WAN IFRA - World Press Trends Europe 2010

WORLD PRESS TRENDS EUROPE
2010 EDITION
WAN-IFRA is the World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers Darmstadt Paris Lyon Stockholm Madrid Chennai Singapore E-mail: wpt@wan-ifra.org www.wan-ifra.org/worldpresstrends2010 WAN-IFRA/ZenithOptimedia, 2010 1st Europe edition The first global edition included 1986-87 data Data provided by contributors, ZenithOptimedia, and gathered from other sources Processed by Tatiana Repkova and Jacqueline Le Database support Stphane Karges Cover pages by Juan Carlos Cedillo Graphic design and layout of inner pages by ver, s.r.o., Bratislava, Slovakia ISBN 978-2-918652-05-2 EAN 9782918652052
WAN-IFRA WORLD PRESS TRENDS 2010 EUROPE
CONTENTS
Preface ..........................................................................................i CHAPTER I: OVERALL STATISTICS GLOBAL SUMMARIES Titles and circulations Paid-for dailies ......................................................................... Free dailies ............................................................................... Paid-for and free dailies .......................................................... Online/digital media Internet users ........................................................................... Internet subscribers ................................................................. Broadband subscribers ............................................................ Mobile cellular subscriptions ................................................... 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. Finland ............................................................................. France .............................................................................. Germany .......................................................................... Gibraltar .......................................................................... Greece .............................................................................. Hungary ........................................................................... Iceland ............................................................................. Ireland ............................................................................. Italy .................................................................................. Kosovo ............................................................................. Latvia ............................................................................... Liechtenstein ................................................................... Lithuania ......................................................................... Luxembourg .................................................................... Macedonia ....................................................................... Malta ............................................................................... Man, Isle of ..................................................................... Moldova .......................................................................... Monaco ............................................................................ Montenegro .................................................................... Netherlands, The ............................................................ Norway ............................................................................ Poland .............................................................................. Portugal ........................................................................... Romania .......................................................................... Russia ............................................................................... San Marino ...................................................................... Serbia ............................................................................... Slovakia ........................................................................... Slovenia ........................................................................... Spain ................................................................................ Sweden ............................................................................ Switzerland ..................................................................... Ukraine ............................................................................ United Kingdom ............................................................. Vatican ............................................................................. 205 213 225 234 236 243 250 257 267 277 281 287 289 294 301 306 308 309 316 318 323 332 339 350 358 364 376 378 384 393 398 408 417 425 434 482
4 5 6 8 8 8 8
EUROPE SUMMARIES Titles and circulations .............................................................. 10 Dailies Paid-for dailies ......................................................................... 10 Top 50 paid-for dailies ........................................................... 10 Free dailies ............................................................................... 41 Top 20 free dailies ................................................................. 41 Paid-for and free dailies ........................................................ 50 Online editions ....................................................................... 58 Top 100 daily newspaper websites ..................................... 58 Non-dailies Paid-for non-dailies ................................................................ 61 Free non-dailies ...................................................................... 72 Paid-for and free non-dailies ................................................ 77 Online editions ....................................................................... 84 Sundays Paid-for Sundays .................................................................... 85 Free Sundays ........................................................................... 89 Paid-for and free Sundays ..................................................... 90 Online editions ....................................................................... 93 Online/digital media Internet users ......................................................................... 94 Internet subscribers ................................................................ 97 Broadband subscribers ......................................................... 100 Mobile cellular subscriptions ............................................... 103 Advertising Advertising expenditure shares .......................................... 106 Newspaper advertising expenditure .................................. 107 Internet advertising expenditure ........................................ 109 Contribution of display, classified, inserts and online to total newspaper advertising expenditure ..................... 111 Contribution of advertising and copy sales to paid-for daily newspaper revenues ............................... 111 CHAPTER II: COUNTRY REPORTS Tables & Glossary ................................................................... 1. Albania ............................................................................ 2. Andorra ........................................................................... 3. Austria ............................................................................. 4. Belarus ............................................................................. 5. Belgium ........................................................................... 6. Bosnia and Herzegovina ................................................ 7. Bulgaria ........................................................................... 8. Croatia ............................................................................. 9. Cyprus .............................................................................. 10. Czech Republic ................................................................ 11. Denmark .......................................................................... 12. Estonia ............................................................................. 13. Faroe Islands ................................................................... 114 123 128 130 139 148 154 161 170 178 181 190 197 203
CHAPTER III: QUICK REFERENCE Reach/consumption Daily newspaper reach ........................................................ Daily newspaper consumption ............................................ Printing Newsprint costs .................................................................... Four-colour newspapers: number of titles ......................... Formats of daily newspapers: number of titles ................. Distribution Cover prices of daily newspapers ....................................... Type of newspaper sales ...................................................... Newspaper distribution costs .............................................. Taxes/Tariffs VAT rates .............................................................................. Other taxes rates .................................................................. Transport & telecommmunications tariff reductions ........ Subsidies Total amount of direct subsidies ........................................ Employment Number of journalists and employees ............................... Ownership Ownership regulations ........................................................ Currency Currency exchange rates ..................................................... 486 487 488 488 489 490 491 491 492 493 494 494 495 497 498
CONTACTS ............................................................................. 500
JAPAN
PREFACE
Preface by WAN-IFRA
In addition to the traditional global edition of World Press Trends, WAN-IFRA is launching this year a line of regional editions for Africa, the Americas, Asia and Europe. This first edition of World Press Trends Europe contains reports on 49 countries and territories. In addition to the country reports, the book includes a wealth of summaries that provide a detailed picture of the newspaper market in this region. Europe has several world leaders in the newspaper industry: - Italy is the world leader in free daily newspaper circulation with more than four million copies distributed on average workday; - Germany has the biggest number of free non-daily newspaper titles (1,414) and their circulation (91,900,000 copies); - Liechtenstein has the biggest paid-for daily newspaper circulation per adult population (almost 690 copies sold per thousand adults); - Norway is number one in paid-for regional and local daily titles (17.5 titles per million adults) and their circulation (398 copies per thousand adults);
- Russia is leading in the number of free daily newspaper titles (41), paid-for non-daily newspaper titles (27,391), and in the number of top 100 daily newspaper websites (11). The European leader on the paid-for daily newspaper market in terms of circulation is Germany with 19,746,000 copies sold on average workday. The Europe edition is compiled from basic data already published in the global edition of World Press Trends 2010. The data have been gathered and processed with the assistance of a wide variety of contributors, ranging from newspaper associations to individual analysts. Each contributor is motivated to ensure that the data on his or her country is as comprehensive and accurate as possible. Without the commitment of these dedicated contributors the book would be impossible to produce. You will find a list of our key contributors from Europe on the last page of this book under the heading Contacts. The book also contains a wealth of data from ZenithOptimedia, whose forecasts allow us not only to look back at the trends in the press, but also give us a glimpse of what is in store for the newspaper business in future years.
CHAPTER I
OVERALL STATISTICS
GLOBAL SUMMARIES
TITLES & CIRCULATIONS

PAID-FOR DAILIES: TITLES & CIRCULATION
2005 No. daily titles Africa America, North America, South Asia Australia & Oceania Europe Total 402 2,100 1,097 5,176 87 2,308 11,170 2006 421 2,092 1,100 5,486 88 2,342 11,529 2007 444 2,081 1,133 5,894 88 2,353 11,993 2008 464 2,071 1,269 6,042 87 2,341 12,274 2009 465 2,098 1,281 6,203 87 2,343 12,477 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 15.67 -0.10 16.77 19.84 0.00 1.52 11.70 0.22 1.30 0.95 2.66 0.00 0.09 1.65
Circulation of dailies* (000) Africa 9,202 America, North 67,015 America, South 13,441 Asia 300,771 Australia & Oceania 3,495 Europe 94,730 Total 488,654
10,003 65,890 13,759 315,870 3,464 95,322 504,308
10,572 64,470 14,543 333,374 3,439 93,640 520,038
11,396 62,021 14,809 336,645 3,351 92,440 520,662
11,944 59,895 14,133 340,128 3,300 87,228 516,628
29.80 -10.62 5.15 13.09 -5.58 -7.92 5.72
4.81 -3.43 -4.56 1.03 -1.52 -5.64 -0.77
This table includes figures from countries and territories for which we have at least one year data on number of titles or circulation. The number of such countries and territories in each region is as follows: Number of titles: Africa: 49 America, North: 27 America, South: 14 Asia: 49 Australia & Oceania: 13 Europe: 47 Total: 199 Circulation: Africa: 46 America, North: 26 America, South: 12 Asia: 48 Australia & Oceania: 13 Europe: 46 Total: 191
We have estimated some figures for countries and territories that do not have a complete set of data for all five years. * Total average circulation
PAID-FOR DAILIES: AVERAGE CIRCULATION PER TITLE

2005 Average circulation per title (000) Africa 22.9 America, North 31.9 America, South 12.3 Asia 58.1 Australia & Oceania 40.2 Europe 41.0 Total 43.7 2006 23.8 31.5 12.5 57.6 39.4 40.7 43.7 2007 23.8 31.0 12.8 56.6 39.1 39.8 43.4 2008 24.6 29.9 11.7 55.7 38.5 39.5 42.4 2009 25.7 28.5 11.0 54.8 37.9 37.2 41.4 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 12.23 -10.66 -10.57 -5.68 -5.72 -9.27 -5.26 4.47 -4.68 -5.98 -1.62 -1.56 -5.82 -2.36
This table only includes figures from countries and territories for which we have information on both number of titles and circulation. The number of such countries and territories in each region is as follows: Africa: 46 America, North: 26 America, South: 12 Asia: 48 Australia & Oceania: 13 Europe: 46 Total: 191 We have estimated some figures for countries and territories that do not have a complete set of data for all five years.

FREE DAILIES: TITLES AND CIRCULATION
2005 No. daily titles Africa America, North America, South Asia Australia & Oceania Europe Total 1 40 15 20 3 81 160 2006 1 51 21 27 4 155 259 2007 4 53 24 34 4 166 285 2008 5 57 24 38 4 163 291 2009 4 47 27 38 4 150 270 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 300.00 17.50 80.00 90.00 33.33 85.19 68.75 -20.00 -17.54 12.50 0.00 0.00 -7.98 -7.22
Circulation of dailies * (000) Africa 65 America, North 4,171 America, South 687 Asia 5,020 Australia & Oceania 180 Europe 15,192 Total 25,315
65 4,826 1,016 5,643 271 22,199 34,020
183 5,240 1,127 7,188 340 25,817 39,895
285 4,921 1,468 9,239 319 25,824 42,056
302 4,541 1,830 8,642 326 21,178 36,819
364.62 8.87 166.38 72.15 81.11 39.40 45.44
5.96 -7.72 24.66 -6.46 2.19 -17.99 -12.45
This table includes figures from countries and territories for which we have at least one year data on number of titles and circulation. The number of such countries and territories in each region is as follows: Africa: 4 America, North: 5 America, South: 6 Asia: 13 Australia & Oceania: 1 Europe: 32 Total: 61 * Total average circulation
FREE DAILIES: AVERAGE CIRCULATION PER TITLE

2005 Average circulation per title (000) Africa 65.0 America, North 104.3 America, South 45.8 Asia 251.0 Australia & Oceania 60.0 Europe 187.6 Total 158.2 2006 65.0 94.6 48.4 209.0 67.8 143.2 131.4 2007 45.8 98.9 47.0 211.4 85.0 155.5 140.0 2008 57.0 86.3 61.2 243.1 79.8 158.4 144.5 2009 75.5 96.6 67.8 227.4 81.5 141.2 136.4 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 16.15% -7.38% 48.03% -9.40% 35.83% -24.73% -13.78% 32.46% 11.94% 10.78% -6.46% 2.13% -10.86% -5.61%
This table includes figures from countries and territories for which we have at least one year data on number of titles and circulation. The number of such countries and territories in each region is as follows: Africa: 4 America, North: 5 America, South: 6 Asia: 13 Australia & Oceania: 1 Europe: 32 Total: 61

PAID-FOR AND FREE DAILIES: TITLES AND CIRCULATION
2005 No. daily titles Africa America, North America, South Asia Australia & Oceania Europe Total 403 2,140 1,112 5,196 90 2,389 11,330 2006 422 2,143 1,121 5,513 92 2,497 11,788 2007 448 2,134 1,157 5,928 92 2,519 12,278 2008 469 2,128 1,293 6,080 91 2,504 12,565 2009 469 2,145 1,308 6,241 91 2,493 12,747 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 16.38 0.23 17.63 20.11 1.11 4.35 12.51 0.00 0.80 1.16 2.65 0.00 -0.44 1.45
Circulation of dailies * (000) Africa 9,267 America, North 71,186 America, South 14,128 Asia 305,791 Australia & Oceania 3,675 Europe 109,922 Total 513,969
10,068 70,716 14,775 321,513 3,735 117,521 538,328
10,755 69,710 15,670 340,562 3,779 119,457 559,933
11,681 66,942 16,277 345,884 3,670 118,264 562,718
12,246 64,436 15,963 348,770 3,626 108,406 553,447
32.15 -9.48 12.99 14.06 -1.33 -1.38 7.68
4.84 -3.74 -1.93 0.83 -1.20 -8.34 -1.65
This table includes figures from countries and territories for which we have at least one year data on number of titles or circulation of paid-for or free dailies. The number of such countries and territories in each region is as follows: Number of titles: Africa: 48 Circulation: Africa: 46 America, North: 27 America, North: 26 America, South: 13 America, South: 12 Asia: 48 Asia: 48 Australia & Oceania: 13 Australia & Oceania: 13 Europe: 47 Europe: 47 Total: 196 Total: 192 We have estimated some figures for countries and territories that do not have a complete set of data for all five years. * Total average circulation
PAID-FOR AND FREE DAILIES: AVERAGE CIRCULATION PER TITLE

2005 Average circulation per title (000) Africa 23.1 America, North 33.3 America, South 13.8 Asia 58.9 Australia & Oceania 40.8 Europe 57.9 Total 47.8 2006 24.0 33.0 14.3 58.3 40.6 59.8 48.2 2007 24.1 32.7 14.7 57.4 41.1 59.9 48.0 2008 25.0 31.5 13.5 56.9 40.3 59.4 47.0 2009 26.2 30.1 13.2 55.9 39.8 56.1 45.8 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 13.42 -9.61 -4.35 -5.09 -2.45 -3.11 -4.18 4.80 -4.44 -2.22 -1.76 -1.24 -5.56 -2.55
Note: This table includes figures from countries and territories for which we have information on both number of titles and circulation for both paid-for and free dailies. The number of such countries and territories in each region is as follows: Africa: 46 America, North: 26 America, South: 12 Asia: 48 Australia & Oceania: 13 Europe: 46 Total: 191 We have estimated some figures for countries and territories that do not have a complete set of data for all five years.

NUMBER OF DAILY NEWSPAPER TITLES (worldwide)
14,000
12,000
160 11,170
259 11,529
285 11,993
291 12,274
270 12,477
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
2005
2006 Paid-for dailies
2007 Free dailies
2008
2009
DAILY NEWSPAPER CIRCULATION (000 copies, worldwide)

700,000
600,000
25,315
500,000
34,020 504,308
39,895 520,038
42,056 520,662
36,819 516,628
488,654
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
2005
2006 Paid-for dailies
2007 Free dailies
2008
2009
ONLINE/DIGITAL MEDIA
INTERNET USERS (000)
Africa America, North America, South Asia Australia & Oceania Europe Total 2005 33,278 256,515 66,390 373,237 15,906 291,208 1,036,534 2006 45,797 265,367 87,385 427,831 16,705 316,566 1,159,651 2007 54,532 280,730 103,299 568,163 17,749 385,102 1,409,575 2008 80,292 293,406 125,386 687,264 18,781 421,310 1,626,439 2009 109,385 310,678 138,128 818,111 19,975 465,773 1,862,050 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 228.70 36.23 21.11 5.89 108.06 10.16 119.19 19.04 25.58 6.36 59.95 10.55 79.64 14.49
Source: International Telecommunication Union (ITU) WAN-IFRA has estimated some figures for countries and territories that do not have a complete set of data for all five years.
INTERNET SUBSCRIBERS (000)

Africa America, North America, South Asia Australia & Oceania Europe Total 2005 8,221 75,941 10,369 160,201 7,228 109,695 371,655 2006 8,067 77,524 13,100 178,778 8,029 135,825 421,323 2007 8,595 90,062 17,689 257,278 8,657 156,198 538,479 2008 8,651 93,804 22,096 262,551 9,613 182,166 578,881 2009 9,978 105,310 28,325 266,923 10,631 202,006 623,173 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 21.37 15.34 38.67 12.27 173.17 28.19 66.62 1.67 47.08 10.59 84.15 10.89 67.68 7.65
BROADBAND SUBSCRIBERS (000)

Africa America, North America, South Asia Australia & Oceania Europe Total 2005 819 57,525 6,007 85,265 2,368 64,464 216,448 2006 1,414 72,209 9,299 107,944 4,414 87,963 283,243 2007 2,180 84,973 14,513 133,352 5,745 110,933 351,696 2008 2,967 96,025 19,112 160,115 6,291 130,945 415,455 2009 3,905 107,279 25,461 191,092 6,473 145,769 479,979 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 376.80 31.61 86.49 11.72 323.86 33.22 124.12 19.35 173.35 2.89 126.12 11.32 121.75 15.53
MOBILE CELLULAR SUBSCRIPTIONS (000)

Africa America, North America, South Asia Australia & Oceania Europe Total 2005 138,943 300,583 171,188 931,859 22,707 653,728 2,219,008 2006 202,655 348,927 218,830 1,206,012 24,510 754,362 2,755,296 2007 343,559 396,503 270,171 1,548,824 27,033 836,984 3,423,074 2008 366,484 425,471 328,461 1,977,969 28,743 911,822 4,038,950 2009 442,525 471,625 368,754 2,405,920 31,422 957,550 4,677,796 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 218.49 20.75 56.90 10.85 115.41 12.27 158.18 21.64 38.38 9.32 46.48 5.02 110.81 15.82
EUROPE SUMMARIES
DAILIES
TOP 50 PAID-FOR DAILIES
Title 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Bild The Sun Daily Mail Daily Mirror Kronen Zeitung Ouest France Daily Star The Daily Telegraph Moskovsky Komsomolets Daily Express De Telegraaf Komsomolskaya Pravda Fakt Gazeta Codzienna Ekspress Corriere della Sera Zeitungsgruppe Kln The Times Sovietskaya Belorussia - Belarus Segodnya La Repubblica Gazeta Wyborcza AD Blik El Pas Sddeutsche Zeitung Va-bank Blesk Financial Times Helsingin Sanomat Rheinische Post Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung Aftonbladet Daily Record La Gazzetta dello Sport Augsburger Allgemeine Le Figaro Le Monde El Mundo del Siglo XXI Super Express Dagens Nyheter Zeitungsgruppe Thringen L'Equipe Le Parisien Sud Ouest The Guardian Vechernyaya Moskva La Stampa Marca fp Freie Presse Expressen incl GT and Kvllsposten Het Laatste Nieuws/ De Nieuwe Gazet Country Germany United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom Austria France United Kingdom United Kingdom Russia United Kingdom Netherlands, The Russia Poland Ukraine Italy Germany United Kingdom Belarus Italy Poland Netherlands, The Ukraine Spain Germany Belarus Czech Republic United Kingdom Finland Germany Germany Sweden United Kingdom Italy Germany France France Spain Poland Sweden Germany France France France United Kingdom Russia Italy Spain Germany Sweden Belgium Language Circulation (000) German English English English German French English English Russian English Dutch Russian Polish Ukrainian Italian German English Russian Italian Polish Dutch Russian Spanish German Russian Czech English Finnish German German Swedish English Italian German French French Spanish Polish Swedish German French French French English Russian Italian Spanish German Swedish Dutch 3,300 2,863 2,113 1,226 819 786 785 703 700 678 677 668 634 545 540 531 522 503 499 490 447 441 431 430 422 412 401 398 379 368 359 353 351 333 331 323 323 316 316 316 315 311 304 301 300 300 296 291 291 287
Source: see respective country reports, table 8.ba Top paid-for dailies
10
DAILIES
COUNTRIES OF TOP 50 PAID-FOR DAILIES
Country 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 United Kingdom Germany France Italy Poland Russia Spain Sweden Belarus Netherlands, The Ukraine Austria Belgium Czech Republic Finland No. top 50 dailies 10 8 6 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
LANGUAGES OF TOP 50 PAID-FOR DAILIES

Language English German Russian French Italian Dutch Spanish Polish Swedish Czech Finnish Ukrainian No. top 50 dailies 10 9 6 6 4 3 3 3 3 1 1 1
11
DAILIES
PAID-FOR DAILIES: NUMBER OF TITLES
Change (%) Country Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands, The Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican
* or latest available figure
No.titles 2009* 29 2 16 33 22 12 70 15 22 81 32 11 2 51 85 357 2 40 31 1 9 85 9 17 2 22 6 12 4 7 4 29 75 38 20 69 541 4 12 9 7 139 84 79 41 104 1
2005 29 2 16 33 28 7 60 13 21 84 31 11 2 53 85 368 2 39 38 2 8 89 22 2 21 6 10 4 7 4 35 77 43 15 46 491 2 13 10 8 139 88 91 42 106 1
2006 28 2 17 33 28 7 63 15 21 86 30 12 2 53 85 370 2 39 30 1 9 86 21 2 21 6 10 4 8 4 29 77 44 16 61 521 3 10 10 8 140 85 91 39 106 1
2007 28 2 17 33 26 7 64 15 22 82 32 13 2 53 85 359 2 42 30 3 9 85 8 18 2 23 6 10 4 9 4 29 74 49 19 70 510 4 15 9 8 140 84 90 50 106 1
2008 28 2 16 33 22 12 70 15 22 82 32 12 2 52 85 358 2 41 29 3 9 84 8 17 2 24 6 11 4 7 4 29 74 49 19 75 495 4 18 9 7 140 84 87 51 105 1
2009 29 2 16 33 22 12 70 15 22 81 32 11 2 51 85 357 2 40 31 1 9 85 9 17 2 22 6 12 4 7 4 29 75 38 20 69 541 4 12 9 7 139 84 79 41 104 1
2009/05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -21.43 71.43 16.67 15.38 4.76 -3.57 3.23 0.00 0.00 -3.77 0.00 -2.99 0.00 2.56 -18.42 -50.00 12.5 -4.49 -22.73 0.00 4.76 0.00 20.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -17.14 -2.60 -11.63 33.33 50.00 10.18 100.00 -7.69 -10.00 -12.50 0.00 -4.55 -13.19 -2.38 -1.89 0.00
2009/08 3.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -1.22 0.00 -8.33 0.00 -1.92 0.00 -0.28 0.00 -2.44 6.90 -66.67 0.00 1.19 12.50 0.00 0.00 -8.33 0.00 9.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.35 -22.45 5.26 -8.00 9.29 0.00 -33.33 0.00 0.00 -0.71 0.00 -9.20 -19.61 -0.95 0.00
Adult No. titles/adult population population (million) (000) 2009* 2,799 71 7,094 15,123 8,786 3,945 6,538 3,791 644 8,987 4,503 1,140 39 4,435 50,429 70,854 24 9,508 9,915 251 3,526 51,617 1,304 1,951 29 2,845 401 1,670 339 3,632 565 13,562 3,829 32,315 8,961 18,761 120,812 25 6,260 4,600 1,756 39,463 7,591 6,602 39,395 49,206 10.4 28.2 2.3 2.2 2.5 3.0 10.7 4.0 34.2 9.0 7.1 9.7 51.3 11.5 1.7 5.0 83.3 4.2 3.1 4.0 2.6 1.7 6.9 8.7 69.0 7.7 15.0 7.2 11.8 1.9 7.1 2.1 19.6 1.2 2.2 3.7 4.5 160.0 1.9 2.0 4.0 3.5 11.1 12.0 1.0 2.1 -
12
DAILIES
PAID-FOR DAILIES: NUMBER OF TITLES
(using most recent available figures)
13
DAILIES
PAID-FOR DAILIES: NUMBER OF TITLES / ADULT POPULATION (titles per million)
14
DAILIES
PAID-FOR NATIONAL DAILIES: NUMBER OF TITLES
Change (%) Country Austria Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands, The Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom
No.titles 2009* 7 14 9 31 8 8 10 5 2 9 24 10 2 40 11 1 8 24 10 2 12 6 12 4 7 4 10 8 10 11 18 24 4 12 7 6 4 30 12
2005 6 14 10 26 8 9 9 6 2 10 24 10 2 39 16 2 7 21 14 2 11 6 10 4 6 4 9 8 11 9 17 23 2 11 7 7 4 16 12
2006 7 14 10 27 8 10 9 6 2 9 24 10 2 39 11 1 8 21 13 2 11 6 10 4 7 4 10 8 12 10 18 25 3 8 7 7 4 13 12
2007 7 14 10 29 9 9 10 7 2 9 24 10 2 42 11 3 8 23 10 2 12 6 10 4 8 4 10 8 11 10 19 25 4 7 7 4 38 12
2008 7 14 9 31 8 9 10 6 2 9 24 10 2 41 11 3 8 23 10 2 6 11 4 7 4 10 8 11 10 19 25 4 7 6 4 41 12
2009 7 14 9 31 8 8 10 5 2 9 24 10 2 40 11 1 8 24 10 2 6 12 4 7 4 10 8 10 11 18 24 4 12 7 6 4 30 12
2009/05 16.67 0.00 -10.00 19.23 0.00 -11.11 11.11 -16.67 0.00 -10.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.56 -31.25 -50.00 14.29 14.29 -28.57 0.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 16.67 0.00 11.11 0.00 -9.09 22.22 5.88 4.35 100 9.09 0.00 -14.29 0.00 87.50 0.00
2009/05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -11.11 0.00 -16.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -2.44 0.00 -66.67 0.00 4.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -9.09 10.00 -5.26 -4.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -26.83 0.00
Adult No. titles/adult population population (million) (000) 2009* 7,094 15,123 8,786 6,538 3,791 8,987 4,503 1,140 39 4,435 50,429 70,854 24 9,508 9,915 251 3,526 51,617 1,951 29 2,748 401 1,670 339 3,632 565 13,562 3,829 32,315 8,961 18,761 120,812 25 6,260 4,600 1,756 7,591 39,395 49,206 1.0 0.9 1.0 4.7 2.1 0.9 2.2 4.4 51.3 2.0 0.5 0.1 83.3 4.2 1.1 4.0 2.3 0.5 5.1 69.0 4.4 15.0 7.2 11.8 1.9 7.1 0.7 2.1 0.3 1.2 1.0 0.2 160.0 1.9 1.5 3.4 0.5 0.8 0.2
15
DAILIES
PAID-FOR NATIONAL DAILIES: NUMBER OF TITLES
16
DAILIES
PAID-FOR NATIONAL DAILIES: NUMBER OF TITLES / ADULT POPULATION (titles per million)
17
DAILIES
PAID-FOR REGIONAL AND LOCAL DAILIES: NUMBER OF TITLES
Change (%) Country Austria Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Moldova Netherlands, The Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom
No.titles 2009* 9 19 13 39 7 73 22 6 42 61 347 20 1 61 7 11 1 19 67 28 9 51 517 2 2 1 80 79 11 92
2005 10 19 18 34 5 75 22 5 43 61 358 22 1 68 8 10 1 26 69 32 6 42 468 2 3 1 84 91 26 94
2006 10 19 18 36 7 76 21 6 44 61 360 19 1 65 8 10 1 19 69 32 6 43 496 2 3 1 81 91 26 94
2007 10 19 16 35 6 73 22 6 44 61 349 19 1 62 8 11 1 19 66 38 9 51 485 2 1 80 90 12 94
2008 9 19 13 39 7 73 22 6 43 61 348 18 1 61 7 19 66 38 9 56 470 2 1 80 87 15 93
2009 9 19 13 39 7 73 22 6 42 61 347 20 1 61 7 19 67 28 9 51 517 2 1 80 79 11 92
2009/05 -10.00 0.00 -27.78 14.71 40.00 -2.67 0.00 20.00 -2.33 0.00 -3.07 -9.09 0.00 -10.29 -12.50 -26.92 -2.90 -12.50 50.00 21.43 10.47 -33.33 0.00 -4.76 -13.19 -57.69 -2.13
2009/08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -2.33 0.00 -0.29 11.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.52 -26.32 0.00 -8.93 10.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -9.20 -26.67 -1.08
Adult No. titles/adult population population (million) (000) 2009* 7,094 15,123 8,786 6,538 3,791 8,987 4,503 1,140 4,435 50,429 70,854 9,915 3,526 51,617 1,951 2,748 2,931 13,562 3,829 32,315 8,961 18,761 120,812 6,315 4,600 1,756 7,591 6,602 39,395 49,206 1.3 1.3 1.5 6.0 1.9 8.1 4.9 5.3 9.5 1.2 4.9 2.0 0.3 1.2 3.6 4.0 0.3 1.4 17.5 0.9 1.0 2.7 4.3 0.3 0.4 0.6 10.5 12.0 0.3 1.9
18
DAILIES
PAID-FOR REGIONAL AND LOCAL DAILIES: NUMBER OF TITLES
19
DAILIES
PAID-FOR REGIONAL AND LOCAL DAILIES: NUMBER OF TITLES / ADULT POPULATION (titles per million)
20
DAILIES
PAID-FOR MORNING DAILIES: NUMBER OF TITLES
Change (%) Country Austria Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Finland Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Lithuania Luxembourg Poland Romania Russia Slovakia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom
No.titles 2009* 16 28 21 70 81 18 51 357 27 31 1 7 85 22 6 38 69 520 8 139 82 79 19
2005 16 28 28 59 84 16 53 368 23 38 2 6 89 21 6 43 46 470 8 139 86 91 19
2006 17 28 28 62 86 15 53 370 24 30 1 7 86 21 6 44 61 497 8 140 83 91 -
2007 17 28 26 63 82 18 53 359 29 30 3 7 85 23 6 49 70 486 8 140 82 90 -
2008 16 28 21 70 82 18 52 358 28 29 3 7 84 24 6 49 75 473 8 140 82 87 -
2009 16 28 21 70 81 18 51 357 27 31 1 7 85 22 6 38 69 520 8 139 82 79 -
2009/05 0.00 0.00 -25.00 18.64 -3.57 12.50 -3.77 -2.99 17.39 -18.42 -50.00 16.67 -4.49 4.76 0.00 -11.63 50.00 10.64 0.00 0.00 -4.65 -13.19 -
2009/08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -1.22 0.00 -1.92 -0.28 -3.57 6.90 -66.67 0.00 1.19 -8.33 0.00 -22.45 -8.00 9.94 0.00 -0.71 0.00 -9.20 -
Adult No. titles/adult population population (million) (000) 2009* 7,094 15,123 8,786 6,538 8,987 4,503 4,435 70,854 9,508 9,915 251 3,526 51,617 2,845 401 32,315 18,761 120,812 4,600 39,463 7,591 6,602 47,391 2.3 1.9 2.4 10.7 9.0 4.0 11.5 5.0 2.8 3.1 4.0 2.0 1.7 7.7 15.0 1.2 3.7 4.3 1.7 3.5 10.8 12.0 0.4
21
DAILIES
PAID-FOR MORNING DAILIES: NUMBER OF TITLES
PAID-FOR MORNING DAILIES: NUMBER OF TITLES / ADULT POPULATION (titles per million)
22
DAILIES
PAID-FOR EVENING AND AFTERNOON DAILIES: NUMBER OF TITLES
Change (%) Country Belarus Bulgaria Denmark Greece Ireland Russia Slovakia Sweden United Kingdom
No.titles 2009* 5 1 14 13 2 21 1 2 75
2005 5 1 15 16 2 21 2 2 75
2006 5 1 15 15 2 24 2 2 -
2007 5 1 14 13 2 24 1 2 -
2008 5 14 13 2 22 1 2 -
2009 5 14 13 2 21 1 2 -
2009/05 0.00 -6.67 -18.75 0.00 0.00 -50.00 0.00 -
2009/08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -4.55 0.00 0.00 -
Adult No. titles/adult population population (million) (000) 2009* 15,123 6,648 4,503 9,508 3,526 120,812 4,600 7,591 47,391 0.3 0.2 3.1 1.4 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.3 1.6
PAID-FOR EVENING AND AFTERNOON DAILIES: NUMBER OF TITLES

PAID-FOR EVENING AND AFTERNOON DAILIES: NUMBER OF TITLES / ADULT POPULATION (titles per million)
23
DAILIES
PAID-FOR DAILIES: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION (000)
Change (%) Average circulation (000) 2009* 70 27 2,305 1,796 1,382 190 870 535 100 1,365 1,058 227 17 2,049 7,362 19,746 8 1,100 1,239 50 767 4,842 1,304 220 20 574 113 160 100 400 62 3,530 2,061 3,168 533 1,241 6 1,052 434 297 3,915 3,205 2,126 2,864 14,009 1 Adult Average circulation/ population adult population (000) (copies per 000) 2009* 2,799 71 7,094 15,123 8,786 3,945 6,538 3,791 644 8,987 4,503 1,140 39 4,435 50,429 70,854 24 9,508 9,915 251 3,526 51,617 24.5 1,951 29 2,845 401 1,670 339 3,632 565 13,562 3,829 32,315 8,961 18,761 25 6,260 4,600 1,756 39,463 7,591 6,602 39,395 49,206 25.0 380.3 324.9 118.8 157.3 48.2 133.1 141.1 155.3 151.9 235.0 199.1 435.9 462.0 146.0 278.7 333.3 115.7 125.0 199.2 217.5 93.8 112.8 689.7 201.8 281.8 95.8 295.0 110.1 109.7 260.3 538.3 98.0 59.5 66.2 240.0 168.1 94.4 169.1 99.2 422.2 322.0 72.7 284.7 -
Country Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands, The Norway Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican * or latest available figure
2005 70 27 2,111 1,760 1,466 75 558 411 100 1,742 1,290 256 16 2,240 7,807 21,543 8 1,320 1,460 64 758 5,462 348 20 527 115 160 95 185 55 3,912 2,338 4,369 530 1,087 4 800 496 430 4,196 3,603 2,405 1,850 16,650 1
2006 70 27 2,322 1,770 1,424 75 653 560 100 1,669 1,268 276 17 2,224 7,686 21,091 8 1,256 1,451 42 800 5,510 30 321 20 535 114 140 100 250 50 3,831 2,270 4,462 536 1,039 5 900 533 350 4,138 3,554 2,344 3,301 16,211 1
2007 70 27 2,406 1,800 1,417 75 629 560 102 1,672 1,241 279 17 2,202 7,649 20,590 8 1,280 1,331 71 797 5,494 30 236 20 554 114 140 102 303 46 3,719 2,222 3,946 544 1,118 6 1,050 505 328 4,196 3,430 2,275 3,486 15,552 1
2008 70 27 2,348 1,810 1,414 180 862 520 103 1,549 1,164 261 17 2,127 7,600 20,079 8 1,205 1,310 67 833 5,291 32 230 20 641 120 170 102 400 46 3,638 2,185 3,690 558 1,194 6 1,050 461 274 4,165 3,334 2,205 4,013 15,062 1
2009 70 27 2,305 1,796 1,382 190 870 535 100 1,365 1,058 227 17 2,049 7,362 19,746 8 1,100 1,239 50 767 4,842 220 20 574 113 160 100 400 62 3,530 2,061 3,168 533 1,241 6 1,052 434 297 3,915 3,205 2,126 2,864 14,009 1
2009/05 0.00 0.00 9.19 2.05 -5.73 153.33 55.91 30.17 0.00 -21.64 -17.98 -11.33 6.25 -8.53 -5.70 -8.34 0.00 -16.67 -15.14 -21.88 1.19 -11.35 6.67 -36.78 0.00 8.92 -1.74 0.00 5.26 116.22 12.73 -9.76 -11.85 -27.49 0.57 14.17 50.00 31.50 -12.5 -30.93 -6.70 -11.05 -11.60 54.81 -15.86 0.00
2009/08 0.00 0.00 -1.83 -0.77 -2.26 5.56 0.93 2.88 -2.91 -11.88 -9.11 -13.03 0.00 -3.67 -3.13 -1.66 0.00 -8.71 -5.42 -25.37 -7.92 -8.49 32.00 -4.35 0.00 -10.45 -5.83 -5.88 -1.96 0.00 34.78 -2.97 -5.68 -14.15 -4.48 3.94 0.00 0.19 -5.86 8.39 -6.00 -3.87 -3.58 -28.63 -6.99 0.00
24
DAILIES
PAID-FOR DAILIES: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION (000)
25
DAILIES
PAID-FOR DAILIES: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION / ADULT POPULATION (copies per thousand)
26
DAILIES
PAID-FOR NATIONAL DAILIES: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION (000)
Change (%) Average circulation (000) 2009* 1,604 1,471 963 539 485 1,117 623 177 17 949 2,035 1,599 8 1,100 582 50 744 3,050 180 20 113 160 62 1,938 537 2,037 481 946 402 280 909 2,636 10,430 Adult Average circulation/ population adult population (000) (copies per 000) 2009* 7,094 15,123 8,786 6,648 3,791 8,987 4,503 1,140 39 4,376 50,429 70,854 24 9,508 9,915 251 3,526 51,617 1,951 29 401 1,670 565 13,562 3,829 32,315 8,961 18,761 4,600 1,756 7,591 39,395 49,206 226.1 97.3 109.6 81.1 127.9 124.3 138.4 155.3 435.9 216.9 40.4 22.6 333.3 115.7 58.7 199.2 211.0 59.1 92.3 689.7 281.8 95.8 109.7 142.9 140.3 63.0 53.7 50.4 87.4 159.5 119.8 66.9 212.0
Country Austria Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Luxembourg Macedonia Montenegro Netherlands, The Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom * or latest available figure
2005 1,420 1,450 1,007 452 383 1,338 725 205 16 961 2,140 1,646 8 1,320 740 64 731 3,512 297 20 115 160 55 1,814 666 2,978 813 450 410 905 990 11,820
2006 1,619 1,450 986 567 500 1,326 690 224 17 949 2,114 1,632 8 1,256 705 42 774 3,595 273 20 114 140 50 2,125 625 3,131 770 490 330 907 2,256 11,479
2007 1,694 1,470 979 539 500 1,348 725 225 17 949 2,118 1,624 8 1,280 620 71 771 3,577 187 20 114 140 46 2,038 614 2,574 500 829 468 310 902 3,212 11,198
2008 1,648 1,480 990 460 1,254 676 208 17 2,140 1,624 8 1,205 620 67 799 3,440 188 20 120 170 46 2,002 580 2,441 505 909 427 257 844 3,715 10,920
2009 1,604 1,471 963 485 1,117 623 177 17 2,035 1,599 8 1,100 582 50 744 3,050 180 20 113 160 62 1,938 537 2,037 481 946 402 280 909 2,636 10,430
2009/05 12.96 1.45 -4.37 26.63 -16.52 -14.07 -13.66 6.25 -4.91 -2.86 0.00 -16.67 -21.35 -21.88 1.78 -13.15 -39.39 0.00 -1.74 0.00 12.73 6.84 -19.37 -31.6 16.36 -10.67 -31.71 0.44 166.26 -11.76
2009/08 -2.67 -0.61 -2.73 5.43 -10.93 -7.84 -14.9 0.00 -4.91 -1.54 0.00 -8.71 -6.13 -25.37 -6.88 -11.34 -4.26 0.00 -5.83 -5.88 34.78 -3.20 -7.41 -16.55 -4.75 4.07 -5.85 8.95 7.70 -29.04 -4.49
27
DAILIES
PAID-FOR NATIONAL DAILIES: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION (000)
28
DAILIES
PAID-FOR NATIONAL DAILIES: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION / ADULT POPULATION (copies per thousand)
29
DAILIES
PAID-FOR REGIONAL AND LOCAL DAILIES: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION (000)
Change (%) Average circulation (000) 2009* 701 325 419 90 50 248 435 50 1,253 5,327 18,147 657 23 1,792 40 1,592 1,525 1,131 52 295 32 17 2,296 2,126 228 3,579 Adult Average circulation/ population adult population (000) (copies per 000) 2009* 7,094 15,123 8,786 6,648 3,791 8,987 4,503 1,140 4,376 50,429 70,854 9,915 3,526 51,617 1,951 13,562 3,829 32,315 8,961 18,761 4,600 1,756 7,591 6,602 39,395 49,206 98.8 21.5 47.7 13.5 13.2 27.6 96.6 43.9 286.3 105.6 256.1 66.3 6.5 34.7 20.5 117.4 398.3 35.0 5.8 15.7 7.0 9.7 302.5 322.0 5.8 72.7
Country Austria Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Netherlands, The Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom * or latest available figure
2005 733 310 459 106 28 404 565 51 1,279 5,667 19,898 720 27 1,950 51 2,099 1,672 1,391 274 46 20 2,698 2,405 860 4,830
2006 737 320 438 86 60 343 578 52 1,275 5,572 19,459 746 26 1,915 48 1,706 1,645 1,331 269 43 20 2,647 2,344 1,045 4,732
2007 712 330 438 90 60 324 516 54 1,253 5,531 18,966 711 26 1,917 49 1,681 1,608 1,372 44 289 37 18 2,528 2,275 273 4,354
2008 692 330 424 60 295 488 53 5,460 18,455 690 34 1,851 42 1,636 1,569 1,249 53 285 34 17 2,490 2,205 298 4,142
2009 701 325 419 50 248 435 50 5,327 18,147 657 23 1,792 40 1,592 1,525 1,131 52 295 32 17 2,296 2,126 228 3,579
2009/05 -4.37 4.84 -8.71 78.57 -38.61 -23.01 -1.96 -6.00 -8.80 -8.75 -14.81 -8.10 -21.57 -24.15 -8.79 -18.69 7.66 -30.43 -15.00 -14.90 -11.60 -73.49 -25.90
2009/08 1.30 -1.52 -1.18 -16.67 -15.93 -10.86 -5.66 -2.44 -1.67 -4.78 -32.35 -3.19 -4.76 -2.69 -2.80 -9.45 -1.89 3.51 -5.88 0.00 -7.79 -3.58 -23.49 -13.59
30
DAILIES
PAID-FOR REGIONAL AND LOCAL DAILIES: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION (000)
PAID-FOR REGIONAL AND LOCAL DAILIES: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION / ADULT POPULATION (copies per thousand)
31
DAILIES
PAID-FOR MORNING DAILIES: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION (000)
Change (%) Average circulation (000) 2009* 2,305 1,700 1,382 1,365 870 2,049 19,746 500 1,239 50 675 574 113 3,168 427 2,565 2,126 1,340 Adult Average circulation/ population adult population (000) (copies per 000) 2009* 7,094 15,123 8,786 8,987 4,503 4,435 70,854 9,508 9,915 251 3,526 2,845 401 32,315 4,600 7,591 6,602 47,391 324.9 112.4 157.3 151.9 193.2 462.0 278.7 52.6 125.0 199.2 191.4 201.8 281.8 98.0 92.8 337.9 322.0 28.3
Country Austria Belarus Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Lithuania Luxembourg Poland Slovakia Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom * or latest available figure
2005 2,111 1,660 1,466 1,742 881 2,240 21,543 474 1,460 64 645 527 115 4,404 483 2,835 2,405 1,340
2006 2,322 1,670 1,424 1,669 1,055 2,224 21,091 477 1,451 42 691 535 114 4,477 521 2,784 2,344 -
2007 2,406 1,700 1,417 1,672 1,025 2,202 20,590 523 1,331 71 689 554 114 3,959 498 2,738 2,275 -
2008 2,348 1,710 1,414 1,549 975 2,127 20,079 528 1,310 67 724 641 120 3,690 454 2,677 2,205 -
2009 2,305 1,700 1,382 1,365 870 2,049 19,746 500 1,239 50 675 574 113 3,168 427 2,565 2,126 -
2009/05 9.19 2.41 -5.73 -21.64 -1.25 -8.53 -8.34 5.49 -15.14 -21.88 4.65 8.92 -1.74 -28.07 -11.59 -9.52 -11.60 -
2009/08 -1.83 -0.58 -2.26 -11.88 -10.77 -3.67 -1.66 -5.30 -5.42 -25.37 -6.77 -10.45 -5.83 -14.15 -5.95 -4.18 -3.58 -
32
DAILIES
PAID-FOR MORNING DAILIES: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION (000)
PAID-FOR MORNING DAILIES: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION / ADULT POPULATION (copies per thousand)
33
DAILIES
PAID-FOR EVENING AND AFTERNOON DAILIES: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION (000)
Change (%) Average circulation (000) 2009* 96 188 600 92 7 640 3,490 Adult Average circulation/ population adult population (000) (copies per 000) 2009* 15,123 4,503 9,508 3,526 4,600 7,591 47,391 6.4 41.8 63.1 26.1 1.5 84.3 73.6
Country Belarus Denmark Greece Ireland Slovakia Sweden United Kingdom * or latest available figure
2005 100 409 846 113 13 768 3,490
2006 100 213 779 109 12 743 -
2007 100 216 757 108 7 692 -
2008 100 189 677 109 7 657 -
2009 96 188 600 92 7 640 -
2009/05 -4.00 -54.03 -29.08 -18.58 -46.15 -16.67 -
2009/08 -4.00 -0.53 -11.37 -15.60 0.00 -2.59 -
PAID-FOR EVENING AND AFTERNOON DAILIES: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION (000)

PAID-FOR EVENING AND AFTERNOON DAILIES: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION / ADULT POPULATION (copies per thousand)
34
DAILIES
PAID-FOR DAILIES: ANNUAL COPY SALES (millions of copies)
Country Austria Belgium Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Luxembourg Moldova Netherlands, The Norway Poland Portugal Slovakia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom 2005 633 438 506 455 75 753 2,410 213 445 22 235 1,903 73 34 11 1,189 696 807 198 140 1,520 1,214 736 474 5,134 2006 643 427 501 447 79 746 2,325 206 447 15 228 1,908 34 1,164 670 818 190 146 1,488 1,185 710 662 4,867 2007 713 430 502 435 82 739 2,347 203 412 226 1,902 1,130 668 822 191 1,495 1,153 687 689 4,674 2008 710 428 156 468 411 69 721 2,342 191 397 235 1,864 36 1,117 778 158 1,473 1,121 668 874 4,490 2009 690 417 195 409 384 66 693 2,263 381 232 1,658 35 1,084 645 702 1,417 1,077 642 686 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 9.00 -2.82 -4.88 -2.57 25.19 -19.17 -12.61 -15.60 -6.57 -12.00 -4.35 -7.97 -3.88 -6.10 -3.37 -14.31 -3.86 -1.40 -1.28 -12.87 -11.05 0.88 -3.36 -8.83 -7.33 -13.05 -6.78 -11.26 -12.77 44.86 -2.95 -9.81 -3.80 -3.87 -3.89 -21.47 -
35
DAILIES
PAID-FOR DAILIES: ANNUAL COPY SALES (millions of copies)
PAID-FOR DAILIES: CHANGE IN ANNUAL COPY SALES (number of copies), 2009/08 (%)
36
DAILIES
PAID-FOR DAILIES: ADVERTISING REVENUES (national currencies, millions, current prices)
Country Bulgaria (Bulgaria, lev) Czech Republic (Czech koruna) Denmark (Danish krone) Estonia (Estonian kroon) Finland (Finland, euro) France (France, euro) Germany (Germany, euro) Greece (Greece, euro) Hungary (Hungary, forint) Ireland (Ireland, euro) Italy (Italy, euro) Latvia (Latvian lat) Lithuania (Lithuania, litas) Luxembourg (Luxembourg, euro) Netherlands, The (Netherlands, euro) Poland (Poland, zloty) Romania (Romania, new leu) Serbia (Serbian dinar) Slovakia (Slovak koruna) Spain (Spain, euro) Sweden (Swedish krona) Ukraine (Ukraine, hryvnia) United Kingdom (British pound) 2005 71 7,789 2,605 330 519 1,421 4,477 270 48,077 540 1,537 14 134 72 636 2,036 486 1,615 8,049 87 2,455 2006 73 8,264 3,167 378 532 1,440 4,533 287 47,406 606 1,563 15 142 69 634 550 1,737 8,357 140 2,369 2007 75 7,629 3,070 448 555 1,399 4,567 326 48,930 589 1,623 14 144 665 695 1,848 8,589 157 2,374 2008 72 7,804 2,575 395 537 1,395 4,373 312 52,207 608 1,525 12 159 73 617 791 4,281 1,500 1,476 8,295 99 2,127 2009 69 6,984 1,872 257 417 1,244 43,708 1,300 7 108 69 489 3,319 1,109 7,095 182 1,757 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 -3.65 -10.34 -28.14 -22.12 -19.65 -12.43 -9.09 -15.42 -48.20 -19.96 -4.04 -23.11 -31.36 -11.85 108.94 -28.43 -4.19 -10.51 -27.30 -34.94 -22.35 -10.82 -16.28 -14.75 -39.50 -32.47 -5.49 -20.75 -22.47 -24.89 -14.47 84.04 -17.38
PAID-FOR DAILIES: ADVERTISING REVENUES (USD, million, current prices)

