter

~ Vehicledrives

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Anchor winches

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Tank ..: ~~,

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offshore
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CableWinding
Gear
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"""'y' ~\' '-t,PSteering

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Stabilisers

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Figure 1.1 . Schematic representation.

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Industrial

Injection moulding

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c,,;.; Precision Dositioning~ -

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Roll bending __ c ~~ 9onveyors

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Hydraulic circuit diagrams are drawn with a ~ standard set of symbols to represent the various .,;r: components. The standard is established in ISO 1219-1:1991. A selection of the most commonly used symbols is given Reference Handbook. in the

M~chine tool

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AirCraft Simulator

These symbols represent the function of the

Module FP1 - 1.2

,-6

Fluid Power Centre, University of Bath

Introduction to Hydraulic Circuits and Components

COl1.1ponents nd allow the operation of both a

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simple
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and

complex

circuits

to

be

'~'Z~; for a beginner because it gives some clue to the function of each component. The same circuit is also shown in Figure 1.2 using standard symbols and with a little familiari this gives the same information about the operation of the system.

/ . ,.," \ ;/~ r/~\ I""'~ ,.JJ lvY '"P since there may be several alternative designs./';: 1",

communicated. The symbols do not represent a particular physical construction of a component

Actuator

Variable restrictor

Directional control valve Pressure relief valve

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Filter
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Figure 1.2. ISO symbol representation.

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Figure 1.1 shows a }ypical simple hydraulic

circuit with~e

components shown in_~

schematic fashion to illustrate their construction. This method of representation is perhaps useful

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Module FP1 - 1.3