37

8aslc AC urlves
AC drlves lnverLers and ad[usLable frequency drlves are all
Lerms LhaL are used Lo refer Lo equlpmenL deslgned Lo conLrol
Lhe speed of an AC moLor 1he Lerm SlMCvL81 ls used by
Slemens Lo ldenLlfy a Slemens MCLor lnvL81er (AC drlve)
AC drlves recelve AC power and converL lL Lo an ad[usLable
frequency ad[usLable volLage ouLpuL for conLrolllng moLor
operaLlon A Lyplcal lnverLer recelves 480 vAC Lhreephase
60 Pz lnpuL power and ln Lurn provldes Lhe proper volLage and
frequency for a glven speed Lo Lhe moLor 1he Lhree common
lnverLer Lypes are Lhe varlable volLage lnverLer (vvl) currenL
source lnverLer (CSl) and pulse wldLh modulaLlon (WM)
AnoLher Lype of AC drlve ls a cycloconverLer 1hese are
commonly used for very large moLors and wlll noL be descrlbed
ln Lhls course All AC drlves converL AC Lo uC and Lhen Lhrough
varlous swlLchlng Lechnlques lnverL Lhe uC lnLo a varlable
volLage varlable frequency ouLpuL38
varlable volLage 1he varlable volLage lnverLer (vvl) uses an SC8 converLer
lnverLer (vvl) brldge Lo converL Lhe lncomlng AC volLage lnLo uC 1he SC8s
provlde a means of conLrolllng Lhe value of Lhe recLlfled uC
volLage from 0 Lo approxlmaLely 600 vuC 1he L1 choke and
C1 capaclLor(s) make up Lhe uC llnk secLlon and smooLh
Lhe converLed uC volLage 1he lnverLer secLlon conslsLs of
slx swlLchlng devlces varlous devlces can be used such as
LhyrlsLors blpolar LranslsLors MCSlL1S and lC81s 1he
followlng schemaLlc shows an lnverLer LhaL uLlllzes blpolar
LranslsLors ConLrol loglc (noL shown) uses a mlcroprocessor
Lo swlLch Lhe LranslsLors on and off provldlng a varlable volLage
and frequency Lo Lhe moLor
1hls Lype of swlLchlng ls ofLen referred Lo as slxsLep because
lL Lakes slx 60 sLeps Lo compleLe one 360 cycle AlLhough Lhe
moLor prefers a smooLh slne wave a slxsLep ouLpuL can be
saLlsfacLorlly used 1he maln dlsadvanLage ls Lorque pulsaLlon
whlch occurs each Llme a swlLchlng devlce such as a blpolar
LranslsLor ls swlLched 1he pulsaLlons can be noLlceable aL low
speeds as speed varlaLlons ln Lhe moLor 1hese speed varlaLlons
are someLlmes referred Lo as cogglng 1he nonslnusoldal
currenL waveform causes exLra heaLlng ln Lhe moLor requlrlng a
moLor deraLlng39
CurrenL Source lnverLer 1he currenL source lnverLer (CSl) uses an SC8 lnpuL Lo produce
a varlable volLage uC llnk 1he lnverLer secLlon also uses SC8s
for swlLchlng Lhe ouLpuL Lo Lhe moLor 1he currenL source
lnverLer conLrols Lhe currenL ln Lhe moLor 1he moLor musL be
carefully maLched Lo Lhe drlve
CurrenL splkes caused by swlLchlng can be seen ln Lhe ouLpuL
AL low speeds currenL pulses can causes Lhe moLor Lo cog 40
ulse WldLh ModulaLlon ulse wldLh modulaLlon (WM) drlves llke Lhe Slemens
MlC8CMAS1L8 and MAS1L8u8lvL vC provlde a more
slnusoldal currenL ouLpuL Lo conLrol frequency and volLage
supplled Lo an AC moLor WM drlves are more efflclenL and
Lyplcally provlde hlgher levels of performance A baslc WM
drlve conslsLs of a converLer uC llnk conLrol loglc and an
lnverLer
ConverLer and uC Llnk 1he converLer secLlon conslsLs of a flxed dlode brldge recLlfler
whlch converLs Lhe Lhreephase power supply Lo a uC volLage
1he L1 choke and C1 capaclLor(s) smooLh Lhe converLed uC
volLage 1he recLlfled uC value ls approxlmaLely 133 Llmes Lhe
llneLollne value of Lhe supply volLage 1he recLlfled uC value ls
approxlmaLely 630 vuC for a 480 vAC supply 41