Country Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands, The Poland Romania Serbia Slovakia Spain Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom 2005 45.35 324.68 434.17 26.21 648.75 1,775.63 5,595.75 337.50 240.46 675.37 1,921.25 24.82 48.66 89.75 795.00 628.4 165.14 2,018.87 1,077.51 16.90 4,463.64 2006 46.50 365.18 533.16 30.31 665.00 1,800.00 5,666.12 358.75 224.85 757.37 1,953.75 26.07 51.64 86.62 792.50 194.93 2,171.63 1,132.38 26.80 4,387.04 2007 52.52 375.26 564.34 39.11 760.27 1,916.44 6,256.71 446.58 265.90 807.12 2,223.29 28.04 56.88 910.96 283.80 2,530.96 1,270.56 30.37 4,748.00 2008 53.43 456.37 504.90 36.88 789.71 2,051.47 6,431.47 458.82 302.30 893.82 2,242.65 24.29 66.89 107.21 907.35 312.45 76.26 70.03 2,170.44 1,258.73 18.44 3,938.15 2009 48.65 365.85 349.25 22.76 579.17 1,727.78 215.98 1,805.56 14.12 43.17 95.69 679.17 48.83 1,539.72 927.45 22.38 2,745.47 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 7.28 12.68 -19.56 -13.16 -10.73 -2.69 -10.18 -6.02 -43.11 -11.28 6.62 -14.57 -23.73 -13.93 32.43 -38.49 -8.95 -19.83 -30.83 -38.29 -26.66 -15.78 -28.55 -19.49 -41.87 -35.46 -10.75 -25.15 -35.97 -29.06 -26.32 21.37 -30.29
37
DAILIES
PAID-FOR DAILIES: ADVERTISING REVENUES (USD, million, current prices)
PAID-FOR DAILIES: CHANGE IN ADVERTISING REVENUES (current prices), 2009/08 (%)

38
DAILIES
PAID-FOR DAILIES: SALES REVENUES (national currencies, millions, current prices)
Country Belgium (Belgium, euro) Czech Republic (Czech koruna) Denmark (Danish krone) Estonia (Estonian kroon) Finland (Finland, euro) Germany (Germany, euro) Greece (Greece, euro) Hungary (Hungary, forint) Iceland (Icelandic krona) Ireland (Ireland, euro) Italy (Italy, euro) Latvia (Latvian lat) Luxembourg (Luxembourg, euro) Netherlands, The (Netherlands, euro) Portugal (Portugal, euro) Slovakia (Slovak koruna) Spain (Spain, euro) Sweden (Swedish krona) Ukraine (Ukraine, hryvnia) United Kingdom (British pound) 2005 319 4,537 4,144 342 4,014 205 1,447 303 1,654 16.8 20 763 114 1,501 1,263 7,129 1,163 2,193 2006 322 4,891 248 462 4,061 33,719 1,473 314 1,683 21 783 125 1,530 1,260 2,323 2007 327 5,343 4,205 326 473 4,062 32,585 1,413 333 1,575 878 163 1,300 2,269 2008 338 5,098 4,209 333 4,170 39,202 1,718 327 1,560 21 874 133 1,290 2,291 2009 335 4,579 4,192 297 481 37,996 328 1,400 22 890 1,200 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 5.02 0.93 1.16 -13.16 8.12 -15.36 9.45 16.64 -4.99 -0.89 -10.18 -0.40 -10.81 -3.08 0.21 -10.26 4.27 1.83 -6.98 -
PAID-FOR DAILIES: SALES REVENUES (USD, million, current prices)

Country Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Luxembourg Netherlands, The Portugal Slovakia Spain Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom 2005 398.75 189.12 690.67 27.16 5,017.50 256.25 23.00 378.62 2,067.50 29.99 25.13 953.75 142.38 48.28 1,578.75 954.35 225.33 3,987.64 2006 402.50 216.13 19.89 577.50 5,075.63 159.93 21.01 392.88 2,103.75 26.12 978.75 156.25 51.50 1,575.00 4,301.85 2007 447.95 262.81 772.98 28.47 647.95 5,564.93 177.07 22.00 455.48 2,157.53 1,202.74 223.84 1,780.82 4,538.20 2008 497.06 298.13 825.29 31.09 6,132.65 226.99 19.39 480.59 2,294.12 31.03 1,285.29 195.00 1,897.06 4,242.59 2009 465.28 239.86 782.09 26.31 668.06 187.76 454.86 1,944.44 30.56 1,236.11 1,666.67 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 16.68 26.83 13.24 -3.13 20.14 -5.95 21.61 29.61 5.57 -6.39 -19.55 -5.23 -15.37 -17.28 -5.35 -15.24 -1.51 -3.83 -12.14 -
39
DAILIES
PAID-FOR DAILIES: SALES REVENUES (USD, million, current prices)
PAID-FOR DAILIES: CHANGE IN SALES REVENUES (current prices), 2009/08 (%)

40
DAILIES
TOP 20 FREE DAILIES
Title 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Metro Leggo Metro City 20 Minutos Que! 20 Minutes ADN Metro Metro Metro, Novaya Gorodskaya Gazeta (Moscow) 20 Minuten Heute Metro thelondonpaper 24 Minuti DNews E Polis Metro Adevarul de Seara Country United Kingdom Italy Italy Italy Spain Spain France Spain France Sweden Russia Switzerland Austria Netherlands, The United Kingdom Italy Italy Italy Poland Romania Language English Italian Italian Italian Spanish Spanish French Spanish French Swedish Russian German German Dutch English Italian Italian Italian Polish Romanian Circulation (000) 1,335 1,050 850 840 789 741 712 690 660 605 600 536 530 514 500 500 500 488 445 432
Source: see respective country reports, table 8.bb Top free dailies
COUNTRIES OF TOP 20 FREE DAILIES

Country 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Italy Spain France United Kingdom Austria Netherlands, The Poland Romania Russia Sweden Switzerland No. top 20 dailies 6 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
41
DAILIES
FREE DAILIES: NUMBER OF TITLES
Change (%) Country Andorra Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Netherlands, The Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom
No.titles 2009* 1 3 2 3 1 2 3 3 1 13 4 1 1 2 9 2 1 2 1 5 1 5 7 41 1 1 1 16 5 8 2 6
2005 1 1 1 2 6 1 2 8 3 1 2 3 5 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 20 3 4 5
2006 1 4 1 1 4 12 2 2 8 3 1 2 3 10 1 1 1 3 2 2 3 31 1 32 6 7 2 9
2007 1 4 2 1 4 7 3 2 10 4 2 2 2 9 2 1 2 2 6 1 6 3 35 1 1 1 26 7 8 3 8
2008 1 3 2 2 2 3 4 3 2 10 4 1 2 2 9 2 1 2 1 6 1 5 5 38 1 1 1 23 6 8 5 7
2009 1 3 2 3 1 2 3 1 13 4 1 1 2 9 2 1 2 1 5 1 5 7 41 1 1 16 5 8 2 6
2009/05 0.00 200.00 100.00 0.00 -50.00 -50.00 62.50 33.33 0.00 -50.00 -33.33 80.00 100.00 0.00 150.00 -50.00 150.00 250.00 1,266.67 -20.00 66.67 100.00 20.00
2009/08 0.00 0.00 0.00 50.00 -50.00 -33.33 -25.00 -50.00 30.00 0.00 0.00 -50.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -16.67 0.00 0.00 40.00 7.89 0.00 0.00 -30.43 -16.67 0.00 -60.00 -14.29
Adult No. titles/adult population population (million) (000) 2009* 71 7,094 8,786 6,538 3,791 8,987 4,503 1,142 4,435 50,429 9,508 9,915 251 3,526 51,617 1,951 2,845 401 1,670 13,562 32,315 8,961 18,761 120,812 6,260 4,276 1,756 39,463 7,591 6,602 39,395 49,206 14.1 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.7 2.6 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1 4.0 0.6 0.2 1.0 0.4 5.0 0.6 0.4 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.7 1.2 0.1 0.1
42
DAILIES
FREE DAILIES: NUMBER OF TITLES
43
DAILIES
FREE DAILIES: NUMBER OF TITLES / ADULT POPULATION (titles per million)
44
DAILIES
FREE DAILIES: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION (000)
Change (%) Average circulation (000) 2009* 5 564 252 167 60 335 570 72 115 2,398 215 282 100 142 4,023 120 67 137 120 1,317 445 345 681 1,185 150 3 113 2,609 699 1,499 117 2,346 Adult Average circulation/ population adult population (000) (copies per 000) 2009* 71 7,094 8,786 6,538 3,791 8,987 4,503 1,142 4,435 50,429 9,508 9,915 251 3,526 51,617 1,951 2,845 401 1,670 13,562 32,315 8,961 18,761 120,812 6,260 4,276 1,756 39,463 7,591 6,602 39,395 49,206 70.4 79.5 28.7 25.5 15.8 37.3 126.6 63.1 25.9 47.6 22.6 28.4 398.4 40.3 77.9 61.5 23.6 341.7 71.9 97.1 13.8 38.5 36.3 9.8 24.0 0.7 64.4 66.1 92.1 227.0 3.0 47.7
Country Andorra Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Netherlands, The Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom * or latest available figure
2005 5 200 226 303 656 4 194 1,440 235 340 159 42 3,120 42 17 1,109 597 221 49 190 3,433 765 748 1,097
2006 5 573 236 125 838 1,171 58 200 1,783 235 324 178 110 3,974 103 101 50 889 800 326 138 1,157 50 4,934 919 1,029 156 1,737
2007 5 582 248 170 692 1,630 89 200 2,581 242 339 211 157 3,959 200 100 20 90 1,798 505 521 293 1,172 150 8 28 4,489 1,215 1,420 350 2,353
2008 5 609 255 50 120 526 986 72 167 2,690 242 320 184 146 4,385 140 100 127 125 1,671 496 612 440 1,177 155 3 106 4,119 1,060 1,886 456 2,394
2009 5 564 252 167 60 335 570 115 2,398 215 282 100 142 4,023 120 67 137 120 1,317 445 345 681 1,185 150 113 2,609 699 1,499 117 2,346
2009/05 0.00 182.00 11.50 10.56 -13.11 -40.72 66.53 -8.51 -17.06 -37.11 238.10 28.94 185.71 294.12 18.76 -25.46 56.11 1,289.80 523.68 -24.00 -8.63 100.40 113.86
2009/08 0.00 -7.39 -1.18 234.00 -50.00 -36.31 -42.19 -31.14 -10.86 -11.16 -11.88 -45.65 -2.74 -8.26 -14.29 -33.00 7.87 -4.00 -21.18 -10.28 -43.63 54.77 0.68 -3.23 6.60 -36.66 -34.06 -20.52 -74.34 -2.01
45
DAILIES
FREE DAILIES: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION (000)
46
DAILIES
FREE DAILIES: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION / ADULT POPULATION (copies per thousand)
47
DAILIES
FREE DAILIES: ADVERTISING REVENUES (national currencies, millions, current prices)
Country Bulgaria (Bulgaria, lev) Czech Republic (Czech koruna) Estonia (Estonian kroon) Finland (Finland, euro) France (France, euro) Greece (Greece, euro) Hungary (Hungary, forint) Italy (Italy, euro) Latvia (Latvian lat) Lithuania (Lithuania, litas) Luxembourg (Luxembourg, euro) Netherlands, The (Netherlands, euro) Poland (Poland, zloty) Serbia (Serbian dinar) Spain (Spain, euro) Sweden (Swedish krona) Ukraine (Ukraine, hryvnia) 2005 260.0 1,090.0 54.0 5,709 64.0 0.1 100.0 146.0 86.4 1,355 2006 922.0 23.6 1,168.0 77.0 5,593 70.0 1.1 4.8 114.0 126.3 1,504 2.9 2007 1,095.0 25.0 153.0 1,196.0 80.0 5,058 88.4 1.3 6.6 120.0 144.3 1,655 14.1 2008 1,327.0 22.0 151.0 1,115.0 72.0 5,127 80.8 1.7 10.2 7.0 110.0 213.0 99.7 1,647 19.6 2009 3.1 1,059.0 799.0 4,778 57.6 0.6 9.7 72.0 205.9 49.4 1,875 3.0 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 307.31 -26.70 -16.31 -10.00 500.00 -28.00 -42.82 38.38 -20.20 -28.34 -6.81 -28.71 -64.71 38.57 -34.55 -3.33 -50.45 13.84 -84.69
FREE DAILIES: ADVERTISING REVENUES (USD, million, current prices)

Country Bulgaria Czech Republic Estonia Finland France Greece Hungary Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands, The Poland Serbia Spain Sweden Ukraine 2005 10.84 1,362.50 67.50 28.55 80.00 0.18 125.00 45.06 108.00 181.39 2006 40.74 1.89 1,460.00 96.25 26.53 87.50 1.96 1.75 142.50 157.88 203.79 0.56 2007 53.86 2.18 209.59 1,638.36 109.59 27.49 121.10 2.55 2.61 164.38 197.67 244.82 2.72 2008 77.60 2.05 222.06 1,639.71 105.88 29.69 118.82 3.47 4.29 10.29 161.76 3.79 146.62 249.92 3.65 2009 2.2 55.47 1,109.72 23.61 80.00 1.18 13.47 100.00 3.03 68.61 245.10 0.37 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 411.72 -18.55 -17.30 0.00 555.56 -20.00 -36.47 35.12 -28.52 -32.32 -20.48 -32.67 -65.99 30.90 -38.18 -20.05 -53.21 -1.93 -89.86
48
DAILIES
FREE DAILIES: ADVERTISING REVENUES (USD, million, current prices)
FREE DAILIES: CHANGE IN ADVERTISING REVENUES (current prices), 2009/08 (%)

49
DAILIES
PAID-FOR AND FREE DAILIES: NUMBER OF TITLES
Change (%) Country Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands, The Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican
No.titles 2009* 29 3 19 33 24 12 73 16 22 83 35 11 2 52 98 357 2 44 32 2 11 94 9 19 2 23 8 13 4 7 4 34 75 39 25 76 582 4 13 9 8 155 89 87 43 110 1
2005 29 3 17 33 29 7 60 13 21 86 37 12 2 55 93 368 2 42 39 4 11 94 23 2 22 6 10 4 7 4 37 77 45 17 48 494 2 13 10 8 159 91 95 42 111 1
2006 28 3 21 33 29 7 63 16 21 90 42 14 2 55 93 370 2 42 31 3 12 96 22 2 22 6 11 4 8 4 32 77 46 18 64 552 3 11 10 8 172 91 98 41 115 1
2007 28 3 21 33 28 7 64 16 22 86 39 16 2 55 95 359 2 46 32 5 11 94 8 20 2 24 8 12 4 9 4 35 74 50 25 73 545 4 16 10 9 166 91 98 53 114 1
2008 28 3 19 33 24 12 72 17 22 85 36 15 2 54 95 358 2 45 30 5 11 93 8 19 2 25 8 12 4 7 4 35 74 50 24 80 533 4 19 10 8 163 90 95 56 112 1
2009 29 3 19 33 24 12 73 16 22 83 35 11 2 52 98 357 2 44 32 2 11 94 9 19 2 23 8 13 4 7 4 34 75 39 25 76 582 4 13 9 8 155 89 87 43 110 1
2009/05 0.00 0.00 11.76 0.00 -17.24 71.43 21.67 23.08 4.76 -3.49 -5.41 -8.33 0.00 -5.45 5.38 -2.99 0.00 4.76 -17.95 -50.00 0.00 0.00 -17.39 0.00 4.55 33.33 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -8.11 -2.60 -13.33 47.06 58.33 17.81 100.00 0.00 -10.00 0.00 -2.52 -2.20 -8.42 2.38 -0.90 0.00
2009/08 3.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.39 -5.88 0.00 -2.35 -2.78 -26.67 0.00 -3.70 3.16 -0.28 0.00 -2.22 6.67 -60.00 0.00 1.08 12.50 0.00 0.00 -8.00 0.00 8.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 -2.86 1.35 -22.00 4.17 -5.00 9.19 0.00 -31.58 -10.00 0.00 -4.91 -1.11 -8.42 -23.21 -1.79 0.00
Adult No. titles/adult population population (million) (000) 2009* 2,799 71 7,094 15,123 8,786 3,945 6,538 3,791 644 8,987 4,503 1,140 39 4,435 50,429 70,854 24 9,508 9,915 251 3,526 51,617 1,304 1,951 29 2,845 401 1,670 339 3,632 565 13,562 3,829 32,315 8,961 18,761 120,812 25 6,260 4,600 1,756 39,463 7,591 6,602 39,395 49,206 10.4 42.3 2.7 2.2 2.7 3.0 11.2 4.2 34.2 9.2 7.8 9.7 51.3 11.7 1.9 5.0 83.3 4.6 3.2 8.0 3.1 1.8 6.9 9.7 69.0 8.1 20.0 7.8 11.8 1.9 7.1 2.5 19.6 1.2 2.8 4.1 4.8 160.0 2.1 2.0 4.6 3.9 11.7 13.2 1.1 2.2 -
50
DAILIES
PAID-FOR AND FREE DAILIES: NUMBER OF TITLES
51
DAILIES
PAID-FOR AND FREE DAILIES: NUMBER OF TITLES / ADULT POPULATION (titles per million)
52
DAILIES
PAID-FOR AND FREE DAILIES: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION (000)
Change (%) Average circulation (000) 2009* 70 32 2,869 1,796 1,634 190 1,037 595 100 1,700 1,628 227 17 2,164 9,760 19,746 8 1,315 1,521 150 909 8,865 32 340 20 641 250 280 100 400 62 4,847 2,061 3,613 878 1,922 1,185 6 1,202 434 410 6,524 3,904 3,625 2,981 16,355 1 Adult Average circulation/ population adult population (000) (copies per 000) 2009* 2,799 71 7,094 15,123 8,786 3,945 6,538 3,791 644 8,987 4,503 1,140 39 4,435 50,429 70,854 24 9,508 9,915 251 3,526 51,617 1,304 1,951 29 2,845 401 1,670 339 3,632 565 13,562 3,829 32,315 8,961 18,761 120,812 25 6,260 4,600 1,756 39,463 7,591 6,602 39,395 49,206 25.0 450.7 404.4 118.8 186.0 48.2 158.6 157.0 155.3 189.2 361.5 199.1 435.9 487.9 193.5 278.7 333.3 138.3 153.4 597.6 257.8 171.8 24.5 174.3 689.7 225.3 623.4 167.7 295.0 110.1 109.7 357.4 538.3 111.8 98.0 102.5 9.8 240.0 192.0 94.4 233.5 165.3 514.3 549.0 75.7 332.4 -
Country Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands, The Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia (1) San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican
2005 70 32 2,311 1,760 1,692 75 558 411 100 2,045 1,946 260 16 2,434 9,247 21,543 8 1,555 1,800 223 800 8,582 390 20 544 115 160 95 185 55 5,021 2,338 4,966 751 1,136 190 4 800 496 430 7,629 4,368 3,153 1,850 17,747 1
2006 70 32 2,895 1,770 1,660 75 653 685 100 2,507 2,439 334 17 2,424 9,469 21,091 8 1,491 1,775 220 910 9,484 424 20 636 114 190 100 250 50 4,720 2,270 5,262 862 1,177 1,157 5 950 533 350 9,072 4,473 3,373 3,457 17,948 1
2007 70 32 2,988 1,800 1,665 75 629 730 102 2,364 2,871 368 17 2,402 10,230 20,590 8 1,522 1,670 282 954 9,453 30 436 20 654 134 230 102 303 46 5,517 2,222 4,451 1,065 1,411 1,172 6 1,200 513 356 8,685 4,645 3,695 3,836 17,905 1
2008 70 32 2,957 1,810 1,669 180 912 640 103 2,075 2,150 333 17 2,294 10,290 20,079 8 1,447 1,630 251 979 9,676 30 370 20 741 247 295 102 400 46 5,309 2,185 4,186 1,170 1,634 1,177 6 1,205 464 380 8,284 4,394 4,091 4,469 17,456 1
2009 70 32 2,869 1,796 1,634 190 1,037 595 100 1,700 1,628 227 17 2,164 9,760 19,746 8 1,315 1,521 150 909 8,865 32 340 20 641 250 280 100 400 62 4,847 2,061 3,613 878 1,922 1,185 6 1,202 434 410 6,524 3,904 3,625 2,981 16,355 1
2009/05 0.00 0.00 24.15 2.05 -3.43 153.33 85.84 44.77 0.00 -16.87 -16.34 -12.69 6.25 -11.09 5.55 -8.34 0.00 -15.43 -15.50 -32.74 13.62 3.30 -12.82 0.00 17.83 117.39 75.00 5.26 116.22 12.73 -3.47 -11.85 -27.25 16.91 69.19 523.68 50.00 50.25 -12.50 -4.65 -14.48 -10.62 14.97 61.14 -7.84 0.00
2009/08 0.00 0.00 -2.98 -0.77 -2.10 5.56 13.71 -7.03 -2.91 -18.07 -24.28 -31.83 0.00 -5.67 -5.15 -1.66 0.00 -9.12 -6.69 -40.24 -7.15 -8.38 6.67 -8.11 0.00 -13.50 1.21 -5.08 -1.96 0.00 34.78 -8.70 -5.68 -13.69 -24.96 17.63 0.68 0.00 -0.25 -6.47 7.89 -21.25 -11.15 -11.39 -33.30 -6.31 0.00
* or latest available figure (1) Free dailies circulation only
53
DAILIES
PAID-FOR AND FREE DAILIES: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION (000)
(1) Only free dailies figures
54
DAILIES
PAID-FOR AND FREE DAILIES: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION / ADULT POPULATION (copies per thousand)
(1) Free dailies circulation only
55
DAILIES
PAID-FOR AND FREE DAILIES: ADVERTISING REVENUES (national currencies, millions, current prices)
Country Bulgaria (Bulgaria, lev) Czech Republic (Czech koruna) Denmark (Danish krone) Estonia (Estonian kroon) Finland (Finland, euro) France (France, euro) Germany (Germany, euro) Greece (Greece, euro) Hungary (Hungary, forint) Ireland (Ireland, euro) Italy (Italy, euro)1,601 Latvia (Latvian lat) Lithuania (Lithuania, litas) Luxembourg (Luxembourg, euro) Netherlands, The (Netherlands, euro) Poland (Poland, zloty) Romania (Romania, new leu) Serbia (Serbian dinar) Slovakia (Slovak koruna) Spain (Spain, euro) Sweden (Swedish krona) Ukraine (Ukraine, hryvnia) United Kingdom (British pound) 2005 71 8,049 2,605 330 519 2,511 4,477 324 53,786 540 1,633 14 134 72 736 2,182 486 1,702 9,404 87 2,455 2006 73 9,186 3,167 402 532 2,608 4,533 364 52,999 606 1,711 16 147 69 748 550 1,864 9,861 143 2,369 2007 75 8,724 3,070 473 708 2,595 4,567 406 53,988 589 1,606 16 151 785 695 1,992 10,244 171 2,374 2008 72 9,131 2,575 417 688 2,510 4,373 384 58,834 608 1,358 14 169 80 727 791 4,494 1,500 1,576 9,942 119 2,127 2009 72 8,043 1,872 257 417 2,043 48,486 -15.20 8 108 79 561 3,525 1,158 8,970 185 1,757 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 0.70 -0.07 -28.14 -22.12 -19.65 -18.62 -9.85 -15.46 -44.29 -19.96 9.47 -23.78 -31.94 -4.62 112.39 -28.43 0.14 -11.92 -27.30 -38.37 -39.39 -18.61 -17.59 -42.65 -36.54 -1.63 -22.83 -21.57 -26.50 -9.78 56.16 -17.38
PAID-FOR AND FREE DAILIES: ADVERTISING REVENUES (USD, million, current prices)
Country Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands, The Poland Romania Serbia Slovakia Spain Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom 2005 45.35 335.51 434.17 26.21 648.75 3,138.13 5,595.75 405.00 269.01 675.37 2,001.25 25.00 48.66 89.75 920.00 673.46 165.14 2,126.88 1,258.90 16.90 4,463.64 2006 46.50 405.92 533.16 32.21 665.00 3,260.00 5,666.12 455.00 251.38 757.37 2,041.25 28.04 53.38 86.62 935.00 194.93 2,329.50 1,336.18 27.36 4,387.04 2007 52.52 429.12 564.34 41.29 969.86 3,554.79 6,256.71 556.16 293.38 807.12 2,344.38 30.59 59.49 1,075.34 283.80 2,728.63 1,515.38 33.09 4,748.00 2008 53.43 533.98 504.90 38.94 1,011.76 3,691.18 6,431.47 564.71 340.67 893.82 2,361.47 27.76 71.18 117.50 1,069.12 312.45 80.05 70.03 2,317.06 1,508.65 22.09 3,938.15 2009 50.85 421.32 349.25 22.76 579.17 2,837.50 239.59 1,885.56 15.29 43.17 109.17 779.17 51.86 1,608.33 1,172.55 22.75 2,745.47 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 12.13 25.58 -19.56 -13.16 -10.73 -9.58 -10.94 -5.78 -38.84 -11.28 21.64 -15.31 -24.38 -6.86 34.62 -38.49 -4.83 -21.10 -30.83 -41.55 -42.76 -23.13 -29.67 -20.15 -44.92 -39.35 -7.09 -27.12 -35.22 -30.59 -22.28 2.99 -30.29
56
DAILIES
PAID-FOR AND FREE DAILIES: ADVERTISING REVENUES (USD, million, current prices)
PAID-FOR AND FREE DAILIES: CHANGE IN ADVERTISING REVENUES (current prices), 2009/08 (%)
57
DAILIES
TOP 100 DAILY NEWSPAPER WEBSITES
Title 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 The Guardian The Daily Telegraph Daily Mail El Mundo The Sun The Times Marca Komsomolskaya pravda Financial Times The Independent Bild Sport-Express La Repubblica Daily Mirror Corriere Della Sera Gazeta Wyborcza Le Figaro Le Monde Aftonbladet Iz ruk v ruki El Pais Sport Le Parisien Il Sole 24 Ore Gazeta VG 20 Minutes Mundo Deportivo Liberation De Telegraaf 20 Minutos Vedomosti Kommersant La Vanguardia Rossijskaya Gazeta Die Welt Izvestia Mlada fronta Dnes Pravo La Gazzette Dello Sport Sddeutsche Zeitung Moskovsky Komsomolets Sovetsky Sport Metro As RBC daily London Evening Standard 20 Minuten The Irish Times Ouest France Country United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom Spain United Kingdom United Kingdom Spain Russia United Kingdom United Kingdom Germany Russia Italy United Kingdom Italy Poland France France Sweden Russia Spain Spain France Italy Russia Norway France Spain France Netherlands, The Spain Russia Russia Spain Russia Germany Russia Czech Republic Czech Republic Italy Germany Russia Russia United Kingdom Spain Russia United Kingdom Switzerland Ireland France Website guardian.co.uk telegraph.co.uk dailymail.co.uk elmundo.es thesun.co.uk timesonline.co.uk marca.com kp.ru ft.com independent.co.uk bild.de sport-expess.ru repubblica.it mirror.co.uk corriere.it wyborcza.pl lefigaro.f lemonde.fr aftonbladet.se irr.ru elpais.com sport.es leparisien.fr ilsole24ore.com gzt.ru vg.no 20minutes.fr elmundodeportivo.es liberation.fr telegraaf.nl 20minutos.es vedomosti.ru kommersant.ru lavanguardia.es rg.ru welt.de izvestia.ru idnes.cz novinky.cz gazzetta.it sueddeutsche.de mk.ru sovsport.ru metro.co.uk as.com rbcdaily.ru standard.co.uk 20min.ch irishtimes.com ouest-france.fr Unique visitors per month (000) 36,981 30,711 26,000 22,257 20,907 19,855 18,677 12,618 11,397 9,348 6,920 6,798 6,700 6,400 6,100 6,089 5,364 5,347 5,093 5,016 5,000 4,854 3,943 3,900 3,742 3,710 3,699 3,655 3,649 3,545 3,500 3,491 3,408 3,332 3,311 3,270 3,212 3,205 3,162 3,100 3,010 2,997 2,867 2,839 2,600 2,564 2,501 2,442 2,314 2,303
Continued on the following page
58
DAILIES
TOP 100 DAILY NEWSPAPER WEBSITES - continued
Title 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 The Irish Independent Nezavisimaya gazeta Expressen Trud ABC AD Dagbladet Blick Publico El Periodico de Catalunya Iltalehti Expansion Rheinsiche Post Ilta-Sanomat La Stampa Die Zeit FAZ Postimees de Volkskrant The Scotsman Pravo Segodnia NZZ, Neue Zrcher Zeitung Dziennik PES La Voz de Galicia Libertatea Tages-Anzeiger Dagens Nyheter Ekstrabladet Le Journal du Dimanche Gazeta po ukrainsky La Depeche du Midi Gazeta Sporturilor Sme Cancan WAZ Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Komsomolskaya pravda v Ukraine Helsingin Sanomat Corriere Dello Sport Belfast Telegraph Online Hamburger Abendblatt Evenimentul Zilei Il Giornale Aftenposten Gandul NRC Rzeczpospolita La Nueva Espana Gazeta po Kievsky Novye Izvestia Country Ireland Russia Sweden Russia Spain Netherlands, The Norway Switzerland Spain Spain Finland Spain Germany Finland Italy Germany Germany Estonia Netherlands, The United Kingdom Czech Republic Ukraine Switzerland Poland Spain Romania Switzerland Sweden Denmark France Ukraine France Romania Slovakia Romania Germany Ukraine Finland Italy United Kingdom Germany Romania Italy Norway Romania Netherlands, The Poland Spain Ukraine Russia Website independent.ie ng.ru expressen.se trud.ru abc.es ad.nl dagbladet.no blick.ch publico.es elperiodico.com iltalehti.fi expansion.es rp-online.de iltasanomat.fi lastampa.it zeit.de faz.netz postimees.ee volkskrant.nl www.scotsman.com sport.cz segodnya.ua nzz.ch dziennik.pl lavozdegalicia.es libertatea.ro tagesanzeiger.ch dn.se ekstrabladet.dk lejdd.fr gazeta.ua ladepeche.fr gsp.ro sme.sk cancan.ro derwesten.de kp.ua hs.fi corrieredellosport.it belfasttelegraph.co.uk abendblattt.de evz.ro ilgiornale.it aftenposten.no gandul.info nrc.nl rzeczpospolita.pl lne.es mycityua.com newizv.ru Unique visitors per month (000) 2,301 2,286 2,277 2,217 2,200 2,162 2,157 2,090 2,012 2,006 1,937 1,923 1,890 1,823 1,800 1,720 1,710 1,700 1,697 1,680 1,567 1,555 1,499 1,470 1,465 1,423 1,407 1,396 1,393 1,369 1,368 1,355 1,338 1,311 1,292 1,290 1,285 1,236 1,200 1,180 1,180 1,163 1,100 1,081 1,073 1,065 1,065 1,047 1,020 998
Source: see respective country reports, table 6.c Top daily newspaper websites
59
DAILIES
COUNTRIES OF TOP 100 DAILY NEWSPAPER WEBSITES
Country 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Russia Spain United Kingdom France Germany Italy Romania Netherlands, The Switzerland Ukraine Czech Republic Finland Norway Poland Sweden Ireland Denmark Estonia Slovakia No. top 100 daily newspaper websites 14 14 12 8 8 7 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 1 1
NUMBER OF DAILY NEWSPAPER WEBSITES (ONLINE EDITIONS)

Country Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Gibraltar Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Luxembourg Macedonia Moldova Netherlands, The Norway Poland Portugal Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine Vatican 2005 16 18 31 10 9 35 12 53 384 2 24 4 3 96 16 6 10 35 77 42 32 11 11 7 59 70 29 579 1 2006 16 20 35 12 13 38 12 52 382 2 25 3 3 96 16 6 29 78 45 16 521 11 8 53 75 34 1 2007 15 22 37 13 38 16 52 386 2 30 5 4 107 18 12 31 74 50 22 510 7 51 77 36 17 1 2008 15 14 45 16 11 38 15 50 267 2 30 5 106 4 18 8 33 74 50 16 495 9 7 78 34 40 1 2009 15 14 16 11 58 11 49 267 2 35 2 108 4 8 33 39 542 9 7 78 33 27 1 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 -6.25 -22.22 60.00 22.22 65.71 -8.33 -7.55 -30.47 0.00 45.83 -50.00 12.50 33.33 -5.71 -7.14 -18.18 0.00 11.43 13.79 -95.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 52.63 -26.67 -2.00 0.00 0.00 16.67 -60.00 1.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 -22.00 9.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 -2.94 -32.50 0.00
60
NON-DAILIES
PAID-FOR NON-DAILIES: NUMBER OF TITLES
Change (%) Country Albania Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Faroe Islands Finland Germany Gibraltar Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Man, Isle of Moldova Monaco Montenegro Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovenia Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom
No.titles 2009* 82.00 87.00 2.00 100.00 359.00 132.00 209.00 1.00 27.00 2.00 143.00 27.00 4.00 13.00 11.00 94.00 5.00 74.00 275.00 12.00 7.00 2.00 120.00 2.00 44.00 154.00 19.00 29.00 41.00 27,391 409.00 160.00 82.00 103.00 2,296 521.00
2005 80 110 363 132 234 1 27 2 148 27 4 15 12 111 64 9 6 2 120 2 20 86 15 18 17 25,686 178 78 111 212 531
2006 81 115 383 232 1 27 3 147 28 4 16 13 111 5 81 9 7 2 2 20 142 18 29 26,112 180 79 109 100 528
2007 81 120 2 46 384 228 1 28 2 145 28 4 15 12 94 98 304 7 2 2 42 151 18 33 26,100 184 81 105 522
2008 82 118 2 46 358 223 1 26 2 144 28 4 13 10 94 98 302 12 7 2 2 42 151 18 29 26,930 111 185 82 101 2,450 521
2009 82 87 2 100 359 209 1 27 2 143 27 4 13 11 94 74 275 12 7 2 2 44 154 19 29 41 27,391 409 160 82 103 2,296 521
2009/05 2.50 -20.91 -1.10 -10.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 -3.38 0.00 0.00 -13.33 -8.33 -15.32 15.63 33.33 16.67 0.00 0.00 120 79.07 26.67 61.11 141.18 6.64 -10.11 5.13 -7.21 983.02 -1.88
2009/08 0.00 -26.27 0.00 117.39 0.28 -6.28 0.00 3.85 0.00 -0.69 -3.57 0.00 0.00 10.00 0.00 -24.49 -8.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.76 1.99 5.56 0.00 1.71 268.47 -13.51 0.00 1.98 -6.29 0.00
Adult No. titles/adult population population (million) (000) 2009* 2,799 7,094 8,786 3,945 6,538 3,678 8,987 4,503 1,140 39 4,435 70,854 24 9,508 251 3,526 48,043 1,951 2,845 401 339 63 3,553 28 565 3,829 32,315 8,961 18,761 120,812 6,260 1,756 7,591 6,602 39,395 49,206 29.3 12.3 0.2 25.4 54.9 35.9 23.3 0.2 23.7 51.3 32.2 0.4 166.7 1.4 43.8 26.7 0.1 37.9 96.7 29.9 20.7 31.8 33.8 71.4 77.9 40.2 0.6 3.2 2.2 226.7 65.3 91.1 10.8 15.6 58.3 10.6
61
NON-DAILIES
PAID-FOR NON-DAILIES: NUMBER OF TITLES
62
NON-DAILIES
PAID-FOR NON-DAILIES: NUMBER OF TITLES / ADULT POPULATION (titles per million)
63
NON-DAILIES
PAID-FOR NON-DAILIES: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION (000)
Change (%) Average circulation (000) 2009* 3,900 1,689 53 213 6 909 1,912 230 13 1,054 1,062 87 1,000 621 335 722 399 438 6,937 5,189 Adult Average circulation/ population adult population (000) (copies per 000) 2009* 6,538 8,987 4,503 1,140 39 4,435 70,854 9,508 241 3,526 1,959 401 2,931 3,829 32,315 18,761 7,591 6,602 40,271 49,206 596.5 187.9 11.8 186.8 153.9 205.0 27.0 24.2 53.9 298.9 542.2 217.0 341.2 162.2 10.4 38.5 52.6 66.3 172.3 105.5
Country Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Faroe Islands Finland Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Latvia Luxembourg Moldova Norway Poland Romania Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom * or latest available figure
2005 3,063 2,195 61 209 6 934 2,042 367 23 897 538 80 890 444 280 240 395 517 3,280 6,180
2006 3,135 1,700 59 208 11 923 2,055 325 30 897 729 87 950 590 298 233 401 490 6,937 5,888
2007 3,420 1,630 61 239 6 914 1,983 281 27 1,052 1,285 87 1,000 623 280 216 403 517 5,758
2008 3,831 1,630 61 214 6 933 1,982 233 13 1,053 1,062 88 255 198 389 445 5,672
2009 3,900 1,689 53 213 6 909 1,912 230 1,054 87 621 335 722 399 438 5,189
2009/05 27.33 -23.05 -13.11 1.91 0.00 -2.68 -6.37 -37.33 17.50 8.75 39.86 19.64 200.83 1.01 -15.28 -16.04
2009/08 1.80 3.62 -13.11 -0.47 0.00 -2.57 -3.53 -1.29 0.09 -1.14 31.37 264.65 2.57 -1.57 -8.52
64
NON-DAILIES
PAID-FOR NON-DAILIES: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION (000)
PAID-FOR NON-DAILIES: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION (000) / ADULT POPULATION (copies per thousand)
65
NON-DAILIES
PAID-FOR NON-DAILIES: ANNUAL COPY SALES (millions of copies)
Country Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland Greece Iceland Ireland Latvia Moldova Norway Poland Portugal Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom 2005 85.0 3.0 17.0 87.0 23.0 1.3 46.5 37.0 40.1 54.0 20.0 18.2 38.0 44.0 173.5 319.0 2006 58.4 3.0 18.2 87.0 22.9 2.4 46.4 62.0 20.2 20.6 38.7 41.0 304.0 2007 64.0 3.0 18.6 85.0 19.0 48.7 67.0 20.3 23.6 34.4 42.0 298.0 2008 58.0 3.0 16.0 80.0 16.0 48.6 17.4 21.2 33.2 39.0 289.0 2009 61.0 3.0 17.0 77.0 47.6 64.0 16.7 33.8 38.0 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 -28.24 0.00 0.00 -11.49 2.37 18.52 -16.50 -11.05 -13.64 5.17 0.00 6.25 -3.75 -2.06 -4.02 1.81 -2.56 -
66
NON-DAILIES
PAID-FOR NON-DAILIES: ANNUAL COPY SALES (millions of copies)
PAID-FOR NON-DAILIES: CHANGE IN ANNUAL COPY SALES (number of copies), 2009/08 (%)
67
NON-DAILIES
PAID-FOR NON-DAILIES: SALES REVENUES (national currencies, millions, current prices)
Country Czech Republic (Czech koruna) Estonia (Estonian kroon) Finland (Finland, euro) Germany (Germany, euro) Greece (Greece, euro) Iceland (Icelandic krona) Ireland (Ireland, euro) Latvia (Latvian lat) Portugal (Portugal, euro) Sweden (Swedish krona) Ukraine (Ukraine, hryvnia) United Kingdom (British pound) 2005 1,092 112.0 202.0 55.0 175.0 78.3 8,714 22.5 124.0 153.1 2006 787.0 86.0 52.0 200.7 353.0 82.4 21.4 2007 812.0 114.0 53.0 198.3 134.0 86.6 29.2 169.0 2008 795.0 121.0 202.3 135.0 86.1 27.9 236.8 2009 837.0 111.0 55.0 87.7 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 -23.35 -0.89 12.01 5.28 -8.26 1.86 -
PAID-FOR NON-DAILIES: SALES REVENUES (USD, million, current prices)

Country Czech Republic Estonia Finland Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Latvia Portugal Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom 2005 45.52 8.90 252.50 68.75 2.78 97.87 15.6 28.13 16.6 29.67 2006 34.78 6.90 65.00 250.87 5.04 103.00 26.75 2007 39.94 9.96 72.60 271.64 2.09 118.63 40.00 338.00 2008 46.49 11.30 297.50 1.52 126.62 41.03 438.52 2009 43.84 9.83 76.39 121.81 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 -3.69 10.45 24.46 -5.70 -13.01 -3.80 -
68
NON-DAILIES
PAID-FOR NON-DAILIES: SALES REVENUES (USD, million, current prices)
PAID-FOR NON-DAILIES: CHANGE IN SALES REVENUES (current prices), 2009/08 (%)

69
NON-DAILIES
PAID-FOR NON-DAILIES: ADVERTISING REVENUES (national currencies, millions, current prices)
Country Bulgaria (Bulgaria, lev) Estonia (Estonian kroon) Finland (Finland, euro) France (France, euro) Germany (Germany, euro) Iceland (Icelandic krona) Ireland (Ireland, euro) Latvia (Latvian lat) Lithuania (Lithuania, litas) Luxembourg (Luxembourg, euro) Netherlands, The (Netherlands, euro) Sweden (Swedish krona) Ukraine (Ukraine, hryvnia) United Kingdom (British pound) 2005 21.0 105.0 56.0 2,242.8 252.8 263.7 161.9 7.0 24.8 9.4 7.0 250.0 56.8 616.0 2006 22.5 134.3 58.0 2,236.0 260.2 424.6 186.0 7.5 30.4 5.4 8.0 490.0 586.0 2007 21.4 178.0 67.0 2,162.0 269.7 175.0 189.2 7.7 33.7 9.0 504.0 589.9 2008 24.0 159.0 67.0 2,071.0 265.7 156.0 220.1 7.1 49.9 5.7 8.0 481.0 481.4 2009 20.2 100.0 57.2 1,706 4.8 38.2 5.9 6.0 390.0 200.6 351.5 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 -3.81 -4.76 2.14 -23.93 -31.43 54.03 -37.23 -14.29 56.00 253.17 -42.94 -15.83 -37.11 -14.63 -17.62 -32.39 -23.45 3.51 -25.00 -18.92 -26.98
PAID-FOR NON-DAILIES: ADVERTISING REVENUES (national currencies, millions, current prices)

Country Bulgaria Estonia Finland France Germany Iceland Ireland Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands, The Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom 2005 13.38 8.34 70.00 2,803.50 316.00 4.19 202.38 12.50 8.99 11.75 8.75 33.47 11.01 1,120.00 2006 14.33 10.77 72.50 2,795.00 325.25 6.06 232.50 13.39 11.05 6.75 10.00 66.4 1,085.19 2007 14.97 15.55 91.78 2,961.64 369.45 2.72 259.18 15.10 13.32 12.33 74.56 1,179.80 2008 17.91 14.85 98.53 3,045.59 390.74 1.76 323.68 14.49 20.97 8.38 11.76 72.99 891.48 2009 14.33 8.86 79.44 2,369.44 9.41 15.34 8.19 8.33 50.98 24.64 549.22 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 7.10 6.24 13.49 -15.48 -24.72 70.63 -30.30 -4.80 52.32 123.80 -50.96 -19.99 -40.34 -19.37 -22.20 -35.06 -26.85 -2.27 -29.17 -30.15 -38.39
70
NON-DAILIES
PAID-FOR NON-DAILIES: ADVERTISING REVENUES (USD, million, current prices)
PAID-FOR NON-DAILIES: CHANGE IN ADVERTISING REVENUES (current prices), 2009/08 (%)

71
NON-DAILIES
FREE NON-DAILIES: NUMBER OF TITLES
Change (%) Country Austria Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Faroe Islands Finland Germany Gibraltar Hungary Iceland Ireland Latvia Luxembourg Man, Isle of Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Slovenia Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom
No.titles 2009* 136 25 75 268 269 4 2 45 1,414 1 3 9 57 14 2 1 26 2 6 34 620 70 55 89 588
2005 103 75 252 285 2 1 1,306 1 11 40 7 7 1 5 9 298 56 43 645
2006 95 250 266 2 1 1,350 1 11 40 8 6 1 26 2 3 430 60 54 12 652
2007 127 247 279 2 2 1,374 1 12 57 6 1 2 6 510 64 54 643
2008 125 23 268 273 2 2 1,393 1 3 11 57 6 2 1 2 6 580 68 55 141 624
2009 136 25 268 269 4 2 45 1,414 1 9 57 14 2 1 2 6 34 620 70 55 89 588
2009/05 32.04 6.35 -5.61 100.00 100.00 8.27 0.00 -18.18 42.50 100.00 -71.43 0.00 -60.00 -33.33 108.05 25.00 27.91 -8.84
2009/08 8.80 8.70 0.00 -1.47 100.00 0.00 1.51 0.00 -18.18 0.00 133.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.90 2.94 0.00 -36.88 -5.77
Adult No. titles/adult population population (million) (000) 2009* 7,094 6,538 3,678 8,987 4,503 1,140 39 4,435 70,854 24 9,849 251 3,526 1,951 401 63 3,776 32,315 8,961 18,761 120,812 1,756 7,591 39,395 49,206 19.2 3.8 20.4 29.8 59.7 3.5 51.3 10.2 20.0 41.7 0.3 35.9 16.2 7.2 5.0 15.9 6.9 0.1 0.7 1.8 5.1 39.9 7.3 2.3 12.0
72
NON-DAILIES
FREE NON-DAILIES: NUMBER OF TITLES
FREE NON-DAILIES: NUMBER OF TITLES / ADULT POPULATION (titles per million)

