INTRODUCTION

"The world is not black and white but only shades of gray." In 1965, Zadeh wrote a seminal paper in which he introduced fuzzy sets, sets with unsharp boundaries. These sets are considered gray areas rather than black and white in contrast to classical sets which form the basis of binary or Boolean logic. Fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic are convenient tools for handling uncertain, imprecise, or unmodeled data in intelligent decision-making systems. In other word the whole idea of going beyond Right and Wrong, True and False, is what fuzzy logic is all about. In this context, Fuzzy Logic is a problem-solving control system methodology that lends itself to implementation in systems ranging from simple, small, embedded microcontrollers to large, networked, multi-channel PC or workstation-based data acquisition and control systems. It has found many applications in the areas of information sciences and control systems. It can be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both. The word fuzzy does not imply a logic that is imprecise or ill defined. On the contrary, the logic used is extremely robust mathematically and utilizes operations and techniques that are very precisely defined. Instead, fuzzy refers to the type of problems this methodology is good at modeling. Specifically, fuzzy logic is a powerful technique for drawing definite conclusions from complex systems that generate vague, ambiguous, or imprecise information. We make definite conclusions and decisions every moment of our lives based on vague, ambiguous, and imprecise information about our inside and outside worlds supplied by our various perception, memory, and affective subsystems. In this assignment, the history and development and its applications are briefly presented. The range of application areas of fuzzy logic is too wide for exhaustive listing such as industrial control, paper manufacturing, biomedical instrumentation, psychology and other. I will focus only for industrial and psychology applications.

HISTORY OF FUZZY LOGIC When we look at the history of Fuzzy Logic, we find that the Fuzzy logic was first proposed by Lotfi A. Zadeh of the University of California at Berkeley in a 1965 paper. He elaborated on his ideas in a 1973 paper that introduced the concept of "linguistic variables", which in this article equates to a variable defined as a fuzzy set. Other research followed, with the first industrial application, a cement kiln built in Denmark, coming on line in 1975. Fuzzy systems were largely ignored in the US because they were associated with artificial intelligence, a field that periodically oversells itself and which did so in a big way in the mid-1980s, resulting in a lack of credibility in the commercial domain. The Japanese did not have this prejudice. Interest in fuzzy systems was sparked by Seiji Yasunobu and Soji Miyamoto of Hitachi, who in 1985 provided simulations that demonstrated the superiority of fuzzy control systems for the Sendai railway. Their ideas were adopted, and fuzzy systems were used to control accelerating, braking, and stopping when the line opened in 1987. Another event in 1987 helped promote interest in fuzzy systems. During a international meeting of fuzzy researchers in Tokyo that year, Takeshi Yamakawa demonstrated the use of fuzzy control, through a set of simple dedicated fuzzy logic chips, in an "inverted pendulum" experiment. This is a classic control problem, in which a vehicle tries to keep a pole mounted on its top by a hinge upright by moving back and forth. Observers were impressed with this demonstration, as well as later experiments by Yamakawa in which he mounted a wine glass containing water or even a live mouse to the top of the pendulum. The system maintained stability in both cases. Yamakawa eventually went on to organize his own fuzzy-systems research lab to help exploit his patents in the field. Following such demonstrations, the Japanese became infatuated with fuzzy systems, developing them for both industrial and consumer applications. In 1988 they established

the Laboratory for International Fuzzy Engineering (LIFE), a cooperative arrangement between 48 companies to pursue fuzzy research. Japanese companies developed a wide range of products using fuzzy logic, ranging from washing machines to autofocus cameras and industrial air conditioners. Some work was also performed on fuzzy logic systems in the US and Europe, and a number of products were developed using fuzzy logic controllers. However, little has been said about the technology in recent years, which implies that it has either become such an ordinary tool that it is no longer worth much comment, or it turned out to be an Below are the listing of history in industrial area. : 1965 Seminal Paper Fuzzy Logic by Prof. Lotfi Zadeh, Faculty in Electrical Engineering, U.C. Berkeley, Sets the Foundation of the Fuzzy Set Theory First Application of Fuzzy Logic in Control Engineering (Europe) Introduction of Fuzzy Logic in Japan Empirical Verification of Fuzzy Logic in Europe Broad Application of Fuzzy Logic in Japan Broad Application of Fuzzy Logic in Europe Broad Application of Fuzzy Logic in the U.S. Fuzzy Logic Becomes a Standard Technology and Is Also Applied in Data and Sensor Signal Analysis. Application of Fuzzy Logic in Business and Finance.

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL DEVELOPMENT

FUZZY LOGIC APPLICATIONS i) Application in Industrial control

ii)

Applications in Psychology

In psychology, fuzzy logic has been used to model complex systems, like human intelligence, perception, psychological diagnoses, or natural language processing. In other applications, fuzzy logic or approaches have been used as a way of naturalizing or humanizing a process, such as categorization and research questionnaires. Still other approaches use fuzzy logic to help decision making and making sense of dirty or noisy data. We will briefly discuss some of these applications and then spend some significant time discussing the longest running and most widely discussed application of fuzzy logic in psychology: The Fuzzy Logic Model of Perception (FLMP). Using fuzzy variables: In 1932, Renis Likert invented a measurement method, called the Likert Scales, used in attitude surveys. They allowed answers that ranged from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree." While technically not fuzzy sets (the choices are still mutually exclusive), it fuzzified standard yes/no, agree/disagree answers and anticipated even more fuzzy approaches to measurement of preference almost 60 years later. Hesketh and colleagues (1995; 1989) have applied a true fuzzy logic graphic rating scale to the measurement of preferences for occupational sex type, prestige, and interests. In practical terms, their fuzzy variables facilitate the measurement of ranges of scores that capture individuality more accurately. As a last step, they defuzzify the fuzzy variables by using fuzzy-set theoretic operations (such as the union and intersection) to translate the ranges into a single score facilitating traditional psychometric analyses (Hesketh et al., 1989).

Driving behavior: Brackstone (2000) used a fuzzy logic model to more accurately model driver behavior and perception. Expert Systems: Ohayon (1999) describes a fuzzy logic conceptual framework and the analytical possibilities of a computerized diagnostic tool to assess sleep disorders. He used over 300 interviewers who conducted over 34,000 interviews to create the database for this expert system. In another application, Shin (1998) developed a method of quantifying sleep-disordered breathing for the purpose of automating adjustments to a breathing machine. This algorithm, based on fuzzy logic, emulated the less-than-crisp kind of decision-making generally employed at the human level. Modeling Emotion: Russell (1997) uses a fuzzy model of emotion he calls circumplex to build what he describes as a fairly complete description of emotions composed of six distinct properties. Human Cognition: Huttenlocher and Hedges (1994) suggested a fuzzy logic approach to determining the extent to which people's mental operations correspond to formal logical rules. The classic approach to human category combination has been to identify it with formal operations on bivariant sets, as modeled with Vnn diagrams. They showed that a fuzzy logic approach more closely describes the current belief that many categories are best thought of as having a "graded" structure organized around a "prototype," with members that vary continuously in typicality from good to poor, and boundaries that are inexact and fuzzy.

CONCLUSION

Fuzzy logic can be an extremely versatile and flexible tool with which to model systems that are complex, vague, and imprecise. In psychology, it has served mainly as an excellent all-purpose modeling tool for many different areas of perception, but is also beginning to be seen in other areas such as expert diagnostic systems and alternative methods of participant response processing. Its use will most likely increase as more sophisticated methods for modeling various cognitive systems are created to account for the steady advances in neurobiology. Look also for advances in artificial intelligence to be a result of the marriage of fuzzy logic and neural networked computers.

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