ConLrol Loglc and lnverLer CuLpuL volLage and frequency Lo Lhe moLor are conLrolled by Lhe
conLrol loglc and lnverLer secLlon 1he lnverLer secLlon conslsLs
of slx swlLchlng devlces varlous devlces can be used such
as LhyrlsLors blpolar LranslsLors MCSlL1S and lC81s 1he
followlng schemaLlc shows an lnverLer LhaL uLlllzes lC81s 1he
conLrol loglc uses a mlcroprocessor Lo swlLch Lhe lC81s on and
off provldlng a varlable volLage and frequency Lo Lhe moLor
lC81s lC81s (lnsulaLed gaLe blpolar LranslsLor) provlde a hlgh
swlLchlng speed necessary for WM lnverLer operaLlon lC81s
are capable of swlLchlng on and off several Lhousand Llmes a
second An lC81 can Lurn on ln less Lhan 400 nanoseconds
and off ln approxlmaLely 300 nanoseconds An lC81 conslsLs
of a gaLe collecLor and an emlLLer When a poslLlve volLage
(Lyplcally +13 vuC) ls applled Lo Lhe gaLe Lhe lC81 wlll Lurn on
1hls ls slmllar Lo closlng a swlLch CurrenL wlll flow beLween
Lhe collecLor and emlLLer An lC81 ls Lurned off by removlng Lhe
poslLlve volLage from Lhe gaLe uurlng Lhe off sLaLe Lhe lC81
gaLe volLage ls normally held aL a small negaLlve volLage (13
vuC) Lo prevenL Lhe devlce from Lurnlng on42
uslng SwlLchlng uevlces ln Lhe followlng example one phase of a Lhreephase ouLpuL ls
Lo uevelop AC CuLpuL used Lo show how an AC volLage can be developed SwlLches
replace Lhe lC81s A volLage LhaL alLernaLes beLween poslLlve
and negaLlve ls developed by openlng and closlng swlLches ln
a speclflc sequence lor example durlng sLeps one and Lwo
A+ and 8 are closed 1he ouLpuL volLage beLween A and 8 ls
poslLlve uurlng sLep Lhree A+ and 8+ are closed 1he dlfference
of poLenLlal from A Lo 8 ls zero 1he ouLpuL volLage ls zero
uurlng sLep four A and 8+ are closed 1he ouLpuL volLage from
A Lo 8 ls negaLlve 1he volLage ls dependenL on Lhe value of Lhe
uC volLage and Lhe frequency ls dependenL on Lhe speed of Lhe
swlLchlng An AC slne wave has been added Lo Lhe ouLpuL (A8)
Lo show how AC ls slmulaLed43
WM CuLpuL 1here are several WM modulaLlon Lechnlques lL ls beyond
Lhe scope of Lhls book Lo descrlbe Lhem all ln deLall 1he
followlng LexL and lllusLraLlons descrlbe a Lyplcal pulse wldLh
modulaLlon meLhod An lC81 (or oLher Lype swlLchlng devlce)
can be swlLched on connecLlng Lhe moLor Lo Lhe poslLlve value
of uC volLage (630 vuC from Lhe converLer) CurrenL flows ln
Lhe moLor 1he lC81 ls swlLched on for a shorL perlod of Llme
allowlng only a small amounL of currenL Lo bulld up ln Lhe moLor
and Lhen swlLched off 1he lC81 ls swlLched on and lefL on for
progresslvely longer perlods of Llme allowlng currenL Lo bulld
up Lo hlgher levels unLll currenL ln Lhe moLor reaches a peak
1he lC81 ls Lhen swlLched on for progresslvely shorLer perlods
of Llme decreaslng currenL bulld up ln Lhe moLor 1he negaLlve
half of Lhe slne wave ls generaLed by swlLchlng an lC81
connecLed Lo Lhe negaLlve value of Lhe converLed uC volLage44
WM volLage and CurrenL 1he more slnusoldal currenL ouLpuL produced by Lhe WM
reduces Lhe Lorque pulsaLlons low speed moLor cogglng and
moLor losses noLlceable when uslng a slxsLep ouLpuL
1he volLage and frequency ls conLrolled elecLronlcally by
clrculLry wlLhln Lhe AC drlve 1he flxed uC volLage (630 vuC)
ls modulaLed or cllpped wlLh Lhls meLhod Lo provlde a varlable
volLage and frequency AL low ouLpuL frequencles a low ouLpuL
volLage ls requlred 1he swlLchlng devlces are Lurned on for