73
NON-DAILIES
FREE NON-DAILIES: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION (000)
Change (%) Average circulation (000) 2009* 600 11,529 8,151 96 26 91,900 935 45 1,017 700 165 916 346 3,612 950 1,636 4,591 16,157 Adult Average circulation/ population adult population (000) (copies per 000) 2009* 3,783 8,987 4,503 1,140 39 70,854 9,849 241 3,526 1,959 401 3,776 32,315 18,761 1,748 7,591 40,271 49,206 158.6 1,282.9 1,810.1 84.2 666.7 1,297.0 94.9 186.7 288.4 357.4 411.5 242.6 10.7 192.5 543.5 215.5 114.0 328.4
Country Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Faroe Islands Germany Hungary Iceland Ireland Latvia Luxembourg Norway Poland Romania Slovenia Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom
2005 11,225 8,400 37 20 85,600 52 250 402 257 1,319 600 1,603 24,730
2006 9,700 9,039 42 19 86,400 57 250 412 172 916 519 600 1,908 4,591 23,562
2007 600 10,230 9,540 36 26 88,600 59 1,027 533 170 428 800 2,091 22,326
2008 600 10,804 8,700 34 26 90,000 935 45 1,027 700 165 325 950 1,986 21,428
2009 11,529 8,151 96 26 91,900 1,017 165 346 3,612 1,636 16,157
2009/05 2.71 -2.96 159.46 30.00 7.36 306.80 -35.80 -73.77 2.06 -34.67
2009/08 6.71 -6.31 182.35 0.00 2.11 -0.97 0.00 6.46 -17.62 -24.60
74
NON-DAILIES
FREE NON-DAILIES: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION (000)
FREE NON-DAILIES: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION / ADULT POPULATION (copies per thousand)
75
NON-DAILIES
FREE NON-DAILIES: ADVERTISING REVENUES (national currencies, millions, current prices)
Country Estonia (Estonian kroon) Finland (Finland, euro) Hungary (Hungary, forint) Iceland (Icelandic krona) Latvia (Latvian lat) Luxembourg (Luxembourg, euro) Ukraine (Ukraine, hryvnia) United Kingdom (British pound) 2005 17.4 68.0 185.1 4.6 1,178.0 2006 69.0 218.9 0.2 4.3 1,097.0 2007 7.5 68.0 338.0 1,084.5 2008 8.0 3,500 229.0 4.0 938.4 2009 16.0 67.6 3.6 1.5 706.2 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 -8.05 -0.59 -21.74 -40.05 100.00 -10.00 -24.74
FREE NON-DAILIES: ADVERTISING REVENUES (USD, million, current prices)

Country Estonia Finland Hungary Iceland Latvia Luxembourg Ukraine United Kingdom 2005 1.38 85.00 2.94 0.36 5.75 2,141.82 2006 86.25 3.12 5.37 2,031.48 2007 0.66 93.15 5.26 2,169.00 2008 0.75 20.27 2.58 5.88 1,737.78 2009 1.42 93.89 5.00 0.18 1,103.44 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 2.90 10.46 -13.04 -48.48 89.33 -14.97 -36.50
76
NON-DAILIES
PAID-FOR AND FREE NON-DAILIES: NUMBER OF TITLES
Change (%) Country Albania Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Faroe Islands Finland Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Man, Isle of Moldova Monaco Montenegro Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovenia Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom
No.titles 2009* 82 223 2 100 384 207 477 270 31 4 188 1,441 5 13 3 20 151 5 88 275 14 7 3 120 2 44 154 21 35 75 28,011 409 230 137 103 2,385 1,109
2005 80 213 363 207 486 286 29 3 148 1,333 5 15 23 151 71 16 6 3 120 2 20 86 20 27 17 25,984 234 121 111 212 1,176
2006 81 210 383 482 267 29 4 147 1,378 5 16 24 151 5 89 15 7 3 2 20 168 20 32 26,542 240 133 109 112 1,180
2007 81 247 2 46 384 475 280 30 4 145 1,402 5 15 24 151 104 304 7 3 2 42 151 20 39 26,610 248 135 105 1,165
2008 82 243 2 46 381 491 274 28 4 144 1,421 5 13 3 21 151 104 302 14 7 3 2 42 151 20 35 27,510 111 253 137 101 2,591 1,145
2009 82 223 2 100 384 477 270 31 4 188 1,441 5 13 20 151 88 275 14 7 3 2 44 154 21 35 75 28,011 409 230 137 103 2,385 1,109
2009/05 2.50 4.69 5.79 -1.85 -5.59 6.90 33.33 27.03 8.10 0.00 -13.33 -13.04 0.00 23.94 -12.50 16.67 0.00 0.00 120.00 79.07 5.00 29.63 341.18 7.80 -1.71 13.22 -7.21 1,025.00 -5.70
2009/08 0.00 -8.23 0.00 117.39 0.79 -2.85 -1.46 10.71 0.00 30.56 1.41 0.00 0.00 -4.76 0.00 -15.38 -8.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.76 1.99 5.00 0.00 1.82 268.47 -9.09 0.00 1.98 -7.95 -3.14
Adult No. titles/adult population population (million) (000) 2009* 2,799 7,094 8,786 3,945 6,538 3,678 8,987 4,503 1,140 39 4,435 70,854 24 9,508 9,849 251 3,526 48,043 1,951 2,845 401 339 63 3,553 28 565 3,829 32,315 8,961 18,761 120,812 6,260 1,756 7,591 6,602 39,395 49,206 29.3 31.4 0.2 25.4 58.7 56.3 53.1 60.0 27.2 102.6 42.4 20.3 208.3 1.4 0.3 79.7 42.8 0.1 45.1 96.7 34.9 20.7 47.6 33.8 71.4 77.9 40.2 0.7 3.9 4.0 231.9 65.3 131.0 18.1 15.6 60.5 22.5
77
NON-DAILIES
PAID-FOR AND FREE NON-DAILIES: NUMBER OF TITLES
78
NON-DAILIES
PAID-FOR AND FREE NON-DAILIES: NUMBER OF TITLES / ADULT POPULATION (titles per million)
79
NON-DAILIES
PAID-FOR AND FREE NON-DAILIES: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION (000)
Change (%) Average circulation (000) 2009* 3,900 600 13,218 8,204 309 32 909 93,812 230 935 58 2,071 1,762 252 1,000 621 681 4,334 950 2,035 438 11,528 21,346 Adult Average circulation/ population adult population (000) (copies per 000) 2009* 6,538 3,783 8,987 4,503 1,140 39 4,435 70,854 9,508 9,849 241 3,526 1,959 401 2,931 3,829 32,315 18,761 1,748 7,591 6,602 40,271 49,206 596.5 158.6 1,470.8 1,821.9 271.1 820.5 205.0 1,324.0 24.2 94.9 240.7 587.3 899.6 628.4 341.2 162.2 21.1 231.0 543.5 268.1 66.3 286.3 433.8
Country Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Faroe Islands Finland Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Latvia Luxembourg Moldova Norway Poland Romania Slovenia Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom * or latest available figure
2005 3,063 13,420 8,461 246 26 934 87,642 367 75 1,147 940 337 890 444 1,599 240 600 1,998 517 3,280 30,910
2006 3,135 11,400 9,098 250 30 923 88,455 325 87 1,147 1,141 259 950 1,506 817 233 600 2,309 490 11,528 29,450
2007 3,420 600 11,860 9,601 275 32 914 90,583 281 86 2,079 1,818 257 1,000 623 708 216 800 2,494 517 28,084
2008 3,831 600 12,434 8,761 248 32 933 91,982 233 935 58 2,080 1,762 253 580 198 950 2,375 445 27,100
2009 3,900 13,218 8,204 309 32 909 93,812 230 2,071 252 621 681 4,334 2,035 438 21,346
2009/05 27.33 -1.51 -3.04 25.61 23.08 -2.68 7.04 -37.33 80.56 -25.22 39.86 -57.41 1,705.83 1.85 -15.28 -30.94
2009/05 1.80 6.31 -6.36 24.60 0.00 -2.57 1.99 -1.29 -0.43 -0.40 17.41 2,088.89 -14.32 -1.57 -21.23
80
NON-DAILIES
PAID-FOR AND FREE NON-DAILIES: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION (000)
PAID-FOR AND FREE NON-DAILIES: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION (000) / ADULT POPULATION (copies per thousand)
81
NON-DAILIES
PAID-FOR AND FREE NON-DAILIES: ADVERTISING REVENUES (national currencies, millions, current prices)
Country Bulgaria (Bulgaria, lev) Estonia (Estonian kroon) Finland (Finland, euro) France (France, euro) Germany (Germany, euro) Hungary (Hungary, forint) Iceland (Icelandic krona) Ireland (Ireland, euro) Latvia (Latvian lat) Lithuania (Lithuania, litas) Luxembourg (Luxembourg, euro) Netherlands, The (Netherlands, euro) Sweden (Swedish krona) Ukraine (Ukraine, hryvnia) United Kingdom (British pound) 2005 21.0 122.4 124.0 2,242.8 252.8 448.8 161.9 7.0 24.8 14.0 7.0 250.0 56.8 1,794.0 2006 22.5 134.3 127.0 2,236.0 260.2 643.5 186.0 7.7 30.4 9.7 8.0 490.0 1,683.0 2007 21.4 185.5 135.0 2,162.0 269.7 513.0 189.2 7.7 33.7 9.0 504.0 1,674.4 2008 24.0 167.0 67.0 2,071.0 265.7 3,500 385.0 220.1 7.1 49.9 9.7 8.0 481.0 1,419.8 2009 20.2 116.0 124.8 1,706.0 4.8 38.2 9.5 6.0 390.0 202.1 1,057.7 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 -3.81 -5.23 0.65 -23.93 -31.43 54.03 -32.14 -14.29 56.00 255.81 -41.04 -15.83 -30.54 86.27 -17.62 -32.39 -23.45 -2.06 -25.00 -18.92 -25.50
PAID-FOR AND FREE NON-DAILIES: ADVERTISING REVENUES (USD, million, current prices)
Country Bulgaria Estonia Finland France Germany Hungary Iceland Ireland Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands, The Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom 2005 13.38 9.72 155.00 2,803.50 316.00 7.13 202.38 12.50 8.99 17.5 8.75 33.47 11.01 3,261.82 2006 14.33 10.77 158.75 2,795.00 325.25 9.18 232.50 13.75 11.05 12.12 10.00 66.40 3,116.67 2007 14.97 16.20 184.93 2,961.64 369.45 7.99 259.18 15.10 13.32 12.33 74.56 3,348.80 2008 17.91 15.59 98.53 3,045.59 390.74 20.27 4.35 323.68 14.49 20.97 14.26 11.76 72.99 2,629.26 2009 14.33 10.27 173.33 2,369.44 9.41 15.34 13.19 8.33 50.98 24.83 1,652.66 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 7.10 5.66 11.83 -15.48 -24.72 70.63 -24.63 -4.80 52.32 125.52 -49.33 -19.99 -34.12 75.92 -22.20 -35.06 -26.85 -7.50 -29.17 -30.15 -37.14
82
NON-DAILIES
PAID-FOR AND FREE NON-DAILIES: ADVERTISING REVENUES (USD, million, current prices)
PAID-FOR AND FREE NON-DAILIES: CHANGES IN ADVERTISING REVENUES (current prices), 2009/08 (%)
83
NON-DAILIES
NUMBER OF NON-DAILY NEWSPAPER WEBSITES (ONLINE EDITIONS)
Country Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Hungary Iceland Latvia Luxembourg Norway Poland Portugal Russia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine 2005 20 2 30 1 29 88 18 25 6 60 11 67 4,521 43 47 6 1,000 2006 25 35 1 30 100 19 38 6 16 22 7,140 103 7 2007 2 25 50 1 39 112 21 72 130 20 32 10,050 103 10 2008 2 25 50 1 28 120 13 3 21 66 6 135 20 21 17,950 103 9 2009 2 50 1 26 119 13 19 8 21 25,689 103 12 46 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 66.67 0.00 -10.34 35.23 5.56 33.33 90.91 468.21 119.15 100.00 -95.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 -7.14 -0.83 0.00 -9.52 33.33 5.00 43.11 0.00 33.33 -
84
SUNDAYS
PAID-FOR SUNDAYS: NUMBER OF TITLES
Change (%) Country Belgium Czech Republic France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Malta Netherlands, The Romania Slovakia Slovenia Switzerland United Kingdom
No.titles 2009* 3 3 45 6 6 4 9 6 1 9 1 2 15 22
2005 4 33 6 4 6 10 6 2 4 1 2 4 25
2006 3 34 6 4 3 10 6 2 5 1 2 7 23
2007 3 3 37 7 5 3 9 6 2 7 1 2 13 22
2008 3 3 42 6 6 4 9 6 2 8 1 2 15 22
2009 3 3 45 6 6 4 9 6 1 9 1 2 15 22
2009/05 -25.00 36.36 0.00 50.00 -33.33 -10.00 0.00 -50.00 125.00 0.00 0.00 275.00 -12.00
2009/08 0.00 0.00 7.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -50.00 12.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Adult No. titles/adult population population (million) (000) 2009* 8,786 8,987 50,429 70,854 9,508 9,915 3,526 339 13,562 18,761 4,600 1,756 6,602 49,206 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.1 0.6 0.4 2.6 17.7 0.1 0.5 0.2 1.1 2.3 0.5
PAID-FOR SUNDAYS: NUMBER OF TITLES

PAID-FOR SUNDAYS: NUMBER OF TITLES / ADULT POPULATION (titles per million)

85
SUNDAYS
PAID-FOR SUNDAYS: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION (000)
Change (%) Average circulation (000) 2009* 386 4,532 3,477 290 438 1,115 639 401 56 147 1,106 11,465 Adult Average circulation/ population adult population (000) (copies per 000) 2009* 8,987 50,429 70,854 9,508 9,915 3,526 13,562 18,761 4,600 1,748 6,602 49,206 43.0 89.9 49.1 30.5 44.2 316.2 47.1 21.4 12.2 84.1 167.5 233.0
Country Czech Republic France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Netherlands, The Romania Slovakia Slovenia Switzerland United Kingdom * or latest available figure
2005 531 4,308 3,868 227 440 1,238 737 297 60 213 813 14,363
2006 476 4,282 3,830 236 430 1,220 723 360 65 213 869 13,528
2007 441 4,308 3,677 244 400 1,187 723 387 65 166 1,007 12,868
2008 417 4,339 3,521 297 457 1,150 732 374 63 147 1,182 12,183
2009 386 4,532 3,477 290 438 1,115 639 401 56 1,106 11,465
2009/05 -27.31 5.20 -10.11 27.75 -0.45 -9.94 -13.30 35.02 -6.67 36.04 -20.18
2009/08 -7.43 4.45 -1.25 -2.36 -4.16 -3.04 -12.70 7.22 -11.11 -6.43 -5.89
PAID-FOR SUNDAYS: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION (000)

PAID-FOR SUNDAYS: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION / ADULT POPULATION (copies per thousand)
86
SUNDAYS
PAID-FOR SUNDAYS: ANNUAL COPY SALES (millions of copies)
Country Czech Republic France Greece Hungary Ireland Netherlands, The Switzerland United Kingdom 2005 27 218 10 33 35.8 42 719 2006 25 223 12.7 22 63.4 37.6 45 678 2007 23 223 13 20 61.7 37.6 52 643 2008 21 224 12 22.9 59.8 38 61 609 2009 20 224 22.3 57.9 33.2 57 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 -25.93 2.75 -32.42 -7.26 35.71 -4.76 0.00 -2.62 -3.18 -12.63 -6.56 -
PAID-FOR SUNDAYS: ANNUAL COPY SALES (millions of copies)

PAID-FOR SUNDAYS: CHANGE IN ANNUAL COPY SALES (number of copies), 2009/08 (%)
87
SUNDAYS
PAID-FOR SUNDAYS: SALES REVENUES (national currencies, millions, current prices)
Country Czech Republic (Czech koruna) Greece (Greece, euro) Hungary (Hungary, forint) Ireland (Ireland, euro) United Kingdom (British pound) 2005 323 180 119 753 2006 221 1,993 118 753 2007 256 2,000 126 771 2008 235 2,342 119 777 2009 232 2,165 126 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 -28.17 5.44 -1.28 -7.56 5.80 -
PAID-FOR SUNDAYS: SALES REVENUES (USD, million, current prices)

Country Czech Republic Greece Hungary Ireland United Kingdom 2005 13.46 225 149.25 1,369.64 2006 9.77 9.45 147.50 1,394.63 2007 12.59 10.87 172.60 1,542.60 2008 13.74 13.56 175.00 1,438.89 2009 12.15 10.70 174.86 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 -9.73 17.16 -11.57 -21.09 -0.08 -
PAID-FOR SUNDAYS: ADVERTISING REVENUES (national currencies, millions, current prices)

Country Czech Republic (Czech koruna) Greece (Greece, euro) Hungary (Hungary, forint) Ireland (Ireland, euro) United Kingdom (British pound) 2005 181 16 1,073 195 365 2006 174 27 1,700 219 350 2007 188 37 1,393 232 343 2008 182 35 1,507 247 307 2009 227 1,347 244 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 25.41 25.54 -33.26 24.73 -10.62 -20.70
PAID-FOR SUNDAYS: ADVERTISING REVENUES (USD, million, current prices)

Country Czech Republic Greece Hungary Ireland United Kingdom 2005 7.54 20.00 5.37 244.13 663.64 2006 7.69 33.75 8.06 273.25 648.15 2007 9.25 50.68 7.57 318.08 686.00 2008 10.64 51.47 8.73 362.65 568.89 2009 11.89 6.66 380.63 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 57.69 24.02 -42.65 11.75 -23.71 -33.09
88
SUNDAYS
FREE SUNDAYS: NUMBER OF TITLES
Change (%) Country Belgium Germany Greece United Kingdom
No.titles 2009* 2 258 1 7
2005 1 201 9
2006 2 239 8
2007 2 238 8
2008 2 255 1 6
2009 2 258 1 7
2009/05 100.00 28.36 -22.22
2009/08 0.00 1.18 0.00 16.67
Adult No. titles/adult population population (million) (000) 2009* 8,786 70,854 9,508 49,206 0.2 3.6 0.1 0.1
FREE SUNDAYS: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION (000)

Change (%) Average circulation (000) 2009* 774 20,100 533 Adult Average circulation/ population adult population (000) (copies per 000) 2009* 8,786 70,854 49,206 88.1 283.7 10.8
Country Belgium Germany United Kingdom * or latest available figure
2005 535 19,000 390
2006 715 19,500 432
2007 766 19,500 302
2008 783 20,000 187
2009 774 20,100 533
2009/05 44.67 5.79 36.67
2009/08 -1.15 0.50 185.03
89
SUNDAYS
PAID-FOR AND FREE SUNDAYS: NUMBER OF TITLES
Change (%) Country Belgium Czech Republic France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Malta Netherlands, The Romania Slovakia Slovenia Switzerland United Kingdom
No.titles 2009* 5 3 45 264 7 4 9 6 1 9 1 2 15 29
2005 1 4 33 207 4 6 10 6 2 4 1 2 4 34
2006 2 3 34 245 4 3 10 6 2 5 1 2 7 31
2007 5 3 37 245 5 3 9 6 2 7 1 2 13 30
2008 5 3 42 261 7 4 9 6 2 8 1 2 15 28
2009 5 3 45 264 7 4 9 6 1 9 1 2 15 29
2009/05 400.00 -25.00 36.36 27.54 75.00 -33.33 -10.00 0.00 -50.00 125.00 0.00 0.00 275.00 -14.71
2009/08 0.00 0.00 7.14 1.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -50.00 12.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.57
Adult No. titles/adult population population (million) (000) 2009* 8,786 8,987 50,429 70,854 9,508 9,915 3,526 339 13,562 18,761 4,600 1,756 6,602 49,206 0.6 0.3 0.9 3.7 0.7 0.4 2.6 17.7 0.1 0.5 0.2 1.1 2.3 0.6
PAID-FOR AND FREE SUNDAYS: NUMBER OF TITLES

PAID-FOR AND FREE SUNDAYS: NUMBER OF TITLES / ADULT POPULATION (titles per million)
90
SUNDAYS
PAID-FOR AND FREE SUNDAYS: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION (000)
Change (%) Average circulation (000) 2009* 774 386 4,532 23,577 290 438 1,115 639 401 56 147 1,106 11,998 Adult Average circulation/ population adult population (000) (copies per 000) 2009* 8,786 8,987 50,429 70,854 9,508 9,915 3,526 13,562 18,761 4,600 1,748 6,602 49,206 88.1 43.0 89.9 332.8 30.5 44.2 316.2 47.1 21.4 12.2 84.1 167.5 243.8
Country Belgium Czech Republic France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Netherlands, The Romania Slovakia Slovenia Switzerland United Kingdom * or latest available figure
2005 535 531 4,308 22,868 227 440 1,238 737 297 60 213 813 14,753
2006 715 476 4,282 23,330 236 430 1,220 723 360 65 213 869 13,960
2007 766 441 4,308 23,177 244 400 1,187 723 387 65 166 1,007 13,170
2008 783 417 4,339 23,521 297 457 1,150 732 374 63 147 1,182 12,370
2009 774 386 4,532 23,577 290 438 1,115 639 401 56 1,106 11,998
2009/05 44.67 -27.31 5.20 3.10 27.75 -0.45 -9.94 -13.30 35.02 -6.67 36.04 -18.67
2009/08 -1.15 -7.43 4.45 0.24 -2.36 -4.16 -3.04 -12.70 7.22 -11.11 -6.43 -3.01
PAID-FOR AND FREE SUNDAYS: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION (000)

PAID-FOR AND FREE SUNDAYS: TOTAL AVERAGE CIRCULATION / ADULT POPULATION (copies per thousand)
91
SUNDAYS
PAID-FOR AND FREE SUNDAYS: ANNUAL COPY SALES (millions of copies)
Country Belgium Czech Republic France Greece Hungary Ireland Netherlands, The Switzerland United Kingdom 2005 26 27 218 10 33 36 42 719 2006 26 25 223 13 22 63 38 45 678 2007 30 23 223 13 20 62 38 52 643 2008 38 21 224 12 23 60 38 61 609 2009 40 20 224 22 58 33 57 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 53.85 -25.93 2.75 -32.42 -7.26 35.71 5.26 -4.76 0.00 -2.62 -3.18 -12.63 -6.56 -
PAID-FOR AND FREE SUNDAYS: ANNUAL COPY SALES (millions of copies)

PAID-FOR AND FREE SUNDAYS: CHANGE IN ANNUAL COPY SALES (number of copies), 2009/08 (%)
92
SUNDAYS
PAID-FOR AND FREE SUNDAYS: ADVERTISING REVENUES (national currencies, millions, current prices)
Country Czech Republic (Czech koruna) Greece (Greece, euro) Hungary (Hungary, forint) Ireland (Ireland, euro) United Kingdom (British pound) 2005 181 16 1,073 195 365 2006 174 27 1,700 219 350 2007 188 37 1,393 232 343 2008 182 40 1,507 247 307 2009 227 1,347 244 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 25.41 25.54 -33.26 24.73 -10.62 -20.70
PAID-FOR AND FREE SUNDAYS: ADVERTISING REVENUES (USD, million, current prices)
Country Czech Republic Greece Hungary Ireland United Kingdom 2005 7.54 20.00 5.37 244.13 663.64 2006 7.69 33.75 8.06 273.25 648.15 2007 9.25 50.68 7.57 318.08 686.00 2008 10.64 58.82 8.73 362.65 568.89 2009 11.89 6.66 380.63 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 57.69 24.02 -42.65 11.75 -23.71 -33.09
NUMBER OF SUNDAY NEWSPAPER WEBSITES (ONLINE EDITIONS)

Country Czech Republic Hungary Ireland Macedonia Netherlands, The Poland Slovenia Switzerland 2005 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 2006 2 2 2 1 1 2007 2 2 2 1 1 2008 2 2 1 2009 3 1 1 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 0.00 -50.00 0.00 50.00 -50.00 0.00
93
NUMBER OF INTERNET USERS (000)
Change (%) No. Internet users (000) 2009* 1,300.0 67.2 6,143.6 4,436.8 8,113.2 1,421.5 3,395.0 2,233.7 433.8 6,680.8 4,750.5 969.7 37.5 4,480.9 44,625.3 65,124.0 20.2 4,970.7 6,176.4 301.6 3,042.6 29,235.9 1,503.4 23.0 1,963.9 424.5 1,057.4 240.6 1,295.0 23.0 280.0 14,872.2 4,431.1 22,450.6 5,168.8 7,786.7 88,068.0 17.0 4,107.0 4,063.6 1,298.5 28,117.6 8,397.9 5,480.0 15,300.0 51,442.1 Adult No. Internet population users/adult (000) population (000) 2009* 2,799 71 7,094 15,123 8,786 3,945 6,538 3,791 644 8,987 4,503 1,140 39 4,435 50,429 70,854 24 9,508 9,915 251 3,526 51,617 1,951 29 2,845 401 1,670 339 3,632 28 565 13,562 3,829 32,315 8,961 18,761 120,812 25 6,260 4,600 1,756 39,463 7,591 6,602 39,395 49,206 464.5 943.7 866.1 293.4 923.4 360.5 519.3 589.3 673.9 743.4 1,055.1 850.9 974.4 1,010.4 884.9 919.1 833.3 522.8 622.9 1,203.2 863.0 566.4 770.4 793.1 690.3 1,059.9 632.9 710.9 356.6 821.4 495.6 1,096.6 1,157.2 694.8 576.8 415.1 729.0 680.0 656.1 883.5 739.8 712.5 1,106.3 830.0 388.4 1,045.4
Country Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands, The Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom
2005 188.0 30.0 4,771.4 2,600.0 6,229.3 806.4 1,545.2 1,472.4 274.3 3,595.7 4,482.1 827.6 33.0 3,906.0 26,156.4 56,623.0 12.0 2,709.5 3,927.2 258.2 1,742.3 20,736.8 1,060.3 22.0 882.9 326.8 538.3 166.0 550.0 18.0 180.0 13,182.0 3,800.6 14,824.8 3,690.3 3,582.7 21,800.0 15.2 2,592.1 2,972.5 1,002.4 20,617.3 7,691.1 5,076.6 1,760.0 41,929.3
2006 300.0 40.0 5,261.0 2,700.0 6,720.6 950.0 2,083.2 1,684.6 302.8 4,900.7 4,706.3 854.0 34.0 4,192.5 28,765.7 59,454.6 14.0 3,575.5 4,731.4 269.8 2,341.4 22,407.2 1,222.7 22.5 1,487.6 340.4 583.2 163.5 727.7 20.0 200.0 13,539.2 3,860.1 17,012.9 4,028.2 5,312.0 25,688.6 15.4 2,911.2 3,022.4 1,083.1 21,950.8 7,997.5 5,300.7 2,100.0 41,687.4
2007 471.2 59.0 5,762.6 2,809.8 7,294.7 1,055.0 2,570.4 1,835.3 348.1 5,332.3 4,630.0 888.8 37.5 4,267.8 40,786.8 61,888.7 16.0 3,986.9 5,347.3 279.2 2,636.9 24,190.4 1,342.5 23.0 1,674.7 374.9 740.5 190.5 750.0 21.0 230.0 14,125.8 4,103.4 18,532.2 4,478.8 6,070.4 59,262.9 15.6 3,259.1 3,333.6 1,140.5 24,276.7 7,511.4 5,020.7 6,400.0 45,729.2
2008 750.0 59.1 6,075.4 3,106.9 7,545.6 1,307.6 3,012.0 1,956.5 364.9 6,498.1 4,640.6 946.8 37.5 4,438.2 43,847.0 64,092.1 18.0 4,587.3 6,111.5 287.2 2,899.1 26,541.5 1,432.3 23.0 1,833.8 395.2 939.8 204.1 850.0 22.0 255.0 14,448.5 4,317.1 20,244.7 4,711.8 6,925.3 68,515.9 17.0 3,660.3 3,850.6 1,162.3 26,509.4 8,203.1 5,267.1 10,400.0 47,998.9
2009 1,300.0 67.2 6,143.6 4,436.8 8,113.2 1,421.5 3,395.0 2,233.7 433.8 6,680.8 4,750.5 969.7 37.5 4,480.9 44,625.3 65,124.0 20.2 4,970.7 6,176.4 301.6 3,042.6 29,235.9 1,503.4 23.0 1,963.9 424.5 1,057.4 240.6 1,295.0 23.0 280.0 14,872.2 4,431.1 22,450.6 5,168.8 7,786.7 88,068.0 17.0 4,107.0 4,063.6 1,298.5 28,117.6 8,397.9 5,480.0 15,300.0 51,442.1
2009/05 591.49 124.00 28.76 70.65 30.24 76.28 119.71 51.70 58.15 85.80 5.99 17.17 13.64 14.72 70.61 15.01 68.33 83.45 57.27 16.81 74.63 40.99 41.79 4.55 122.44 29.90 96.43 44.94 135.45 27.78 55.56 12.82 16.59 51.44 40.06 117.34 303.98 11.84 58.44 36.71 29.54 36.38 9.19 7.95 769.32 22.69
2009/08 73.33 13.71 1.12 42.80 7.52 8.71 12.72 14.17 18.88 2.81 2.37 2.42 0.00 0.96 1.78 1.61 12.22 8.36 1.06 5.01 4.95 10.15 4.96 0.00 7.09 7.41 12.51 17.88 52.35 4.55 9.80 2.93 2.64 10.90 9.70 12.44 28.54 0.00 12.20 5.53 11.72 6.07 2.37 4.04 47.12 7.17
94
NUMBER OF INTERNET USERS (000)
95
NUMBER OF INTERNET USERS / ADULT POPULATION (users per 000)
96
NUMBER OF INTERNET SUBSCRIBERS (000)
Change (%) No. Internet subscribers (000) 2009* 105.0 32.0 2,142.0 1,630.5 3,205.1 399.3 853.0 1,498.3 190.9 2,020.0 2,162.0 342.9 16.0 1,400.0 20,338.0 20,000.0 10.5 1,980.0 1,902.5 112.8 1,104.1 20,500.0 145.9 16.7 636.0 156.1 290.0 111.4 203.5 12.5 88.7 5,618.0 1,710.0 5,575.9 1,898.0 2,805.0 59,700.0 6.5 842.8 833.0 479.0 9,860.0 4,271.0 2,772.0 2,649.5 19,380.0 Adult No. Internet population subscribers/adult (000) population (000) 2009* 2,799 71 7,094 15,123 8,786 3,945 6,538 3,791 644 8,987 4,503 1,140 39 4,435 50,429 70,854 24 9,508 9,915 251 3,526 51,617 1,951 29 2,845 401 1,670 339 3,632 28 565 13,562 3,829 32,315 8,961 18,761 120,812 25 6,260 4,600 1,756 39,463 7,591 6,602 39,395 49,206 37.5 450.7 302.0 107.9 364.8 101.1 130.5 395.2 296.6 224.8 480.1 300.9 410.3 315.7 403.3 282.3 458.3 208.3 191.9 450.2 313.1 397.2 74.8 586.2 223.6 389.0 173.7 327.4 56.2 464.3 157.5 414.3 446.6 172.6 211.8 149.5 494.2 280.0 134.7 181.1 272.8 249.9 562.6 419.9 67.3 393.9
2005 20.0 17.0 1,771.6 37.6 2,283.4 181.3 206.9 953.8 91.0 1,400.0 1,808.8 197.0 11.9 1,400.0 13,217.0 20,000.0 4.8 882.2 976.8 87.1 925.5 17,700.0 73.1 15.7 257.4 119.0 107.8 88.8 61.1 9.8 81.0 5,600.0 1,420.8 2,686.4 1,436.5 790.0 1,890.5 5.5 756.7 294.1 397.8 6,234.3 3,289.0 2,585.3 1,000.0 16,320.4
2006 20.0 17.0 2,380.0 407.4 2,559.0 237.9 466.8 1,069.7 105.8 1,407.9 1,899.8 258.7 13.1 1,400.0 15,252.0 20,000.0 4.8 654.8 1,292.1 98.3 1,036.8 11,778.4 116.1 15.8 380.1 130.5 130.1 95.2 93.7 11.2 88.7 5,970.0 1,512.4 3,244.2 1,580.0 1,425.3 24,778.1 5.8 1,005.2 395.3 401.9 7,507.3 3,595.0 2,827.1 1,200.0 16,956.0
2007 40.0 27.2 2,521.0 1,757.6 2,861.7 273.7 647.6 1,177.3 130.6 1,409.0 2,101.4 284.2 14.5 1,400.0 17,058.0 20,000.0 4.8 1,261.7 1,444.8 106.0 1,085.6 12,199.1 145.9 16.7 513.4 138.7 273.6 100.0 110.2 12.5 88.7 5,618.0 1,602.0 4,091.0 1,611.8 2,150.0 35,000.0 5.9 1,011.7 543.9 417.5 8,591.7 4,054.0 2,800.0 1,374.6 18,120.0
2008 84.0 29.3 2,047.0 1,597.9 3,055.7 336.2 853.0 1,360.6 159.6 1,794.1 2,134.0 324.5 15.4 1,400.0 18,700.0 20,000.0 4.8 1,744.1 1,705.9 110.6 1,128.8 20,500.0 145.9 16.7 593.9 156.1 288.4 102.9 155.8 12.5 88.7 5,618.0 1,710.0 4,819.9 1,675.4 2,520.0 45,400.0 6.0 849.9 670.4 456.4 9,477.4 4,271.0 2,760.2 1,905.1 19,380.0
2009 105.0 32.0 2,142.0 1,630.5 3,205.1 399.3 853.0 1,498.3 190.9 2,020.0 2,162.0 342.9 16.0 1,400.0 20,338.0 20,000.0 10.5 1,980.0 1,902.5 112.8 1,104.1 20,500.0 145.9 16.7 636.0 156.1 290.0 111.4 203.5 12.5 88.7 5,618.0 1,710.0 5,575.9 1,898.0 2,805.0 59,700.0 6.5 842.8 833.0 479.0 9,860.0 4,271.0 2,772.0 2,649.5 19,380.0
2009/05 425.00 88.24 20.91 4,236.44 40.37 120.24 312.28 57.09 109.78 44.29 19.53 74.06 34.45 0.00 53.88 0.00 118.75 124.44 94.77 29.51 19.30 15.82 99.59 6.37 147.09 31.18 169.02 25.45 233.06 27.55 9.51 0.32 20.35 107.56 32.13 255.06 3,057.89 18.18 11.38 183.24 20.41 58.16 29.86 7.22 164.95 18.75
2009/08 25.00 9.22 4.64 2.04 4.89 18.77 0.00 10.12 19.61 12.59 1.31 5.67 3.90 0.00 8.76 0.00 118.75 13.53 11.52 1.99 -2.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.09 0.00 0.55 8.26 30.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.68 13.29 11.31 31.50 8.33 -0.84 24.25 4.95 4.04 0.00 0.43 39.07 0.00
97
NUMBER OF INTERNET SUBSCRIBERS (000)
98
NUMBER OF INTERNET SUBSCRIBERS / ADULT POPULATION (users per 000)
99
NUMBER OF BROADBAND SUBSCRIBERS (000)
Change (%) No. broadband subscribers (000) 2009* 90.0 22.9 1,878.0 1,092.3 3,134.1 292.1 979.2 685.0 176.0 2,020.0 2,071.0 338.5 17.0 1,565.5 19,398.0 25,000.0 9.3 1,916.6 1,880.0 107.2 976.4 11,800.0 259.0 27.0 633.8 160.0 216.3 99.8 187.0 15.0 88.0 5,902.0 1,795.0 5,165.7 1,865.1 2,804.0 12,900.0 10.0 590.6 777.8 465.7 9,674.5 3,800.0 2,622.0 1,907.7 18,354.0 Adult No. broadband population subscribers/adult (000) population (000) 2009* 2,799 71 7,094 15,123 8,786 3,945 6,538 3,791 644 8,987 4,503 1,140 39 4,435 50,429 70,854 24 9,508 9,915 251 3,526 51,617 1,951 29 2,845 401 1,670 339 3,632 28 565 13,562 3,829 32,315 8,961 18,761 120,812 25 6,260 4,600 1,756 39,463 7,591 6,602 39,395 49,206 32.2 323.9 264.7 72.2 356.7 74.0 149.7 180.7 273.3 224.8 459.9 297.4 435.9 353.1 384.7 352.8 375.0 201.6 189.6 426.3 276.8 228.6 132.8 931.0 222.9 399.0 129.3 295.0 51.5 535.7 155.8 435.2 468.8 159.9 208.1 149.5 106.8 400.0 94.4 169.1 265.4 245.2 500.6 397.1 48.4 373.0
2005 0.3 10.3 1,174.0 1.6 2,010.6 13.7 165.5 116.0 31.9 709.1 1,343.9 179.2 5.9 1,174.2 9,471.0 10,800.0 160.1 651.7 78.0 322.5 6,821.9 60.8 8.6 234.1 70.1 12.4 51.4 10.4 9.5 7.7 4,100.0 991.3 945.2 1,165.4 377.1 1,589.0 1.2 181.5 196.6 5,035.2 2,522.0 1,624.2 130.0 9,898.7
2006 0.3 14.6 1,432.0 11.4 2,356.5 40.0 384.7 251.8 63.1 1,112.5 1,735.3 246.8 10.1 1,429.0 12,711.0 15,000.0 488.2 1,198.7 87.7 518.1 8,497.4 109.7 368.7 98.8 36.5 52.9 21.8 11.0 25.8 5,192.2 1,244.5 2,911.2 1,423.7 1,090.0 2,900.0 1.5 121.7 304.6 279.8 6,696.6 1,930.0 2,020.0 520.0 13,013.2
2007 10.0 18.5 1,622.0 169.8 2,715.3 84.7 629.1 387.0 97.6 1,496.7 1,953.0 277.8 13.3 1,617.0 15,550.0 19,600.0 1,017.5 1,381.8 97.9 758.7 10,122.1 146.1 14.0 507.6 128.5 100.5 82.1 47.2 12.3 44.0 5,507.0 1,436.0 4,174.0 1,512.4 1,949.1 4,900.0 1.5 325.7 472.0 344.8 8,055.8 2,780.0 2,367.4 800.0 15,605.2
2008 64.0 20.7 1,729.0 477.8 2,962.5 188.5 843.5 524.7 141.2 1,759.6 2,005.7 317.9 14.9 1,617.0 17,691.0 22,600.0 1,506.6 1,681.1 103.7 891.3 11,283.0 200.0 19.6 590.1 143.2 181.0 95.6 115.1 13.7 62.2 5,807.0 1,586.0 4,440.8 1,634.4 2,506.0 9,280.0 4.9 451.2 604.7 426.6 9,135.8 3,791.0 2,556.2 1,600.0 17,276.0
2009 90.0 22.9 1,878.0 1,092.3 3,134.1 292.1 979.2 685.0 176.0 2,020.0 2,071.0 338.5 17.0 1,565.5 19,398.0 25,000.0 9.3 1,916.6 1,880.0 107.2 976.4 11,800.0 259.0 27.0 633.8 160.0 216.3 99.8 187.0 15.0 88.0 5,902.0 1,795.0 5,165.7 1,865.1 2,804.0 12,900.0 10.0 590.6 777.8 465.7 9,674.5 3,800.0 2,622.0 1,907.7 18,354.0
2009/05 29,900.00 122.33 59.97 68,168.75 55.88 2,032.12 491.66 490.52 451.72 184.87 54.10 88.90 188.14 33.32 104.81 131.48 1,097.13 188.48 37.44 202.76 72.97 325.99 213.95 170.74 128.25 1,644.35 94.16 1,698.08 57.89 1,042.86 43.95 81.08 446.52 60.04 643.57 711.83 733.33 328.54 136.88 92.14 50.67 61.43 1,367.46 85.42
2009/08 40.63 10.63 8.62 128.61 5.79 54.96 16.09 30.55 24.65 14.80 3.26 6.48 14.09 -3.18 9.65 10.62 27.21 11.83 3.38 9.55 4.58 29.50 37.76 7.41 11.73 19.50 4.39 62.47 9.49 41.48 1.64 13.18 16.32 14.12 11.89 39.01 104.08 30.90 28.63 9.17 5.90 0.24 2.57 19.23 6.24
100
NUMBER OF BROADBAND SUBSCRIBERS (000)
101
NUMBER OF BROADBAND SUBSCRIBERS / ADULT POPULATION (per 000)
102
NUMBER OF MOBILE CELLULAR SUBSCRIPTIONS (000)
Change (%) No. mobile cellular subscriptions (000) 2009* 4,161.6 64.5 11,773.0 9,686.2 12,419.0 3,257.2 10,617.1 6,035.1 977.5 14,258.4 7,406.0 2,720.5 57.0 7,700.0 59,543.0 105,000.0 28.6 13,295.1 11,792.5 349.0 4,871.1 90,613.0 2,243.0 35.0 4,961.5 719.0 1,943.2 422.1 2,784.8 23.0 752.0 21,182.0 5,336.0 44,553.1 15,178.0 25,377.0 230,500.0 24.0 9,912.3 5,497.7 2,100.4 50,991.1 11,426.0 9,255.0 55,333.2 80,375.4 Adult No. mobile cellular population subscriptions/adult (000) population (000) 2009* 2,799 71 7,094 15,123 8,786 3,945 6,538 3,791 644 8,987 4,503 1,140 39 4,435 50,429 70,854 24 9,508 9,915 251 3,526 51,617 1,951 29 2,845 401 1,670 339 3,632 28 565 13,562 3,829 32,315 8,961 18,761 120,812 25 6,260 4,600 1,756 39,463 7,591 6,602 39,395 49,206 1,487.0 915.5 1,659.6 640.5 1,413.5 825.6 1,623.9 1,591.9 1,518.6 1,586.5 1,644.7 2,386.8 1,461.5 1,736.2 1,180.7 1,481.9 1,208.3 1,398.3 1,189.4 1,390.4 1,381.4 1,755.5 1,149.7 1,206.9 1,744.1 1,793.0 1,163.5 1,244.8 766.8 821.4 1,331. 1,561.9 1,393.6 1,378.7 1,693.8 1,352.7 1,907.9 960.0 1,583.4 1,195.2 1,195.9 1,292.1 1,505.2 1,401.8 1,404.6 1,633.4
2005 1,530.2 64.6 8,665.0 4,099.5 9,604.7 1,594.4 6,244.9 3,649.7 782.5 11,775.9 5,449.2 1,445.3 42.0 5,270.0 48,088.0 79,271.0 18.4 10,260.4 9,320.0 283.1 4,270.0 71,500.0 1,871.6 27.5 4,353.4 510.0 1,261.3 324.0 1,089.8 17.2 543.2 15,834.0 4,754.5 29,166.4 11,447.3 13,354.1 120,000.0 17.2 5,510.7 4,540.4 1,759.2 42,694.1 9,104.0 6,834.2 30,013.5 65,471.7
2006 0.0 69.0 9,281.0 5,960.0 9,847.4 1,887.8 8,253.4 4,395.2 867.8 12,406.2 5,828.2 1,658.7 50.0 5,670.0 51,662.0 85,652.0 22.0 10,979.8 9,965.7 301.9 4,690.1 80,418.0 2,183.7 28.8 4,718.2 713.0 1,417.0 346.8 1,358.2 18.3 643.7 17,296.0 4,868.9 36,745.5 12,226.4 15,991.0 150,674.0 17.4 6,643.7 4,893.2 1,819.6 45,695.1 9,607.0 7,436.2 49,076.2 70,077.9
2007 2,322.4 63.5 9,912.0 6,960.0 10,738.1 2,450.4 9,897.5 5,034.6 988.3 13,228.6 6,308.0 1,981.8 52.2 6,080.0 55,358.1 96,232.9 24.0 12,294.9 11,029.9 327.6 0.0 89,801.0 2,217.0 32.0 4,912.1 684.5 1,946.7 368.5 1,882.8 20.4 703.0 19,285.0 5,037.6 41,388.8 13,450.9 20,417.0 171,200.0 17.5 8,452.6 6,068.1 1,928.4 48,422.5 10,177.0 8,208.9 55,240.4 73,836.2
2008 3,141.2 64.2 10,816.0 8,128.0 11,822.2 3,179.0 10,500.2 5,879.8 1,016.7 13,780.2 6,862.0 2,524.5 54.9 6,830.0 57,972.0 105,523.1 26.0 13,799.3 12,224.2 336.9 5,048.1 90,341.0 2,234.0 34.0 5,022.6 707.0 1,946.7 385.6 2,423.4 22.0 735.0 20,627.0 5,250.9 43,926.4 14,909.6 24,467.0 199,522.3 24.0 9,618.8 5,520.0 2,054.9 49,677.5 10,892.0 8,896.7 55,694.5 77,360.8
2009 4,161.6 64.5 11,773.0 9,686.2 12,419.0 3,257.2 10,617.1 6,035.1 977.5 14,258.4 7,406.0 2,720.5 57.0 7,700.0 59,543.0 105,000.0 28.6 13,295.1 11,792.5 349.0 4,871.1 90,613.0 2,243.0 35.0 4,961.5 719.0 1,943.2 422.1 2,784.8 23.0 752.0 21,182.0 5,336.0 44,553.1 15,178.0 25,377.0 230,500.0 24.0 9,912.3 5,497.7 2,100.4 50,991.1 11,426.0 9,255.0 55,333.2 80,375.4
2009/05 171.96 -0.15 35.87 136.28 29.30 104.29 70.01 65.36 24.92 21.08 35.91 88.23 35.71 46.11 23.82 32.46 55.43 29.58 26.53 23.28 14.08 26.73 19.84 27.27 13.97 40.98 54.06 30.28 155.53 33.72 38.44 33.78 12.23 52.75 32.59 90.03 92.08 39.53 79.87 21.08 19.40 19.43 25.51 35.42 84.36 22.76
2009/08 32.48 0.47 8.85 19.17 5.05 2.46 1.11 2.64 -3.86 3.47 7.93 7.76 3.83 12.74 2.71 -0.50 10.00 -3.65 -3.53 3.59 -3.51 0.30 0.40 2.94 -1.22 1.70 -0.18 9.47 14.91 4.55 2.31 2.69 1.62 1.43 1.80 3.72 15.53 0.00 3.05 -0.40 2.21 2.64 4.90 4.03 -0.65 3.90
103
NUMBER OF MOBILE CELLULAR SUBSCRIPTIONS (000)
104
NUMBER OF MOBILE CELLULAR SUBSCRIPTIONS / ADULT POPULATION (per 000)
105
ADVERTISING
ADVERTISING EXPENDITURE SHARES
2005 (%) News- Magapapers zines Austria Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Moldova Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom 39.0 24.3 14.2 14.3 18.6 46.5 44.0 54.1 16.5 39.7 15.0 20.9 61.6 19.0 29.3 14.8 12.5 40.9 43.4 13.5 7.6 11.2 4.1 6.6 20.6 25.2 45.4 33.5 10.8 35.5 19.8 11.5 3.2 8.1 10.7 20.1 13.8 11.7 16.3 22.3 23.0 36.6 21.4 2.7 13.3 13.2 5.9 6.7 22.3 9.6 15.8 16.2 10.7 4.5 7.9 10.2 10.2 12.4 23.0 14.9 13.7 TV 23.8 52.0 40.3 79.3 68.4 68.2 49.0 19.2 27.1 19.4 34.2 96.2 23.2 31.4 38.8 19.6 55.9 36.3 72.4 41.5 22.3 27.2 49.5 56.4 61.1 46.3 88.7 75.9 55.4 44.7 22.7 23.4 46.4 29.4 News- MagaRadio Cinema Outdoor Internet papers zines 8.1 4.0 11.9 4.0 3.0 5.5 2.4 7.9 4.0 8.4 3.9 4.3 3.9 7.2 5.7 11.7 2.2 16.4 7.2 5.4 8.3 6.1 6.5 6.0 0.6 5.9 5.2 9.2 2.8 3.9 3.9 3.8 0.7 1.2 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.01 1.0 0.2 0.8 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.07 0.4 0.7 0.4 1.4 1.0 1.4 7.4 16.6 8.8 7.9 5.3 6.6 4.5 3.3 5.9 3.1 11.4 3.8 4.5 12.0 9.8 8.0 3.7 6.2 3.7 21.9 4.3 3.6 9.0 12.4 9.0 18.1 2.1 3.0 7.0 7.5 5.5 11.6 22.7 6.5 2.8 10.0 2.8 0.5 0.9 1.2 0.1 0.7 1.3 2.4 10.8 3.1 0.4 9.9 1.3 1.4 2.0 0.1 0.9 0.2 1.9 6.3 3.5 3.0 6.5 4.9 4.4 0.3 1.7 2.5 0.9 39.1 28.2 4.9 8.6 14.9 13.4 33.9 30.9 45.9 37.3 37.3 17.2 18.0 57.2 16.9 12.7 8.7 7.3 38.3 50.0 8.6 6.9 5.3 6.9 3.6 16.7 20.1 36.5 31.5 10.1 25.5 17.2 8.8 2.8 9.1 9.9 16.5 12.8 7.7 13.8 16.9 18.8 38.0 17.6 2.4 11.4 11.8 6.8 3.9 18.9 4.2 11.2 14.5 7.0 4.5 6.8 7.5 7.9 9.9 19.1 20.2 9.6 TV 24.1 60.6 38.7 86.2 66.7 69.8 48.1 15.8 29.6 19.5 32.6 77.2 20.6 28.2 34.8 19.8 56.3 40.5 76.4 45.2 24.3 22.8 52.0 57.7 66.1 57.9 84.5 78.3 63.5 43.4 21.5 26.5 49.1 26.8 2012*(%) NewsRadio Cinema Outdoor Internet papers 6.6 5.8 11.3 1.9 3.2 5.0 1.6 10.3 4.2 7.1 7.7 4.0 6.8 4.4 9.0 6.9 12.5 2.3 7.7 7.5 4.3 6.6 5.2 6.2 4.7 1.2 4.4 3.5 9.4 3.2 3.9 3.3 3.6 0.4 0.8 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.08 1.4 0.1 1.0 1.3 0.5 0.5 1.7 0.1 0.04 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.6 1.5 7.1 11.9 8.0 3.9 9.5 4.1 6.0 3.8 9.0 3.0 10.8 6.1 4.2 9.1 10.8 9.4 3.1 10.3 2.9 33.4 4.5 3.9 8.9 12.5 11.0 14.6 2.1 5.2 5.3 7.6 4.8 10.3 13.4 6.3 5.4 6.5 4.2 0.3 3.1 1.2 10.8 25.5 12.6 13.4 16.6 0.4 14.9 13.6 1.7 4.8 11.4 2.8 1.0 6.4 13.7 11.4 2.6 4.0 4.2 0.7 1.7 3.4 11.4 23.5 7.8 3.3 26.7 38.1 25.8 4.0 7.3 14.8 12.8 28.0 28.5 42.4 14.5 0.7 35.6 17.5 17.5 56.2 15.5 12.0 7.8 6.4 36.3 45.2 6.7 6.6 4.7 7.2 3.1 12.6 18.0 37.3 30.7 8.2 23.9 2009*(%)
Bosnia & Herzegovina 5.5
Source: ZenithOptimedia * Forecast as of December 2009
106
ADVERTISING
NEWSPAPER ADVERTISING EXPENDITURE
(USD, million, current prices)
Country Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Moldova Netherlands, The Norway Poland Portugal Romania Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom 2005 1,219.62 867.34 10.26 54.64 119.35 475.26 1,071.40 47.13 941.43 2,284.04 9,836.02 486.09 189.55 1,322.11 2,376.28 36.38 67.46 0.99 2,096.63 1,613.83 294.64 102.20 34.40 29.17 95.47 105.12 2,439.82 1,258.84 1,068.33 55.00 7,727.27 2006 1,291.36 1,282.58 13.19 57.72 155.42 549.37 1,169.09 54.52 968.08 2,307.47 9,994.14 551.98 208.12 1,519.77 2,382.04 39.35 75.10 1.42 2,156.66 1,743.97 306.46 98.10 37.80 43.59 94.58 125.04 2,621.52 1,348.48 1,226.22 65.00 7,396.51 2007 1,426.06 1,319.76 16.12 65.08 175.68 510.57 1,163.79 67.05 1,010.69 2,248.90 10,099.56 635.43 211.66 1,584.19 2,460.65 43.04 78.07 1.77 2,241.58 1,357.27 315.50 98.10 44.40 100.08 105.71 147.88 2,773.50 1,383.10 1,306.56 84.00 7,371.31 2008 1,489.02 1,298.86 17.58 68.06 185.41 533.36 1,037.47 58.59 1,007.32 2,241.58 9,859.44 594.44 220.48 1,579.80 2,268.18 33.68 83.24 1.92 2,169.77 1,307.45 312.72 96.63 57.08 109.73 98.72 158.96 2,207.76 1,337.57 1,309.33 90.00 6,486.12 2009* 1,445.10 1,274.40 22.25 62.63 172.44 458.69 840.35 32.26 784.77 2,061.54 9,263.54 559.30 179.72 1,267.94 1,844.09 14.14 58.27 1.91 1,819.48 1,111.35 248.65 82.13 28.32 95.81 71.74 143.94 1,655.82 1,081.47 1,216.99 50.00 5,054.39 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 18.49 46.93 116.91 14.63 44.48 -3.49 -21.57 -31.55 -16.64 -9.74 -5.82 15.06 -5.19 -4.10 -22.40 -61.14 -13.62 92.69 -13.22 -31.14 -15.61 -19.63 -17.68 228.45 -24.85 36.93 -32.13 -14.09 13.92 -9.09 -34.59 -2.95 -1.88 26.53 -7.98 -6.99 -14.00 -19.00 -44.94 -22.09 -8.03 -6.04 -5.91 -18.49 -19.74 -18.70 -58.02 -29.99 -0.08 -16.14 -15.00 -20.49 -15.00 -50.39 -12.69 -27.33 -9.45 -25.00 -19.15 -7.05 -44.44 -22.07
* ZenithOptimedia forecast, December 2009
107
ADVERTISING
CHANGE IN NEWSPAPER ADVERTISING EXPENDITURE 2009/08 (%)
108
ADVERTISING
INTERNET ADVERTISING EXPENDITURE
(USD, million, current prices)
Country Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Moldova Netherlands, The Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom 2005 41.00 0.70 70.23 0.25 3.48 1.82 48.63 145.55 3.74 52.71 898.24 1,218.16 40.09 5.86 209.37 3.12 4.24 0.00 142.02 372.34 61.48 7.17 2.80 60.00 0.71 9.96 6.38 236.73 299.50 98.80 2.00 2,152.17 2006 54.17 1.20 120.63 0.38 7.70 2.43 118.79 351.90 6.17 70.28 1,251.83 2,196.19 61.01 19.03 301.92 6.78 6.79 0.11 200.59 553.01 89.28 10.25 5.60 106.88 1.59 14.92 10.11 454.54 455.70 144.04 6.00 3,175.02 2007 118.59 3.00 160.77 0.47 13.51 8.71 199.60 490.78 13.93 89.31 1,694.00 3,065.89 88.90 32.21 430.84 12.27 14.85 0.11 278.18 311.35 246.16 18.96 17.47 223.23 4.79 24.15 15.37 706.00 617.42 205.91 11.00 4,430.03 2008 158.13 5.20 182.38 0.73 24.68 13.17 295.51 573.95 17.52 222.55 2,107.47 3,657.39 126.66 35.14 490.72 17.34 21.64 0.16 307.39 331.38 306.27 28.45 28.75 301.57 7.97 33.63 27.00 893.12 731.60 265.93 21.00 5,277.40 2009* 197.66 6.00 191.01 1.17 22.58 13.78 371.37 631.35 13.11 228.40 2,245.13 3,699.85 136.26 36.60 522.62 12.68 18.43 0.27 304.32 305.32 332.50 31.29 21.43 261.29 10.27 33.67 29.28 937.77 697.01 301.02 16.38 5,288.51 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 382.14 757.14 171.99 370.59 548.90 655.56 663.60 333.77 250.63 333.33 149.95 203.73 239.87 525.00 149.62 306.67 334.50 114.28 -18.00 440.85 336.18 665.32 335.48 1,351.03 238.00 358.75 296.13 132.73 204.67 718.75 145.73 25.00 15.38 4.73 60.00 -8.53 4.62 25.67 10.00 -25.16 2.63 6.53 1.16 7.57 4.17 6.50 -26.86 -14.80 65.68 -1.00 -7.87 8.57 10.00 -25.46 -13.36 28.76 0.13 8.46 5.00 -4.73 13.19 -22.02 0.21
* ZenithOptimedia forecast, December 2009
109
ADVERTISING
CHANGE IN INTERNET ADVERTISING EXPENDITURE 2009/08 (%)
110
ADVERTISING
CONTRIBUTION OF DISPLAY, CLASSIFIED, INSERTS AND ONLINE TO TOTAL ADVERTISING REVENUE (%)
Country Belgium Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Moldova Netherlands, The Romania Russia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Display 56 90 80.4 55.3 75 75.3 77 88 64 94 72 92.4 88.6 66.6 76.3 90 92.1 99.46 79.7 90.8 50 76.3 93.2 64.7 Classified 41.8 7 3.3 41.7 10 24.7 23 18 6 28 7.6 5.2 8.5 23.7 9 7.9 19.9 9.2 40 21.6 6.8 35.3 Inserts 2.2 3 2.8 3 10 12 8 6.2 24.9 1 0.54 0.4 3 2 Online 13.5 5 8 7 -
CONTRIBUTION OF ADVERTISING AND COPY SALES TO PAID-FOR DAILY NEWSPAPER REVENUES (%)
Country Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Hungary Italy Luxembourg Netherlands, The Spain United Kingdom Year 2005 2005 2005 2006 2005 2006 2005 2005 2005 2005 2005 Advertising 69.8 38.6 49.1 91.1 52.7 58.8 48.2 78.1 45.5 56.1 52.8 Contribution to revenues Copy Sales Advertising 30.2 61.4 50.9 8.9 47.3 41.2 51.8 21.9 54.5 43.9 47.2 63.5 30.9 46.4 88.3 51.2 53.5 48.1 75.8 35.5 48.0 48.1 Copy Sales 36.5 69.1 53.6 11.7 48.8 46.5 51.9 24.2 64.5 52.0 51.9 Year 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2009 2008
111
CHAPTER II
COUNTRY REPORTS
Country reports Tables & Glossary

The list below includes all tables used in country reports. A specific country report only includes data available for the specific country, so some of the following tables may not be presented in all country reports. Tables without order numbers are specific only for one or a few countries. Every table described below includes a glossary of newspaper industry terms and expressions used in World Press Trends. All data are presented in current prices. Currency conversions, if applied, are based on average yearly interbank exchange rates, unless specified otherwise. 1. COMMENTARY General economic situation Performance of newspapers vs. other media Performance of different types of newspapers Newspaper launches / closures Advertising Circulation Readership Online/Digital Publishing Ownership Media/Press Laws Copyright Distribution Postal Issues Taxes State Support Environment Other Factors
2.
POPULATION
2.a Population by age and sex Age groups: Groups of population by age ranges in accordance with demography statistics applied in respective countries; in most country reports, data in the table 2.a are republished from CIA The World Factbook, using a unified age groups structure: 0-14, 15-64, 65+. Adult population (indicator used in summaries of Chapter I Overall Statistics): Population of age groups 14+, whose upper age range is 20+ (that is, excluding, for example, the age group 15-17, but including the age group 15-24). 2.b Population by social class and sex Social classes (grades) are defined as follows, unless specified otherwise: A = Upper middle class higher managerial, administrative or professional B = Middle class - intermediate managerial, administrative or professional C1 = Lower middle class supervisory or clerical, and junior managerial, administrative or professional C2 = Skilled working class Skilled manual workers D = Working class Semi and unskilled manual workers E = Those at lowest levels of subsistence State pensioners or widows (no other earners) In some countries, absolute figures represent population samples rather than total population. 2.ca Households (occupancy) Data on numbers of households with specific numbers of persons 2.cb Households (children) Data on numbers of households without children and with children of specific age groups 2.d Housewives (co-habiting persons) Housewife: Woman aged 18+ who both works and looks after the home; also called the main household shopper (MHS) or as specified in country entry. 3. NUMBER OF TITLES AND CIRCULATION
3.a Number of titles Including numbers of titles, and not numbers of editions
114
Title: Name of a specific newspaper; one title can represent one or more editions. Edition: All copies of a portion of the total distribution of an issue of a newspaper or periodical, other than replate or split-run, in which the editorial and/or advertising content has been changed. (IF ABC definition); see also Online edition (Table 6.a) Replate: A change of one or more pages during the printing of an edition or issue of a publication. This procedure generally serves the purpose of adding late news items or of correcting an error in the original copy. (IF ABC definition) Split-run: The insertion or substitution of different advertising content for a portion of the distribution of an edition or of an issue for either a newspaper or periodical. (IF ABC definition) Periodical: Publication of regular periodic issue, except newspapers Newspaper: Periodic publication intended for the general public and mainly designed to be a primary source of written information on current events connected with public affairs, international questions, politics, etc. It may also include articles on literary or other subjects, as well as illustrations and advertising. (UNESCO definition, adopted in 1998 by WAN in order to further standardise and thus facilitate international comparisons) Daily: Newspaper published at least four times a week. (UNESCO definition) Non-daily: Newspaper published three times a week or less. (UNESCO definition) Sunday: Newspaper published on Sundays only (UNESCO definition); Sunday or weekend editions of daily newspapers are not Sundays. Paid-for newspaper: Newspaper that sells any part of its circulation. Free newspaper: Newspaper distributed to its target audience at no charge; the titles applying a free/paid-for model, that is those which sell a part of their circulation, are not included among free titles, unless notified otherwise. International newspaper: Newspaper distributed in more than one continent. Pan-regional newspaper: Newspaper distributed in more than one country within a geographical region/continent. National newspaper: Newspaper distributed within one country/nationwide. Regional/local newspaper: Newspaper distributed only within a limited geographical area of a country. City (metropolitan) newspaper: Newspaper in Australia distributed in a city only. Morning/forenoon daily: Daily newspaper distributed in the morning or before noon. Afternoon/PM/evening daily: Daily newspaper distributed in the afternoon or in the evening. 3.b Circulation Circulation: Number of copies of an issue of a newspaper which have been sold or distributed (delivered or handed out). Average daily circulation: Number of copies sold or distributed per issue on weekdays (Monday-Friday). Average non-daily circulation: Number of copies sold or distributed per issue of specific periodicity (thrice-weekly, bi-weekly, weekly, fortnightly, monthly, quarterly, other). WAN-IFRA WORLD PRESS TRENDS 2010 EUROPE
115
Total average circulation: Number of copies of all titles sold or distributed in a country/geographical area per issue. Adjusted circulation (indicator here mostly used for free dailies, many of which cease publication after less than one year): Average circulation per issue divided by 12 (months) and multiplied by the number of months during which the title was actually sold or distributed. Print run: Number of copies printed. Add-ons (expression used in commentaries of country reports): Products sold along with newspaper copies, such as books, CDs, and DVDs, with aim to support newspaper circulation. 4. SALES
4.a Total number of copies sold or distributed annually Data on total numbers of copies of all newspaper titles sold or distributed in one year 4.b Sales revenues Copy sales revenue: Revenue from sales of newspaper copies; one of the two main sources of newspaper revenues, along with advertising sales; see also Advertising revenues (Table 7.c) 4.c Type of newspaper sales (%) Data on shares of particular types of newspaper copy sales, including all types of paid-for daily newspapers, unless specified otherwise Single copy sales: Sales of single copies in kiosks, shops, via vendors or automated distributing machines Street vendors: Sellers of newspapers on streets Rack sales: Sales of newspapers from racks or boxes, placed on street corners or other convenient points, within the customer depositing coin in payment in a box provided for the purpose Subscriptions: Sales of newspaper copies via subscription for a specific period of time Home deliveries: Sales of newspaper copies via subscription with home delivery by other than postal services Postal deliveries: Sales of newspaper copies via subscription with postal delivery Office deliveries: Sales of newspaper copies via subscription with office delivery Bulk (third-party) sales: Copies sold in bulk to a third party on a regular and contractual basis and normally distributed free to the final recipient. For example, a newspaper may be sold in a bulk to a hotel for free pick up in the hotel. Free distribution: Distribution of newspaper copies for free Electronic sales/subscriptions: Sales of newspapers online editions/subscriptions 4.d Cover prices Including a range of cover prices of daily newspapers on weekdays Cover price of a single copy: A nominal retail price per copy; usually printed on the newspapers front page Cover price of subscription: The price of subscription divided by number of editions in a subscription period
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5.
NEWSPAPER REACH, READERSHIP AND MEDIA CONSUMPTION
5.a Newspaper reach (%) Including data on daily newspaper reach, unless specified otherwise Newspaper reach: A percentage of a given audience exposed to a newspaper over a given period of time 5.b Age structure of readership Including data on readership of daily newspapers, unless specified otherwise Newspaper readership: Number of individuals within a target audience who read or looked at a copy of a publication within its last publication period, i.e. for a daily newspaper, yesterday, for a weekly newspaper, within the last week. Young reader (expression not used in World Press Trends directly, but applicable in young readership comparisons on international or global scale): There is no universal definition of young readers by age; the age ranges of young readers differ due to age groups applied in demographic statistics of respective countries and territories. 5.c Media consumption (minutes per day) Including data on all adults and all newspapers dailies, non-dailies, and Sundays, unless specified otherwise Media consumption: Average time per day spent reading newspapers or magazines, watching television, listening to the radio, or using the Internet. 5.d Number of readers Data on total reader population 6. ONLINE / DIGITAL PUBLISHING
6.a Online editions Online edition: Newspaper edition available online. See also Edition (Table 3.a) 6.b Online readership Mostly including data on unique visitors per month, unless specified otherwise Unique visitor: A person who visits a website, counted only once, no matter how many times he visits the website within a specified period of time. Data on unique visitors are available on the server of particular newspapers website. For example, a daily New Times can go to the newspapers server www.newtimes.com to look up the number of unique visitors at its domain newtimes.com, including all subdomains, such as sports.newtimes.com or culture.newtimes.com. Newspapers that have established their websites at more than one domain, should declare unique visitors of its brand (also referred to as a newspaper group). The brand is a consolidation of its multiple domains that has a consistent collection of branded content, according to Nielsen/NetRatings, a global leader in Internet media and market research. For example, the New Times daily will sum up the number of unique visitors at its domain 'newtimes.com' and at the domain it shares with the daily Courier, newtimes-courier.com. Page impression: A file, or a combination of files, sent to a user as a result of that users request being received by the server. (IF ABC definition) Page hit: The retrieval of any item, like a page or a graphic from a web server. For example, when a visitor calls up a web page with four graphics, that is five hits, one for the page and four for the graphics. For this reason, hits often are not a page view. Page view: A web page that has been viewed by one visitor. For comparison, see also Newspaper readership (Table 5.b) WAN-IFRA WORLD PRESS TRENDS 2010 EUROPE 117
6.c
Top daily newspaper websites Mostly including data on unique visitors per month, unless specified otherwise
6.d Internet subscribers and users Internet subscribers: The number of dial-up, leased line and broadband Internet subscribers (ITU International Telecommunication Union definition). Internet user: Anyone in capacity to use the Internet (Internet World Stats definition). 6.e Broadband Internet Broadband subscribers/connections: The sum of DSL (digital subscriber line), cable modem and other broadband subscribers (ITU definition), as supplied by the Internet service provider and/or the official telecom regulator in each country. Broadband: A sufficient bandwidth to permit combined provision of voice, data and video. Speed should be greater than 256 kbps, as the sum of capacity in both directions (ITU definition). 6.f Mobile cellular subscriptions Mobile cellular subscribers: Users of portable telephones subscribing to an automatic public mobile telephone service using cellular technology that provides access to PSTN, that is the Public Switched Telephone Network (ITU definition). 7. ADVERTISING
7.aa Gross domestic product Gross domestic product (purchasing power parity): The total market value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given year. 7.ab Gross domestic product per capita Gross domestic product per capita (purchasing power parity): The gross domestic product of a country divided by its total population. 7.ac Ad spend as a % of GDP Ad spend (advertising expenditure) as a % of GDP: Share of total annual advertising expenditure in the country of its gross domestic product (GDP) 7.ba Advertising expenditure per medium Data 2007-2010 represent forecast, unless specified otherwise. Others represent transport, direct mail, video etc., or a combination of any of those media if only available as a total figure. Advertising expenditure: Sum of money spent on advertising in different types of media, either including or excluding the cost of producing the advertisements. 7.bb Advertising expenditure per medium (%) Data 2007-2010 represent forecast, unless specified otherwise. Others represent transport, direct mail, video etc., or a combination of any of those media if only available as a total figure. 7.c Advertising revenues Advertising revenue: Revenue realized from the sale of advertising; one of the two main sources of newspaper revenues, along with sales of newspaper copies; see also Copy sales revenue (Table 4.b) 118 WAN-IFRA WORLD PRESS TRENDS 2010 EUROPE
Gross advertising revenue: Advertising revenue including discounts negotiated between advertisers/advertising agencies and media owners, and advertising agency commission Net advertising revenue: Advertising revenue excluding discounts negotiated between advertisers/advertising agencies and media owners, and advertising agency commission Rate card: A price-list issued by media owners for different space sizes or time lengths. Daily newspaper advertising expenditure National / Retail / Classified / Online (U.S. only) National advertising: Advertising which is aimed at a national market, as opposed to local advertising. Retail advertising: Advertising which promotes local merchandisers goods and services; also referred to as local advertising. Classified advertising: see Table 7.e Online advertising: see Table 7.e 7.d Advertising volume sold (pages & page equivalents) Including data for all newspapers dailies, non-dailies, and Sundays, unless specified otherwise Advertising volume: A newspaper copy volume sold for advertisements, usually measured by newspaper pages; other measure units used are columns, column meters, and cm 2. 7.e Contribution of display, classified, insert and online advertising to total advertising revenue (%) Including data for dailies, unless specified otherwise Display advertisement: A bordered advertisement, usually incorporating graphics, headline and text copy. Classified advertising: Advertising sold by line, word, or column inch, and semi-display advertisements on classified pages. Insert: An item inserted into a newspaper, either loose or bound in. Online advertising: Advertisements delivered to Internet users via websites, ad-supported software and Internet-enabled cellphones. 7.f Top newspaper advertising categories Including data for dailies, unless specified otherwise
Top advertising categories in national newspapers (U.K. only) Top advertising categories in regional newspapers (U.K. only) 7.g Top newspaper advertisers Including data for all newspapers dailies, non-dailies, and Sundays, unless specified otherwise Top national newspaper advertisers (U.K. only) Top regional newspaper advertisers (U.K. only) 8. PUBLISHERS AND NEWSPAPERS
8.a Top publishing companies Top national publishing companies (U.K. only) Top regional publishing companies (U.K. only) WAN-IFRA WORLD PRESS TRENDS 2010 EUROPE 119
Top newspaper owners 8.ba Top paid-for dailies Circulation: see Table 3.b Readership: see Table 5.b Format: see Table 10.a Top national paid-for dailies (U.K. only) Top regional paid-for dailies (U.K. only) 8.bb Top free dailies Circulation: see Table 3.b Readership: see Table 5.b Format: see Table 10.a Top national free dailies (U.K. only) Top regional free dailies (U.K. only) 9. EMPLOYMENT AND SALARIES
9.a Employment Including data for all newspapers dailies, non-dailies, Sundays, unless specified otherwise Total number of journalists: Number of journalists working for newspapers, both full-time and part-time. Total number of employees: Number of managers and staff employees working for newspapers, both on editorial and business side, full-time and part-time. 9.b Salaries Including data for all newspapers dailies, non-dailies, Sundays, unless specified otherwise Total salary costs: Costs of salaries and employers contributions (wage tax) 10. PRINTING AND DISTRIBUTION 10.a Newspaper colour capability and formats Including data for all newspapers dailies, non-dailies, Sundays, unless specified otherwise Four-colour newspapers: Newspapers produced by a printing process that combines differing amounts of each of four colours (red, yellow, blue and black) to provide a full-colour print. Newspaper format: Size of newspaper pages Broadsheet: a page of minimum dimensions of 53x33 cm (21x13 inches) Tabloid: a page approximately half the size of a broadsheet newspaper Berliner: a page 47x31.5 cm Rheinisch: a page 51x35 cm Nordic: a page 57x40 cm Belgian: a page 52x33.6 cm International standard paper sizes A2: a page 420x594 mm, or 16.54x23.39 inches A3: a page 297x420 mm, or 11.69x16.54 inches A4: a page 210x297 mm, or 8.27x11.69 inches B3: a page 353x500 mm, or 13.90x19.68 inches 120 WAN-IFRA WORLD PRESS TRENDS 2010 EUROPE
10.ba Distribution costs as a % of average cover price 10.bb Average distribution costs per copy 10.c Newsprint costs Newsprint costs per metric ton Newsprint consumption 11. RESEARCH 11. Research Conducted by independent organisations not operated by the newspapers themselves Circulation Readership Methodology 12. TAXES 12. Taxes Standard value added tax (VAT) VAT on single copy sales, subscription sales, advertising, newsprint, composition, plant Other taxes: tax on profits, tax concessions Value added tax: A consumtion tax that is levied at each stage of production based on the value added to the product at that stage. Tax on profits: A fee charged by a government on company profits. Tax concession: Reduced tax 13. SUBSIDIES 13.a Subsidies generally Subsidy: A form of financial assistance paid to a business or economic sector. This can be used to support businesses that might otherwise fail or to encourage activities that would otherwise not take place; also referred to as a subvention. 13.b Direct subsidies 14. DISCOUNTS 14. Discounts Post Railroad Telephone Telegraph Telex Other 15. OWNERSHIP 15.a Ownership laws and rules 15.b Cross-media ownership restrictions
121
ALBANIA
Media Market Description
General economic situation Macroeconomic growth has averaged around 5% over the last five years and inflation is low and stable. The economy is bolstered by annual remittances from abroad representing about 15% of GDP, mostly from Albanians residing in Greece and Italy; this helps offset the towering trade deficit. The agricultural sector, which accounts for over half of employment but only about one-fifth of GDP, is limited primarily to small family operations and subsistence farming. Energy shortages because of a reliance on hydropower, and antiquated and inadequate infrastructure contribute to Albanias poor business environment and lack of success in attracting new foreign investment. With help from EU funds, the government is taking steps to improve the poor national road and rail network, a long-standing barrier to sustained economic growth. The inflation rate was estimated at 2.1% in 2009. Performance of newspapers vs. other media The public Albanian Radio and Television operated a national television channel and a national radio station and, by law, receives 50 percent of its budget from the government. The station remained under strict government control in its editorial line. Albanian media tend to prepare their news in-house rather than buy it from domestic agencies. The opposite is also true: in some cities, there are journalists and reporters who work much like news agencies, preparing and broadcasting news for several newspapers and televisions at the same time. Only two or three television stations and newspapers manage to make any profit, while the rest of the media are unprofitable and cannot survive without external financial support. Politicization of the media remained a concern that worsened during the election campaign. Publishers and newspaper owners continued to direct news stories to serve their political and economic interests and sometimes blocked stories that ran counter to those interests. There was minimal transparency in the financing of the media. Performance of different types of newspapers Political parties, trade unions, and other groups published newspapers or magazines independent of government influence. An estimated 190 publications were available, including daily and weekly newspapers, magazines, newsletters, and pamphlets.
According to official data, the country had 64 private television stations and 44 private radio stations in 2009, There is a large number of newspapers and magazines, totalling about 70 for magazines and 90 for newspapers, but the actual number was reportedly higher. the general news dailies representing one quarter of While there is not a Greek-language Albanian television them. station, public-television branches in the districts broadcast in minority languages, including Greek, The newspapers with national reach remain based in the capital. The local newspapers are now only a memory, as during several parts of the day. they disappeared in the first years of the transition due There are no regional dailies because the concept is to depressed demand and the lack of advertising. connected to communist propaganda. They were about 26 in 1990, recalls Shqips editor-in-chief Aleksander Most newspapers have to follow a political or business Cipa, who also presides over Albanias Union of agenda, as pointed out in industry surveys. Journalists and comes from Gjirokaster, a southern city Tirana Times is Albanias first weekly newspaper for close to the border with Greece. English speaking audience. This absence is mostly linked to market conditions, lack of demand, lack of resources, thinks Ilda Londo, Newspaper launches / closures the research coordinator of the Albanian Media Institute Daily newspaper Tema ceased its publication on January 26, 2010, claiming that it could no longer withstand (AMI). government pressure and economic hardship that derives Private news agencies are fairly undeveloped in Albania, from the newspapers criticism against the government. while even the services of the state news agency, ATSH, which offers print news bulletins and photos online, The staff of daily Tema newspaper were evicted from tend to be avoided by commercial newspapers - not only their newsroom in January 2009 after a decision by the because of the expense, but also because the quality is Ministry of Economical Affairs to cancel the newspapers 20-year-old contract for the premises. considered poor. A lawsuit issued by Tema followed and the Court of Some news websites are coming on to the scene, such as Tirana decided in favor of the newspaper. However, the Balkan Web, which is, however, modest compared with court decision was not executed until the newspaper ceased its publication. the websites of neighboring countries.
WAN-IFRA WORLD PRESS TRENDS 2010 EUROPE 123
ALBANIA
Advertising All media outlets carry out their own market research The government is no longer the main source of and present their own findings to their advertising advertisement for the media. clients. The practice is highly subjective. Because media conduct research independently, credibility is very low. Many media outlets have started to operate through As a result, advertisers are unsure of the efficiency of advertising agencies rather than directly with advertisers. money they spend on advertising based on unreliable Advertising revenues are distributed disproportionally audience data. and concentrated in the capital, as the most powerful businesses and media are based there. The smaller cities Online / Digital Publishing in the most distant and poorest areas are in a difficult There were no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitored financial position. e-mail or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups Though total annual advertising revenue is increasing could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the and the total market represents about EUR45 million Internet, including by e-mail. Access to the Internet per year, it still is too low to sustain the media. The increased exponentially during the year, but remained advertising market in Albania continues to be just one- limited, particularly outside major urban areas. tenth of the Croatian market. Consequently, all newspapers and most television stations survive not on According to International Telecommunication Union advertising revenue, subscriptions, or sales, but on (ITU) statistics for 2008, approximately 15 percent of monthly subsidies from the other businesses of media the countrys inhabitants used the Internet; however, there were other reports that usage could be as high as 30 owners. percent. Circulation It is hard to establish a definitive ranking between the Mainly the satellite connections, but also the Internet more than 20 general news dailies published in a country service and the mobile telephone service, have increased lacking audited circulation figures. the options for citizens to explore international news media. However, there are economic obstacles to access; Shekulli has been at the top of the list in the past years, there are still large numbers of Albanians who cannot as its cover price is lower than many of its competitors, afford to subscribe to an Internet service or buy a foreign but it is now joined, and maybe overtaken, by Panorama newspaper that is more costly than domestic newspapers. with circulation of 20,000. The Internet is transforming into an increasingly Their closest and most respected followers, selling less important source of information, especially in the main than 10,000 copies, include the Italian-owned Gazeta cities and among the intellectual elites and students. Shqiptare, which set the tone for the new democracys Some newspapers are more accessible on the Internet media, as many of its former editors now control other than in the traditional market. The Internet website of important outlets, Shqip or Albania. a daily newspaper that sells about 5,000 copies has about 16,000 visitors per day, most of whom are emigrants Circulation numbers rarely exceed 4,000 and abroad. subscriptions are non-existent or of a few hundred maximum. People prefer to buy newspapers in the Ownership morning rather than wait for the afternoon subscription Generally speaking, media ownership is transparent. However, there is no specific law that regulates the to arrive. problem of media ownership transparency. Albania has a Print media cover prices have remained steady. Some modern system of business registration, and anyone can newspapers, like Panorama, have lower prices and higher receive information on the ownership of a medium on circulations. Some dailies, like Shqip, are priced higher the website of the National Center of Registration. and have lower circulation. Both newspapers, however, However, the problem of transparency has been seem to have found a satisfactory equilibrium between displaced from transparency of ownership to transparency of media financing. Even the issue of price and circulation. ownership transparency remains unclear; in some cases, Readership the owner of a television station is known to be one The largest media try to conduct market research to individual, while the law requires a television station to better tailor programming to the audience demands. In have three owners. Albania, the trend still leans toward media carrying out their own audience testing; offers made by specialized Two of the three businessmen active in the construction research companies have not been very successful. Phone industry, who founded the daily Panorama in 2003, left surveys are the preferred method; other methods remain shortly after to launch their own dailies, Tirana Observer underdeveloped. and Metropol.
124 WAN-IFRA WORLD PRESS TRENDS 2010 EUROPE
ALBANIA
There will be a consolidation in three to five years, with narrowing of the print media market, which is another less than ten dailies left on the market, anticipates cause of financial hardship for the press. Robert Rakipllari, editor-in-chief of the daily Panorama. Newspapers are available only in the cities and are not Italys Edisud Media, which publishes La Gazzetta del distributed in remote areas. About 60 percent of Mezzogiorno just across the channel separating the two inhabited territory, mainly the rural areas, remains out of countries, is practically the only foreign investor as the reach for print media. The citizens that live in the owner of Gazeta Shqiptare. suburbs of cities and large counties do not have the option of buying newspapers and magazines. In the same Germanys press conglomerate WAZ Medien Gruppe is way, in these areas it is impossible to have any other very active in the Balkans, however, it has no assets in television signal apart from the public television RTSH, Albania's print media, only in television. which is traditionally controlled editorially by the government. Media / Press Laws The law punishes libel with a prison sentence of up to However, almost 80 percent of the population currently two years and a fine. lives in areas where media coverage is complete and assorted. Prime Minister Sali Berishas government, reconfirmed to power in June 2009, imposed upon itself Taxes a moratorium on suits against journalists for libel and Media are no more overtaxed than other businesses; in defamation. In such cases, the burden of proof is always fact, they are exempt from some taxes, such as valueadded tax (VAT) on imported paper. on the plaintiff. During the year 2009 there were no libel suits against reporters. However, two media outlets, Vision Plus and Shekulli, filed libel suits against the prime minister in December 2009 for prejudicial public statements made against them in parliament. Court hearings were ongoing at years end. State Support There are no public subsidies officially, but print media are indirectly assisted through free or cheap access to office facilities, and through state advertising.
Other Factors Access to the journalism profession is free, and the For five years in 2009, a bill decriminalizing defamation government does not impose licenses and limitations. was been pending approval by lawmakers, even though in principle it has been hailed by the whole political The number of journalism departments at Albanian sphere. The bill transforms defamation from a criminal universities has increased. Of 33 universities that to a civil case, allowing proportional fines that would not function in Albania, half have a journalism branch. Most of media practitioners in the contry share an opinion lead to a chilling effect on the media. that the qualitative level of graduates in journalism Printing & Distribution schools remains low, in part because the abilities of the The number of commercial printing houses in Albania trainers are low. has increased, but only two, based in Tirana, print newspapers. These two printing houses print some 40 The Albanian Media Institute has been a source of newspapers, leading to technical problems with the quality training, compensating for the low-quality work quality of print. Both companies are managed as of universities. This institution sent journalists abroad to businesses and have become less charitable toward high-quality training courses and increased the number newspaper owners in recent years. Today, all printing of courses in Albania. UNDEF has also provided must be paid for on delivery. assistance to investigative journalism training in 2009, through Hapur and in special training for journalists in Newspaper distribution is commercial without subsidies the districts. from the state. An Albanian reporter is paid on average EUR400-500 The Albanian printed media have to cope with per month, more or less the wage of 12 years ago. With a malfunctioning distribution system due to the poor the exception of editors-in-chief or show hosts, who can infrastructure in a land where half of the population is be paid EUR1,500-3,000 per month, the salaries of still rural. Despite some European Union pressure and other journalists are similar to teachers, doctors, assistance, there is a lack of cooperation within the or other public-service employees. The salaries of industry. journalists in the districts often are 50 percent lower. Furthermore, many journalists are not ensured by the The inability to distribute newspapers and magazines media owners or companies and are forced to spend on across the whole country has contributed to an artificial their own for private pension and health insurance
ALBANIA
programs. Many journalists complained their lack of Ethics and its standards have been applied, despite employment contracts hindered their ability to report instances of journalists using hate speech and objectively. defamation in 2009. There were even journalists who assaulted other journalists with differing opinions. As In Albania, ethical standards for journalists are defined a reaction against violations of professional ethics, and to in the Code of Ethics, approved by the associations of build solidarity within the media community on ethics, journalists some years ago. They are harmonized with the Union of Albanian Journalists organized international standards. There is also a Council of Ethics a roundtable of editors-in-chief and well-known tasked with reacting to violations of the code. However, journalists, who discussed implementation of the Code it is difficult to spot even one case when the Code of of Ethics. Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; Albanian Media Institute; WAN-IFRA Editors' Weblog; Tirana Times; IREX Media Sustainability Index 2009, 2010
3.b
Total average circulation per issue

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total paid-for dailies
70
70
70
70
70
0.00
0.00
Source: 2005 WAN estimate; 2006-2008 WAN assessment; 2009 WAN-IFRA assessment
4.d
Cover prices (2009)

(Albania, lek) min max
Single copy
10.00
50.00
Source: WAN-IFRA from public sources

6.d
Internet subscribers and users

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Internet subscribers Internet users
20 20 40 84 105 425.00 188.0 300.0 471.2 750.0 1,300.0 591.49
25.00 73.33
Source: International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Broadband subscribers Map: CIA The World Factbook

2.a
0.3
0.3
10.0
64.0
90.0 29,900.00
40.63

6.f
Population by age and sex (2009)

All individuals 000 % 842 2,442 357 3,641 23 67 10 100 Male 000 441 1,251 166 1,858 % 24 67 9 100 Female 000 % 401 1,191 191 1,783 22 67 11 100
Mobile cellular subscriptions

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Age 0-14 15-64 65 + Total
Mobile cellular subscriptions 1,530.2
2,322.4 3,141.2 4,161.6
171.96
32.48

7.aa
Source: CIA The World Factbook

3.a
Gross domestic product

2005 (Albania, lek, bln) 2006 2007 2008 2009
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08 GDP
1,797.2 1,941.9 2,015.2 2,138.9 2,183.3
Total paid-for dailies 29 Total paid-for non-dailies 1 80
28 81
28 81
28 82
29 82
0.00 2.50
3.57 0.00
Source: 2005-2006 CIA The World Factbook via Index Mundi; 2007-2009 CIA The World Factbook
7.ab
Source: 2005-2007 WAN from public sources; 2008 WAN assessment; 2009 WANIFRA assessment
1
Gross domestic product per capita

2005 (Albania, lek, 000) 2006 2007 2008 545.40 560.57 589.60 2009 599.20
Estimate GDP per capita
504.40
126
ALBANIA
8.ba
Top paid-for dailies (2009)

Founded (year) Language Publishing company Circulation (000) English Ylli Rakipi Tribuna Ekonomike Shqiptare e Pavarur Ferrano Group Sh. a. Spekter Enti botues Ekonomia Fahri Balliu Edisud sh. p. a. Nikolle Lesi 2 Media 6 Panorama Group Partia Republikane e Shqiperise Partia Demokratike Sh. a. Spekter Top Media Nikolle Lesi Sh. a. Spekter Media Enter sh. p. k. Partia Socialiste e Shqiperise 6 20 3 20 3 Cover price usual (Albania, lek) 20 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 A3 Format Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Albania, lek) 28,000 56,000 -
Title
Albania Albanian Daily News Balkan Biznes Ekonomia Gazeta 55 Gazeta Shqiptare Koha Jone (Our Time) Korrieri Panorama Republika Rilindja Demokratike (The Democratic Revival) Shekulli Shqip Sot Sport Ekspres Sporti Shqiptar Tema Zeri i Popullit (Peoples Voice) 4
111 1991 1 2001 1944
Source: Albanian Media Institute; Wikipedia; WAN-IFRA from public sources Due to lack of circulation and readership data, dailies are ranked in alphabetical order
1 2
Founded as a local weekly of Lezha, a coastal town in the north of Albania; nowadays also distributed in Greece and Italy; data provided by the publishing company Aleksander Frangaj is a new owner from April 2007 3 WAN-IFRA estimate 4 Originally the official newspaper of Albania and the news and propaganda organ of the Party of Labour
12.
Taxes (2009)
% 0
Tax VAT on: Single copy sales Source: Distripress
127
ANDORRA
General economic situation Tourism, the mainstay of Andorras tiny, well-to-do economy, accounts for more than 80% of GDP. An estimated 11.6 million tourists visit annually, attracted by Andorras duty-free status and by its summer and winter resorts. The banking sector, with its partial tax haven status, also contributes substantially to the economy. Agricultural production is limited, only 2% of the land is arable and most food has to be imported. Andorra is a member of the EU Customs Union and is treated as an EU member for trade in manufactured goods (no tariffs) and as a non-EU member for agricultural products. The inflation rate was estimated at 3.9% in 2009. Performance of newspapers vs. other media The Andorran media scene has been shaped by the countrys proximity to France and Spain. Andorrans have access to broadcasts from both countries, and for many years Andorra was home to Sud Radio, a powerful radio station broadcasting to southwest France. well. French and Spanish newspapers are also widely available. El 9 Esportiu, the unique Catalan language daily sports newspaper, was founded in Barcelona, Catalonia, in 2002. In addition to selling individual, it is also included in several newspapers, including Diari dAndorra. Online / Digital Publishing There were no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitored e-mail or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail. By the end of 2010, it is planned that every home in the country will have Fibre-Optic to the Home for Internet access at a minimum speed of 100 Mbps.
Mobile and fixed telephony and Internet services are operated exclusively by the Andorran national telecommunications company, SOM, also known as There is only one Andorran television station, Radio Servei de Telecomunicacions dAndorra (STA). i Televisio dAndorra (RTVA). Radio Nacional The same company also manages the technical dAndorra operates two radio stations, Radio Andorra infrastructure for national broadcasting of digital and Andorra Musica. television and radio. Performance of different types of newspapers There are two paid-for daily newspapers published in the principality, Diari DAndorra and El Periodic. In 2004, a free daily Bondia was launched. Media / Press Laws The constitution and law provide for freedom of speech and of the press, and the government generally respected these rights in practice. An independent press, an effective judiciary, and a functioning democratic Diari DAndorra, El Periodic, and Bondia are national political system combined to ensure freedom of speech newspapers. Several local newspapers are published as and of the press. Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; Wikipedia
2.a

All individuals 000 % 13 61 10 84 15 73 12 100 Male 000 7 32 5 44 % 16 73 11 100 Female 000 % 6 29 5 40 15 73 13 100
Age 0-14 15-64 65 + Total

3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies Total free dailies
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
Source: 2005-2007 WAN from public sources; 2008 WAN assessment; 2009 WAN-IFRA assessment
Map: CIA The World Factbook
128
ANDORRA
3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
7.aa

(Euro Member Countries, euro, bln) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
32 27 5
32 27 5
32 27 5
32 27 5
32 27 5
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
GDP
1.1
1.5
1.5
2.0
1.9
Source: CIA The World Factbook via Index Mundi

7.ab
Source: 2005-2008 WAN assessment; 2009 WAN-IFRA assessment

(Euro Member Countries, euro, 000) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
6.d

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08 GDP per capita
15.4
21.4
19.2
28.3
26.4

8.ba
17.0 30.0
17.0 40.0
27.2 59.
29.3 59.1
32.0 67.2
88.24 124.00
9.22 13.71

Founded (year) 1991 Language Catalan Catalan Publishing company Premsa Andorrana, SA Grupo Zeta Readership (000) 19 -

6.e
Title Diari dAndorra 1 El Periodic d'Andorra

1
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Source: Diari dAndorra; El Periodic d'Andorra; Wikipedia Including also El 9 Esportiu, the unique Catalan language daily sports newspaper, founded in Barcelona, Catalonia, in 2002
Broadband subscribers
10.3
14.6
18.5
20.7
22.9
122.33
10.63

6.f

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
8.bb
Top free dailies (2009)