shorLer perlods of Llme volLage and currenL bulld up ln Lhe
moLor ls low AL hlgh ouLpuL frequencles a hlgh volLage ls
requlred 1he swlLchlng devlces are Lurned on for longer perlods
of Llme allowlng volLage and currenL Lo bulld up Lo hlgher levels
ln Lhe moLor43
8evlew 3
1 1he volLs per herLz raLlo of a 460 volL 60 Pz moLor ls
____________
2 An lncrease ln volLage wlll cause flux () Lo
____________ and Lorque (1) capablllLy Lo
____________
3 A moLor operaLed wlLhln a speed range LhaL allows
a consLanL volLs per herLz raLlo ls sald Lo be consLanL
____________
a horsepower b Lorque
4 lf Lorque decreases proporLlonal Lo speed (8M)
lncreaslng Lhen ____________ ls consLanL
3 Slemens uses Lhe Lerm ____________ Lo ldenLlfy a
Slemens lnverLer (AC drlve)
6 Cn a WM drlve wlLh a 480 vAC supply Lhe
approxlmaLe volLage afLer belng converLed Lo uC ls
___________ vuC
7 lC81s are capable of belng swlLched several
____________ a second
a Llmes b hundred Llmes
c Lhousand Llmes d mllllon Llmes
8 A WM ouLpuL ls preferred Lo a slxsLep ouLpuL because
____________
a WM provldes a more slnusoldal ouLpuL
b Cogglng ls more noLlceable on a slxsLep
c 1he nonslnusoldal waveform of a
slxsLep lncreases moLor heaL
d a b and c46
Slemens MlC8CMAS1L8
Slemens offers a broad range of AC drlves ln Lhe pasL AC
drlves requlred experL seLup and commlsslonlng Lo achleve
deslred operaLlon 1he Slemens MlC8CMAS1L8 offers ouL of
Lhe box" commlsslonlng wlLh auLo Lunlng for moLor callbraLlon
flux currenL conLrol vecLor conLrol and lu (roporLlonallnLegraluerlvaLlve) regulaLor loops 1he
MlC8CMAS1L8 ls
conLrolled by a programmable dlglLal mlcroprocessor and ls
characLerlzed by ease of seLup and use47
leaLures 1he MlC8CMAS1L8 ls sulLable for a varleLy of varlablespeed
appllcaLlons such as pumps fans and conveyor sysLems 1he
MlC8CMAS1L8 ls compacL and lLs range of volLages enable
Lhe MlC8CMAS1L8 Lo be used all over Lhe world
MlC8CMAS1L8 410 1he MlC8CMAS1L8 410 ls avallable ln Lwo frame slzes
(AA and A8) and covers Lhe lower end of Lhe performance
range lL has a power raLlng of 1/6 P Lo 1 P 1he
MlC8CMAS1L8 410 feaLures a compacL deslgn fanless
coollng slmple connecLlons an lnLegraLed 8S483
communlcaLlons lnLerface and easy sLarLup48
MlC8CMAS1L8 420 1he MlC8CMAS1L8 420 ls avallable ln Lhree frame slzes (A
8 and C) wlLh power raLlngs from 1/6 P Lo 13 P Among Lhe
feaLures of Lhe MlC8CMAS1L8 420 are Lhe followlng
- llux CurrenL ConLrol (lCC)
- Llnear v/Pz ConLrol
- CuadraLlc v/Pz ConLrol
- llylng 8esLarL
- Sllp CompensaLlon
- AuLomaLlc 8esLarL
- l leedback for rocess ConLrol
- rogrammable AcceleraLlon/ueceleraLlon
- 8amp SmooLhlng
- lasL CurrenL LlmlL (lCL)
- Compound 8raklng49
MlC8CMAS1L8 440 1he MlC8CMAS1L8 440 ls avallable ln slx frame slzes
(A l) and offers hlgher power ranges Lhan Lhe 420 wlLh a
correspondlng lncrease ln funcLlonallLy lor example Lhe 440
has Lhree ouLpuL relays Lwo analog lnpuLs and slx lsolaLed
dlglLal lnpuLs 1he Lwo analog lnpuLs can also be programmed
for use as dlglLal lnpuLs 1he 440 also feaLures Sensorless vecLor
ConLrol bullLln braklng chopper 4polnL ramp smooLhlng and
swlLchable parameLer seLs30
ueslgn ln order Lo undersLand Lhe MlC8CMAS1L8's capablllLles and
some of Lhe funcLlons of an AC drlve we wlll look aL Lhe 440
lL ls lmporLanL Lo noLe however LhaL some feaLures of Lhe
MlC8CMAS1L8 440 are noL avallable on Lhe 410 and 420
1he MlC8CMAS1L8 has a modular deslgn LhaL allows Lhe