Founded (year) 2004 Language Catalan Publishing company La Veu del Poble SL Circulation (000) 51
Title Bondia
1
Mobile cellular subscriptions 64.6
69.0
63.5
64.2
64.5
-0.15
0.47
Source: WAN-IFRA from public sources WAN-IFRA assessment
12.
Taxes (2007)
% 4
Tax Standard VAT Source: Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu
129
AUSTRIA
General economic situation Austria has a well-developed market economy and high standard of living. Its economy features a large service sector, a sound industrial sector, and a small, but highly developed agricultural sector. The Austrian economy has benefited greatly in the past from strong commercial relations, especially in the banking and insurance sectors, with Central, Eastern, and South-Eastern Europe. However, these sectors have been vulnerable to recent international financial instabilities, and some of Austrias largest banks have required government support. The international financial and economic crisis spread to Austria and caused a slump, the biggest since the 1930s: gross domestic product (GDP) shrank in real terms by -3.6% and according to experts is expected to recover only very slowly in 2010. In 2009, the countrys inflation rate, using the national calculation method, amounted to 0.5%, or 0.4% using the European standard consumer price index (harmonized CPI) methodology. Due to the difficult economic situation, the unemployment rate in Austria increased from 5.8% in 2008 to 7.2% in 2009; it is expected to increase again both in 2010 and 2011. This is bound to affect private consumption, which in 2009, nevertheless, increased marginally by 0.2%. Performance of different types of newspapers Despite the difficult economic situation, Austrian newspapers continue to enjoy gratifying soundness and stability in terms of their reach and print runs. According to Media Analysis 2009 in Austria, 75% of the population over 14 years of age read a daily newspaper every day, which represents an increase by 2.1% compared to 2008. In the age group of 14 to 19-year-olds, the share of everyday readers rose to 64% from 61.1%, and in the 20 to 29-year-old group from 66.8% to 69.9%. It must be noted, however, that the media analysis published in 2009 included for the first time the free daily (commuter) newspaper Heute, available in eastern Austria. Paid-for newspapers preserved their market position in the crisis year 2009, and paid-for weekly newspapers also remained stable in the market. By optimizing print runs (reduction of free distribution), the publishing houses managed to harness savings. Declines in individual retail sales were partially offset by increases in subscriptions, which are traditionally prolific in Austria, where subscriptions on average represent 87% of all copies sold. The segment of Sunday newspapers has been developing well, with a total of seven titles on the Austrian market in 2009. Despite the difficult economic situation and without augmenting their editorial resources, the daily newspaper Die Presse launched a Sunday title, Die Presse
130
am Sonntag, on March 15, 2009 (retail cover price EUR2.00, annual subscription EUR75.00). This is a stand-alone product rather than a traditional newspaper edition with its own rubrics and journalistic coverage. Currently Die Presse sells around 231,000 copies on weekends, of which some 119,000 are sold on Sunday. That is 44 percent higher or about 70,000 copies more than the annual average of 2008. Sunday became the strongest reading day for Die Presse since its launch. Newspaper launches / closures Free Austrian newspaper Obersterreichs Neue, published in the Linz area, closed in May 2009. Declining advertising revenues in the recession pushed the local free daily over the edge, even though the newspaper stated that readership was increasing. Mediahaus Wimmer, the publisher of the newspaper, did not rule out a possible relaunch if the economy improves. The free regional weeklies Styria Media Group AG and Moser Holding started their 50:50 joint venture in the first quarter of 2009. On March 14, 2009, the daily newspaper Die Presse from Styria Media Group AG launched its first Sunday edition. Advertising The overall economic situation had an impact on the advertising sector. In 2009, gross advertising expenditure in Austria (large-scale advertising), according to list prices and excluding discounts and taxes, totaled EUR3.34 billion, that is -0.2% compared to the previous year. Traditional advertising (i.e. advertising in daily and weekly newspapers, magazines, specialist publications, television, radio, outdoor and traditional flyers) accounted for EUR2.70 billion, a decrease of -0.4%. There are no statistics available for classified ads. Due to increased media competition, it should be noted, however, that significant discounts are prevalent. Although gross advertising volume has not significantly declined, net advertising revenues have collapsed. This fact has to be taken into account when evaluating the following figures: With advertising revenues of EUR1.47 billion (-3.8% year-on-year) and a 54.2% share in classical advertising in the face of increasing competition among various media, print media was the undisputed market leader in 2009. Daily newspapers generated EUR796 million, an increase of 1.8% over the previous year. Regional weekly newspapers, including free newspapers, accounted for EUR225 million, a year-on-year decline of -4.5%.
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Magazines and periodicals suffered a drastic drop of -10.4%, with their advertising revenues totalling EUR329 million. Newspaper supplements generated EUR98 million, which means an increase of 8.5% compared to 2008. Online advertising expenditure is still small in Austria, but in 2009 it grew by 32.8% over the previous year to almost EUR116 million. In sectoral terms, the capital goods industry remains the leading advertiser, spending a gross amount of EUR924 million (-5.8% year-on-year). It was followed by the services sector with gross advertising expenditure of EUR696 million, representing a decrease of -4.5% over the previous year. Growth in the branded goods sector was significantly high at 8.0%, representing a total of EUR630 million. The retail and mail order trade reached a gross value of EUR446 million, representing an increase of 3.8%. (All data: FOCUS Research) Readership In 2009, the first phase of the strategic readership research, initiated by the Austrian Newspaper Association (VZ) in the previous year, was completed. The main thrust of the research was how young people become readers. Results of this qualitative study indicate that a major impetus to newspaper reading is given by parents at home and by early access to print media, but also school projects and peer groups play an important role. Research results show that the use of media, and especially of newspapers, is conditioned by personal rituals and habits throughout the day. As part of a reform of the Media Analysis, a comprehensive media use study is being planned. The objective is to map the daily routine in media consumption and to answer the questions of when and which media are consulted and by whom. The Internet, mobile devices, print and electronic media will be included in this study. months for retrieval ""on demand"", in case they are needed in order to investigate and prosecute serious crimes. Among many points of contention for newspaper and magazine publishers, two issues in particular need to be considered: on one hand, the possible erosion of editorial confidentiality privileges, and, on the other - for all magazine publishers who want to combine their online offerings in the future with paid content business models - the anonymity assured for content-hackers in the draft as submitted, enabling them to redistribute paid content without permission free of charge and thus sabotage paid content business models. The Austrian Newspaper Association (VZ), in any case, insisted that the law explicitly ensure that press confidentiality not be impaired by information regarding stored data. The matter, however, has not yet been submitted to Parliament for examination. Researchers at the Austria-based Know-Centre are working on a program that analyzes the language used on blogs in order to rank them as highly credible, having average credibility, or little credible. The code looks at the distribution of words over time, and compares blog topics against articles from mainstream news, which are apparently weighted as being more credible. Ownership In June 2009 the Styria Media Group AG and Moser Holdings published their intention to merge their regional activities into one common corporation, Moser Holding as a whole and the regional Styria companies.
Media / Press Laws The constitution provides for freedom of speech and the press, and the government generally respected these rights in practice. An independent press, an effective judiciary, and a functioning democratic political system combined to ensure freedom of speech and the press. The independent media were active and expressed a wide variety of views with a few restrictions. Individuals Media-Analyse announced in May 2009 that it will generally could criticize the government publicly or begin to include free daily newspapers in its readership privately without reprisal. survey. After the paid/free newspaper sterreich was included in the 2008 survey, questions were raised about The law prohibits public denial, belittlement, approval, the inclusion of other titles. In 2009, total free or justification of the Nazi genocide or other Nazi crimes circulation in Austria was around 700,000, with Heute against humanity in a print publication, a broadcast, or leading the group with more than 500,000 daily copies. other media. It also prohibits incitement, insult, or Obersterreichs Neue (Die Neue) had a circulation of contempt against a group because of its members race, 60,000 and TT Kompakt 9,000. sterreich distributed nationality, or ethnicity if the statement violates human 115,000 copies of its paid newspaper for free. The first dignity. The government strictly enforced these laws. Strict libel laws discouraged reporting of governmental all-included survey might be available in 2010. abuse. Online / Digital Publishing Considerable discussion followed a draft amendment Printing & Distribution formulated by the government to the Telecommu- Daily newspapers are predominantly delivered by nications Act (TKG), which is designed to transpose the publishers own delivery services. Mail delivery, controversial EU directive on data retention into representing just over 10%, plays only a minor part in national law. The bill provides that certain this field, as the post office does not offer early morning telecommunications data be stored for a period of six delivery. Weekly newspapers and magazines, however,
AUSTRIA
continue to be predominantly delivered by mail (95%). Whereas the rates for postal delivery were increased by 2.9% in 2009 compared to 2008, no increase is expected in 2010 due to the low inflation rate. Postal Issues In November 2009, a new Postal Market Law was adopted by Parliament setting out the framework for the development of the postal market in the coming years. The law represented a chance for true liberalization. This chance was missed, however, and instead the monopoly of the Austrian Post AG was extended until further notice. The law represents only a minimal version of the necessary liberalization. Access to delivery via residential letter boxes and the establishment of rural mail collection points by third parties is essential for development of a free competitive market, but it has been postponed without any interim solution to the end of 2012. Thus the EU deadline of January 1, 2011 for the full liberalization of the postal market has been postponed for another two years. This brings additional benefit for the Post AG, which is also the only postal service exempt from turnover tax in offering universal service, creating a de facto extension of the postal monopoly. The new law grants exemptions only to newspaper delivery companies, which are exclusively owned by media enterprises or publishers themselves, but this does not to apply to cooperation with third parties, such as logistics companies. Association (VZ). The EC decided to discontinue the investigation under the EC Treaty state aid rules, after Austria formally committed itself to change the relevant legal framework. The changes in question concern particularly the spelling out of the public contract obligations of the special-interest TV channel ORF Sport plus as well as of the planned channel focusing on culture and news, together with the specification of the current online contract obligations of the ORF plus provisions for new audiovisual services. In addition, reasonable steps are supposed to be taken to prevent over-compensation and cross-subsidization and to ensure respect for market principles in commercial activities.
A government draft of a new ORF Act revealed from the outset serious discrepancies compared with EU guidelines, and is certainly not inspired by the basic idea of developing a twin-track broadcasting system in Austria. The draft bill submitted to Parliament includes only minor improvements over the original law. For publishing media companies, the key issue of the online activities of ORF is treated inadequately as there is no clear limitation in regard to its public service mission, nor any quantitative restriction on the share of advertising content in the online offerings of ORF. VZ, on the other hand, has demanded a clearly circumscribed definition for the online activities of the ORF, which should not be in any case a part of the public service obligations. In addition, the law should State Support prevent ORF from offering commercial online services Press subsidy was awarded for the first time on a new going beyond its public service mandate. There should statutory basis in 2004. For criteria, please see the table be a media authority in charge of overseeing this public 13.a Subsidies generally in this country report. service function and investigating any violations of it; however, this oversight function is not adequately In 2009, newspapers obtained press subsidies from the provided for in the bill. Austrian federal budget (for criteria, see World Press Trends 2005, page 156) totalling EUR12.84 million. Of The desire of the ORF and of some regional politicians the total sum, 14 daily newspapers received EUR2.44 to weaken the existing regional television advertising ban million in the form of a distribution subsidy, while seven through the new draft law and thereby further expand daily newspapers were awarded a total of EUR6.64 the ORFs advertising slots has so far been thwarted by million as a special subsidy to preserve regional the VZ through targeted lobbying, but the possibility diversity. Thirty-seven weekly newspapers received persists. This would mean a serious threat to the subsidies totaling EUR2.08 million in 2009. A total of existence of regional media companies, with a massive almost EUR1.67 million was disbursed under the shift of advertising spending away from the private heading quality assurance and support for the future, regional media to the ORF an inevitable consequence. which also includes training for journalists, subsidies to cover costs of contractual foreign correspondents, and Other Factors subsidies for reading newspapers at school, as well as Because the existing collective agreement on standard press-related research projects. By way of comparison, contracts for staff journalists carries extraordinary the public service broadcaster ORF is funded annually benefits (15-month annual salary, double-step income with state aid from license fees in an amount of over progression in the first six years of their career, up to seven weeks annual leave etc.), this represents EUR530 million. a substantial burden and a significant competitive In October 2009, the European Commission/ disadvantage for the publishing houses. The Austrian Directorate General for Competition concluded its Newspaper Association (VZ) is negotiating with the investigation on the financing regime of the public journalists union over a new contract, reflecting broadcasting corporation ORF, triggered in part by contemporary minimal standards. An outcome is strenuous efforts from the Austrian Newspaper unlikely before summer 2010 at the earliest.
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After years of difficult negotiations, the Austrian Newspaper Association and the journalists union reached an agreement for the new Austrian Press Council in late 2009. This Association for SelfRegulation of Austrian Press - Austrian Press Council, founded on March 26, 2010, will henceforth act as a bridging organization for two senates, each composed of six journalists and chaired by a legally qualified person that will judge complaints on the basis of the Code of Honour adopted by the Austrian press. The Austrian Newspaper Association created a new prize in 2009 for outstanding scientific work conducted at universities or technical colleges. Submitted works/papers may represent research related to the media market in Austria and should at least also deal with areas pertaining to the situation of newspapers and magazines. In this context, works in the field of education and democracy research as well as media teaching and media economics may also be selected. The works/academic papers will be reviewed by a scientific advisory board. The award ceremony will be held for the first time in autumn 2010.
Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; VZ Austrian Newspaper Association; FDN Newsletter; Ars Technica; WAN-IFRA archives
2.b
Population by social class and sex (2009)

All adults 000 % 2,123 1,440 1,408 1,408 690 7,069 30.0 20.4 19.9 19.9 9.8 100 Male 000 1,195 724 696 605 202 3,422 % 34.9 21.2 20.3 17.7 5.9 100 Female 000 % 928 716 712 803 488 3,647 25.4 19.9 19.5 22.0 13.4 100
Social class A+B C1 C2 D E Total
Source: Media Analysis Report 2008/2009
Households (occupancy) (2008)

2.ca
2.cb
Households ( children) (2008)

Occupancy Without children With children aged 0-15 Total Households 000 1 % 901 1,425 792 2,326 39.0 61.0 38.3 100
Occupancy 1 person 2 people 3 people 4 people 5 or more people Total
Households 000 % 1,261 1,014 574 469 248 3,566 35.4 28.4 16.1 13.1 7.0 100
Source: Statistics Austria Microzensus 2008
Source: Statistics Austria Microzensus 2008

2.d Housewives (co-habiting persons) (2009)

2.a
Age

All individuals 000 % 1,261 1,023 1,087 1,342 1,252 936 1,454 8,355 15.1 12.2 13.0 16.0 15.0 11.2 17.4 100 Male 000 647 521 545 675 627 455 598 4,068 % 15.9 12.8 13.4 16.6 15.1 11.2 14.7 100 Female 000 % 614 502 542 667 625 481 856 4,287 14.3 11.7 12.6 15.6 14.6 11.2 20.0 100
Housewives 000 % 126 499 651 617 483 755 3,131 4.0 15.9 20.8 19.7 15.4 24.1 100
Age 0-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total
Under 25 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total
Source: Media Analysis 2009
Source: Statistics Austria
133
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3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
4.a
Total number of copies sold or distributed annually

(mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies 1 National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies Total free dailies Regional and local free dailies Total non-dailies 2 Total paid-for non-dailies National paid-for non-dailies Regional and local paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies Regional and local free non-dailies
1
17 16 6 10 16 1 1 213 110 103 103
21 17 7 10 17 4 4 210 115 95 95
21 17 7 10 17 4 4 247 120 127 127
19 16 7 9 16 3 3 243 118 9 109 125 125
19 16 7 9 16 3 3 223 87 9 78 136 136
11,76 0.00 16.67 -10.00 0.00 200.00 200.00 4.69 -20.91 32.04 32.04
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -8.23 -26.27 0.00 -28.44 8.80 8.80
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies Total free dailies Regional and local free dailies Average Monday-Saturday
1
671 633 424 209 633 38 38
790 643 1 433 210 643 147 147
869 713 2 506 206 713 156 156
859 710 3 499 211 710 149 149
830 690 4 481 209 690 140 140
23.70 9.00 13.44 0.00 9.00 268.42 268.42
-3.38 -2.82 -3.61 -0.95 -2.82 -6.04 -6.04
Source: AK; M.A.K.neu, Mediacom; Publishers claims; VZ (calculation) Including 85 million copies of the daily sterreich, which, due to large distribution of free copies, is also called a hybrid newspaper, that is one placed in-between paid-for and free titles. 2 Including 86 million copies of the daily sterreich 3 Including 93 million copies of the daily sterreich 4 Including 15 million copies of the daily sterreich
4.c
Source: Austrian Press Handbook In 2006-2009 including the daily sterreich, which, due to large distribution of free copies, is also called a hybrid newspaper, that is one placed in-between paid-for and free titles. 2 Number of titles listed in the Austrian Press Handbook (inclusive regional editions, exclusive combinations)
3.b
Type of newspaper sales

2005 2006 14.01 65.06 14.18 6.75 100 (%) 2007 12.01 66.97 13.87 7.15 100 2008 11.33 69.34 5.49 12.55 1.29 100 2009 1 10.52 71.08 5.33 12.24 0.83 100

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 1 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Single copy sales Subscriptions Bulk Free distribution Other 2 Total
13.71 71.41 9.82 5.04 100
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies Total free dailies Regional and local free dailies
2,311 2,895 2,988 2,957 2,869 2,111 2,322 2 2,406 3 2,348 4 2,305 5 1,420 1,619 1,694 1,648 1,604 733 737 712 692 701 2,111 2,322 2,406 2,348 2,305 200 573 582 609 564 200 573 582 609 564
24.15 9.19 12.96 -4.37 9.19 182.00 182.00
-2.98 -1.83 -2.67 1.30 -1.83 -7.39 -7.39
Source: 2006 AK (Final Reports 2001-2006, Average Monday-Saturday); 2007 AK (Final Reports 2001-2007, Average Monday-Saturday), M.A.K. neu; 2008 Calculation by VZ 2008; 2009 AK On January 1, 2004, the reformed guidelines of the AK came into force, including changes in the definition of paid circulation. Therefore, 2004 and 2005 data are not comparable with those of previous years.
1 2
Including paid-for dailies and hybrid (paid/free) Including Office and Bulk (sponsored) deliveries in 2005-2007
Source: AK; M.A.K.neu, Mediacom; Publishers claims; VZ (calculation); WAN-IFRA (free dailies calculation)
1
4.d
Cover prices (2009)

(Austria, euro) average
5.a
Newspaper reach (2009)

(%) Reached
Average Monday-Saturday 2 Including 283 thousand copies of the daily sterreich, which, due to large distribution of free copies, is also called a hybrid newspaper, that is one placed in-between paid-for and free titles. 3 Including 283 thousand copies of the daily sterreich 4 Including 311 thousand copies of the daily sterreich 5 Including 207 thousand copies of the daily sterreich
Single copy Subscription Source: Calculation by VZ

5.b
1.02 0.75
All adults Men Women Main household shopper Source: Media Analysis 2009
75.0 76.9 73.2 76.4
Age structure of readership (2009)

Age % % daily reach of readership within age group 7.2 13.9 16.1 20.2 15.5 14.1 13.0 100 64.0 69.9 72.2 77.6 78.7 82.4 76.0 75
14-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70+ Total
Source: Media Analysis 2009
134
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5.c
Media consumption
2002 (minutes per day) 2003 2004 2005 2006 41 31 35 195 183 84
7.aa

2005 (Austria, euro, bln) 2006 2007 2008 257.9 272.8
1
2009
1
All newspapers Regional and local newspapers Magazines Radio Television Internet
30 209 162 25
GDP Source: Statistik Austria

1
245.1
282.0
277.9 1
Estimate
7.ab

2005 (Austria, euro, 000) 2006 2007 2008 31.1 32.8 1 33.8 1 2009 33.1 1
Source: 2002 Radiotest, Teletest, MTUs, AIM-Spezial; 2006 Regioprint 2006 6,263 CASI/CAPI interviews conducted in 2006, age 14+, subjective estimation of consumption the day before
5.d
GDP per capita Source: Statistik Austria

1
29.8
Number of readers
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Estimate
7.ac
Ad spend as a % of GDP
(%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 0.92 0.93 0.93 0.91
Total dailies Source: Media Analysis
5,080 5,033 4,887 5,117 5,299
4.31
3.56
Ad expenditure
6.a
0.87
0.88
0.91
0.93
Online editions
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Source: ZenithOptimedia
7.ba
Advertising expenditure per medium

(Austria, euro, mln) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20121
Dailies
16
16
15
15
15
-6.25
0.00
Source: Austrian Press Handbook

6.b
Online readership
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies
1
2,734 2,589 1
-5.30
Source: 2008 WA Plus 2008-2; 2009 WA Plus Data related to all online platforms associated with daily newspapers; 2009 data cannot be compared with 2008 because of different population
Press Newspapers Magazines Television Radio Cinema Outdoor Internet Total
1,255 1,320 1,446 833 882 974 422 438 472 508 545 597 172 170 170 14 15 15 157 170 171 28 37 65 2,134 2,257 2,464
1,526 1,017 509 623 178 14 180 108 2,629
1,422 1,433 1,454 1,474 987 993 1,005 1,018 435 440 449 456 608 618 629 638 167 169 171 1735 11 11 11 12 180 182 185 188 135 157 174 189 2,523 2,570 2,624 2,674
Source: Focus Media Research; ZenithOptimedia

6.c
Top daily newspaper websites (2009)

Website krone.at derstandard.at kleinezeitung.at kurier.at diepresse.com Unique visitors per month (000) 896 760 561 543 492
Newspaper Kronen Zeitung Der Standard Kleine Zeitung Kurier Die Presse Source: WA Plus 2009 IV
6.d
Excludes agency commission; excludes production costs; excludes classified advertising (except online); before discounts; online includes actual figures for display and estimates for search
7.d
Advertising volume sold

2005 (pages & page equivalents) 2006 2007 2008 2009
Total Source: Focus Media Research
123,243 129,978 150,169 154,554 150,622

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Top newspaper advertising categories (2009)

7.f
7.g
Top newspaper advertisers (2009)

Advertiser Expenditure (Austria, euro, 000) 38,105 33,467 22,857 21,953 20,617 17,583 16,667 16,039 15,790 14,716
Advertising sector
1,771.6 2,380.0 2,521.0 2,047.0 2,142.0 4,771.4 5,261.0 5,762.6 6,075.4 6,143.6
20.91 28.76
4.64 1.12
Expenditure (Austria, euro, 000) 110,625 83,489 62,170 56,311 54,421 48,298 41,769 41,050 39,972 35,758

6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
1,174 1,432 1,622 1,729 1,878
59.97
8.62

6.f

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Food Public Institutions Fairs/Events/Exhibitions Car Manufactures Banks Telecommunications Furniture (Retail) Digital Media Print Media Marketing/Advertising/ Printing Source: Focus Research
Hofer (Aldi) Spar Austria Media Saturn Group Rewe Austria Telekom Austria ORF Austrian Broadcasting Raiffeisen News Publishing Company Press and Information Services Vienna LOreal Austria Source: Focus Research
Mobile cellular subscriptions 8,665 9,281 9,912 10,816 11,773 Source: International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
35.87
8.85
135
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8.a
Top publishing companies (2008)

Total circulation (000) 800 268 149 120 98 87 66 66 66 63
Publishing company
Krone-Verlag GmbH. & Co. KG Kleine Zeitung GmbH. & Co. KG Kurier-Zeitungsverlag und Druckerei GmbH. Mediengruppe sterreich Wimmer Medien Schlssel Verlag J. S. Moser Standard Verlagsgesellschaft Die Presse Verlagsgesellschaft Salzburger Nachrichten Verlagsgesellschaft Eugen Ru Vorarlberger Zeitungsverlag und Druckerei Gesellschaft Source: AK
Due to methodical changes, any comparisons to data published in this table in previous editions of World Press Trends may be misleading.
8.ba

Founded (year) Language Publishing company Circulation 3 Readership (000) German German German German German German German German German German German Krone Verlag Kleine Zeitung Kurier Zeitungsverlag Mediengruppe sterreich Wimmer Medien Schlssel Verlag J. S. Moser Die Presse Verlagsgesellschaft Standard Verlagsgesellschaft Salzburger Nachrichten Verlagsgesellschaft Eugen Ru Vorarlberger Zeitungsverlag WirtschaftsBlatt Verlag AG 819 279 161 148 2 110 90 77 75 71 64 23 (000) 2,853 858 618 671 322 331 262 394 262 200 81 Cover price usual max (Austria, euro) 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.70 1.00 1.10 2.00 1,40 1.00 1.00 2.00 1.20 1.00 1,40 1.40 1.60 1.30 1.50 Format Full page ad rate Colour usual max (Austria, euro) 29,971.50 22,848.00 12,628.00 15,514.40 18,690.00 10,799.00 299,715.00 22,848.00 16,564.00 155,144.00 18,690.00 15,119.00 9,824.00 8,950.00
Title
Kronen Zeitung Kleine Zeitung Kurier sterreich 1 ONachrichten Tiroler Tageszeitung Die Presse Der Standard Salzburger Nachrichten Vorarlberger Nachrichten Wirtschaftsblatt
1 2
1959 1904 1954 2006 1945 1945 1848 1988 1945 1887 1995
196 x 265 mm 200 x 275 mm 266 x 413 mm 216 x 315 mm 270 x 410 mm 284 x 430 mm 266 x 421 mm 271 x 428 mm 410 x 270 mm 278 x 435 mm 266 x 410 mm
Source: Austrian Press Handbook; AK 2009 Due to large distribution of free copies, sterreich is also called a hybrid newspaper, that is one placed in-between paid-for and free titles. Sold circulation with expanded bulk sales, calculated as a sum of direct copy sales and bulk sales if the share of bulk sales is not larger than 35.0% of the sum of direct copy sales and bulk sales. 3 Sold circulation, calculated as a sum of direct copy sales and bulk sales if the share of bulk sales is not larger than 17.5% of the sum of direct copy sales and bulk sales.
8.bb

Founded (year) 2004 2006 Language German German German Publishing company AHVV Verlags GmbH Neue Medien Verlags GmbH Schlsselverlag J. S. Moser GmbH 2 Circulation (000) 530 60 9 Readership (000) 712 Format 203 x 272 mm 199 x 272 mm 212 x 275 mm Full page ad rate Colour (Austria, euro) 19,548 -
Title Heute 1 Obersterreichs Neue TT Kompakt

1 2
Source: Austrian Press Handbook; Publishers claims; FDN Newsletter Distributed in Vienna, St. Polten, and Linz; Graz edition closed down on July 6, 2007 (last issue published) Publisher of paid-for newspapers the Tiroler Tageszeitung and the Neue Zeitung fur Tirol
11.
Research (2009)
12.
Taxes (2009)
% 20 10 10 20 20 20 20 34 34 5
Tax
Circulation is audited by sterreichische Auflagenkontrolle (AK) Audit Bureau of Circulation: www.oeak.at Readership is measured by Verein Arbeitsgemeinschaft Media-Analysen Media Analysis: www.media-analyse.at Methodology Media Analysis: 16.053 interviews (CAPI/CASI) run throughout the year with a disproportionate random sample aged 14+.
Source: VZ
Standard VAT VAT on: Single copy sales Subscription sales Advertising Newsprint Composition Plant Tax on profits standard rate Tax on profits for newspapers Tax on advertising Source: VZ
136
AUSTRIA
13.a
Subsidies generally (2009)
14.
Discounts (2009)
Discount rate (%) 0 0 0 0 0
Discount on rates of
Are there subsidies for the purchase of newsprint? No Are loans granted at low rates for re-equipment or improving existing equipment? There is no general subsidy for capital investment, but preferential loans are available in the Vienna region. Are there any direct subsidies? All Austrian newspapers may apply to a committee for either a general subsidy or a special subsidy. The general subsidy is for all dailies and weeklies. The special subsidy is available to smaller dailies with less than 15% coverage and 22% advertising pagination. The press subsidy was awarded for the first time on a new statutory basis in 2004. The subsidy now encompasses three areas: the sales subsidy (distribution), the special subsidy of the press and the quality assurance and a subsidy for the future. The sales subsidy is available for all daily and weekly newspapers that meet certain criteria, such as a minimum circulation (10,000 sold copies for daily newspapers / 5,000 sold copies for weekly newspapers) and being of more than a purely local interest. Daily newspapers are subsidized with equal sums, while weekly newspapers obtain a subsidy for the first 15,000 copies sold on subscription. The special subsidy of the press, reserved exclusively for daily newspapers, is to maintain the diversity of newspapers. Leading daily newspapers on the market (nationwide and regional) are excluded from this type of subsidy; the same applies for daily newspapers with over 100,000 sold copies. Daily newspapers worthy of a subsidy receive a uniform basic sum and additional funds for the first 25,000 sold copies. The quality assurance and subsidy for the future is intended to promote training for journalists. Newspapers can also apply for subsidies to cover costs of their contractual foreign correspondents and for training modules for their journalists. A new subsidy for reading is to encourage reading of daily and weekly newspapers at schools. A subsidy for press-related research projects is also new. It covers up to 50% of the project costs.
Source: VZ
13.b
Post Railroad Telephone Telegraph Telex Source: VZ
15a.
Ownership laws and rules (2009)
Does any law exist governing publishing-house ownership, or the registration of shares in newspaper-publishing companies? Except for specific merger control provisions (see below the question no. 5) there are no special provisions governing ownership or the registration of shares in newspaper publishing companies. The general rules apply. Is there any law prohibiting or restricting foreign companies or individuals from owning shares, and in particular, the majority of shares, of domestic daily newspapers? No Is there any law prohibiting daily newspaper or periodical publishers from operating radio or television stations in the same locality? Parliament enacted the Private TV Broadcasting Act on 5th July 2001, opening up the market for private terrestrial TV. The media clause of the Act allows newspaper publishers to hold 100% of a TV operator, except that publishers with a 30% share of the national newspaper readership may not own the national TV operator, and publishers with a 30% share of a regions newspaper readership may not own a TV operator in that region. There is no restriction for publishers to operate a radio broadcasting station in the same locality (Private Radio Broadcasting Act 2001). So as to guarantee disclosure and transparency in the capital structure and to avoid silent partners, is there any law or rule permitting in any event the possibility of finding out who are the actual owners of a publishing company? According to the Media Act, a publication must disclose the identity of its owners/stakeholders and parent companies as well as controlling interests in other companies. Is there an antitrust law limiting concentration in the daily press? The merger control provisions of the Austrian Cartel Act (KartG) provide specific thresholds for the notification of media mergers to the Federal Competition Authority and specific conditions for the approval of media mergers by the Federal Competition Authority:
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Direct subsidies
(Austria, euro, mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Special subsidy of the press Sales subsidy Quality assurance and future promotion subsidy Total amount
6.6 4.5 1.0 12.1
6.6 4.5 1.7 12.9
6.6 4.5 1.7 12.8
6.6 4.5 1.7 12.8
6.6 4.5 1.7 12.8
0.00 0.00 70.00 5.79
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Source: Austrian Communications Authority (KommAustria), http://www.rtr.at/de/ppf/Uebersicht2009
AUSTRIA
Generally, an intended merger (in particular: the acquisition of a business undertaking or a controlling stake) must be notified if, (i) in the last business year the combined worldwide turnover of all the undertakings involved exceeded EUR300 million, (ii) the combined Austrian turnover of all the undertakings involved exceeded EUR30 million and (iii) the individual worldwide turnover of at least two of the undertakings involved exceeded EUR5 million each. In respect of (i) and (ii), the turnover of media undertakings and media service undertakings has to be multiplied by a factor of 200; the turnover of media support undertakings (e.g. printing houses) must be multiplied by a factor of 20. The Federal Competition Authority may initiate the examination of the intended merger with the Cartel Court. The Cartel Court will issue a prohibition
15.b
decision if it considers that the intended merger would create or strengthen a dominant market position or, in case of a media merger, that it is suited to impair the media diversity. Whereas mergers falling within the jurisdiction of the European Commission are generally not subject to Austrian merger control (one-stop shop principle), media mergers require a parallel notification of the Federal Competition Authority (the Austrian merger control proceedings will in such case be limited to examine whether the intended merger will impair the media diversity). Is further regulation of media concentration expected? No
Source: VZ
Crossmedia ownership restrictions (2009)
Owners
Regional TVs
National TVs
Regional Newspapers
National Newspapers
Radio
Regional TV Licensees
Allowed 100% as long as areas dont overlap
Forbidden
Allowed 100%
Allowed 100%
Allowed 100%
National TV Licensees
Forbidden
Only one private national TV licence
Allowed 100%
Allowed 100%
Allowed 100%
Regional Newspaper Owners
Allowed 100%, as long as Allowed 100%, as long as owner does not cover more owner does not cover more than 30% of readership than 30% of readership in region in Austria Allowed 100%, as long as Allowed 100%, as long as owner does not cover more owner does not cover more than 30% of readership than 30% of readership in region in Austria
Cartel Act
Cartel Act
Allowed 100%
National Newspaper Owners
Cartel Act
Cartel Act
Allowed 100%
Satellite TV Broadcasters
Allowed 100%
Allowed 100%
Allowed 100%
Allowed 100%
Allowed 100%
Local Radio Licensees
Allowed 100% as long as Allowed 100% as long as the radio has no more than the radio has no more than 30% of the audience 30% of the nationwide in the region audience Allowed 100% as long as Allowed 100% as long as the radio has no more than the radio has no more than 30% of the audience 30% of the nationwide in the region audience
Allowed 100%
Allowed 100%
Allowed 100% but every region may only be covered once by one owner (twice by one media chain) Allowed 100% but every region may only be covered once by one owner (twice by one media chain)
National Radio Licensees
No national licence
No national licence
Foreign Investors
EEA companies: 100% Others: 49%
Allowed 100%
Allowed 100%
Source: VZ
138
BELARUS
General economic situation GDP growth has been strong in recent years, reaching 10% in 2008, despite the roadblocks of a tough, centrally directed economy with a high rate of inflation. Belarus receives discounted oil and natural gas from Russia and much of Belarus growth can be attributed to the re-export of Russian oil at market prices. Trade with Russia, by far its largest single trade partner, decreased in 2007-08, largely as a result of a change in the way the value added tax (VAT) on trade was collected. Russia has introduced an export duty on oil shipped to Belarus, which will increase gradually through 2009, and a requirement that Belarusian duties on re-exported Russian oil be shared with Russia; 80% was slated to go to Russia in 2008, and 85% in 2009. Russias recent policy of bringing energy prices for Belarus to world market levels may result in a slowdown in economic growth in Belarus over the next few years. External borrowing has been the main mechanism used to manage the growing pressures on the economy. The inflation rate was estimated at 12.5% in 2009. LAD were allowed to broadcast nationwide. The government continued to use its virtual monopoly on television and radio broadcasting to disseminate its version of events and minimize all opposing viewpoints. State television coordinated its propaganda documentaries with the countrys security services. Local independent television stations operated in some areas and reported local news; however, most were under government pressure to forego reporting on national issues or risk being censored. Such stations were frequently pressured into sharing materials and cooperating with authorities to intimidate local opposition and human rights groups that met with foreign diplomats.
Domestic radio broadcasters are hardly producing any news of their own. Instead, they rely on BelTA, InterfaxZapad, and the Internet. International radio companies targeting Belarus, including the ERB, Radio Racyja, and Radio Liberty, do produce their news, yet their reach is very limited. Some, such as ERB and Radio Liberty, are Performance of newspapers vs. other media more important as Internet news agencies, with other According to the Belarus Ministry of Information, in Internet portals using their news. February 2009 there were 158 radio stations (two nationwide) and 71 television stations (six nationwide) On October 1, 2009, private radio station Avtoradio oficially registered in the country. discontinued broadcasting an international, political, cultural news and music show, produced jointly with the Since February 8, 2009 till February 1, 2010, the European Radio for Belarus, after an Information Ministry of Information of Belarus registered 11 new Ministry warning that the station would be shut down. broadcasting media outlets (4 radio-programs and 7 TV programs), including 7 non-state broadcasting Belarus has four traditional news agencies, and only one companies. of them is state-owned, according to the Ministry of Information. State-owned media dominated the information field and maintained the highest circulation and viewership. The independent news company BelaPAN has traditionally won accolades for its high-quality reporting Of the 71 television broadcasters in Belarus, 41 are and its broad spectrum of services: news subscriptions, privately owned. The only television with national reach the e-paper Naviny.By, photos, infographics, audio, outside of governmental control is the First Music video, and multimedia content. Channel. The others are small local stations offering a small amount of their own programming, which State-owned BelTA is the mouthpiece of the consists mostly of personal messages (like birthday government. It offers news, photo services, and greetings) and some daily local news in which the infographics and publishes the weekly 7 Dnei government is never criticized. In fact, local and several journals. Separately, BelTA is building governments frown on any critical reporting at all. websites for local governments and state-owned newspapers and is supplying them with national Euronews and Russian channels First Channel, NTV, news. and RTR were generally available, although only through paid cable services in many parts of the country. Two more prominent market players, Interfax-Zapad Their news programs were at times blocked or replaced and Prime-TASS, are Russian-owned. A monthly news with local programming. Broadcasts from other subscription would cost around USD300, according to countries, including Poland and Lithuania, could be a Belarusian media expert. Most media can afford to buy received in parts of the country, usually along the border. news from one company only, and a handful of big stateowned media covering international news can afford and Only the state-run radio and the state-run television make use of subscriptions to international news (AFP, networks ONT, the First National Channel, STV, and Associated Press, and Reuters).
BELARUS
Performance of different types of newspapers According to the Belarus Ministry of Information, in February 2009 there were 1,305 print media outlets, including 663 newspapers, among them nine dailies, 594 magazines and journals, 42 bulletins and six catalogues oficially registered in the country. Authorities warned businesses not to advertise in newspapers that criticized the government.
Circulation According to Medusa Advertising Agency, top three daily newspapers in terms of circulation in December 2009 were Sovietskaya Belorussia Belarus Segodnya As of February 1, 2010, 67.3% of printed media (733 (state-owned, 2,000,000 weekly circulation), periodical editions), including 72.1% of non-state Komsomolskaya Pravda v Belorussii (independent, printed media (527 periodicals) passed the stage of 558,000 weekly circulation), and Respublika (stateowned, 271,250 weekly circulation). official re-registration. Government-controlled print media also capitalize on inflated state-imposed subscriptions. Private businesses, state companies, and even government officials themselves have to subscribe to two newspapers and then send receipts to ideology bosses at local governments. Typically, these are the Sovietskaya Advertising Belorussia - Belarus Segodnya, the organ of president The law limits advertising to 20 percent of total daily Lukashenka administration, and a local state-owned broadcast time and 30 percent of prime time (6 p.m. to newspaper. 10 p.m.). For the press, advertising is restricted to 30 percent of content in non-state, general news Readership State television continued to dominate media market in publications and 25 percent in state-owned. 2009. In a September independent opinion poll, 89.8 In 2009, the Belarusian advertising market dropped 20 percent of Belarusians aged 18 and older said that they percent to a total of USD92.4 million, according to watch state-owned national television channels; 85.0 advertising group ZenithOptimedia. To certain degree, mentioned Russian television; 47.2 cited local television the loss was offset by the aforementioned devaluation of stations; 40.9 said cable television; and 22.2 named the local currency against the U.S. dollar. Still, television satellite television. In a March 2009 survey by the same remained the dominant advertising medium, with 60 pollster, only 5 percent said they were watching percent (USD56 million) of total advertising spent. independent donor-funded satellite television Belsat. Print generated USD14 million, the Internet USD6 Novak, a television audience research company, reported the following weekly audiences for state television million, and radio USD5.4 million. channels: ONT, 2.42 million; NTv-Belarus, 875,000; The advertising market is rather underdeveloped, Channel One, 620,000. especially outside the capital. There are a lot of creative agencies, very few media agencies, and not a single According to the same March 2009 survey, 50.9 percent digital agency. Even at the biggest of agencies, only one listened to state radio and 50.8 percent to private FM person might be tackling media planning and media stations offering mostly entertainment content. Independent broadcasters based outside Belarus reached placement. far smaller audiences: European Radio for Belarus, 3.6 Budget-wise, multi-national giants like Procter & percent; Radio Racyja, 2.4 percent; and Radio Liberty Gamble and Colgate-Palmolive and domestic mobile (Belarusian service), 2.1 percent. (The margin of error telephone operators continued to dominate the market. for the survey was 3 percent.) These broadcasters also Their marketing accounts are still managed by big employed the Internet as a key tool in distributing their international advertising agencies and the money is by content. custom channeled to the national television networks offering the broadest reach. Still, they do sustain Meanwhile, the Internet is evolving as an increasingly other media. Despite the huge discounts they important source of news: 7.3 percent said in the demand, these agencies buy newspaper space or air time aforementioned March 2009 survey that they are well in advance, thus helping the media to close cash reading news on the Internet. In October 2009 the weekly audience of Belarusian news websites totaled flow gaps. around 250,000 visitors, according to Gemius, an Traditionally, regional media companies have relied on Internet research company. Blogs and social networks classified advertising from local small business and have hardly become a source of news on their own, and medium-sized businesses, but 2009 saw a more some traditional media have representation online. Internet access remains faster and cheaper in more pronounced influx of national advertisers. urbanized areas. New media technology is available, Since February 8, 2009 till February 1, 2010, the Ministry of Information of Belarus registered 152 new printed periodical editions, including 119 non-state media. The majority of registered periodicals deal with entertainment and advertising.
BELARUS
Internet via mobile phones, for instance, but their adoption remains relatively low. Online / Digital Publishing The government partially restricted access to the Internet, and monitored e-mail and Internet chat rooms. Many individuals and groups were generally able to engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail. The state controls all international Internet traffic. However, costs are decreasing and bandwidth is increasing. Belaruss direct Internet connection with other countries (Russia and Poland) reached a total bandwidth of 22 Gbps as of the end of 2009, up from 5 Gbps a year earlier. At the same time, Internet fees have lowered considerably: a 1 MB ADSL connection without a traffic cap costs around USD35 a month, down from USD500 a year earlier. Approximately 30 percent of the population had access to the Internet, and Internet use was highest in urban areas. Access was restricted by relatively high costs and lack of high-speed services. On occasion state providers blocked independent and opposition Web sites during major political events. The authorities freely monitored Internet traffic. Internet cafe owners were required to maintain records of their customers and submit them to government security services. By law Beltelekam and other organizations authorized by the government had the exclusive right to maintain Internet domains. In response to the governments interference and Internet restrictions, many opposition groups and independent newspapers switched to Internet domains operated outside the country. The few remaining independent media sites with domestic .by domains practiced heavy self-censorship. Ownership Although the law orders disclosure of the direct owners of media, the real proprietors are not always apparent to an average reader or viewer. This is even more an issue in case of online media or blogs that remain largely unregulated. Media ownership is hardly concentrated other than by the state. The only foreign investment in the media industry is from Russia. In addition to the two aforementioned news agencies, Russian businesses own popular daily Komsomolskaya Pravda v Belorussii and the weeklies BelGazeta and Argumenty i Fakty. Media / Press Laws The constitution provides for freedom of speech and of the press; however, the government did not respect these rights in practice and enforced numerous laws to control and censor the media. Individuals could not criticize the government publicly without fear of reprisal. Authorities videotaped political meetings, conducted frequent identity checks, and used other forms of intimidation. Wearing masks, displaying unregistered flags, symbols, and placards bearing messages deemed threatening to the government or public order are also prohibited. The law also limits free speech by criminalizing actions such as giving information to a foreigner about the political, economic, social, military, or international situation of the country that authorities deem to be false or derogatory. Accreditation of journalists working for Belarus or foreign media, as well as the registration of offices, are restricted by non-transparent and discriminatory decisions of the authorities. On February 8, 2009, a new media law entered into force that allows authorities to further restrict press freedoms. The law subjects online news sources to the same regulations as print and broadcast media, requires reregistration of existing media before February 8, 2010, mandates accreditation of journalists, and limits support from foreign organizations to 30 percent. According to media experts findings, the law contains a range of legal regulations that toughen state control over media activity. The media law orders existing print and broadcast outlets to re-register with the Ministry of Information. Although the ministry manages registration rather unrestrictively, at least half a dozen small-circulation regional bulletins were unable to register as newspapers under the law. Their applications were repeatedly returned, neither denied nor approved. The ministry cited various dubious reasons for returns: a company being registered at a home address (most common), a newspapers specialization being non-compliant with publishing standards, and would-be editors lacking journalism diplomas and experience. The Belarusian Association of Journalists (BAJ), monitoring the practical application of the new Mass Media Law adopted in February 2009, has drawn the following conclusions: * Re-registration of existing media outlets finished on February 8, 2010. Generally, it was held without conflicts. However, in several cases the Ministry of Information refused to re-register some media organizations. At the same time, a large number of media outlets failed to submit documents for re-registration on time. As of February 1, 2010, 67.3% printed media (733 periodical editions), including 72.1% non-state printed media (527 periodicals) passed the official re-registration. From among broadcasting media, 52.8% of radio and
141
BELARUS
TV programs (121 media outlets), including 62.9% of non-state radio and TV programs (39 media outlets) passed the official re-registration. At the same time, five news agencies out of six agencies, existing in Belarus, passed the official re-registration. All five news agencies are not owned by the state. * Problems with registration of new media appeared since August 2009. The Ministry of Information of Belarus resumed preventing new socio-political media outlets from getting official registration certificates without any good cause seven months after the new media law had come into effect. Registration of no less than seven new periodicals was refused. Some of them saw their applications returned several times in a row. The Ministry of Information most often explained its refusals due to insufficient competence of editors-inchief and improper premises for editorial offices. However, the new Mass Media Law does not provide for dismissals of registration applications due to such reasons. Moreover, the law does not require to mention this information in the applications at all. On October 7, 2009 the Ministry of Information changed the application form for registration of mass media, thus violating the new Mass Media Law. * Publishing of small-circulation periodicals that can be issued without any official registration has become more complicated. It is permitted to issue periodicals without any registration certificates, in case the print-run doesnt exceed 299 copies. According to the new Mass Media Law, publishers of small-circulation editions are obliged to present the output data and send several free copies to the responsible state authorities. Thus, for example, five state institutions and organizations have to receive the periodical and non-periodical editions, distributed in 10 to 299 copies on the territory of Belarus. Moreover, the Public Prosecutors Office for Kletsk district warned the publisher of Boykiy Kletsk, a non-registered smallcirculation newspaper, for failing to have the newspaper registered as a legal entity. The Public Prosecutors Office for Miensk region and the Prosecutor General confirmed the warning. The Ministry of Information amended its regulations on media registration in October 2009. Editors-in-chief were obliged to be graduates of higher education. They were also expected to have similar managerial experience. On October 12, 2009, the Information Ministry denied registration to the regional independent newspaper Mahileuski Chas on the grounds that its chief editor had no higher education diploma. The newspapers registration was denied on three separate occasions during the year. On November 2, 2009, the Information Ministry refused to register the regional publication Maryna142
horskaya Gazeta over its failure to secure a legal address, after local authorities pressured its landlord to terminate the newspapers lease. On November 10, 2009, the ministry denied registration to the regional independent newspaper Prefekt Plus, noting that the paper was located in residential premises, which violated the media law. During the year the ministry twice rejected a registration application from regional newspaper Salihorsk-plus, claiming that the application did not comply with the media law regulations. On November 18, 2009, the Information Ministry released a statement that it had issued warnings to four national independent newspapers, including the Nasha Niva and the Narodnaya Volya, and noted that these newspapers could be closed for disseminating illegal information and other violations of the media law. Authorities sent a second warning to Narodnaya Volya on December 24 for allegedly publishing false information about media subscription rates in Minsk. Journalists reporting for international media focused on the country, such as the Warsaw-based independent satellite channel Belsat and Polish radio station Radio Racyja, continued to receive warnings from the prosecutors office for working without accreditation. After enactment of the new media law, authorities sent warnings to at least 20 independent journalists. On April 1, 2009, the government suspended broadcasting of five popular Russian channels, including TV Center International and Ren TV. These channels frequently broadcast critical and satirical pieces on Lukashenka. A representative of the Information Ministry claimed that there were no political grounds behind the ban and asserted that cable providers had made a decision to remove the broadcasts based on economic calculations. The Russian channels also ostensibly failed to obtain permits under the media law for broadcasts in Belarus. On December 8, 2009, the Foreign Affairs Ministry rejected a third registration application from Belsat. A court in Homyel fined independent journalists Zmitser Karmazin and Aleh Razhkou BYR700,000 (USD250) each for participating in the International Mother Language Day rally on February 21, 2009. On July 8, 2009, in Homyel, police detained Razhkou for three hours and questioned about him over his coverage of an entrepreneur rally that day. Police searched his belongings and copied the photographs taken at the event. On April 16, 2009, law enforcement officers detained and beat independent correspondent Uladzimir Grydzin
BELARUS
while he was photographing a police precinct on fire in Minsk. On April 21, 2009, independent journalist Ales Lyubianchuk was fined BYR770,000 (USD275) for allegedly resisting police during his detention on April 16. On August 14, 2009, authorities deported two Russian journalists from the television station NTV for filming a documentary about the 1999-2000 high-profile disappearances. KGB officers questioned the journalists and seized their electronic equipment and printed materials. On October 22, 2009, Deputy Interior Minister Yauheni Poludzen stated that the government would take measures to ensure that police did not obstruct journalists. According to Poludzen, ministry press officers would attend future mass public events, and media representatives would have to refer to them for any questions about the event. On November 27, 2009, Interior Minister Anatol Kulyashou echoed his deputys remarks, noting that the ministry would like to pursue businesslike and open relations with media. The government censored the media. Many publications were forced to exercise self-censorship. Authorities warned, fined, or jailed members of the media who publicly criticized the government. The government tightly controlled the content of domestic broadcast media. In April 2007 the president stated that control of radio and television stations remained a high priority for the government and that private stations would not be allowed to operate in the country. He also stated that state publishing houses would never sign contracts with independent media publications that violated media laws. On April 9, 2009, the president reiterated his earlier remarks and dismissed concerns about the closure of the Russian channels. Under the law, the government may close a publication after two warnings in one year for violating a range of restrictions on speech and the press. In addition, regulations give authorities arbitrary power to prohibit or censor reporting. The Information Ministry can suspend periodicals or newspapers for three months without a court ruling. The law also prohibits the media from disseminating information on behalf of unregistered political parties, trade unions, and NGOs. Under the law, libel is a criminal offense. Slandering and insulting the president and public officials carry large fines and prison sentences of up to four years. The libel law makes no distinction between private and public persons concerning defamation of character. A public figure who was criticized for poor performance while in office may sue both the journalist and the media outlet that disseminated the critical report.
On February 25, 2009, a court in Brest declared in a closed-door hearing that the popular independent history magazine ARCHE published extremist materials. KGB officers confiscated copies of the magazine from an independent journalist in October 2008 and claimed that the publication, and particularly articles critical of the 2008 parliamentary elections, discredited state activities, incited social and political tension, and posed a threat to Belarus security. Following numerous appeals, the KGB dropped the charges on June 23, 2009. On February 8, 2009, a new media law entered into force. Under the law, the government may legally block any unregistered Web sites, regardless of their origin. On June 8, 2009, authorities blocked the Web site of human rights group Charter97 after it posted a satirical show about Lukashenka and other materials criticizing the government. On June 23, 2009, traffic police in Schuchyn detained Union of Poles Deputy Chairperson Mechyslau Yaskevich, along with organization members and journalists Andrzej Paczobut, Ihar Bantsar, and Andrzej Pisalnik. Police seized 100 copies of the unregistered newspaper Glos znad Niemna na uchodzstwie and the Union of Poles magazine Magazyn Polski na uchodzstwie from them for further examination by the local ideology department. Issues of the magazine featured a satirical portrait of President Alexander Lukashenko on the front page. On July 17, 2009, police officers banned eight opposition activists from distributing the independent weekly Novy Chas at the heavy machinery factory BelAZ in Zhodzina and confiscated 500 copies of the newspaper. Police also detained two of the activists, Raman Bahdanau and Alyaksandr Serhiyenka, for several hours. In December 2009 President Alexander Lukashenko issued a decree to tighten state control over the Internet. The draft decree on protecting vitally important interests of the individual, society and the state would set up a presidential operative and analytical centre to regulate the Internet. The centre would control registration of addresses in the national domain and restrict information on the Internet. The decree would also force Internet providers to hand over data on their users on requests from police, prosecutors, courts and tax officials. Under Belarussian law, a presidential decree only requires Lukashenkos signature to come into force. Previously, Internet providers in Belarus had complained that the state-owned telecoms monopoly cut off access to independent web sites during elections and referendums. In December 2009 the Council of Ministers drafted a bill that would provide for registration of all Internet
143
BELARUS
media outlets and identification of all Internet users and would allow authorities to block access to extremist and other objectionable Web sites. The bill, which was not subject to public discussion, would also make Internet service providers accountable for information released by customers. On December 30, 2009, President Alexander Lukashenko stated the government should establish order on the Internet to rigidly regulate and hold responsible Internet users. Printing & Distribution The government retains ownership over supporting firms like printing presses, distribution networks, the postal service, and the telecommunications infrastructure. As businesses, these are neither professional nor efficient but might be profit-making given the exorbitant fees they charge. They make money in areas other than providing services to the media. Belsayuzdruk, a press distribution monopoly that operates more than 1,500 newspaper kiosks nationwide, sells everything from cigarettes to toothpaste and stationery. The postal service, Belposhta, retains a monopoly over press subscriptions has turned its offices into mini-banks. Belsayuzdruk and Belposhta distribution systems limit access and circulation of non-state newspapers. Subsidized, state-controlled publications dominate the print market. Private newspapers are discriminated against in distribution, severely limiting their reach. Most notably, since 2005 the state has banned 10 out of 25 non-state publications from governmentowned distribution and subscription networks. Those publications have to rely on their own in-house distribution services. The state-owned postal system, Belposhta, and the stateowned kiosk system, Belsayuzdruk, continued to refuse to deliver and sell 11 independent newspapers. In 2007 Belposhta removed three popular Russian newspapers (Kommersant, Moskovskiy Komsomolets, and Nezavisimaya Gazeta) from its subscription list. However, other Russian newspapers, including Izvestiya, were distributed. Media analysts asserted that the newspapers were removed because of reporting critical of Lukashenkas policies. Since November 2008 authorities allowed independent newspapers Narodnaya Volya and Nasha Niva and one regional newspaper to be distributed through state distribution systems after two- to three-year government bans. Narodnaya Volya also reached agreement with authorities for the newspaper to be printed at a stateowned press in Minsk. The newspaper previously was printed in Smolensk, Russia, due to government harassment. However, while both papers were publicly available, they were still subject to restrictions. In September 2009 the state-owned Belsayuzdruk printing
144
company denied a request from the Narodnaya Volya to increase its circulation from twice a week to three times a week, claiming that it was not possible to distribute additional copies due to the massive output of other periodicals on that specific day of the week. The government took numerous other actions during the year to limit the independent press, including limiting access to newsprint and printing presses. Several independent newspapers, including Vitsyebski Kuryer and Tavarysch, printed materials in Russia because domestic printing presses (mostly state-owned) refused to print them. Other independent newspapers, such as Salidarnasc and BDG, disseminated Internet-only versions due to printing and distribution restrictions. Taxes A presidential decree of September 25, 2009 exempts state-controlled television channels ONT and STV from VAT and income taxes for three years, on the condition that the outlets reinvest the money to upgrade their technical facilities and buy and produce content. Just a month later, the National State Television and Radio Company secured similar tax breaks. State Support Businesswise, state-owned media enjoy subsidized rent, salaries, distribution, and printing on top of USD67 million (down from USD75 million a year earlier) in direct funding from the state budget. The state budget for 2010 approved on December 29, 2009 provides for allocation of BYR167,185.3 million (about USD58 million) for financing of mass media subsidized by the state. The major part is allocated to television and radio broadcasting (BYR130,316.4 million, or more than USD44 million); the sum of BYR16,711.2 million is allocated for printed periodicals and publishing houses, and BYR20,157.7 million for other issues in the sphere of mass media. Other Factors Belarusian law requires editors-in-chief to have a diploma or degree in journalism and at least five years of managerial experience. That condition has been in place for years and the labor inspectorate at the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection checks for compliance. The Ministry of Information has introduced that requirement of editors as a prerequisite for entities applying to register a new media outlet. In 2009, a journalist at a regional newspaper earned at least USD300 a month in the regions and around USD700 in the capital, according to a Belarusian media expert. In local currency equivalents, salaries remained the same at best as a year earlier. Throughout 2009, the Belarusian ruble slumped 33 percent against the U.S. dollar, including a one-off devaluation of 20 percent to seek a USD2.5 billion loan from the International
BELARUS
Monetary Fund. In 2009, the median salary in Belarus was around USD350 a month. Overall, journalists working for the state media remained better off compared to their independent counterparts. Apart from higher salaries, state-owned media are still capable of securing subsidized housing loans for their employees. Belarus has two working associations of media professionals. The Belarusian Union of Journalists (BUJ) is a governmental association uniting around 2,000 professionals who work for state-controlled media. BUJ has been functioning so for more than 50 years. Among other government officials, the deputy information minister is on the BUJ board. The 1,200-member-strong Belarusian Association of Journalists (BAJ), meanwhile, works to protect independents journalists rights via legal advice and defense, professional development, and public advocacy. However, its resources remained stretched. Each of the countrys two journalistic organizations, the governmental BUJ and the independent BAJ, has its own code of conduct. The codes are quite universal: It all boils down to the Ten Commandments, a Belarusian media expert said. Another added, Media operate in such a narrow corridor that there is hardly any possibility to violate ethical standards.
Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; Belarusian Association of Journalists (BAJ); AFP; IREX Media Sustainability Index 2010
3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
All newspapers Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies Evening and afternoon paid-for dailies Total non-dailies
748 1 718 2 710 3 673 4 663 5 -11.36 33 33 33 33 33 0.00 14 14 14 14 14 0.00 19 19 19 19 19 0.00 28 5 715 28 5 685 28 5 677 28 5 640 28 5 630 0.00 0.00 -11.89
-1.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -1.56
Source: 2005-2008 Belarusian Association of Journalists; WAN-IFRA estimate; 2009 IREX Media Sustainability Index 2010; WAN-IFRA based on ZenithOptimedia data
1

2.a
Registered titles, included in the total number of 1,187 registered printed periodicals (newspapers, magazines, bulletins, catalogues, and almanacs) 2 Registered titles, included in the total number of 1,224 registered printed periodicals (newspapers, magazines, bulletins, catalogues, and almanacs) 3 Registered titles, included in the total number of 1,264 registered printed periodicals (newspapers, magazines, bulletins, catalogues, and almanacs); including 219 state-owned and 491 non-state titles 4 Registered titles, included in the total number of 1,307 registered printed periodicals (673 newspapers, 586 magazines, 42 newsletters, and 6 catalogues); of the total 1,307 registered printed periodicals, 409 were state-owned; of 673 newspapers, 221 were state-owned; a large number of non-state media outlets deals with entertainment and advertising; less than 30 non-state social and political periodicals have survived in the country, according to the BAJ estimate 5 Registered titles, included in the total number of 1,305 registered printed periodicals (663 newspapers, 594 magazines and journals, 42 bulletins, and 6 catalogues) Male 000 728 764 747 662 732 442 437 4,512 Female 000 688 731 731 694 818 568 930 5,160
3.b

All individuals 000 1,415 1,496 1,478 1,356 1,550 1,010 1,367 9,672
Age 0-15 16-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies Evening and afternoon paid-for dailies
1,760 1,770 1,800 1,810 1,796 1,450 1,450 1,470 1,480 1,471 310 320 330 330 325 1,660 1,670 1,700 1,710 1,700 100 100 100 100 96
2.05 1.45 4.84 2.41 -4.00
-0.77 -0.61 -1.52 -0.58 -4.00
Source: MIN STAT via ZenithOptimedia
Source: WAN-IFRA assessment
145
BELARUS
6.c

Website kp.ru Unique visitors per month (000) 7
7.ab

2004 (Belarusian ruble, 000) 2005 2006 2007 2008
Newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda v Belorusii Source: Akavita via ZenithOptimedi

6.d
GDP per capita Source: ZenithOptimedia

7.ac
5,075.3 6,639.5 8,138.3 9,916.1 12,589.6

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
(%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.18
37.6 407.4 1,757.6 1,597.9 1,630.5 2,600.0 2,700.0 2,809.8 3,106.9 4,436.8
4,236.44 70.65
2.04 42.8
Ad expenditure
0.16
0.17
0.19
0.20
7.ba

(Belarusian ruble, mln) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
1.6
11.4
169.8
477.8 1,092.3 68,168.75
128.61

6.f

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Press Television Radio Outdoor Internet Total
27,950.0 55 900.0 4,300.0 17,845 1,505.0 107,500.0
27,899.0 75 113.0 7,511.0 20,388 2,575.0 133,486.0
32,272.5 114,029.5 9 681.8 25,818 6,454.5 188,256.3
38.727.0 154,908.0 12,909.0 29,691 11,188.0 247,423.0
30,121.0 120,484.0 11,618.0 23,667 12,909.0 198,799.0
36,145.0 133,393.0 12,909.0 27,324 16,136.0 225,908.0
43,460.0 165,666.0 15,061.0 32,703 20,870.0 277,759.0
52,066.0 198,799.0 17,320.0 39,157 26,033.0 333,375.0
Source: ZenithOptimedia Excludes agency commission; excludes production costs; excludes classified advertising; before discounts; exchange rate used: USD1 = BHD0.38 (2008 exchange rate)
Mobile cellular subscriptions 4,099.5 5,960.0 6,960.0 8,128.0 9,686.2 Source: International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
7.aa
136.28
19.17

2004 (Belarusian ruble, bln) 2005 2006 2007 65,067 79,267 96,087 2008 121,867
GDP Source: ZenithOptimedia
49,992
146
BELARUS
8.ba

Founded (year) Language Publishing company Circulation Readership (000) Russian Russian Russian Russian Belarusian Russian Russian / English Council of Ministers Government Vecherniy Minsk OOO 503 422 186 72 55 55 54 50 35 33 31 28 25 22 21 19 19 19 18 16 15 13 12 11 11 10 9 8 7 5 5 4 2 (000) 1,073 614 787 627 256 112 47 50 53 103 71 157 98 21 88 61 42 40 62 51 56 48 18 67 37 18 111 43 41 Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Belarusian ruble) 8,201,844 2,633,400 7,297,710 1,656,720 2,646,065 1,725,750 10,980,857 3,027,227 1,487,272 3,681,600 3,090,750 2,237,625 975,000 620,208 2,730,000 3,152,526 2,915,250 2,730,000 1,817,790 3,793,374 2,145,000 1,755,000 255,765 975,000 3,022,500 2,600,130 2,466,750 2,991,300 1,657,500 1,404,000 1,333,200 1,885,650 15,437,733 8,201,844 2,633,400 9,851,909 3,174,851 3,784,033 3,681,600 3,607,500 5,742,750 7,410,000 3,412,500 3,152,526 2 363,127 5 687,526 2 145,000 1 950,000 255,765 1,267,500 3,607,500 3,796,650 2,154,750 1,872,000 15,437,733
Title
Sovietskaya Belorussia Belarus Segodnya 1 (Soviet Belarus Belarus Today) Va-bank Argumenty i fakty v Belarusi Iz pervyh ruk Komsomolskaya pravda v Belarusi Belaruski chas Respublika (Republic) Moj gorod Brest Vechernij Brest Zviazda (The Star) 2 Gomelskaya prauda Znamya yunosti Obozrevatel Vechernij Grodno Vitsbichi 4 Vecherniy Minsk Dneprovskaya nedelya Vechernij Mogilev Grodzenskaya prauda Zarya Narodnae slova Vitebskij rabochij Grodzenskaya prauda Vitebskij prospekt Mogilevskie vedomosti Minskij kurier Mogilevskaya pravda Brestskij kurier Vesnik Magileva Vechernij Gomel 100% (sto protsentov) Telepanorama (Gomel) Izvestiya
1 2
1927 1917 3 -
Source: NOVAK via ZenithOptimedia; WAN-IFRA from public sources Since 1994 the newspaper is the official organ of the Presidential Administration of Belarus; published Tuesday-Saturday Until 1991 it was an official newspaper of the Communist Party of Belarus and the Communist parliament and government of Belarus; published five times a week 3 Founded as an organ of the Minsk Committee of the Bolshevik party RSDLP(b) 4 City daily newspaper in Vitebsk
12.
Taxes (2007)
% 18
13.b
Direct subsidies
(Belarusian ruble, mln) Change (%) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008/04 2008/07
Total amount
12,599.0 13,000 1 15,899.5 17,000.0 16,711.2
32.64
-1.70
Source: Belarusian Association of Journalists
13.a
Are there subsidies for the purchase of newsprint? Yes Are loans granted at low rates for re-equipment or improving existing equipment? Yes Are there any direct subsidies? Yes
2005 All printed media; state budget funding of all state-owned media represented BYR87,741.5 mln 2006 State budget funding of all state-owned media was BYR128,000 mln; in 2006, the government also spent USD704,225 on computers and photo equipment for state-owned media, while local government-owned newspapers received USD354,000 to purchase computers, cameras, and vehicles 2007 State budget of Belarus for 2008; all printed media (periodical press and publishing companies); state budget funding of all state-owned media represents BYR158,981.2 mln; the government subsidizes state-owned outlets rent, subscription, printing, postage, and distribution 2008 WAN-IFRA estimate based on data from the state budget of Belarus for 2009; subsidies for all media except TV and radio represented BYR46,276.7 million; state budget funding of all state-owned media represented BYR193,211.4 mln 2009 State budget of Belarus for 2010; all printed media (periodical press and publishing companies); state budget funding of all state-owned media represents BYR167,185.3 mln
1
WAN estimate
147
BELGIUM
General economic situation This modern, private-enterprise economy has capitalized on its central geographic location, highly developed transport network, and diversified industrial and commercial base. Industry is concentrated mainly in the populous Flemish area in the north. With few natural resources, Belgium must import substantial quantities of raw materials and export a large volume of manufactures, making its economy vulnerable to volatility in world markets. Roughly three-quarters of Belgiums trade is with other EU countries and its overall current account deficit widened to 4% of GDP in 2009. Public debt is nearly 100% of GDP. On the positive side, income distribution is relatively equal and the government succeeded in balancing its budget during the 2000-2008 period. In 2009 Belgian GDP contracted by 3.4%, the unemployment rate rose slightly, and the budget deficit worsened because of large-scale bail-outs in the financial sector. Belgian banks have been severely affected by the international financial crisis with three major banks all receiving capital injections from the government. An ageing population and rising social expenditures are also putting downward pressure on public finances, making it likely the government will need to implement unpopular austerity measures to restore fiscal balance. According to Metro Belgium (Concentra Group), almost 90% of the urbanites (the target group of the free newspaper) are interested in advertising that addresses environmental, ecological or ethical issues. Almost 80% buy environmental-friendly products. Circulation In 2009, newspapers saw an overall 1.88% decline in total circulation and a 1.61% decline in paid-for circulation compared to 2008. The drop was more significant in French-speaking Belgium with all dailies showing a drop in paid-for circulation, with a total decline of 3.72%. Flemish newspapers fell back 0.59% in paid-for circulation. Flemish selective titles and the largest popular daily continue to steadily increase their circulation. When looking at the types of paid-for circulation in Belgium, there is a small increase in print subscriptions (1.8%) and a decrease in single copy sales (6.5%). Readership The total daily reach of paid-for and free newspapers is around 5 million readers, representing 53.8% of the Belgian population over 12 years of age.
Overall, newspaper readership in Belgium is holding steady. Most newspapers show a slight decrease in average issue readership compared to the previous Newspaper launches / closures studied period (2007-2008). The Flemish selective titles In March 2009 Metro Belgium (Concentra Group) and the largest Flemish popular newspaper, however, launched a glossy luxury weekend magazine in two show an increase in readership. In Wallonia, there is an languages, Dutch and French. The first edition was overall increase in readership. devoted to fashion. The Metro Deluxe concept sees a total of six magazines launches with each edition Le Soir is read by 566,700 readers daily. For the year bringing another theme. June 2008 to June 2009, it was a slight decrease of 2.4% compared to the same period the previous year, which Advertising had increased by over 30%. Le Soir shared its readership Advertising expenditure totalled EUR3.16 billion in lead in Francophone press with Rossel group and the 2009, which is an increase of 1.4% on 2008. Paid-for French daily paper Sud Presse and its readership of dailies received 23.0 % of total advertising expenditure, 567,000. Together, these newspapers represent 51% of counting for EUR730 million. Paid-for daily newspaper the market. advertising expenditure decreased by 0.9% in 2009 versus 2008; advertising in free newspapers increased by Online / Digital Publishing 1.2%. Internet advertising shrunk by 0.8%, with There were no government restrictions on access to the newspaper websites being amongst the most important Internet or reports that the government monitored email or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups advertising resources. could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Launched in Belgium in 2008, Pumbby.com allows Internet, including by e-mail. In cooperation with the registered users to receive ads and be paid in return. government, Child Focus, a government-sponsored Advertising can come in the form of SMS messages or center for missing and exploited children, developed voice messages, along with more traditional mediums, programs to warn users of Web sites containing illegal and remuneration varies between 0.10 and 0.35 euros content, especially child pornography. (USD0.16 and 0.56) per message. The offer is targeted at 16-35 year-old users and has attracted some 183 000 All national and regional paid-for and free newspapers people. In its first year, Pumbby paid its users a total of have online editions, as well as the non-dailies, which 156,000 euros (USD2480,000) for a turnover of 2.5 provide their readers with editorial content online on days where there is no newspaper edition. Websites of million euros (USD4 million).
BELGIUM
daily newspapers are among the most consulted in the Media / Press Laws Individuals could criticize the government publicly and country. privately without reprisal. The law prohibits public Ownership statements that incite national, racial, or religious In March 2009 Belgian media company Persgroep hatred, including denial of the Holocaust. The Publishing acquired a majority stake in the Dutch media maximum sentence for Holocaust denial is one years group PCM Uitgevers, publishers of NRC Handelsblad, imprisonment. In June 2008 two individuals were each de Volkskrant and Trouw. Persgroep Publishing agreed to sentenced to one years imprisonment, fined 24,789 euro pay 100 million euros for 51% of the shares in PCM. In (approximately USD34,700), and denied their civil and Belgium, the Persgroep publishes the popular daily political rights for 10 years for having over a long period newspaper Het Laatste Nieuws, the smaller De Morgen denied the Holocaust in brochures and leaflets. On June and the financial newspapers De Tijd and LEcho. It also 15, 2009, a Charleroi court convicted a man for having has a 50% share in the Flemish commercial TV station made a Nazi straight-arm salute during his swearing-in VTM. In 2005, the Persgroep acquired the ailing ceremony as city councilor and denied him the right to Amsterdam daily newspaper Het Parool and has since run for elected office for a five-year period. made it profitable again. Persgroep acquired all of PCMs newspaper titles: de Volkskrant, NRC Handelsblad, During the year 2009 authorities took action against Trouw, as well as PCMs majority share in AD. Six book a Dutch national who started a website that posted the publishers are also part of the deal. PCM is currently whereabouts in the country of convicted pedophiles, by owned by non-commercial foundations that were blocking access to the website upon order from the established to safeguard the diversity of the Dutch press. Federal Prosecuting Office. PCM will continue to exist as a Dutch legal entity. At a later stage, Persgroeps existing Dutch activities, Het State Support Parool and radio station Q Music, should be integrated Walloon newspapers receive direct state subsidies of EUR6.9 million a year. Flemish newspaper publishers into PCM Uitgevers. receive state aid when providing editorial training for journalists, enabling a more pluriform, independent and effective press sector. Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; National Bank of Belgium Report 2009 Economic and Financial Developments; Journaux Francophones Belges (JFB) & Vlaamse Dagbladpers (VDP); NRC Handelsblad; Le Soir; Deredactie.be; L'Echo; FDN Newsletter
2.a

All individuals 000 % 1,798 1,280 1,370 1,580 1,521 1,226 1,809 10,584 17 12 13 15 14 12 17 100 Male 000 919 648 689 800 764 607 754 5,181 % 18 12 13 15 15 12 15 100 Female 000 % 879 632 681 780 757 619 1,055 5,403 16 12 13 14 14 11 19 100
Age 0-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total
Source: National Institute for Statistics

2.b

All adults 000 % 672 2,198 1,224 4,890 8,934 7 24 14 54 100 Male 000 476 976 884 2,029 4,365 % 11 22 20 46 100 Female 000 % 196 1,222 340 2,861 4,619 4 26 7 62 100
Social class A+B C1 C2+D E Total
Source: National Institute for Statistics/CIM
149
BELGIUM
3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
4.b
Sales revenues
(Belgium, euro, mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies 29 Total paid-for dailies 28 National paid-for dailies 10 Regional and local 18 paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies 28 Total free dailies 1 1 National free dailies 1 Total paid-for non-dailies National paid-for non-dailies Total Sundays 1 Total paid-for Sundays National paid-for Sundays Total free Sundays 1 National free Sundays 1
1
29 28 10 18 28 1 1 2 2 2
28 26 10 16 26 2 2 2 2 5 3 3 2 2
24 22 9 13 21 2 2 2 2 5 3 3 2 2
24 22 9 13 21 2 2 2 2 5 3 3 2 2
-17.24 -21.43 -10.00 -27.78 -25.00 100.00 100.00 400.00 100.00 100.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies
319 225 94
322 227 95
327 230 97
338 239 99
335 238 97
5.02 5.78 3.19
-0.89 -0.42 -2.02
Source: 2005-2007 Association Belge des Editeurs de Journaux; 2008-2009 CIM; VDP/JFB 2008-2009 Estimate by VDP/JFB; online newspaper sales not included
4.c

2005 2006 50.1 47.8 1.7 0.4 100 (%) 2007 49.2 49.5 1.4 100 2008 49.3 47.3 3.4 100 2009 46.1 51.9 2.0 100
Source: 2005-2007 Association Belge des Editeurs de Journaux; 2008-2009 VDP/JFB From 2007, the Dutch and French version of the free daily Metro are considered as two different titles
Single copy sales Postal deliveries Free distribution Other Total
52.0 46.5 1.5 100
Source: 2005 Association Belge des Editeurs de Journaux, CIM; 2006 Association Belge des Editeurs de Journaux; 2007 ABEJ; 2008 CIM 2009; JFB/VDP
4.d
3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Cover prices (2009)

(Belgium, euro) min max
5.a

(%) Reached
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies 1 National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies Total free dailies National free dailies Total free Sundays 2 National free Sundays
1,692 1,660 1,665 1,669 1,634 1,466 1,424 1,417 1,414 1,382 1,007 986 979 990 963 459 438 438 424 419 1,466 1,424 1,417 1,414 1,382 226 236 248 255 252 226 236 248 255 252 535 715 766 783 774 535 715 766 783 774
-3.43 -5.73 -4.37 -8.71 -5.73 11.50 11.50 44.67 44.67
-2.10 -2.26 -2.73 -1.18 -2.26 -1.18 -1.18 -1.15 -1.15
Single copy Subscription Source: VDP/JFB
1.00 0.84
2.70 1.50
All adults Men Women Main household shopper
53.8 57.8 50.0 52.3
5.b Age structure of readership (2009)
Source: CIM readership survey 2008-2009

5.d
Age
% % daily reach of readership within age group 2.8 14.2 14.0 16.5 17.7 14.8 19.9 100 37.3 54.5 50.6 52.2 57.1 58.2 54.5 -
Number of readers (2009)

Number of readers
Source: 2005-2007 Association Belge des Editeurs de Journaux, CIM; 2008-2009 CIM; VDP/JFB
1
Including paid-for Sundays; no separate distribution figures for paid-for Sundays are available 2 Including all editions of De Zondag and 7 Dimanche, whereas data prior to 2006 only included De Zondag editions
4.a

(mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
12-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total
Total dailies (paid-for & free) 4,966 Total paid-for dailies 4,566 Total free dailies 400 Source: CIM 2008/2009
Source: CIM readership survey 20082009

6.a
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies 1 National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies Total free dailies National free dailies Total free Sundays National free Sundays
490 481 484 487 472 438.4 427.0 430.0 428.0 417.0 302 295 299 299 290 136.4 132.0 131.0 129.0 127.0 438.4 427.0 430.0 428.0 417.0 52 54 54 59 55 52 54 54 59 55 26 26 30 38 40 26 26 30 38 40
-3.67 -4.88 -3.97 -6.89 -4.88 5.77 5.77 53.85 53.85
-3.08 -2.57 -3.01 -1.55 -2.57 -6.78 -6.78 5.26 5.26
Online editions
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Dailies Non-dailies
18 -
20 -
22 2
14 2
14 2
-22.22 -
0.00 0.00
Source: 2005-2007 Association Belge des Editeurs de Journaux; 2008-2009 VDP/JFB

6.b
Online readership
(Unique visitors per month, 000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 1 2009 2 2009/05 2009/08
Source: 2005-2007 Association Belge des Editeurs de Journaux; 2008-2009 CIM; VDP/JFB
1
Including paid-for Sundays; no separate distribution figures for paid-for Sundays are available
Total paid-for dailies Source: CIM Metriweb

1 2
1,556 1,724
10.8
Only data for average number of unique visitors per day are available Unique visitors per day (14 April 2010); data on unique visitors per month not available
150
BELGIUM
6.c

Publishing company Website Unique visitors per month (000) 463 265 189 119 117 107 102 81 72 55
7.ac
(%) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 -
Newspaper
Ad expenditure
0.92
0.95
0.97
Het Laatste Nieuws Het Nieuwsblad De Standaard Online De Tijd La Dernire Heure / Les Sports Le Soir Gazet van Antwerpen Het Belang van Limburg De Morgen La Libre Belgique Source: CIM Metriweb
6.d
De Pergroep Publishing VUM VUM Mediafin IPM Rossel & Cie De Vlijt Concentra Media De Pergroep Publishing IPM
hln.be / 7sur7.be nieuwsblad.be standaard.be tijd.be dh.be lesoir.be gva.be bvl.be demorgen.be lalibre.be
Source: CIM MDB; National Bank of Belgium

7.ba

(Belgium, euro, mln) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
873 1,163 1,202 1,187 592 876 901 887 280 287 301 300 982 1,071 1,161 1,205 290 327 376 377 29 30 26 27 215 227 239 249 48 82 128 125 2,435 2,899 3,132 3,170
1,142 1,114 1,107 1,103 870 852 842 832 272 262 265 271 1,194 1,188 1,221 1,243 347 326 337 353 23 22 22 23 246 243 257 274 130 144 179 233 3,082 3,036 3,124 3,229
Source: MediaMark Belgium; CIM MDB; IAB; ZenithOptimedia Excludes agency commission; excludes production costs; excludes classified advertising; before discounts; exchange rate used: USD1 = BHD0.38 (2008 exchange rate)
2,283.4 2,559.0 2,861.7 3,055.7 3,205.1 6,229.3 6,720.6 7,294.7 7,545.6 8,113.2
40.37 30.24
4.89 7.52

6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08

7.f
7.g

Advertiser Expenditure (Belgium, euro, 000) 21,595 17,919 17,803 13,204 12,797 12,276 12,262 12,045 11,961 11,373
Advertising sector
% of display ad revenue 26 15 13 12 9 6 6 4 2 2
2,010.6 2,356.5 2,715.3 2,962.5 3,134.1
55.88
5.79

6.f

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
7.aa
29.30
5.05
Culture, Tourism, Leisure, Sport Distribution Services Food Transport Telecom Beauty - Hygiene Home/Office Equipment Home/Office Maintenance Health - Wellness Source: CIM MDB; VDP/JFB Data apply for all media

2005 (Belgium, euro, bln) 2006 2007 2008 317 327 331 2009 328
Delhaize De Leeuw Regional Salespoint Home/Office Equipment Carrefour Group Regional Advertising Culture, Tourism, Leisure, Sports Colruyt Vlaamse Media Maatschappij Axa Group Lidl & Co De Persgroep Communities and Regions Source: CIM MDB
GDP
302
8.a
Source: 2005-2006 IFS, ZenithOptimedia; 2007-2009 National Bank of Belgium

7.ab

Publishing company Total circulation (000) Roularta Corelio De Persgroep Rossel Mass Transit Media Concentra Sud Presse IPM EDA MediaFin Source: VDP/JFB; CIM Average circulation per day; paid-for dailies, free dailies and Sundays 587 356 345 274 252 203 120 108 96 55

2005 (Belgium, euro, 000) 2006 2007 2008 30.4 30.9 30.9 2009 26.4
GDP per capita
29.0
Source: 2005-2006 ZenithOptimedia; 2007-2008 National Bank of Belgium, Federal Government Department Economy; 2009 CIA The World Factbook
151
BELGIUM
8.ba

Founded (year) Language Publishing company Circulation (000)
1
Title
Readership (000) 1,081 916 567 426 390 368 358 567 465 274
Cover price usual max (Belgium, euro) 1.00 1.00 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.20 1.10 1.10 1.00 1.60 1.60 1.50 1.60 1.60 1.20 2.20 1.30 1.20 2.40
Format
Full page ad rate Colour (Belgium, euro) 35,600 37,900 20,900 20,120 18,305 18,230 24,100 24,500 18,375 14,700
Het Laatste Nieuws/De Nieuwe Gazet Het Nieuwsblad/De Gentenaar La Meuse/La Capitale/La Nouvelle Gazette/La Province/Nord Eclair Gazet van Antwerpen Het Belang van Limburg Groupe Vers LAvenir De Standaard Le Soir La Dernire Heure/Les Sports De Morgen
1 2
1888 1879 2 1856 1891 1933 1918 1918 1887 1906 1978
Dutch Dutch French Dutch Dutch French Dutch French French Dutch
De Persgroep Publishing Corelio Sud Presse Concentra (De Vlijt) Concentra (Media) Editions de lAvenir Corelio Rossel & Cie IPM De Persgroep Publishing
287 263 120 103 99 96 93 87 64 58
Belgian Tabloid Belgian Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Belgian Tabloid Belgian
Source: 2009 VDP/JFB; CIM Readership Study; CIM Authentication Relaunched in 1897 Relaunched in 1891 and again in 1929
8.bb

Founded (year) Language Publishing company Circulation Readership Format (000) (000) 366 541 Tabloid Tabloid Full page ad rate Colour (Belgium, euro) 10,850 14,075
Title
Metro 1 2000 Dutch Mass Transit Media 134 Metro 1 2000 French Mass Transit Media 118 Source: VDP/JFB; CIM Readership Study; CIM Authentication; Wikipedia
Separate Dutch and French-language versions of Metro, each with its own content, are according to the area's language(s) available in railway stations, subway stations, universities, etc. from dedicated stands that have the colour of the paper's header: blue for Dutch and green for French for easy recognition, especially where both occur. 1 From 2007, the Dutch and French version of the free daily Metro are considered as two different titles
9.a
Employment
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
11.
Research (2009)
Total number of journalists Source: VVJ/AJP

1 2
1,266 1 1,236 2
-2.37
Circulation is audited by C.I.M. Readership is measured by C.I.M. Methodology Circulation: accounting control; Readership: face-to-face interviews
Source: VDP/JFB
12.
Including 730 in Flanders and 536 in Wallonia Number of professionally acknowledged journalists, including interns
10.a
Newspaper colour capability & formats

Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
4-colour newspapers Broadsheets Tabloids Other formats 1

1
28 3 14 11
32 20 12
28 22 6
23 17 6
23 17 6
-17.86 21.43 -45.45
0.00 0.00 0.00
Source: 2005-2007 Association Belge des Editeurs de Journaux; 2008-2009 VDP/JFB Belgian and Berliner
Taxes (2009)
% 21 0 0 21 21 21 21 1 34 34 0
Tax Standard VAT VAT on: Single copy sales Subscription sales Advertising Newsprint Composition Plant Tax on profits standard rate Tax on profits for newspapers Tax concessions for newspaper companies Source: VDP/JFB
1
10.ba
Distribution costs as a % of average cover price

2005 2006 31 31 (%) 2007 31 31 2008 31 31 2009 31 31
Single copy sales Home deliveries
31 31
Source: 2005-2007 Association Belge des Editeurs de Journaux; 2008-2009 VDP/JFB
6% and 21%
152
BELGIUM
13.a
15.a
Are there subsidies for the purchase of newsprint? No Are loans granted at low rates for re-equipment or improving existing equipment? No Are there any direct subsidies? Walloon newspapers receive subsidies. Investment subsidies vary according to regions: in Flanders and Wallonia, investments by daily and weekly newspapers can receive a 15% subsidy under certain conditions. There are no specific provisions for the daily press in Brussels.
Source: VDP/JFB
13.b
Does any law exist governing publishing-house ownership, or the registration of shares in newspaper-publishing companies? No. There are no special rules for newspapers regarding ownership/capital structure. The competition authorities apply the general rules to everyone. Is there any law prohibiting or restricting foreign companies or individuals from owning shares, and in particular, the majority of shares, of domestic daily newspapers? No Is there any law prohibiting daily newspaper or periodical publishers from operating radio or television stations in the same locality? No. However, in the French community, broadcasting media have to communicate the identity of their shareholders as well as the interests of their shareholders in other media. The audit commission can thus evaluate if a shareholder is in a dominant position: such a position must not hamper the public right to access a plurality of broadcasting services. So as to guarantee disclosure and transparency in the capital structure and to avoid silent partners, is there any law or rule permitting in any event the possibility of finding out who are the actual owners of a publishing company? There is no specific provision for publishing companies. All Belgian companies must publish their annual accounts: these state in detail the administrators and their main interests in other companies. Is there an antitrust law limiting concentration in the daily press? There is no anti-trust law specific to the press. The general law regulating competition applies to publishing companies as to all other companies. Is further regulation of media concentration expected? No
Source: VDP/JFB
Direct subsidies
(Belgium, euro, mln) Change (%) 2005 1 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total amount 1
1
6.2
6.0
6.5
6.5
6.9
11.29
6.15
Source: 2005-2007 Association Belge des Editeurs de Journaux; 2008-2009 VDP/JFB Direct subsidies for Wallon newspapers
14.
Discounts (2009)
Discount rate (%) 50
Discount on rates of Telephone Source: VDP/JFB
153
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

General economic situation GDP growth exceeded 5% per year in 2003-08. Bosnias private sector is growing and foreign investment is slowly increasing, but government spending, at nearly 40% of adjusted GDP, remains high because of redundant government offices at the state, entity and municipal level. Implementing privatization, however, has been slow, particularly in the Federation where political division between ethnically-based political parties makes agreement on economic policy more difficult. A sizeable current account deficit and high unemployment rate remain the two most serious macroeconomic problems. Successful implementation of a value-added tax in 2006 provided a predictable source of revenue for the government and helped rein in gray market activity. National-level statistics have also improved over time but a large share of economic activity remains unofficial and unrecorded. Bosnias economy has been largely sheltered from the global financial downtown although key economic indicators have worsened. The inflation rate was estimated at 0.6% in 2009. with the aim of creating a democratic climate and developing news channels. The third phase of development of the media in Bosnia and Herzegovina was marked by the reorganisation of the state radio and TV broadcasters into public sector institutions. Between 1995 and 1997, 66 new media were founded, including 57 new radio stations and TV channels. Figures from the international crisis group show that, in the year 1996 alone, a total of EUR12,884,555.40 was invested in Bosnian media. The results were significant: the state media monopoly was broken and numerous media were created.
The most recent market study regarding media revenue was conducted in 2006. (Observers do not believe that figures have shifted substantially since.) The study found that overall revenues equaled BAM118,000,000, which is 40 percent more than 2003 (about BAM83,000,000). The most important revenue is from advertising, Performance of newspapers vs. other media composing 45 percent of income. The RTv tax, which is At the end of the war in 1995, there was a total of 272 not shared with commercial stations, is approximately active media, 203 in the Federation of Bosnia and 33 percent, and the remainder of revenue comes from Herzegovina and 69 in Republika Srpska. In the public financing, donations, and other sources. following year, 490 media could be counted. At the beginning of 2000, 210 radio stations and 71 television Public broadcasting stations captured more than 60 channels were registered in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in percent of the market revenue in 2006. Twenty-five addition to 130 newspapers, magazines, journals and percent of the overall revenue went to three private periodicals, including 6 daily newspapers (three broadcasters (Hayat, Pink BH, and OBN), with the rest published in Sarajevo and two in Banja Luka) and 20 of the local television stations sharing about 15 percent. weekly newspapers, though with small circulations (between 60,000 and 80,000 copies). There were six In the countrys television market, the number of the news agencies, with four of them offering their services active stations is relatively large. There are 44 television on a daily basis. stations in addition to the national public broadcaster and the two entity public broadcasters: 15 local public The war left behind deep scars in the media landscape. and 29 private stations. However, more than two-thirds Three independent media systems were created which have a coverage area of less than 500,000 inhabitants. had nothing to do with one another, a fact which can be RTvs coverage is the largest, at 93 percent of the Bosnia explained by the national, political and geographical and Herzegovina territory. The other two entity public division of Bosnia and Herzegovina. broadcasters cover mostly the areas of their entity, so that up to 92 percent of the inhabitants of the federation The development of the media in post-war Bosnia and have access to FTv, and 78 percent of the inhabitants of Herzegovina can be viewed in three phases: Republika Srpska have access to RTRS. The first phase comprises the time immediately after the war, when the media, despite the cessation of military action, were still at loggerheads with one another. In the state media, the language of hate was predominant. At first, hardly any new independent media were developed. The second phase of development was ushered in at the beginning of 1996 with the international community and its administration in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The international community exerted pressure on the media
154
Political pressures on state-level broadcast media continued. Both Bosnia-Herzegovina Radio Television (BHRT) and the Communications Regulatory Agency (CRA) were exposed to political pressure, with politicians often alleging a lack of impartiality. In the case of the BHRT, observers believed the attacks were aimed at undermining the state-level public broadcasters and building support for transferring media competencies from the state to the entity level. Other public broadcasters remained vulnerable to political influence as well. Two public broadcasters, Federation

Television (FTV) and Radio Television of Republika Srpska (RTRS), remained the largest television broadcasters in the country. RTRS reported predominantly pro-Republika Srpska ruling party views. In the current radio market, 144 radio stations are active. They include three public services, 60 public stations, and 81 private stations. The radio market has seen sales growth since 2003. The revenue earned by radio stations in 2006 was BAM30,000,000, an increase of 14.6 percent over 2005. The main source of revenue, about 56 percent in 2006, is selling advertising and other activities related to marketing sponsorship, teleshopping, and other activities such as the broadcasting of greetings and SMS messages. According to the Press Councils data, Bosnia and Herzegovina has six news agencies. The two most important are FENA and SRNA, which are entity-based public agencies. Major independent news agencies include ONASA, covering the whole country; and NINA, which covers mainly the region of Herzegovina. The majority of media use the services of one of six news agencies, however, these services are limited to print and perhaps photo news, while audio and video services are not available. The practice of quoting the agencies as the source for news varies in all newspapers. However, it seems that the high professional standards have not been reached in this area, yet. The few media outlets in Republika Srpska that retained editorial independence continued to report government interference with their operations. A local commercial network of five stations operated in both entities (Mreza Plus), as did the private television networks OBN and PinkBH. Dozens of small independent television stations broadcast throughout the country. Radio continued to provide a forum for diverse points of view. In many cases, news programs of independent broadcasters reflected opposition perspectives. The majority of Republika Srpska media showed a distinct pro-Republika Srpska government bias. Performance of different types of newspapers The number of print media in Bosnia and Herzegovina currently stands at 168; these are the officially registered media in the country, according to the Press Council of Bosnia and Herzegovina. There are six major daily newspapers: Dnevni avaz (www.avaz.ba), Osloboenje (www.oslobodjenje.ba), SAN Dnevne Novine (www.san.ba), Nezavisne novine (www.nezavisne.com), Dnevni list (www.dnevni-list.ba) and Glas Srpske (www.glassrpske.com). Four of them are published in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and two (Nezavisne novine, Glas Srpske) in Republika Srpska. Glas Srpske is the only daily paper with
government affiliations, while the others try to maintain editorial independence. Dnevni avaz has the highest circulation and is the most widely read and most popular daily newspaper both in the country and abroad. Read by 36% of all print media consumers today, it already used to reach more than 30% of readers in the past. Unlike most other newspapers, Dnevni avaz is read by all age groups. A Dnevni avaz edition for the German-speaking area is published in Frankfurt, Germany. In the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Dnevni avaz has a market share of 62 per cent while it only reaches 18 per cent in Republika Srpska. The newspaper primarily deals with the interests of Bosniaks also in a political context and is often linked with the SDA party. Dnevni avaz belongs to Avaz-roto press d.o.o., the biggest newspaper publisher in Bosnia and Herzegovina, that also publishes the newspapers As, Express (www.bosna-express.net), Azra, Avaz Sport. The daily newspaper Osloboenje is one of the oldest newspapers in the country, Osloboenje is the leading quality newspaper in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Only 12 per cent of regular Osloboenje readers also read other daily newspapers. Nezavisne novine has been the only opposition daily newspaper in Republika Srpska since it was founded in 1995 and is considered to be free from party affiliations. Its editors regularly come into conflict with the government of Republika Srpska. The main office is in Banja Luka but it also has offices in Sarajevo and Mostar. Nezavisne novine is published in the entire country and is increasingly read in the Federation as well. Its regular readers are aged from 35 to 54 years. The head office of Glas Srpske is also located in Banja Luka. This newspaper has gradually developed into a publishing company. Apart from the newspaper it also publishes leaflets. Dnevni list entered the Bosnian media market on 1 October 2001. It is an opposition newspaper that is close to the HDZ party (HDZ = Croatian Democratic Union). It represents the interests of Croatians in Bosnia and Herzegovina and is published in Croatian. Dnevni list enjoys a good reputation primarily in Herzegovina but is read in the entire Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Its editorial office is in Mostar. SAN Dnevne novine is a daily newspaper based in Sarajevo that mainly covers communal topics. It has been published since 2002. A total of 96 magazines are registered in Bosnia and Herzegovina: 50 in the Federation and 46 in Republika Srpska. There are two leading products in the field of weekly newspapers/magazines:
155

Slobodna Bosna (Free Bosnia, www.slobodna-bosna.ba) is in the lead with 28,000 sold copies. It was founded shortly before war broke out in late 1991. During the war it was only published sporadically. In 1993 it merged with Ljiljan, a very popular newspaper at the time. Slobodna Bosna has been able to maintain its circulation since 2000, which makes it the most widely read weekly magazine in the country. It is one of the few weekly magazines that are distributed in the Federation as well as in Republika Srpska. It engages in investigative journalism; one focus of its work is on exposing corruption and organised crime in Bosnia. Its readership mainly comes from the Bosniak part of the population. Started as a monthly publication by a group of journalists and writers in wartime Sarajevo in September 1992, BH-Dani (BH-days, www.bhdani.com) comes second after Slobodna Bosna with a weekly circulation of 25,500 copies. BH-Dani also pursues a decidedly investigative policy; its main topic also is the struggle against excessive corruption, particularly corruption and nepotism among the Muslim community in Bosnia. This has led to allegations of an anti-Muslim attitude. The magazine also publishes the monthly supplements Auto Dani and Ljepota & Zdravlje (Beauty & health). A total of 60 monthly magazines are registered in Bosnia: 36 in the Federation and 24 in Republika Srpska. Advertising Advertising agencies often establish media outlets that they then place advertising in. Agencies create television shows, radio shows, and practically finance themselves this way. Another issue is the informal influence of the largest advertising groups on editorial policies at media outlets. There are two groups of agencies that control television advertising, which accounts for two-thirds of the total advertising market. These agencies can therefore influence program schedules and control subject matter. They also demand cut-rate prices; some media outlets offer a 90 percent discount on the initial pricing, or else they risk getting nothing. Circulation There is no legal obligation to reveal circulation data. Newspaper publishers have shown no readiness to organize a system, similar to that of electronic media, for independently monitoring their medium. As a result, the only readership data come from the independent agencies that conduct polls and estimate circulation of certain media. Foreign print media are rather expensive to buy. The price of a Bosnia and Herzegovina magazine is BAM3 (USD2), whereas the price of The Economist from the United Kingdom is BAM13.5 (USD9.50).
156
Readership 74% of men and 63% of women read daily newspapers in Bosnia and Herzegovina, according to the latest media analyses. However, print media reach a far smaller audience than radio and TV. Almost one third of the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina does not read newspapers at all. Earlier surveys in 2004 even put that figure at 40%, which indicates that the number of newspaper readers has increased over the past few years. The most popular newspapers are Dnevni avaz, Osloboenje, Glas Srpske, Nezavisne novine, and daily newspapers from the neighbouring countries Croatia (Veernji list, Jutarnji list) and Serbia (Blic). A countrywide GfK survey among 1,000 Bosnians showed that 36% read Dnevni avaz, 10% read Blic, 4% read Glas Srpske, 2% read Nezavisne novine and Osloboenje, and 1% read Dnevni list. 32% of respondents stated that they did not read newspapers at all. The content of print media largely depends on the ethnic affiliation of the readers. Newspapers predominantly write for specific ethnic groups in the respective regions, and the content published matches the interests and tastes of these groups. With only a few exceptions, this predominantly ethnic focus on local and regional news tends to leave little room for topics of supra-regional interest. Readerships are ethnically divided: almost 70% of Dnevni avaz readers live in areas with a Bosniak majority, while Blic, Glas Srpske and Nezavisne novine are hardly read in areas where Serbs are not the majority. The same also holds true, to some extent, for Dnevni list and other publications from Croatia (2006 data). Online / Digital Publishing There were no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitored e-mail or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail. The latest data from the Communications Regulatory Agency (CRA) show that Internet penetration is constantly increasing. It is estimated that there were 1,307,585 Internet users in 2008, representing 34percent growth compared to the previous year. The number of subscribers to cable Internet has increased so their share represents 56 percent of the total number of Internet users, while dial-up users share has decreased from 69 percent in 2007 to 44 percent in 2008. According to GfK Bosnia and Herzegovinas research from 2009, students and pupils use the Internet most often (84 percent), followed by employed persons (about