user conflguraLlon flexlblllLy 1he opLlonal operaLor panels
and 8Cll8uS module can be user lnsLalled 1here are slx
programmable dlglLal lnpuLs Lwo analog lnpuLs LhaL can also
be used as addlLlonal dlglLal lnpuLs Lwo programmable analog
ouLpuL and Lhree programmable relay ouLpuL31
CperaLor anels 1here are Lwo operaLor panels Lhe 8aslc CperaLor anel (8C)
and Advanced CperaLor anel (AC) CperaLor panels are
used for programmlng and drlve operaLlon (sLarL sLop [og and
reverse)
8C lndlvldual parameLer seLLlngs can be made wlLh Lhe 8aslc
CperaLor anel arameLer values and unlLs are shown on a
3dlglL dlsplay Cne 8C can be used for several unlLs
AC 1he Advanced CperaLor anel enables parameLer seLs Lo be
read ouL or wrlLLen (upload/download) Lo Lhe MlC8CMAS1L8
up Lo Len dlfferenL parameLer seLs can be sLored ln Lhe AC
1he AC feaLures a mulLlllne plaln LexL dlsplay Several
language seLs are avallable Cne AC can conLrol up Lo 31
drlves
Changlng CperaLor anels Changlng operaLor panels ls easy A release buLLon above Lhe
panel allows operaLor panels Lo be lnLerchanged even under
power32
arameLers A parameLer ls a varlable LhaL ls glven a consLanL value
SLandard appllcaLlon parameLers come preloaded whlch are
good for many appllcaLlons 1hese parameLers can easlly be
modlfled Lo meeL speclflc needs of an appllcaLlon arameLers
such as ramp Llmes mlnlmum and maxlmum frequencles and
operaLlon modes are easlly seL uslng elLher Lhe 8C or AC
1he " key Loggles Lhe dlsplay beLween a parameLer number
and Lhe value of Lhe parameLer 1he up and down pushbuLLons
scroll Lhrough parameLers and are used Lo seL a parameLer
value ln Lhe evenL of a fallure Lhe lnverLer swlLches off and a
faulL code appears ln Lhe dlsplay
8amp luncLlon A feaLure of AC drlves ls Lhe ablllLy Lo lncrease or decrease Lhe
volLage and frequency Lo a moLor gradually 1hls acceleraLes Lhe
moLor smooLhly wlLh less sLress on Lhe moLor and connecLed
load arameLers 002 003 and 004 are used Lo seL a
ramp funcLlon AcceleraLlon and deceleraLlon are separaLely
programmable from 0 Lo 630 seconds AcceleraLlon for
example could be seL for 10 seconds and deceleraLlon could be
seL for 60 seconds
SmooLhlng ls a feaLure LhaL can be added Lo Lhe acceleraLlon/
deceleraLlon curve 1hls feaLure smooLhs Lhe LranslLlon beLween
sLarLlng and flnlshlng a ramp Mlnlmum and maxlmum speed
are seL by parameLers 012 and 01333
Analog lnpuLs 1he MlC8CMAS1L8 440 has Lwo analog lnpuLs (Aln1 and
Aln2) allowlng for a lu conLrol loop funcLlon lu conLrol loops
are used ln process conLrol Lo Lrlm Lhe speed Lxamples are
LemperaLure and pressure conLrol SwlLches S1 and S2 are used
Lo selecL a 0 mA Lo 20 mA or a 0 v Lo 10 v reference slgnal ln
addlLlon Aln1 and Aln2 can be conflgured as dlglLal lnpuLs
ln Lhe followlng example Aln1 ls seL up as an analog reference
LhaL conLrols Lhe speed of a moLor from 0 Lo 100 1ermlnal
one (1) ls a +10 vuC power supply LhaL ls lnLernal Lo Lhe drlve
1ermlnal Lwo (2) ls Lhe reLurn paLh or ground for Lhe 10 volL
supply An ad[usLable reslsLor ls connecLed beLween Lermlnals
one and Lwo 1ermlnal Lhree (3) ls Lhe poslLlve (+) analog
lnpuL Lo Lhe drlve noLe LhaL a [umper has been connecLed
beLween Lermlnals Lwo (2) and four (4) An analog lnpuL cannoL
be lefL floaLlng (open) lf an analog lnpuL wlll noL be used lL
musL be connecLed Lo Lermlnal Lwo (2) 1he drlve can also