50 percent), and retired persons (4 percent); almost half of the Internet users use the Internet on a daily basis. The average monthly Internet subscription costs BAM30 (USD21), which is relatively expensive, especially in economically underdeveloped areas, given that the average monthly salary is about BAM780 (USD550). Ownership Media ownership is partly transparent, which means that court registration for every company can be accessed, but the accuracy of the data listed in registration documents is questionable. Ownership of Internet media is often even more opaque. The main print media are owned by a small group of local conglomerates. Large foreign media companies are not especially interested in the Bosnia and Herzegovina market, likely because they are able to reach the countrys readers through the special B&H editions they issue from Serbia and Croatia. For example, Serbias daily Blic, owned by the Swiss publishing house Ringier, publishes an edition called Euro Blic, now the secondmost-read newspaper in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Media / Press Laws The law provides for freedom of speech and of the press; however, the government did not always respect press freedom in practice. Laws delegated safeguarding freedom of the press to the cantons in the Federation and to the entity-level authorities in Republika Srpska. Defamation laws exist at the entity level, and freedom of information legislation exists at both the entity and state levels. Government respect for freedom of speech and the press continued to decline during the year 2009. The Federation criminal code prohibits hate speech; the Republika Srpska criminal code does not. The broadcasting code of practice also regulates hate speech by broadcasters. The countrys Communications Regulatory Agency (CRA) did not register any cases of hate speech during the year. However, independent analysts noted a tendency by politicians and other leaders to label unwanted criticism as hate speech. Many media outlets used language, often nationalistic, considered incendiary on matters related to ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, and political affiliation. Both entities have defamation laws which were used in courts. Since 2002, the law on protection against defamation has been in effect, decriminalizing this field and moving it from criminal to civil law. The law stipulates freedom of expression to the degree that expressions that may insult, embitter, or disturb are protected. On the other hand, professional conduct is required of journalists, harmonized with the code for journalists and free of malicious intent. Article 6:3 of the law defines this as
journalists who willfully or negligently made or disseminated the expression of false facts. Implementation of the law is problematic. Some public officials, journalists, and media owners are not complying with the standards prescribed by the law. A large number of defamation lawsuits involve counteraccusations between journalists and media owners. This actually points to insufficient implementation of the press self-regulation system. According to latest available data, between 170 and 190 civil suits were filed in B&H in 2007. The status of the Communications Regulatory Agency (CRA) remained shaky, and its authority was challenged on political grounds. The Council of Ministers failed, for a second year in a row, to appoint a CRA general manager and attempted to influence the selection of a candidate by making it part of broader political package. In April 2009 the mandate of CRA council members expired. At years end, the state parliament had not completed procedures for appointing new council members. In May 2009, the Republika Srpska Prime Minister Dodik filed suit for slander against the BETA news agency and a Banja Luka correspondent, Ljiljana Kovacevic, for reporting that SIPA submitted a report on suspected criminal activity against him and other persons in connection with questionable construction tenders. Dodik asked the court for 15,000 convertible marks (USD11,000) in compensation for damages. Printing & Distribution Sources of newsprint and printing houses are in private hands and there are no major concerns that either of these are a pressure point on media. Likewise, channels of media distribution are mainly private, especially kiosks used for the print media distribution. State Support Governmental subsidies for independent media is not considered to be a burning issue, because these subsidies are rather rare and do not have a substantial impact on the independence of private media. However, a case that occurred in December 2008 shows that the practices of certain segments of governmental authorities clash with the usual democratic standards. Members of the Association of Private Radio and Television Stations commented on the provision of BAM1,300,000 of public funds to the media in Herzegovina-Neretva canton. They claimed that the authorities of this canton behaved improperly when inviting tenders for radio and television stations for projects. According to the allegations, the funds were allocated, mainly to three larger media, before the tender was completed.
157

Local media outlets are mostly dependent on local governments, since they are mainly financed directly from the budgets of municipalities and cantons. On September 17, 2009, the government of Republika Srpska decided to distribute five million convertible marks (USD3.6 million) to media outlets, including independent media, to help them overcome the consequences of economic crisis. The criteria and the amount given to certain media outlets raised some suspicions about the governments intentions. Criteria for obtaining the assistance did not incentivize content to benefit the public, such as the noncommercial production of educational content. Rather the criteria used included the number of employees, circulation, the scope of programming, and financial factors. On November 16, 2009, Republika Srpska media signed individual agreements with the government and received the first instalment of these funds. Other Factors Since the end of the war, journalists salaries have not reached satisfying levels to be able to prevent journalists from leaving the profession. The monthly salaries of journalists at public television channels are about BAM900 (USD630) and at some of the more successful private stations about BAM1,100 (USD770). On the other hand, the salaries of the members of parliament are significantly higher, at more than BAM4,000 (USD2,800) per month. Journalism education programs are available at four public faculties and one private faculty in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Media practitioners general opinion is that the staff graduating from these faculties do not have an adequate level of training and lack the practical know-how to work independently as journalists. On the other hand, short-term journalism training programs, which have been present in B&H for years, generally receive higher marks than the classic, academic programs. The Press Code in Bosnia and Herzegovina has existed for 10 years, but its implementation faces various obstacles, primarily the non-acceptance of standards by journalists. This is why the director of the Press Council claims that in 2009 there was no political pressure on the Press Councils work, but rather that the pressures came from the media outlets. She believes that these reactions occur inevitably because the entire process of selfregulation of newspapers is a novelty and as such it has still not been recognized as one of the benefits for the profession. During the year 2009 the Press Council considered 116 complaints related to print media, accepting 32 as valid and rejecting 45 as unfounded. In some cases the council instructed media outlets to publish a refutation or a retraction, or advised the same, resolving 23 cases in this way. The council rejected 16 cases, as they were already in court procedures. Most of the complaints accepted by the council involved allegations that print media outlets denied persons the right to respond to reports and articles that they considered false or defamatory. The Press Council was faced with difficulty in preserving its status as an organization able to deal with media issues throughout the country. There are numerous trade associations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, such as the Publishers Association, Electronic Media Association, Private Electronic Media Association, Media Industry Association, etc. Furthermore, there are six journalist associations. However, some of these associations exist only on paper, as their activities are imperceptible in the society.
Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; Wien International; IREX Media Sustainability Index 2009, 2010
158

6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
13.7
40.0
84.7
188.5 292.1 2,032.12
54.96

6.f

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
7.aa
104.29
2.46

(Bosnia and Herzegovina, marka, bln) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

7.ab
15.8
16.9
19.1
21.0
23.7

(Bosnia and Herzegovina, marka, 000) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
GDP per capita Map: CIA The World Factbook

2.a
4.2
4.5
5.1
5.5
6.3
7.ac

2005 2006 1.66 (%) 2007 1.67 2008 2.02 2009 2.60
Age 0-14 15-64 65 + Total
Ad expenditure Source: ZenithOptimedia

7.ba
1.46

(Bosnia and Herzegovina, marka, mln) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total paid-for dailies 7 Total paid-for non-dailies -
7 -
7 46
12 46
12 100
71.43 -
0.00 117.39
Source: 2005 South East Europe Media Handbook 2005/2006; 2006 WAN assessment; 2007-2008 IREX Media Sustainability Index 2006-2007; 2009 IREX Media Sustainability Index 2010
3.b
Press Newspapers Magazines Television Radio Outdoor Internet Total
21.5 27.4 31.3 35.2 13.7 17.6 21.5 23.5 7.8 9.8 9.8 11.7 196.1 266.7 293.4 414.6 9.8 5.9 9.8 11.7 19.6 17.6 15.6 17.6 0.5 1.0 247.4 318.2 350.7 480.1
46.5 46.0 53.8 54.8 29.7 29.7 32.0 32.5 16.8 16.8 21.8 22.3 520.3 520.3 639.5 700.0 11.7 11.7 12.0 12.0 23.5 23.5 32.5 35.0 1.6 1.6 3.0 4.0 603.6 603.6 740.8 805.8
Source: MIB; Ad monitoring; ZenithOptimedia Excludes production costs; before discounts; excludes agency commission; excludes classified

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
75
75
75
180
190
153.33
5.56

7.f
7.g

Advertiser Expenditure (Bosnia and Herzegovina, marka, 000) BTelekom Srpske OBN BH Telecom Robot Comerce Avaz Roto Press ASA Prevent Group HT (Hrvatske Telekomunikacije) Mostar Agrokor Telefonske Usluge Nepoznato Hypo Group Alpe Adria 553.2 442.0 441.8 409.0 377.4 333.5 282.7 226.9 198.1 177.6
Source: 2005-2007 WAN assessment; 2008-2009 WAN-IFRA assessment

6.c
Advertising sector Expenditure (Bosnia and Herzegovina, marka, 000) Department stores/ retail/hypermarkets Telecommunications Cars Banking Pharmaceuticals Non-alcoholic drinks Food Dairy products Alcohol Personal care 2,139.6 1,935.0 1,585.0 767.4 256.1 94.9 56.3 51.7 50.7 32.0

Publishing company Website Unique visitors per month (000) 180
Newspaper
Dnevni avaz (Daily Voice) Avaz-roto press d.o.o. dnevniavaz.ba Source: Google Ad Planner Data as of March 2010; all traffic statistics are estimates
6.d

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Source: PULS via ZenithOptimedia
Source: PULS via ZenithOptimedia
181.3 806.4
237.9 273.7 336.2 399.3 950.0 1,055.0 1,307.6 1,421.5
120.24 76.28
18.77 8.71
159

Top newspaper owners (2008)
Owners Revenue (Bosnia and Herzegovina, marka, 000) Avaz-roto press Dnevni List Nezavisne Novine Oslobodenje PressRS Glas Srpske Vecernji List BH IP Euroblic Press Source: ZenithOptimedia
8.ba
6,723.5 3,700.1 1,703.4 2,555.0 1,369.7 739.7 564.1 394.5

Founded (year) Language Publishing company Circulation Readership Format (000) Bosnian Bosnian / Serbian / Croatian Serbian Bosnian / Serbian / Croatian Croatian Bosnian / Serbian / Croatian Avaz-roto press d.o.o. Sarajevska pivara 2 Local consortium of Nezavisne novine and Integral Inzinjering MIMS Grupacija National holding N.I.G.D. DNN in Banja Luka 5 55 22 21 20 15 14 14 12 10 3 (000) 609 103 149 64 77 59 7 9 19 19 Berliner Berliner Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Bosnia and Herzegovina, marka) 562 450 526 672 511 307 460 460 731 486 665 682 914 614 460 230 598 598
Title
Dnevni avaz (Daily Voice) Press Euro Blic Oslobodjenje (Liberation) Vecernji list Glas Srpske
1995 1943 1943 2002 2001 -
SAN Dnevne Novine (SAN Daily Newspaper) 3 As Dnevni list 4 Nezavisne novine (Independent Newspaper)
1 2 3
Source: ZenithOptimedia (circulation); South East Europe Media Handbook; Wikipedia Often viewed as Pro-Bosniak In 2006, the company was bought up via the Sarajevo Stock Exchange by two leading city industries, the Sarajevo Tobacco Factory and the Sarajevska Pivara Formerly called Sarajevske novine 4 Headquarters in Mostar 5 Established and owned by Zeljko Kopanja and Natasha Kopanja
12.
Taxes (2009)
% 17
160
BULGARIA
General economic situation Bulgaria demonstrated more than 6% year-on-year economic growth between 1996 and 2008, driven by significant foreign direct investment. Successive governments demonstrated commitment to economic reforms and responsible fiscal planning, but the global downturn is reducing exports, capital inflows, and industrial production. GDP in 2009 contracted by approximately 5% to BGN66,256 mln in current prices (EUR33,876 mln). In 2009, the unemployment rate was estimated at 9.1%, compared to 6.3% in 2008. The gross fixed investment represented 28.6% of GDP in 2009. The inflation rate of 2.7% was relatively low. The Italian Amica magazine, published by Q&M, and Madame Figaro, published by the Intersound Publishing Group (which also publishes the mens magazine FHM in Bulgaria), entered the market in late 2007, and the American Harpers Bazar followed in October 2008. Another magazine, the French Marie Claire, was in the pipeline, to be published by the Bulgarian Sanoma Blasak publishing house. However, the market does not seem to be ready yet for magazines like GQ or Vogue.
Mens magazines are not as successful in Bulgaria. Media experts attribute this to the fact that the target group, Bulgarian men, are weak readers and observers; women, they say, are better consumers so that they automatically The global economic crisis became more tangible in attract the interest of the advertisement industry. 2009 and it has affected numerous businesses. According to the Bulgarian Industrial Association, the internal The Finnish Sanoma publishing house is a strong player company debt is amounting to BGN100 billion, with in the market. With a 50% share in the Bulgarian the highest levels in commerce, building construction company Sanoma Blasak, Sanoma is the biggest and real estate. magazine publisher in the country. Its portfolio includes the womens Cosmopolitan, the number one fashion Foreign direct investment in 2009 amounted to magazine Elle, Harpers Bazar and the renowned EUR2,844 million (EUR6,549 million in 2008), which National Geographic. The other major magazine represented 8.4% of GDP (19.2% in 2008), according publisher is Attica Media Bulgaria; its biggest to Bulgarian National Bank data. shareholder is the Greek company of the same name. Attica Media publishes the high-circulation magazines The newspaper industry was affected by the low level of Playboy, Maxim and Grazia. foreign investment, the shrunk advertising budgets and Performance of different types of newspapers by the overall low level of economic development. Out of 486 newspapers published in Bulgaria in 2008 Performance of newspapers vs. other media according to the National Statistical Institute, 23 were Print medias influence has been decreasing in Bulgaria. free. One of the newspapers which originally started as The reasons are split between the economic crisis and free became paid-for seven months later, selling at the the withdrawal of advertisers (6.6.% decrease of print dumping cover price of BGN0.20. media advertising expenditure in 2009), and the expansion of electronic editions of newspapers and There are no evening newspapers in Bulgaria. Some the overall use of the Internet. dailies publish their evening editions in Sofia, however, they are mostly almost identical with morning editions, Other reasons, which are equally or even more including some minor differences. important, are the lack of transperancy of media ownership, lack of reliable circulation data, and the Almost all newspapers in the country are printed in public suspicion of the press being misused for economic tabloid-size format, but some of them tend to provide and political purposes. The highest media consumption quality content. time remains for TV, followed by radio, Internet, magazines, and newspapers, which take the last rank. Regional and local newspapers are comparable with national titles in terms of their content quality, however, Some examples of newspapers surviving in combination the former are weaker in terms of liquidity, investment with radio or TV might prove to be a successful way to resources and business perspective. overcome the crisis. The Wirtschaftsblatt und Sdosteuropischer Report Glossy magazines dominate the monthly magazine (Business newspaper and South-Eastern European market. These include famous international brands like report, www.wirtschaftsblatt-bg.com) is the only Elle, Cosmopolitan and Grazia or mens magazines like German-language newspaper published in Bulgaria on a Playboy or Maxim as well as Bulgarian productions like monthly basis since 1992. It covers current affairs and Zhenata dnes and Eva. More than 40 womens offers background information on political and magazines currently compete on the Bulgarian market, economic matters in Bulgaria and the other countries of and new products are expected to be launched. South-Eastern Europe.
BULGARIA
Newspaper launches / closures The year 2009 was marked by growing expansion of Nova Bulgarska Medijna Grupa (New Bulgarian Media Group), which enlarged its portofolio by acquiring national dailies (including Monitor and Telegraf ), regional dailies (Borba), the biggest weekly Weekend, radio and TV channels, and online media, as well as a distribution network. Nova Bulgarska Medijna Grupa has thus become a major media market player in Bulgaria. In January 2009, one of the business weeklies, Cash, was closed. In February 2009, the free newspaper Gradski Vestnik City Newspaper) stopped its publication, only four months after its launch. In March 2009, a new free weekly Anonce was launched by Rossel Media Bulgaria. Rossel (Rossel & Cie, S.A.) is a Belgium group with representation in Belgium, France and Luxemburg. Annonce has the circulation of 100,000 copies; initially it was distributed only in the capital of Sofia. In April 2009, the free daily Novinite Dnes (The News Today) was launched with the initial circulation of 150,000 copies. The newspaper covers Sofia and three of the largest towns in Bulgaria, Plovdiv, Varna and Bourgas. Formerly printed on 16 pages, it has increased the pagination to 24 in November. On December 1, the newspaper switched to paid circulation with the lowest cover price among dailies in Bulgaria (BGN0.20 BGN = EUR0.11). Novinite Dnes is distributed via its own distribution network between 7 a.m. and 11.30 a.m. Monday Friday. In May 2009, a new regional newspaper Nov Glas (New Voice) was launched in Plovdiv, the second biggesy city in Bulgaria. Nov Glas has the circulation of 5,000 copies and is distributed throughout South Bulgaria. The investor is the local businessman Georgi Gergov, who has close ties with Georgi Parvanov, the incumbent President of Bulgaria. On May 29, the last edition of Noshten Trud Night Labour) was published. The first yellow paper in Bulgaria and the only afternoon one, Noshten Trud tried to survive by launching a morning edition on the following day. However, the morning circulation of 14,000 copies was not high enough to cover the costs. Noshten Trud closed definitely on June 1 after 17 years of its existence. In September 2009, Later Nedyalkov, an ex-co-owner of Weekend, launched a new newspaper, the weekly Retro, which targets retirees. In October 2009, the new tabloid weekly newspaper Galeria (Gallery) was launched with circulation of
162
120,000 copies. The newspaper was labeled yellow, as its first editor-in-chief was the ex-spokesperson of the State National Security Agency (SNSA). There were suspicions that other ex-SNSA officers stood behind the newspaper." In December 2009, Vestnikarska Grupa Bulgaria (Newspaper Group Bulgaria), one of the largest publishers in the country, launched the free newspaper Tuk (Here). Its A2 format is double the size of most of the newspapers on the market. Tuk is delivered free to 67,250 mail boxes on Saturday morning. Advertising In 2009, the gross advertising expenditure per capita was BGN136.31 (EUR70), compared to BGN157.74 (EUR81) in 2008 and BGN128.47 (EUR66) in 2007. The net advertising expenditure per capita was BGN52.44 (EUR27) in 2009, BGN68.88 BGN (EUR35) in 2008, and BGN62.03 (EUR32) in 2007. Total advertsing expenditure in 2009 was BGN1,032.60 mln, which is 15% less compared with BGN1,217.26 mln in 2008. In 2009, the advertising expenditure only increased for the Internet (4%) and radio (28%). The biggest year-onyear drop has been marked for below-the-line (56%) and outdoor (32%), followed by TV (18%) and print media (6.6%). In 2009, the gross advertising expenditure was split as follows: TV 62.7%, print media 17.1%, radio 8.4%, outdoor 8.1%, Internet 3.2%, and below-the-line 0.5%. Top 10 advertisers in Bulgaria in 2009 were cosmetics, food, beverages, telecommunications, pharmaceuticals, detergents, financial services, lifestyle, shopping malls, automobile industry and accessories. In 2009, goods and services consumption in Bulgaria decreased by estimated 6% to 10%, while the main price levels remain relatively stable. To cope with the situation, the prices of advertising and media services have shrunk by 20% to 35%. Newspapers and magazines increased their advertising rates by 5% and 10%, respectively. According to TV Plan/TNS research, the reported gross decrease in print advertising was 7%, and the net decrease 38%. The reasons were the shrinking advertising budgets of the biggest advertisers in the sectors of automobile and financial advertising, telecommunications, and real estate. Another important factor behind the decline in print media advertising, especially in magazines, was a shrunk expenditure in fashion brands, the major income source for magazines. The traditional lack of credible circulation figures for measuring advertising
BULGARIA
effectiveness also has had a negative impact on advertising revenues. In 2009, the gross Internet advertising expenditure was BGN33.44 mln. The major and traditional Internet advertisers shrunk their budgets by 20%. On the other hand, a large number of small advertisers appeared on the Internet, however, their expenditure did not compensate for the reduced bdgets of the largest advertisers. The Internet was the only media in Bulgaria which did not revise its advertising price rates and did not come with flexible ad proposals due to the financial crisis. In 2009, the Code of Advertising Ethics in Electronic Media was adopted and a National Council for SelfRegulation in Advertising Industry was established. The maximum advertising time in broadcast media is regulated by law: 12 minutes per hour in commercial media and six minutes per hour for the public media. This market is not transparent, though, and one can only speculate by how much it has shrunk in 2009, but in general media experts believe it is 30 percent down from 2008. Circulation In 2008, there were 438 newspapers published with the annual circulation of 370,789 thousand copies. It represents 48.6 newspaper titles per capita, or 4.4 more than in 2007. In comparison with 2007, the number of newspaper titles decreased by 2.2 %, while circulation increased by 9.5%. In comparison with 2000 the number of newspaper titles decreased by 19.6%, and circulation by 16.2%. In 2008, weekly newspapers represented 42.9% of all newspaper titles, and 34.7% of the annual circulation of all newspapers. In 2008, there were nine newspapers published for children and the young with circulation of 1,170 thousand. Compared to 2000, their number fell 2.2 times, and circulation increased three times. In comparison with 2007, their number increased three times, and circulation five times. The number of humoristic and satirical newspapers published in Bulgaria in 2000, 2007 and 2008 remained constant. Their circulation decreased 7.7 times for the period 2000 - 2008, and increased by 5.2% in 2008 compared to 2007. The capital of Sofia was the leading region with 213 published newspapers in 2008, which is less by 17 titles in comparison with 2007. The share of their circulation in 2008 was 87.7% of the total country ciculation.
Newspapers published in Bulgarian represented 96.1% in 2008 and the share remained unchanged in comparison with 2007. Newspapers published in foreign languages in 2008 represented 17 titles, including two in Russian and Turkish, three in English, and 10 in two or more languages. There were 601 magazines and 174 bulletins published in 2008. In comparison with 2000, the number of magazines increased by 40.1%, while the number of bulletins fell by 20.2%. The annual circulation of magazines was 13,118 thousand in 2008, which represents a decrease by 20.7% in comparison with 2000. In 2008, 107 magazines and bulletins in foreign languages were published with an annual circulation of 691 thousand. They included publications in English, the most numerous, with 55 titles and circulation of 359 thousand. Publications in two or more languages included 39 titles with the annual circulation of 293 thousand. Readership Readership in Bulgaria was vaguely researched in 2009. According to a few sources available, 69.6% of the population under 35 spent most of its free (media) time in front of TV. The number of TV viewers and Internet users increased dramatically in comparison with decreasing numbers of readers of print media. It is estimated that less than 35% of adult population read newspapers. The age of newspapers readers is getting higher, with the majority of readers being 45-65 years old. In order to stop the deteriorating readership trends, many dailies and weeklies make different marketing promotions, including CDs, DVDs, books and other promo materials as their inserts. Newspapers become more and more engaged in PR campaigns on social causes. The most read dailies are Trud, 24 hours (both WAZowned), and Telegraph (published by Nova Bulgarska Medijna Grupa). The most popular weeklies are Treta vazrast (Third Age), Show and Doctor. Readers still prefer boulevard-type of information, although there is an increase in the consumption of lifestyle and economic segments of the information. The most preferable format combines serious (quality) and lighter information on a variety of topics, from politics to sports and healthy lifestyle. There is a strong gravitation towards topics like health, environment and consumer protection. Politics and domestic political scandals represent over 50% of newspaper content. Online / Digital Publishing There were no government restrictions on access to the
163
BULGARIA
Internet or reports that the government monitored e-mail or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail. In December 2008 the Supreme Administrative Court struck down a January 2008 decree that allowed security services to gather data on Internet users activities. The court ruled that the decree lacked limitations on the data that the services could access. A recent survey of households and people aged 16-74 years about the use of information and communication technologies, conducted by the National Statistical Institute in 2009, shows a stable trend of growth. Internet services are accessible and preferred by more and more households. In comparison with 2008, the number of households with Internet access increased by 4.3%. Households in the South-West of Bulgaria have the highest share of Internet access (37.3%) due to the fact that this region is equipped with good optical infrastructure, has the largest number of Internet Service Providers and holds the highest consumer interest. People access the Internet via their personal computer (91.8%, or 739,691 people), laptop (19.4%, or 156,389 people), pocket PC (1.1%, or 9,067 people), mobile phones (4.9%, or 39,121 people), TV (0.5%, or 4,138 people), and playstation (0.6%, or 4,782 people). In 2009, 39.7% adult population regularly used the Internet. Whiler 41.5% of Internet users surfed from their home computers in 2004, this share was already 86% in 2009. The most active age group using the Internet in 2009 is represented by 16-24 years olds. The share of people spending their free time on the Internet in this age group has risen by 41.7% over last five years and reached 75.1% in 2009. The share of people using online commerce (3.3%) is still very low. Only 7.9% Internet users take the advantages of the e-Government. The number of people reading news, newspapers, and magazines on the Internet has been increasing, from 31.8% of all Internet users in Bulgaria in 2007 to 43.6% in 2008 and 49.4 % in 2009. Most of the newspapers in Bulgaria have full and free-ofcharge Internet editions. In 2009, the two most Internet-conservative newspapers in the country, Trud (The Labor) and 24 Chasa (24 Hours), launched their new free Internet editions as well. A new trend of most newspaper websites is to publish not only the news from the print edition, but also news in real time. The national daily Standart launched an Internet based news agency in 2009. Ownership Lack of transparency in media ownership consistently challenges the sustainability of Bulgarian media. Although the Radio and Television Act explicitly
164
requires disclosure of ownership, extending as far as nominal share certificates, the actual owners of large broadcast and print outlets, as well as a number of online media, remain shrouded in secrecy. The most notable example is a conglomerate that has been buying media for the last two years. There is a growing tendency for successful Bulgarian newspapers to be bought by foreign media corporations. The German WAZ Group is the biggest media group in the Bulgarian market; it has been the sole proprietor of Bulgarias first private press group, 168 Chasa Ltd, since 1997 and the first foreign investor in the Bulgarian media market. WAZ publishes the biggest newspapers: 24 Chasa (www.24chasa.bg) and Trud (www.trud.bg). Economedia is Bulgarias leading publisher of business media; it was founded by the German Handelsblatt publishing group and the Bulgarian Agency for Investment Information. The business daily Dnevnik (www.dnevnik.bg) is published in a compact, 40-page format. In June 2009, Nova Bulgarska Medijna Grupa (New Bulgarian Media Group) which owns the newspapers Monitor, Telegraph, Politika, the regional newspaper Borba (in Veliko Tarnovo) and a portion of the largest publishing complex in the country, Rodina, bought a second TV channel, BBT. Thus BBT became another acquisition by the group after TV7. In July 2009, publisher of the business daily Pari (Money) Valentin Panayotov sold his shares in Business Media Group to the Bonnier Business Press, which became the sole owner of the newspaper. In September 2009, Later Nedyalkov, a co-owner of Weekend, the yellow weekly with the highest circulation in the country, sold his shares to Nova Bulgarska Medijna Grupa. The latter become the largest media owner in Bulgaria. Later on, Mr. Nedyalkov launched a new newspaper, the weekly Retro, which targets retirees. Media / Press Laws The law provides for freedom of speech and of the press; however, there were reports that individuals with political and economic interests intimidated journalists. Libel is punishable under the law. Usually the courts interpreted the law in a manner that favored journalistic expression. Many defamation cases were prompted by reporting about corruption or mismanagement, and the most frequent plaintiffs were government officials or other persons in public positions. Both the Press Council and the newly established National Council for Self-Regulation in Advertising Industry have been included in recent amendments of the draft Radio and TV Law (Media Law).
BULGARIA
The amendments mandate the broadcasting regulator (CEM) to penalize financially media outlets in case they do not comply with decisions of the self-regulatory bodies. The new Media Law is expected to pass vote in the Parliament in late 2010. Printing & Distribution In 2009, the volume of newspaper copies delivered dropped by 1.2% due to the drop in the volume of newspapers and magazines in Bulgaria, according to the Chair of the Union of the Printing Industry Petar Kanev. According to Mr. Kanev, the printing industry represents between 2.0% and 2.5% GDP and employs between 10,000 and 12,000 people. State Support During several last years, the state became a major advertiser in Bulgaria. Significant amounts of direct payments to media outlets (or via mediators) took place as a part of various communication tools or communication strategies, such as for publicizing projects or activities, some of which are partly funded by the EU operative programmes. Other Factors The National Council on Journalism Ethics continued its work in 2008 through its Committees. In 2009, the Committee for disclosing and announcing affiliation of Bulgarian citizens to the State Security and the intelligence services of the Bulgarian national army announced the names of agents who work or worked in Bulgarian National Radio, Bulgarian National TV, electronic and print media. This was accepted by the general Bulgarian population with controversy. For most of people these disclosures are too late, coming 20 years after the start of transition. The disclosures again exposed the issues of the fragile trust in media in Bulgaria.
Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; Media Development Center; Wien International; IREX Media Sustainability Index 2010
2.b

All adults 000 % 369 860 1,842 40 3,111 12 28 59 1 100 Male 000 249 382 1,009 13 1,653 % 15 23 61 1 100 Female 000 % 120 478 833 27 1,458 8 33 57 2 100
Social class A+B C1 C2 D Total
Source: National Statistical Institute

2.ca
2.cb
Households (children) (2007)

Children Without children With children Total Households % 73 27 100
Households % 24 32 22 16 6 100

2.a

All individuals 000 % 1,026 933 1,114 1,073 1,050 1,042 1,326 7,564 14 12 15 14 14 14 18 100 Male 000 527 478 571 543 516 485 539 3,659 % 14 13 16 15 14 13 15 100 Female 000 % 499 455 543 530 534 557 787 3,905 13 12 14 14 14 14 20 100
Age 0-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total
Source: National Statistical Institute Information System Demography
165
BULGARIA
3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Age
Total dailies 60 Total paid-for dailies 60 National paid-for dailies 26 Regional and local 34 paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies 59 Evening and afternoon 1 paid-for dailies Total free dailies Regional and local free dailies Total non-dailies Total paid-for non-dailies 363 National paid-for non-dailies 237 Regional and local 126 paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies Regional and local free non-dailies
63 63 27 36 62 1 383 245 138 -
64 64 29 35 63 1 384 199 185 -
72 70 31 39 70 2 2 381 358 195 163 23 23
73 70 31 39 70 3 3 384 359 196 163 25 25
21.67 16.67 19.23 14.71 18.64 -1.10 -17.30 29.37 -
1.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 50.00 50.00 0.79 0.28 0.51 0.00 8.70 8.70
% % daily reach of readership within age group 9.0 17.7 20.3 18.7 23.2 11.2 100 19.9 34.0 36.2 46.2 39.0 22.3 -
16-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total
Source: Market Links National Representative Survey 2009

5.c
Media consumption
2005 (minutes per day) 2006 2007 2008 240 260 234 222 196 2009 182 -
Source: 2005-2007 National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria; 2008 National Statistical Institute; WAN-IFRA assessment (free dailies); 2009 WAN-IFRA assessment
3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
All newspapers National newspapers Regional and local newspapers Magazines Radio Television Internet
43 40 5 45 119 208 -
Total dailies 558 653 629 912 1,037 Total paid-for dailies 558 653 629 862 870 National paid-for dailies 452 567 539 Regional and local 106 86 90 paid-for dailies Total free dailies 50 167 Regional and local free dailies 50 167 Total paid-for non-dailies 3,063 3,135 3,420 3,831 3,900 National paid-for non-dailies 2,894 2,918 3,024 Regional and local 169 217 396 paid-for non-dailies
85.84 55.91 27.33 -
13.71 0.93 234.00 234.00 1.80 -
Source: 2005 TNS TV Plan: Newspapers and Radio Media Diary Panel nationally representative of population aged 12 or more: Magazines (definition read at all) Yearly databases, face to face interviews, nationally representative of urban population aged 15-60: Television Nationally representative Peoplemeter Panel, ages 4 and up; 2006-2009 Market Links National Representative Survey 2009 2009 The only available figures are for Radio; population aged 15+
6.a
Online editions
2004 2005 2006 2007 Change (%) 2008 2008/04 2008/07 45 25 275.00 13.64 21.62 0.00
Dailies Non-dailies 1 Estimate

1
12 22
31 20
35 25
37 25
Source: 2005-2007 National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria; 2008 National Statistical Institute; WAN-IFRA assessment (free dailies); 2009 WAN-IFRA estimate; WAN-IFRA assessment (free dailies)
4.c
Source: Media Development Center Weeklies, published usually on Thursday, Friday or Saturday; most of the weeklies in Bulgaria still remain without full Internet editions

2005 2006 48.5 15.0 35.0 1.5 (%) 2007 89.5 2.0 2.0 8.0 0.5 100
6.c

Publishing company Website Unique visitors per month (000) 1,200 1 825 1 699 663
2008 100
2009 95.0 0.5 0.5 4.5 100
Newspaper
Single copy sales Subscriptions Home deliveries Office deliveries Free distribution Total Source: Media Development Center
4.d
52.0 20.0 27.0 1.0 100
Standart daily Monitor Dnevnik daily Sega daily

1
Standart News PLC New Bulgarian Media Group Economedia JSC SEGA JSC
www.standartnews.com www.monitor.bg www.dnevnik.bg www.segabg.com
Source: Media Development Center (Internet Web counters) Publishers claim
Cover prices (2009)

(Bulgaria, lev) min max
5.a

(%) Reached
6.d

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Single copy Subscription
0.20 0.20
2.50 1.96
Source: Media Development Center
All adults Men Women Source: Market Links National Representative Survey 2009
32.9 37.1 29
206.9 466.8 647.6 853.0 853.0 1,545.2 2,083.2 2,570.4 3,012.0 3,395.0
312.28 119.71
0.00 12.72
166
BULGARIA
6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
7.c
Advertising revenues
(Bulgaria, lev, mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
165.5 384.7 629.1 843.5 979.2
491.66
16.09

6.f

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
7.aa
70.01
1.11

2005 (Bulgaria, lev, bln) 2006 2007 2008 49.1 56.8 64.5 2009 66.3
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies Evening and afternoon paid-for dailies Total free dailies Regional and local free dailies Total paid-for non-dailies National paid-for non-dailies
71.2 71.2 71.2 21.0 21.0
73.0 73.0 73.0 22.5 22.5
75.1 75.1 75.1 74.8 0.3 21.4 21.4
71.6 71.6 71.6 71.3 0.3 24.0 24.0
71.7 68.6 68.6 68.6 3.1 3.1 20.2 20.2
0.70 -3.65 -3.65 -3.81 -3.81
0.14 -4.19 -4.19 -3.79 -15.83 -15.83
Source: TV Plan TNS Adex Monitoring Rate card figures, only national editions are monitored
7.d
GDP Source: Bulgarian National Bank
41.9

7.ab

2005 (Bulgaria, lev, 000) 2006 2007 2008 6.4 7.4 8.7 2009 8.8
In colour Total Square cm
11,330,294 11,632,764 10,800,000 12,400,000 9,210,000 13,999,643 13,210,213 12,100,000 13,000,000 10,000,000
Source: TNS TV Plan, AdEx Monitoring
GDP per capita Source: Bulgarian National Bank

7.ac
5.4
2005 2006 1.66 (%) 2007 1.67 2008 2.02 2009 2.60

7.f
7.g

Advertiser Expenditure (Bulgaria, lev, 000) 12,380 6,586 4,132 1,664 1,622 1,599 1,499 1,317 1,232 1,091
Advertising sector
Ad expenditure Source: ZenithOptimedia

7.ac
1.46
% of display ad revenue (%) 22.86 17.79 12.48 12.46 8.25 3.99 3.92 2.90 2.42 2.16
(%) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 1.57 1.62 1.63 1.59
Ad expenditure
1.53
1.67
1.75
1.75
7.ba

(Bulgaria, lev, mln) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Telecommunication Motoring Financial services Publishing Miscellaneous Retail outlets Immovables/construction/ repairs Hobby/fashion/sport Pharmaceuticals Tourism
Vestnikarska Grupa Bulgaria Mobiltel Moto Pfohe Economedia First Investment Bank DSK Bank Globul Porsche Bulgaria Kia Motors Sofia France Auto

8.a
135 86 49 413 18 32 5 604
159 95 64 477 22 78 10 746
176 189 93 91 83 98 617 791 22 28 107 124 19 33 941 1,165
177 177 178 178 86 84 83 82 91 93 95 96 670 690 730 770 32 33 34 35 95 95 99 103 31 31 33 35 1,005 1,026 1,074 1,121

Total circulation Total revenue (000) (Bulgaria, lev, 000) 30,652 28,360 3,848 20,600 48,388 3,080 312 31,200 30,420 2,464 38,183 32,019 26,200 22,372 16,689 14,510 7,713 6,505 5,797 2,949
Publishing company
Source: BBSS Gallup; TNS; ZenithOptimedia Before discounts; includes classified; excludes production costs; excludes agency commission; Internet figures include display only
Media Holding JSC 168 Chasa Ltd (EOOD) Economedia JSC Standart News JSC (EAD) Nova Bulgarska Medijna Grupa Jsc (EAD) Novinar Media Jsc Finansova Informatsionna Agentsia Ltd (EOOD) New Media Group Intermedia Ltd Sega Jsc (EAD)
Source: Media Development Center based on ICAP Bulgaria, financial reports of companies published in the Trade Register, and media market data
167
BULGARIA
8.ba

Founded (year) Language Publishing company Circulation (000) Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian New Bulgarian Media Group WAZ WAZ Standart News Douma 2008 Jsc Koopmedia Jsc New Bulgarian Media Group Economedia Jsc Sega Ltd Novinar Ltd 115 82 2 70 4 45 5 12 10 10 6 10 9 9
1
Title
Cover price usual (Bulgaria, lev) (USD) 0.40 0.80 0.90 0.50 0.70 0.50 0.60 0.80 0.50 0.40 0.27 0.54 0.61 0.34 0.48 0.34 0.41 0.54 0.34 0.27
Format
Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Bulgaria, lev) 6,449.4 21,796.1 3 21,796.1 3 7,328.0 4,329.0 2,300.0 9,321.1 3,600.0 4,728.6 1,500.0 9,744.7 29,431.8 3 29,431.8 3 11,589.0 6,435.0 2,900.0 12,616.4 5,400.0 6,771.0 3,000.0
Telegraph Trud (The Labor) 24 Chasa (24 Hours) Standart Douma Zemja Monitor Dnevnik (The Daily) Sega Novinar
1 2
2005 1936 1999 1992 1990 1958 1998 2001 1997 1992
Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid
Source: Media Development Center 158,000 on Fridays 130,000 on Saturdays 3 Trud and 24 Chasa offer only mirror advertisements, that is advertisers are obliged to place an advertisement simultaneously in both newspapers, except on Saturdays 4 111,000 on Saturdays 5 100,000 on Saturdays 6 11,000 on Saturdays
8.bb

Founded (year) 2009 2008 4 2008 Language Bulgarian Bulgarian Bulgarian Publishing company Petyo Bluskov 2 Economedia 5 Bul Media Jsc Circulation (000) 150 100 50 Format 31x21 cm
Title Novinite Dnes (Todays News) 1 Gradski vestnik 3 19 Minuti 6
Source: Media Development Center; FDN Newsletter

1 2
Converted into a paid-for daily on December 1, 2009 Former owner of the dailies Monitor, Telegraph, and Politics; he sold the dailies at nearly EUR5 million to Ms Irena Krusteva, former CEO of the Bulgarian national lottery Toto. 3 Distributed in Sofia 4 Launched in November 2008; closed down in February 2009 5 Publishing company of the economic daily Dnevnik and economic weekly Capital 6 The pagination shrank from the initial 24/36 pages to six pages during 2009; circulation estimate by Media Development Center as of August 2009
9.a
Employment
Change (%) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2007/03 2007/06
11.
Research (2009)
Total number of journalists 6,500 6,500 7,000 7,250 7,200 Number of part-time journalists 6,080 1 Total number of employees 11,000 17,750 17,250 16,250 -
10.77 -
-0.69 -
Circulation is audited by National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria Readership is measured by Market Links Methodology National Representative Survey, sample size 1,100 people, 3 months, interview
12.
Source: 2003 M3 Communications, Union of Bulgarian Journalists, Union of Publishers in Bulgaria; 2004-2007 Media Development Center No official statistical data exist; publishers do not reveal such data
1
Estimate by Media Development Center and the Union of Journalists in Bulgaria
9.b
Salaries
(Bulgaria, lev, mln) Change (%) 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2006/02 2006/05
Total salary costs
68.0
74.8
10.00
Taxes (2009)
% 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 10 10
Tax Standard VAT VAT on: Single copy sales Subscription sales Advertising Newsprint Composition Plant Tax on profits standard rate Tax on profits for newspapers Source: National Statistical Institute via Media Development Center
168
BULGARIA
13.a
15.a
Are there subsidies for the purchase of newsprint? No Are loans granted at low rates for re-equipment or improving existing equipment? No Are there any direct subsidies? No
14.
Does any law exist governing publishing-house ownership, or the registration of shares in newspaper-publishing companies? No Is there any law prohibiting or restricting foreign companies or individuals from owning shares, and in particular, the majority of shares, of domestic daily newspapers? No. Common anti-trust legislation and practices are applicable.
Discounts (2009)
Discount rate (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Discount on rates of Post Railroad Telephone Telegraph Telex Other Source: Media Development Center
Is there any law prohibiting daily newspaper or periodical publishers from operating radio or television stations in the same locality? No. By 2009, there was a restriction for broadcast media owners to own advertising businesses. In 2010 this restriction was abolished. So as to guarantee disclosure and transparency in the capital structure and to avoid silent partners, is there any law or rule permitting in any event the possibility of finding out who are the actual owners of a publishing company? In 2009, the Union of Publishers reinforced the launch of a voluntary online register of media owners in Bulgaria in an attempt to improve the transparency of media ownership that would guarantee better professional standards. At the beginning, the register is applicable only to the members of the Union of Publishers. The Union of Publishers has been discussing with the Government a possibility of legal obligation to disclose information about ownership. Is there an antitrust law limiting concentration in the daily press? The general anti-trust regulation is applicable, according to which a market share over 35% is considered a dominating position. Is further regulation of media concentration expected? No
169
CROATIA
General economic situation Since 2000, Croatias economic fortunes have begun to improve slowly, with moderate but steady GDP growth between 4% and 6% led by a rebound in tourism and credit-driven consumer spending. Inflation over the same period has remained tame and the currency, the kuna, stable. Nevertheless, difficult problems still remain, including a stubbornly high unemployment rate, a growing trade deficit and uneven regional development. The state retains a large role in the economy, as privatization efforts often meet stiff public and political resistance. While macroeconomic stabilization has largely been achieved, structural reforms lag because of deep resistance on the part of the public and lack of strong support from politicians. The EU accession process should accelerate fiscal and structural reform. The inflation rate was estimated at 2.5% in 2009. Performance of newspapers vs. other media A deep economic crisis influenced the media in several ways, including financing problems, lack of profit and investment, no new jobs, and dismissed employees, mostly journalists. Governmental measures against the economic crisis, such as the crisis tax, have additionally worsened the economic situation of media companies. (See more in the part Taxes in this Media Market Description.) Other newspapers have mixed editorial concepts. On one hand, they publish quality journalism pieces, and on the other, the worst possible sensational stories, or even lies. Readers are not attracted by this type of newspapers, which is obvious in sales results of these titles. Some newspapers, such as Vjesnik, serve the government in the most primitive way, publishing on a daily basis everything related to the Prime Minister, without any criticisms. Free newspapers are undergoing a crisis. Metro is no longer published; the News is facing a lack of funding from local governments. Novi list from the city of Rijeka has decided to return to its local roots. This newspaper, once known for its balanced and impartial reporting on the national level, is paying more attention to the local area. The city and region of Zadar is very specific in publishing terms: the region of 120,000 inhabitants is served by two daily newspapers, four weeklies, two local TV and three local radio stations, along with national media offices in the city.
Newspaper launches / closures After 51 years of successful publishing, the weekly magazine Arena stopped printing due to the economic crisis and lack of advertising revenues. Back in 1968, In 2009, two media outlets closed, dozens of journalists Arena recorded the circulation of 478,000 copies, the were fired, and several trade union organizations in the amount that magazines today can only dream about. media announced strikes and public protests. (See also the part Other Factors in this Media Market In February 2009, the prominent business daily Business.hr closed, following a decision by Swedish Description.) group Bonnier AB, the owner of the newspaper and its Independent television and radio stations operated in web portal business.hr. The reason behind the closure the country, and two of the four national television was the global financial crisis and falling profits in other countries where the Swedish group operates. Djurdjica channels were private. Klancir, editor of Business.hr wrote that the closure was On June 18, 2009, the first Croatian news television, not due to lack of interest in a quality brand. The 24sata TV, exclusively started broadcasting on MAXtv, newspaper has found potential partners to continue T-Coms interactive digital television. 24sata TV is under a different owner. Business.hr is now published as a unique channel on which the viewers have the a weekly magazine. possibility to get the information when they choose, once or several times a day, and receive the newest Advertising update on all relevant events in the last 24 hours. Apart In 2009, advertising market shrunk by about 20%-25%. from broadcasting on MAXtv, 24sata TV is also available Circulation at the web address www.24sata.tv. In 2009, daily newspaper circulation declined by about Performance of different types of newspapers 20%; the trend of falling circulation continues. A wide range of private newspapers and magazines were Readership published without government interference. In 2009 newspapers had more readers per copy, but The best selling Croatian daily newspaper is 24 sata, generally readership figures have been falling. a typical tabloid, which only publishes sensational issues. In Croatia, this is a new and refreshing model Newspapers are not credible any more, and they are no longer a synonym for quality journalism. Media which has brought commercial success.
CROATIA
audiences in Croatia do not trust newspapers, mostly because of their tabloidization and sensationalism. Many Croatian newspapers manipulate their audience, serving different centers of power, such as secret services, political parties, or even organized crime. A recent poll conducted by GfK agency has shown that of all the media, Croats trust the Internet the most: 45% of respondents have confidence in the Internet. Radio is second with 39%, television third with 35%, followed by magazines and weekly newspapers with 30% and 31%, respectively. Daily newspapers are last with 24%. Among institutions, the Church is the most credible institution with a score of 3.44. After the Church, Croatian citizens believe most scientists (3.36) and educational institutions (3.32). Prominent intellectuals (2.98) ranked much lower than priests, and journalists are even lower at eighth place (2.73). The bottom ranks are occupied by the government, parliament, and political parties in general occupy the last rank on the scale of trust. On the scale of media reach, the Internet is also above daily newspapers. The Internet is regularly visited by 33% citizens, whereas a daily newspaper is read by 28%. Only television and radio have a higher reach (57% and 50%, respectively). Online / Digital Publishing There were no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports the government monitored e-mail or Internet chat rooms. In general individuals and groups could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail. Internet access was widely available and used by citizens throughout the country. Nearly half of all citizens older than 15, that is about 1,700,000 people, use the Internet, which has become an integral part of their life. Communication and information activities and services have become unthinkable for them without the Internet, which makes their lives easier. Almost 1.3 million people rely on Internet searches at least partially, and about 850,000 people use social networks. Ownership In spite of the media law, media ownership was not fully transparent, making it possible for political or other interests to conceal their influence on media outlets. Local governments partly or fully owned approximately 70 percent of the local media, making local broadcast media particularly vulnerable to political pressure. Media / Press Laws The law regulates the national television and radio networks separately from other electronic media. In line with EU accession, Croatia should change the Media
Law and the Law on Croatian Radio-Television to make them compatible with EU standards. The process of adopting law reforms has started. Skeptics comment that behind the reforms to the Law on Croatian RadioTelevision a politically motivated goal from the ruling party to appoint a general manager of Croatian RadioTelevision. The law provides for no less than six months and no more than five years imprisonment for hate speech. Hate speech committed over the Internet is punishable by six months to three years imprisonment. Libel is a criminal offense; in recent years there were no reports of politically motivated libel cases. However, a large number of libel cases from previous years remained unresolved due to judicial backlogs. Courts may fine, but not imprison, persons convicted of slander and libel. Transparency International Croatia (TIH) and GONG, a non-government organization, again jointly launched an initiative regarding citizens legal right of access to information. We have the right to know! is the main objective of the campaign aimed at improving legislation regulating access to information and financing of election campaigns. However, the law, which came into force in early 2004, does not accomplish its purpose. Copyright Journalists demand a change to copyright law, particularly in regard to press clipping agencies selling their published news to clients and not remunerating writers. A society for the protection of journalists copyright is trying to negotiate potential solutions regarding writers copyrights with press clipping agencies and publishers. Taxes Candidate EU member Croatia took the highly unusual step of introducing a crisis tax in order to keep the countrys ailing budget above water. The measure, announced by the countrys newly appointed prime minister Jadranka Kosor on July 22, 2009, unleashed angry reactions. The government introduced the new tax on August 1, 2009 and estimates that it will provide an extra EUR600 million of revenue. The measure is temporary and the government hopes to lift it by the end of 2010. This new crisis tax has indirectly affected media businesses." The government was also planning to increase valueadded tax (VAT) from 22% to 23%. The earlier change of VAT to 10% for the newspapers did not have major positive effects on media businesses. Prime Minister Kosor also indicated a new tax on luxury goods and mobile-phone services might be introduced.
171
CROATIA
State Support Daily newspaper Vjesnik is still indirectly supported by the government. Vjesnik is owned by Narodne novine d.d., a public publishing company run by the government. The public is not informed about Vjesniks business results. Approximately 46 percent of local radio stations depended on the financial support of local authorities. Other Factors The year 2009 was one of the most difficult for Croatian media. Two journalists, Ivo Pukanic and Niko Franic were killed in a bomb attack. Several journalists were beaten, and dozens fired. In the latest Reporters Without Borders (RSF) report on the state of media freedom in the world, Croatia is ranked the 78th, a drop of up to 33 places compared to the previous year. The Croatian Journalist Society and the Syndicate of Journalists sent a letter to parliamentary committees on media and human rights, inviting them to discuss the professional and economic crisis of Croatian media, which, they say, threatens to weaken democracy and pluralism and strengthens corruption in the country. The NGO Babe, one of the signatories, said the letter was signed by 41 journalists, 53 civil society organizations and six individuals. Croatian President Stjepan Mesic commented on the media situation: I firmly believe that attacks on journalists mean an attack on press freedom, and thus on democracy and on all of us. In 2009, the Commission of the Croatian Bishops Conference (CBC) Lustitia et Pax issued a statement about Croatian media and marketing. The statement said that in the interests of bigger profits, the interests of owners and advertisers are put in front of the readers right to be informed. The media should be obliged to provide complete information, otherwise it is not possible to find a way out of the crisis, said the bishops in their statement. The Trade Union of Croatian Journalists in Porec decided to organize a demonstration for its members and threatened to launch a strike because, as they say, the Newspaper Publishers Association at the Croatian Association of Employers delayed negotiations on the adoption of a national collective agreement for journalists. It has been decided that should the members strike, it will be if the national collective agreement is not reached by October 1, 2010. In July 2009, Europapress Holding (EPH) founded a new media university in Split, as the first private university in Dalmatia. The new faculty will be tuned to new media and work methods, with a lot of practical training, while the education costs of students will be covered by media companies from the region. The new university will have the following programs: journalism, media design, business and management in media and public relations, and business economics.
Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; WAN-IFRA; ProEduca; Croatian Assosiation of Journalists; Croatia government reports; EurActiv.com
172
CROATIA
3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Total free dailies National free dailies Regional and local free dailies Total non-dailies Total paid-for non-dailies National paid-for non-dailies Regional and local paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies
13 13 8 5 207 132 115 17 75
16 15 8 7 1 -
16 15 9 6 1 1 -
17 15 8 7 2 1 1 -
16 15 8 7 1 1 -
23.08 15.38 0.00 40.00 -
-5.88 0.00 0.00 0.00 -50.00 0.00 -
Source: 2005 Croatian Journalists Association, Research Institute estimates; 2006 ICEJ; 2007-2009 Croatian Association of Publishers; Chamber of Economy
3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08