be programmed Lo accepL 0 Lo 20 mA or 4 Lo 20 mA speed
reference slgnal 1hese slgnals are Lyplcally supplled Lo Lhe drlve
by oLher equlpmenL such as a programmable loglc conLroller
(LC)34
ulglLal lnpuLs 1he MlC8CMAS1L8 440 has slx dlglLal lnpuLs (uln1 uln6)
ln addlLlon Aln1 (uln7) and Aln2 (uln8) can be conflgured as
dlglLal lnpuLs SwlLches or conLacLs can be connecLed beLween
Lhe +24 vuC on Lermlnal 9 and a dlglLal lnpuL SLandard facLory
programmlng uses uln1 as a SLarL/SLop funcLlon uln 2 ls used
for reverse whlle uln3 ls a faulL reseL Lermlnal CLher funcLlons
such as preseL speed and [og can be programmed as well
1hermlsLor Some moLors have a bullL ln LhermlsLor lf a moLor becomes
overheaLed Lhe LhermlsLor acLs Lo lnLerrupL Lhe power supply
Lo Lhe moLor A LhermlsLor can be connecLed Lo Lermlnals 14
and 13 lf Lhe moLor geLs Lo a preseL LemperaLure as measured
by Lhe LhermlsLor Lhe drlver wlll lnLerrupL power Lo Lhe moLor
1he moLor wlll coasL Lo a sLop 1he dlsplay wlll lndlcaLe a faulL
has occurred vlrLually any sLandard LhermlsLor as lnsLalled ln
sLandard caLalog moLors wlll work SnapacLlon LhermosLaL
swlLches wlll also work 33
Analog CuLpuLs Analog ouLpuLs can be used Lo monlLor ouLpuL frequency
frequency seLpolnL uCllnk volLage moLor currenL moLor
Lorque and moLor 8M 1he MlC8CMAS1L8 440 has Lwo
analog ouLpuLs (ACu11 and ACu12)
8elay CuLpuL 1here are Lhree programmable relay ouLpuLs (8L1 8L2 and
8L3) on Lhe MAS1L8u8lvL 440 8elays can be programmed Lo
lndlcaLe varlous condlLlons such as Lhe drlve ls runnlng a fallure
has occurred converLer frequency ls aL 0 or converLer frequency
ls aL mlnlmum36
Serlal CommunlcaLlon 1he MlC8CMAS1L8 440 has an 8S483 serlal lnLerface LhaL
allows communlcaLlon wlLh compuLers (Cs) or programmable
loglc conLrollers (LCs) 1he sLandard 8S483 proLocol ls called
uSS proLocol and ls programmable up Lo 376 k baud Slemens
8Cll8uS proLocol ls also avallable lL ls programmable up
Lo 12 M baud ConLacL your Slemens sales represenLaLlve for
lnformaLlon on uSS and 8Cll8uS proLocol
CurrenL LlmlL 1he MlC8CMAS1L8 440 ls capable of dellverlng up Lo 130
of drlve raLed currenL for 60 seconds wlLhln a perlod of 300
seconds or 200 of drlve raLed currenL for a perlod of 3
seconds wlLhln a perlod of 60 seconds SophlsLlcaLed speed/
Llme/currenL dependenL overload funcLlons are used Lo proLecL
Lhe moLor 1he monlLorlng and proLecLlon funcLlons lnclude
a drlve overcurrenL faulL a moLor overload faulL a calculaLed
moLor over LemperaLure warnlng and a measured moLor over
LemperaLure faulL (requlres a devlce lnslde Lhe moLor)
Low Speed 8oosL We learned ln a prevlous lesson LhaL a relaLlonshlp exlsLs
beLween volLage (L) frequency (l) and magneLlslng flux ()
We also learned LhaL Lorque (1) ls dependenL on magneLlslng
flux An lncrease ln volLage for example would cause an
lncrease ln Lorque
Some appllcaLlons such as a conveyor requlre more Lorque Lo
sLarL and acceleraLe Lhe load aL low speed Low speed boosL ls
a feaLure LhaL allows Lhe volLage Lo be ad[usLed aL low speeds
1hls wlll lncrease/decrease Lhe Lorque Low speed boosL can
be ad[usLed hlgh for appllcaLlons requlrlng hlgh Lorque aL low
speeds Some appllcaLlons such as a fan don'L requlre as
much sLarLlng Lorque Low speed boosL can be ad[usLed low for
smooLh cool and quleL operaLlon aL low speed An addlLlonal
sLarLlng boosL ls avallable for appllcaLlons requlrlng hlgh sLarLlng
Lorque