2.a

Age 0-14 15-64 65 + Total
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Total free dailies Total free non-dailies Regional and local free non-dailies
411 411 383 28 -
685 560 500 60 125 -
730 560 500 60 170 600 600
640 520 460 60 120 600 600
595 535 485 50 60 -
44.77 30.17 26.63 78.57 -
-7.03 2.88 5.43 -16.67 -50.00 -

2.b
Source: 2005 Croatian Journalists Association, Research Institute estimates; 2006 WAN assessment; 2007-2008 Croatian Association of Publishers; Chamber of Economy; WAN assessment (free dailies); 2009 Croatian Association of Publishers; Chamber of Economy; WAN-IFRA assessment (free dailies)
4.a

All individuals 000 % 381 678 836 722 1,135 3,747 10.2 18.0 22.2 19.3 30.3 100 Male 000 218 276 554 337 442 1,637 % 13.3 16.9 33.8 20.6 27.0 100 Female 000 % 163 402 282 385 693 1,925 8.5 20.9 14.6 20.0 36.0 100

(mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Age A+B C1 C2 D E Total
Source: Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Croatia

2.ca Households (occupancy) (2009) 2.cb
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Total free dailies National free dailies Regional and local free dailies
222 156.0 195.3 138 177 18.0 18.3 66 36 30 -
25.19 28.26 1.67 -

Children Without children With children aged 0-3 aged 4-9 aged 10-15 Total Households 000 % 323 956 277 183 275 1,279 22.3 74.3 100
Source: Croatian Association of Publishers; Chamber of Economy

4.c
Households 000 % 315 357 293 312 245 1,552 20.3 23.0 18.8 20.1 15.8 100

2003 2004 90.0 10.0 100 (%) 2005 93.0 7.0 100 2006 2007 95.0 5.0 3.0 2.0 100
Single copy sales Subscriptions Home deliveries Postal deliveries Total Source: ICEJ
4.d
93.5 6.5 100
Cover prices (2008)

(Croatia, kuna) min max
5.a

(%) Reached
Single copy
3.00
7.00
All adults Source: MediaPuls
60.5
Source: Croatian Association of Publishers
173
CROATIA
5.b Age structure of readership (2008) 7.ab

2005 (Croatia, kuna, 000) 2006 2007 2008 64.5 70.9 77.3 2009 77.3
Age 19 and less 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-74 Total
% of readership 29 17 9 13 17 20 100

7.ac
59.5
(%) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 1.71 1.76 1.77 1.82
Ad expenditure
1.70
1.73
1.64
1.64

5.d
7.ba

(Croatia, kuna, mln) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Number of readers
2005 2006 (000) 2007 2008 2009 2,943 Press Newspapers Magazines Television Outdoor Internet Total
Total paid-for dailies Source: MediaPuls

6.a
Online editions
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
1,031 1,315 1,501 1,566 589 767 867 915 442 548 634 651 2,810 3,218 3,612 3,706 272 311 275 267 9 12 43 65 4,121 4,856 5,431 5,604
1,417 1,523 1,649 1,785 851 906 970 1,038 566 617 679 747 3,978 4,177 4,386 4,825 235 256 282 316 68 74 87 100 5,698 6,030 6,404 7,025
Source: MediaPuls; AGB Nielsen; ZenithOptimedia Excludes production costs; before discounts; excludes agency commission; excludes classified; Internet figures are display only
7.f
Dailies Non-dailies
10 2
12 -
16 -
16 -
60.00 -
0.00 -
Source: 2006 ICEJ; 2008-2009 Croatian Association of Publishers

% of display ad revenue 12.5 11.5 11.4 11.2 10.6 7.9 5.9 4.5 4.0 3.8
6.c

Website www.vecernji-list.hr www.novilist.hr www.vjesnik.hr www.slobodnadalmacija.hr www.glas-slavonije.hr Page impressions per month (000) 2,000 1,450 1,100 980 781
Advertising sector Financial institutions, marketing Retailers Media and publishing Communciations-telecommunications Transportation and automotive industry Leisure and entertainment; travel, art Group and brand general advertising Government and non-government organisations Machinery and professional equipment Service industry Source: MediaPuls
7.g
Newspaper Vecernji list Novi list Vjesnik Slobodna Dalmacija Glas Slavonije Source: ICEJ
6.d

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
953.8 1,069.7 1,177.3 1,360.6 1,498.3 1,472.4 1,684.6 1,835.3 1,956.5 2,233.7
57.09 51.70
10.12 14.17

Advertiser Expenditure (Croatia, kuna, 000) 37,874.5 29,547.9 21,260.8 18,775.3 17,437.2 15,408.8 14,530.7 14,114.7 14,051.5 13,752.2
8.a

Publishing company 24sata Vecernji List Jutarnji List Slobodna Dalmacija Novi List Sportske Novosti Glas Istre Glas Slavonije Vjesnik Zadarski List Total circulation (000) 165 127 104 67 47 42 17 15 12 96

6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
116.0 251.8 387.0 524.7 685.0
490.52
30.55

6.f

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Europapress Holding Konzum T-mobile Hrvatska Vip net GSM Pliva Kitio mobile doo Telephone line services Croatia Osiguranje Lidl T-Hrvatski Telekom Source: MediaPuls
Source: Croatian Chamber of Industry
7.aa
65.36
2.64

Owner Revenue (Croatia, kuna, 000) 420,753 319,152 60,596 33,332 21,281 8,950 3,215

2005 (Croatia, kuna, bln) 2006 2007 2008 286.3 314.2 341.5 2009 341.5 EPH Styria Novi List Glas Slavonije Glas Istre RTD Vjesnik Source: MediaPuls
264.4
174
CROATIA
8.ba

Founded (year) Language Publishing company Circulation (000) Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian Croatian 24Sata d.o.o Vecernji List d.d. Eph d.o.o Slobodna Dalmacija d.d. Novi List d.d. Sportske Novosti d.d. Glas Istre d.d. Glas Slavonije d.d. Zadarski List d.d. Narodne Novine d.d. 165 135 120 67 47 41 17 15 12 Readership (000) 1,140 493 500 250 145 163 81 65 25 Cover price usual (Croatia, kuna) (USD) 4 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 0.75 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 Berliner Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Format Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Croatia, kuna) 27,600 23,100 16,872 13,000 10,944 5,600 3,700 10,000 34,900 34,500 33,120 27,720 20,246 15,600 13,133 7,840 4,900 12,000
Title
24sata Vecernji List Jutarnji List Slobodna Dalmacija Novi List Sportske Novosti Glas Istre Glas Slavonije Zadarski List Vjesnik
2005 1959 1995 1945 1900 1946 1945 1945 1940
Source: Croatian Chamber of Industry

8.bb

Founded Language Publishing company (year) Circulation (000) Croatian 24 sata d.d.
2
Title
Readership (000) 240
Format
Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Croatia, kuna) 19,000 34,900
24 sata
1 2
2008
60
Berliner
Source: Croatian Association of Publishers; MediaPuls; FDN Newsletter Free evening edition of the inexpensive morning daily 24 Sata Owned by Styria Medien AG
9.a
Employment
Change (%) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2007/03 2007/06
12.
Taxes (2009)
% 22 10 10 22 22 22 22 20 20
Tax Standard VAT VAT on: Single copy sales Subscription sales Advertising Newsprint Composition Plant Tax on profits standard rate Tax on profits for newspapers Source: Croatian Association of Publishers
Total number of journalists 1 3,334 Number of part-time journalists 572 Total number of employees 4,918
2,844 2,850 3,100 1,201 1,300 -
-7.02 -
8.77 -
Source: 2003, 2005 Croatian Journalists Association; 2006 ICEJ; 2007 IREX Media Sustainability Index 2008
1
All media
10.a

Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
4-colour newspapers 1 Tabloids Other formats Berliner
13 12 1
15 14 1
16 -
17 15 2 -
16 15 1 -
23.08 25.00 -
-5.88 0.00 -50.00 -
13.a
Source: 2006 ICEJ; 2007 WAN assessment; 2008 Croatian Chamber of Economy; 2009 Croatian Association of Newspaper Publishers
1
Are there subsidies for the purchase of newsprint? No Are loans granted at low rates for re-equipment or improving existing equipment? No Are there any direct subsidies? Yes, for the daily newspaper Vjesnik, and for newspapers for minorities and some local newspapers.
14.
Paid-for and free dailies
11.
Research (2009)
Circulation is audited by There are no official data on circulation, sold copies and revenues. Readership is measured by Independent agencies Media Metar, MediaPuls Methodology Questionnaries and interviews
Discounts (2009)
Discount on rates of Post Railroad Telephone Telegraph Telex Source: Croatian Association of Publishers
175
CROATIA
15.a
Does any law exist governing publishing-house ownership, or the registration of shares in newspaper-publishing companies? Law on Media, adopted in 2004, Article 32: by January 31 each year, publishers have to report to the Croatian Chamber of Commerce data on their company, name and address of all persons or institutions owning shares or having any other part of ownership, including data about percentage of ownership. By February 28, publishers are obliged to publish the same data in the Official Gazette. Is there any law prohibiting or restricting foreign companies or individuals from owning shares, and in particular, the majority of shares, of domestic daily newspapers? No Is there any law prohibiting daily newspaper or periodical publishers from operating radio or television stations in the same locality? Yes. Under the Law on Electronic Media, a company with a national broadcasting licence may not publish any daily newspaper with a circulation of more than 3,000, and may not own more than: 25% of a national, regional or local publisher; 10% of any publisher of daily newspapers with circulation exceeding 3,000; or 10% of a news agency. A company with a regional or local broadcasting licence may not publish daily newspapers in the same or neighbouring region, and may own more than 30% of a publisher that produces newspapers in the same region. So as to guarantee disclosure and transparency in the capital structure and to avoid silent partners, is there any law or rule permitting in any event the possibility of finding out who are the actual owners of a publishing company? All data on media ownership are public, except the
personal identity number of the owners and address of the editor-in-chief. Information on owners of shares of 1% or above of total ownership are published in the Official Gazette as summary information. If someone wants to know such data, he should prove his legal interest first. In other words, public does not know names of the owners of 1% of shares and less. Basic data should be accessible by law, but it does not mean that one will know who the real owners are. Public data is that the owner of 90% shares of Vecernji list is the company Styria. But one cannot obtain data on who owns the company Styria. Hypothetically, if the Catholic Church owns 30% of of Styria shares and the Archbishop of Zagreb owns 5% of the related 30%, public will not know. Is there an antitrust law limiting concentration in the daily press? Article 33 of the Law on Media states that no publisher of daily or weekly newspapers may sell more than 40% of all dailies and weeklies sold in the relevant market. It is questionable how the Agency for Protection of Market Competition can define the level of market concentration for media companies if hard data is unavailable. Is further regulation of media concentration expected? Yes, the definition of dominating position for media companies needs to be defined to prevent media concentration once hard data is available. Also, the Media Law does not define the term daily newspapers. Do sports and business/financial newspapers belong in the same category as general/political newspapers?"
176
CROATIA
15.b
Cross-media ownership restrictions (2009)
Owners
Regional TVs
National TVs
Regional Newspapers
National Newspapers
Radio
Maximum 25% stake
Maximum 25% stake
Maximum 10% stake Maximum 10% stake if circulation exceeds 3,000 if circulation exceeds 3,000
Maximum 25% stake
Maximum 25% stake
Maximum 25% stake
Maximum 10% stake Maximum 10% stake if circulation exceeds 3,000 if circulation exceeds 3,000
Maximum 25% stake
Regional Newspaper Owners National Newspaper Owners
Not allowed if circulation exceeds 3,000
No restrictions
Not allowed if circulation exceeds 40% of the market
Not allowed if combined circulation exceeds 40% of total market circulation
Not regulated
Not regulated
Not regulated
Not regulated
Not regulated
Foreign Investors
No special restrictions
Source: ICEJ
177
CYPRUS
General economic situation The area of the Republic of Cyprus under government control has a market economy dominated by the service sector, which accounts for 78% of GDP. Tourism, financial services, and real estate are the most important sectors. The economy in the area under government control has grown at a rate well above the EU average. Cyprus adopted the euro as its national currency on 1 January 2008. Growth is expected to slow to less than 2%, which would be its lowest level since 2003. As in the area administered by Turkish Cypriots, water shortages are a perennial problem. The inflation rate was estimated at 0.9% in 2009. The Cyprus Weekly is the top-selling English-language publication in Cyprus, with a circulation exceeding 17,000. It holds second place out of all Cyprus print media behind the daily Phileleftheros. Founded in 1979, it is an independent publication, without any political affiliations. It is published every Friday.
The Famagusta Gazette Online is the first English language newspaper website that offers a 24-hour rolling news service, focusing primarily on events in Cyprus. It has more than 120,000 unique visitors per week. The Famagusta Gazette was originally launched in 2003 as a monthly colour newspaper, which was distributed in south-east Cyprus by Hellenic Press. The last printed Performance of newspapers vs. other media edition of the Famagusta Gazette was published on The Cypriot media mirror the islands political division, September 1st, 2007 before the entire operation went with the Turkish-controlled zone in the north operating online. its own press and broadcasters. Slavic-speaking residents have also created their own State-run radio and TV compete with private operators, local media. Since 1975, the island has grown into and relays of Greek and Turkish stations are on air across a major centre for the publication of numerous Arab and the island. Nicosia officials say the switch from analogue Russian magazines and newspapers. to digital TV broadcasting will be made in 2011. Online / Digital Publishing Several private television and radio stations competed There were no government restrictions on access to the effectively with government-controlled stations; Internet or reports that the government monitored egovernment-owned stations accounted for mail or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups approximately 18-20 percent of the viewership for could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the television news and 30 percent of the general radio Internet, including e-mail. The Internet was easily accessible and widely available to the public. audience. International broadcasts, including telecasts from Turkey Media / Press Laws and Greece, were available without interference The law provides for freedom of speech and of the press, and the government generally respected these rights in throughout the island. practice. Performance of different types of newspapers Independent newspapers and periodicals proliferated. The government imposed significant restrictions on Turkish (as opposed to Turkish Cypriot) journalists There are nine daily newspapers in Greek: Phileleftheros, crossing the green line to cover news events in the Simerini, Alithia, Haravaghi, Politis, Makhi, XPress government-controlled area. Economiki (online newspaper launched in 2000), Apogevmatini, and Agon. In 2006 the Council of Ministers rejected a 2005 decision by the board of the Cyprus News Agency to In the Turkish-speaking part of Cyprus, with appoint Christoforos Christoforou as its new director. a population of around 200,000, there are 11 dailies: Some newspapers and opposition parties attributed the Afrika (formerly Avrupa), Birlik, Kibris, Kibrisli, Ortam, rejection to Christoforous authorship of articles Star Kibris, Volkan, Yeniduzen, Yenicag, Halkin Sesi, criticizing government policies regarding the UN efforts and Haber Havadis. Conservative Turkish dailies Sabah in 2004 to reunify the island. The Cyprus Journalists and Hurriyet have a daily circulation of around 13,000 Union called on the government to reverse its decision between them, while sales of the most popular Turkish and approve the appointment. Christoforou appealed to Cypriot paper, Kibris, are about 13,000 copies a day. the Supreme Court, which ruled in his favor in June 2008. In July 2008 the Attorney Generals Office English is used widely by permanent foreign residents on appealed the Supreme Court decision. The appeal was the island, creating a market for two local dailies, Cyprus pending before the court at years end. News and Cyprus Times, and one weekly publication, Cyprus Weekly. Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; BBC News
CYPRUS
6.d

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
91.0 105.8 130.6 159.6 190.9 274.3 302.8 348.1 364.9 433.8
109.78 58.15
19.61 18.88

6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Broadband subscribers Map: CIA The World Factbook

2.a
31.9
63.1
97.6
141.2 176.0
451.72
24.65

6.f


(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Age 0-14 15-64 65 + Total
867.8
988.3 1,016.7 977.5
24.92
-3.86

7.aa

(Cypriot pound until 2007, Cyprus euro from 2008, bln) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
GDP Source: CIA The World Factbook
7.9
8.2
11.2
16.6
16.5
21
21
22
22
22
4.76
0.00
3.b
2006 Republic of Cyprus only; GDP of North Cyprus was 2.1 bn Cypriot pounds 2007 Area under government control: CYP9.2 billion; area administered by Turkish Cypriots: CYP2.0 billion (2007 est.)
7.ab

(Cypriot pound until 2007, Cyprus euro from 2008, 000) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08 GDP per capita
15.26
15.60
15.30
100
100
102
103
100
0.00
-2.91

8.ba

Founded (year) 1955 1952 3 1956 1976 1999 1945 Language Greek Turkish Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Turkish Greek English Publishing company Phileleftheros Public Co. Ltd. Alithia Ltd Tilegraphos Ltd. Dias Publishing House Ltd Arktinos Publications Ltd Cyprus Mail Co. Ltd Circulation 1 (000) 26 13 11 9 9 8 7 6 5 4 Cover price usual 2 (Cyprus, euro) 0.85 1.50 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 Format Broadsheet Broadsheet Broadsheet Broadsheet Berliner Berliner
Title Phileleftheros (The Liberal) Kibris Alithia (The Truth) Haravghi (Dawn) 4 Simerini (Today) Apogevmatini Politis (Citizen) Halkin Sesi (Voice of the People) Agon (Struggle) Cyprus Mail
1 2
Source: Wikipedia; WAN-IFRA from public sources 2002 data 2007 figures converted from Cypriot pounds to euros 3 Alithia became a daily in 1982 4 A mouthpiece of the Cyprus Communist Party (AKEL)
179
CYPRUS
12.
Taxes (2009)
% 15 5 10
14.
Discounts (2005)
Discount rate (%) 50 0 50 50 50
Tax Standard VAT VAT on: Single copy sales Tax on profits standard rate Source: Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu; Distripress
Discount on rates of Post Railroad Telephone Telegraph Telex Source: WAN archives
15.b
Owners
Regional TVs
National TVs
Regional Newspapers
National Newspapers
Radio
Maximum of one
Maximum of one
No limit
No limit
Max. one. Barred if they own more than 20% of the share capital in a TV station. Max. one. Barred if they own more than 20% of the share capital in a TV station. Max. one. Barred if they own more than 20% of the share capital in a newspaper. Max. one. Barred if they own more than 20% of the share capital in a newspaper.
Maximum of one
Maximum of one
No limit
No limit
Max. one. Barred if they own Max. one. Barred if they own more than 20% of the share more than 20% of the share capital in a newspaper. capital in a newspaper. Max. one. Barred if they own Max. one. Barred if they own more than 20% of the share more than 20% of the share capital in a newspaper. capital in a newspaper. Max. one. Barred if they own more than 20% of the share capital in a radio station. Max. one. Barred if they own more than 20% of the share capital in a radio station. Up to 2.5% per investor. All foreign investors cannot own more than 10% of total share capital. Max. one. Barred if they own more than 20% of the share capital in a radio station. Max. one. Barred if they own more than 20% of the share capital in a radio station. Up to 2.5% per investor. All foreign investors cannot own more than 10% of total share capital.
No limit
No limit
No limit
No limit
No limit
No limit
No limit
No limit
Foreign Investors
No limit
No limit
Up to 2.5% per investor. All foreign investors cannot own more than 10% of total share capital.
Source: WAN archives
180
CZECH REPUBLIC
General economic situation The small, open, export-driven Czech economy grew by over 6% annually from 2005-2007 and strong growth continued throughout the first three quarters of 2008. Despite the global financial crisis, the conservative Czech financial system has remained relatively healthy. In 2009, the economic situation in the Czech Republic was significantly affected by consequences of the world financial and economic crisis. The GDP decreased by 4.7 per cent. The Czech economy encountered such a situation for the first time after 20 years of the free market economy development; particular entities were not prepared for such a situation and they were not able to react to it adequately. The relatively small Czech economy is largely dependent on export, which was especially strongly affected by the crisis. Perhaps the only positive factor in 2009 was a negligible inflation rate, reaching 0.1 per cent year-on-year. Performance of different types of newspapers The daily newspaper market was affected not only by a decrease in advertising revenues, but also by structural changes in the media behaviour of people and negative consequences of the changes in their life style in relation to the reception of media. The structural changes in the media behaviour showed themselves on the daily market in the Czech Republic in 2009 by a continuing decrease in sales and a decrease in readership. A decrease in daily readership is only moderate and lower than a decrease in their paid circulation. The project of the publishing house PPF Media called Our Address was also launched in 2009. It is an attempt for connecting a hyperlocal news service on both online and paper platforms. According to the media market categorization of the Czech Publishers Association, weeklies are included among magazines, that means the association supersedes periodicity over technicalities. Our Address aims to reconnect newspapers with readers and advertisers by focusing on neighbourhood concerns at a neighbourhood level. The project belongs to PPF Media, a firm based in Amsterdam with banking, insurance and media holdings in Central and Eastern Europe. In May 2009 PPF confirmed it was investing less than EUR10 million, or USD13.4 million, in the project. A month later PFF began publishing seven weekly newspapers and about 30 websites serving four distinct regions of the country, clustered around the four cities in which the news cafes were situated: Olomouc, Usti, Teplice, and Kromeriz. The cafes, websites and newspapers operate under the name Nase Adresa, or our address, with the names of the local communities included for the publications. Most of the 90 or so staff hired so far are under 30-years-old. Roman Gallo, director for media strategies at PPF, said that if the websites and newspapers are successful, the goal is to add scores of similar ones across the Czech Republic and perhaps beyond in other Central and Eastern European countries. Google is a partner to the project, although the Internet company has not invested directly in the venture. Instead, it is making its local staff available to help teach PPF journalists how to use tools like Google Maps, Google Translate and YouTube. Another partner in the project is Atex, a provider of publishing software.
Both in 2009 and at the beginning of 2010, Czech dailies, such as Hospodarske noviny and MF Dnes, In May 2009 representatives of the World Association of were gradually redesigning their format and editorial Newspapers (WAN) and PPF Group launched the content. International Multimedia News Lab in Prague. The training and educational centre, combined, with the A more dynamic development took place on the non- editorial house, is called Futuroom; it is part of the PPF dailies market: Media project in the area of hyperlocal news, both print and online. Through the World Editors Forum (WEF), The publishing house Mafra finished a pilot project of WAN provides advisory and consulting services. The publishing the regional free weekly 14 dni. In the first multimedia news lab is housed in PPFs Prague premises half of 2009, the publishing house Mlada fronta started and offers media education and training aimed at local publishing the regional free weekly Sedmicka, covering news reporting and modern day journalism in a purpose a considerable part of the territory of the Czech Republic built newsroom that features advanced technologies. with the total of 27 editions. Expectations are uncertain about the newspaper market In the previous years, Czech newspaper publishers were development in 2010. The existing partial information transforming their original press publishing houses into shows that even if the decrease in paid circulation of current multimedia news houses and mastered using dailies has stopped, there is no obvious trend of online and mobile channels for news content returning to the level reached a year ago. A certain dissemination. In this respect, the crisis contributed to positive turn in the first quarter of 2010 was an increased the market refinement, as it forced publishers to focus volume of gross advertising revenues of dailies by 7 per on main directions and the most successful products, cent, as well as the number of advertising pages, both in the area of printed titles and online media. compared to the same period of 2009.
CZECH REPUBLIC
In spite of the mentioned indications of improvement, however, perspective of the Czech media market development in 2010 remains unclear. Expert opinions differ considerably in this respect. Newspaper launches / closures The tabloid daily Sip has been transformed into a social weekly magazine in April 2009. Sip is still published in a newspaper format, but the project has been transferred from the publishing house Vltava Labe Press to the partner publishing house of magazines and newspaper supplements, Astrosat. In 2009, there were no other launches or closures of daily newspapers on the Czech market. National weekly free newspaper Sedmicka was launched with a million-copy print run on 15 April, 2009, reaching a tenth of the Czech Republics 10.5 million population. Sedmicka, which means seven in Czech, is delivered to post boxes and is also available from 600 pickup points. The Czech newspaper is headed up by Mark Whittaker, the ex-MD of Trinity Mirrors Midlands weekly papers, who collaborated with Czech publisher Mlada Fronta to launch Sedmicka. The launch was based on 10 regional editions, which has since grown to 15. The newspaper had a target for 27 by the end of May 2009. According to the publisher, the title has 200 staff and 25 offices. The group also plans to set up a network of local and hyperlocal websites. Advertising A decrease in GDP and industrial production negatively affected the advertising market. The total volume of advertising in traditional media decreased. Estimates range between 10 and 20 per cent. However, the catastrophic estimate, according to which the advertising volume should have decreased by up to one quarter, did not come true. In spite of that, impacts of the crisis on the advertising market were substantial, especially in the commodity groups playing a key role in advertising on the Czech market, such as telecommunication services, cars, and finance. Certain structural changes also influence the advertising market. One of them is the saturation of the mobile communication market and a considerable decrease in advertising volume of their operators after many years of growing expenditures. Another unfavourable factor was an increase in discounts required by advertisers, which affected the press in a considerable extent: total gross advertising revenue of periodical publishers in 2009 decreased by 9.8 per cent compared to 2008, according to ad-spend data monitoring by TNS Media Intelligence. However, net advertising revenues of all publishers decreased by 21 per cent, according to a survey conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers for the Czech Publishers Association. This result is considerably better than
182
foreseen in some estimates. For example, the agency Omnicom Media Group expected at the end of August 2009 that the total volume of net advertising revenues of the periodical press would fall by unprecedented 36 per cent. Circulation During 2009 and in the early 2010, a decrease in bulk sales to hotels or airlines contributed considerably to the total decrease in paid circulation, which can be considered a direct consequence of the economic crisis that has caused a decrease in tourism, rather than a consequence of structural changes in peoples preferences. In the last quarter 2009, cover prices of most Czech dailies slightly increased. Publishers thus tried to level off unfavourable consequences of an increase in prices of some inputs during the period when cover prices of dailies remained unchanged. Online / Digital Publishing There were no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitored e-mail or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups could and did engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail. Ownership At the end of 2009, publishing of the daily Lidove noviny and its supplements was transferred from the original publishing house Lidove noviny to the publishing house Mafra. In fact, it is not a major ownership change, as both Mafra and Lidove noviny belong to the German publishing group RheinischBergische Verlagsgeselschaft. Media / Press Laws The law mandates prison sentences of six months to three years for persons who deny Communist-era crimes or the Nazi Holocaust. Speech inciting hatred based on race, religion, class, nationality, or other group affiliation is also illegal and carries a sentence of up to three years in prison. As the result of a televised election advertisement that referred to a final solution of the Gypsy question, the Prague Municipal State Attorneys Office filed charges in September 2009 against a member of the unregistered, ultranationalist National Party for inciting hatred based on race. In November 2009 a Prague district court gave a representative of the National Party a one-year suspended sentence and three years probation for the advertisement." In November 2008 a Prague district court fined journalist Sabina Slonkova 20,000 korunas (USD1,100) for refusing to reveal her sources in a court case regarding a leaked video published on the Web site
CZECH REPUBLIC
aktualne.cz. The video showed a presidential advisor meeting with a lobbyist in a hotel before the February 2008 presidential elections. On February 6, 2009, an appeals court upheld the fine. On April 1, 2009, a law criminalizing the publication of information obtained from police wiretaps came into effect. The law also criminalizes the publication of names of victims of serious crimes and the names of all victims younger than age 18. Journalists violating the law, dubbed muzzle law, face fines of up to five million korunas (USD276,000) and prison sentences of up to five years. The International Press Institute criticized the law, asserting that its provisions are unclear, may inhibit investigative journalism, and provides no exception for the public interest. Czech publishers and journalists did not succeed, in spite of the international support of the World Association of Newspapers (WAN), European Newspaper Publishers Association (ENPA) and FAEP, to avert the passing of the Act and its coming into force. Publishers and editors have sought exemptions from the law, citing a 2004 football match-fixing scandal which resulted in prosecutions after newspapers obtained proof using police telephone recordings that referees had been bribed. Current joint efforts of media and some politicians give at least a certain hope for cancelling severe restrictions introduced by the muzzle law and mitigation of threatening punishments. The Parliament of the Czech Republic has been discussing a mitigating amendment to the law, and the Constitutional Court will review the compliance of the law with the constitutional rights. Taxes An increase in VAT for newspaper sales from the original 5 per cent to 9 per cent two years ago has also a certain negative impact on the newspaper market. Since January 2010, the reduced VAT rate has been increased to 10 per cent as a part of newly introduced anti-crisis measures.
Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; The New York Times; Press Gazette; WAN-IFRA World Editors Forum; AFP; Aktualne Centrum; Czech Publishers Association
2.a

All individuals 000 % 1,480 1,345 1,727 1,502 1,385 1,472 1,556 10,467 14 123 17 14 13 14 15 100 Male 000 760 692 890 772 696 706 620 5,136 % 15 14 17 15 14 14 12 100 Female 000 % 720 652 837 730 689 766 936 5,331 14 12 16 14 13 14 18 100
Age 0-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total
Source: Czech Statistical Office

2.b

All adults 000 % 1,164 971 1,067 1,876 3,804 8,800 13 11 12 21 42 100 Male 000 639 488 525 854 1,872 4,379 % 15 11 12 20 43 100 Female 000 % 525 482 542 1,021 1,932 4,502 12 11 12 23 43 100
GfK Czech & Median Media projekt 2009

2.ca
Households 000 % 1,255 1,269 831 778 229 4,361 28.8 29.1 19.1 17.8 5.2 100
Source: GfK Czech & Median Media projekt 2009
183
CZECH REPUBLIC
2.cb

Children Without children With children aged 0-3 aged 4-9 aged 10-15 Total Households 000 % 3,018 1,343 183 548 612 4,361 69.2 30.8 4.2 12.6 14.0 100
2.d
Housewives (co-habiting persons) (2009)

Age Under 25 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total Housewives 000 % 137 726 809 777 795 851 4,069 3.3 17.7 19.8 19.0 19.4 20.8 100
3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies 86 Total paid-for dailies 84 National paid-for dailies 9 Regional and local 75 paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies 84 Total free dailies 2 National free dailies Regional and local free dailies 2 Total non-dailies 486 Total paid-for non-dailies 234 National paid-for 53 non-dailies Regional and local 181 paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies 252 National free non-dailies 14 Regional and local 238 free non-dailies Total paid-for Sundays 4 National paid-for Sundays 4
90 86 10 76 86 4 3 482 232 52 180 250 13 237 3 3
86 82 9 73 82 4 1 3 475 228 50 178 247 11 236 3 3
85 82 9 73 82 3 1 2 491 223 47 176 268 12 256 3 3
83 81 8 73 81 2 2 477 209 43 166 268 12 256 3 3
-3.49 -3.57 -11.11 -2.67 -3.57 0.00 -1.85 -10.68 -18.87 -8.29 6.35 -14.29 7.56 -25.00 -25.00
-2.35 -1.22 -11.11 0.00 -1.22 -33.33 100.00 -2.85 -6.28 -8.51 -5.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total dailies 2,045 Total paid-for dailies 1,742 National paid-for dailies 1,338 Regional and local 404 paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies 1,742 Total free dailies 303 National free dailies Regional and local 303 free dailies Total non-dailies 13,420 Total paid-for non-dailies 2,195 National paid-for non-dailies 1,192 Regional and local 1,003 paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies 11,225 National free non-dailies 3,462 Regional and local 7,763 free non-dailies Total paid-for Sundays 531 National paid-for Sundays 531
2,507 1,669 1,326 343
2,364 2,075 1,700 1,672 1,549 1,365 1,348 1,254 1,117 324 295 248
-16.87 -21.64 -16.52 -38.61 -21.64 10.56 -
-18.07 -11.88 -10.93 -15.93 -11.88 -36.31 12.79 6.31 3.62 -3.10 9.70 6.71 -0.65 7.52 -7.43 -7.43
1,669 1,672 1,549 1,365 838 692 526 335 296 297 335 838 396 229 11,400 11,860 1,700 1,630 800 774 900 856 12,434 1,630 774 856
13,218 -1.51 1,689 -23.05 750 -37.08 939 -6.38
9,700 10,230 10,804 11,529 2.71 1,500 1,454 1,071 1,064 -69.27 8,200 8,776 9,733 10,465 34.81 476 476 441 441 417 417 386 386 -27.31 -27.31
Source: 2005 ABC CR; OMD Czech - Media Data System; Czech Publishers Association Yearbook 2006; WAN-IFRA assessment (free dailies); 2006 ABC CR; OMD Czech Media Data System; Czech Publishers' Association Yearbook 2007; WAN-IFRA assessment (non-dailies); 2007 ABC CR, OMG Prague Media Data System; WAN assessment (free daily E15); 2008-2009 Media Data System powered by Omnicom Media Group; ABC CR Circulation of free newspapers has been audited since 2007, so there is a difference between the figures claimed before 2007 and those audited in 2007
4.a

(mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Source: 2005 ABC CR, OMD Czech - Media Data System; 2006 ABC CRs OMD Czech Media Data Systems; WAN-IFRA assessment (non-dailies); 2007-2008 ABC CR, OMG Czech Media Data System; 2009 Media Data System powered by Omnicom Media Group; ABC CR
Total dailies 566.0 Total paid-for dailies 506 National paid-for dailies 383 Regional and local 123 paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies 506 Total free dailies 60.0 National free dailies Regional and local 60.0 free dailies Total non-dailies 335.0 Total paid-for non-dailies 85.0 National paid-for non-dailies 39 Regional and local 46.0 paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies 250 National free non-dailies 112 Regional and local 138 free non-dailies Total paid-for Sundays 27 National paid-for Sundays 27
713.7 675.0 601.0 492.0 501 502 468 409 398 404 378 334 103 98 90 75 501 502 468 409 212.7 173.0 133.0 83.0 74 75 83 212.7 99.0 58.0 238.4 267.0 250.0 292.0 58.4 64.0 58.0 61.0 28 25 21 20 30.4 39.0 37.0 41.0 180 30 150 25 25 203 27 176 23 23 192 16 176 21 21 231 16 215 20 20
-13.07 -19.17 -12.79 -39.02 -19.17 38.33 -12.84 -28.24 -48.72 -10.87 -7.60 -85.71 55.80 -25.93 -25.93
-18.14 -12.61 -11.64 -16.67 -12.61 -37.59 10.67 16.80 5.17 -4.76 10.81 20.31 0.00 22.16 -4.76 -4.76
Source: 2005 ABC CR; Czech Publishers' Association (calculation); 2006 ABC CR; OMD Czech Media Data System; WAN-IFRA assessment (non-dailies, except regional and local paid-for non-dailies, which is Czech Publishers' Association); 2007 ABC CR, OMG Czech Media Data System; 2008-2009 Media Data System powered by Omnicom Media Group; ABC CR
184
CZECH REPUBLIC
4.b
Sales revenues
(Czech koruna, mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
5.c
Media consumption
2005 (minutes per day) 2006 2007 2008 205 214 65 202 194 85 194 197 95 2009 19 30 197 199 96
Total paid-for dailies 4,537 National paid-for dailies 3,365 Regional and local 1,172 paid-for dailies Total paid-for non-dailies 1 1,092 National paid-for non-dailies 564 Regional and local 528 paid-for non-dailies Total paid-for Sundays 323 National paid-for Sundays 323
4,891 5,343 5,098 4,579 3,906 4,333 4,170 4,017 985 1,010 928 562 787 812 450 2 432 337 380 221 221 256 256 795 406 389 235 235 837 389 448 232 232
0.93 19.38 -52.05 -23.35 -31.03 -15.15 -28.17 -28.17
-10.18 -3.67 -39.44 5.28 -4.19 15.17 -1.28 -1.28
All newspapers Magazines Radio Television Internet
164 216 230
Source: 2005-2006 ABC CR; Czech Publishers Association (calculation); 2007-2009 Media Data System powered by Omnicom Media Group; ABC CR
1
All non-dailies figures are not compararable with 2005 and 2006 data which represent a former estimate 2 WAN-IFRA assessment
4.c
Source: 2005 Media projekt 2005, TV projekt 2005, NetMonitor; 2006 Radio Projekt Median & STEM/MARK, TV projekt - Mediaresearch, NetMonitor Mediaresearch & Gemius; 2007 Radio Projekt 2007 Median & STEM/Mark; TV Projekt 2007 Mediaresearch; Net Monitor (November 2007) Mediaresearch & Gemius; 2008 Radio Projekt 2008 Median & STEM/Mark; TV Projekt 2008 Mediaresearch; Net Monitor 2008 Mediaresearch & Gemius; 2009 Media Marketing Lifestyle 2009 by Median (print); Median & STEM/MARK (Radio projekt 2009 in July-December 2009); Media research (TV projekt 2009); Media research & Gemius (Net Monitor 2009 in November 2009) Age groups: print 15-79; radio 12-79; television 15+; Internet all Internet users
5.d

2005 2006 68.4 29.0 29.0 2.6 100 (%) 2007 68.1 28.3 28.3 3.6 100 2008 66.9 28.9 28.9 4.2 100 2009 66.5 30.8 30.8 2.7 100
Number of readers
2005 2006 4,378 4,219 353 (000) 2007 4,524 4,310 515 2008 4,383 4,198 476 2009 4,059 3,863 406
Single copy sales Subscriptions Home deliveries Bulk 1 Total
69.1 29.4 29.4 1.5 100
Source: GfK Czech & Median Media projekt

6.a
Source: 2005 ABC CR, Czech Publishers' Association, situation December 2005; 2006-2009 ABC CR 2005 National + regional dailies only, audited figures; home deliveries represent close to 100% of subscriptions; post deliveries not audited; free distribution not audited for dailies in the net press run; 2006 As of December 2006; 2008 December 2008; paid-for dailies only; Free distribution and Other not audited; 2009 Data as of December 2009; paid-for dailies only; all copies of dailies distributed on subscription are home delivered
1
Online editions
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Dailies 1 Non-dailies Sundays
9 30 3
13 35 2
13 50 2 2
11 50 2 2
11 50 2 3
22.22 66.67 0.00
0.00 0.00 50.00
Including both office deliveries and bulk (sponsored) deliveries
Source: 2005 Czech Publishers Association Yearbook 2006; 2006-2007 Czech Publishers Association Yearbook, OMD Czech Media Data System; 2008-2009 Media Data System powered by Omnicom Media Group
1 2
4.d
Cover prices (2009)

(Czech koruna) min max
5.a

(%) Reached
Content of all regional dailies is included on one website, www.denik.cz Estimate
7.00 8.00
23.00 22.00
Source: Media Data System powered by Omnicom Media Group; ABC CR

46.1 48.1 43.3 50.3
6.b
Online readership
(Unique visitors per month, 000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Source: Gfk Praha & Median Media projekt 2009
8,300 10,821 7,899 8,270 10,750 30 71
30.37 29.99 136.67
Source: Net Monitor Mediaresearch & Gemius Including only audited websites; July December
6.c
Age
% % daily reach of readership within age group 1.6 9.7 17.1 19.2 18.3 17.6 16.4 100 12.4 33.2 45.1 49.4 53.8 53.4 50.1 46.1

Publishing company Website Unique visitors per month (000) Mafra Borgis Borgis Ringier CR Vltava Labe Press Mafra Economia Ringier CR Mlada fronta idnes.cz novinky.cz sport.cz blesk.cz denik.cz lidovky.cz ihned.cz ahaonline.cz e15.cz 3,205 3,162 1,567 845 626 538 535 272 71
less than 16 16-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total
Newspaper Mlada fronta Dnes Pravo Pravo Blesk Denik Lidove noviny Hospodarske noviny Aha! E15
Source: Gfk Praha & Median Media projekt 2009
Source: Mediaresearch & Gemius Net Monitor 2009 July-Dec 2009; including only the websites whose audience is audited
185
CZECH REPUBLIC
6.d

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
7.c
1,400.0 1,407.9 1,409.0 1,794.1 2,020.0 3,595.7 4,900.7 5,332.3 6,498.1 6,680.8
44.29 85.80
12.59 2.81

6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
709.1 1,112.5 1,496.7 1,759.6 2,020.0
184.87
14.80

6.f

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies 8,049 Total paid-for dailies 7,789 National paid-for dailies 5,546 Regional and local 2,243 paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies 7,789 Total free dailies 260 National free dailies Regional and local 260 free dailies Regional and local free non-dailies Total paid-for Sundays 181 National paid-for Sundays 181 Total online newspapers 250
9,186 8,264 5,794 2,470
8,724 7,629 5,395 2,234
9,131 7,804 5,709 2,095
8,043 6,984 5,140 1,844
-0.07 -10.34 -7.32 -17.79
-11.92 -10.51 -9.97 -11.98 -10.51 -20.20 7.73 690.91 24.73 24.73 20.11
8,264 7,629 7,804 6,984 -10.34 922 1,095 1,327 1,059 307.31 869 983 1,059 922 226 344 174 174 350 188 188 509 11 87 -
182 227 25.41 182 227 25.41 1,059 1,272 408.80
7.aa
21.08
3.47

2005 (Czech koruna, bln) 2006 2007 2008 2009
Source: 2005 TNS A-Connect adspend monitoring; 2006 TNS Media Intelligence 2006, ad spend monitoring; 2007 TNS Media Intelligence 2007; Online Publishers Section of the Czech Publishers Association (online ad revenues estimate); 2008 TNS Media Intelligence 2008; SPIR/Mediaresearch Ad Monitoring 2008 (online ad revenues); 2009 TNS Media Intelligence 2009; SPIR/Mediaresearch Ad Monitoring 2009 (online ad revenues)
7.d
GDP
2,984.0 3,231.6 3,441.7 3,705.7 3,546.4

Source: 2005 IFS, ZenithOptimedia; 2006-2009 Czech Statistical Office

7.ab

2005 (Czech koruna, 000) 2006 2007 2008 312.5 334.6 357.0 2009 337.7
In colour Total
32,481 39,075 39,193 43,295 38,594 53,009 60,230 65,629 63,295 50,057
GDP per capita
291.5
Source: 2005 TNS A-Connect adspend monitoring, calculated by Czech Publishers Association; 2006-2007 TNS Media Intelligence 2006, ad spend monitoring; 2008-2009 TNS Media Intelligence Including paid-for and free dailies
7.e Contribution of display, classified, insert and online advertising to total advertising revenue
Source: 2005 IFS, ZenithOptimedia; 2006-2009 Czech Statistical Office

7.ac
(%) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 1.64 1.61 1.62 1.62
2005 Display Classified Inserts Online Total 86.1 6.5 4.4 3.0 100
2006 86.5 6.3 3.5 3.7 100
(%) 2007 86.8 5.4 2.3 5.5 100
2008 -
2009 80.4 3.3 2.8 13.5 100
Ad expenditure
1.56
1.50
1.60
1.60
7.ba

(Czech koruna, mln) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
16,855 8,114 8,741 21,350 2,398 154 1,943 830 43,530
19,151 9,379 9,772 23,681 2,640 199 2,502 2,028 50,201
19,334 8,716 10,618 24,374 2,815 192 2,748 3,408 52,871
20,039 9,105 10,934 26,707 3,005 139 4,261 5,045 59,196
17,485 7,831 9,655 28,208 2,924 107 3,544 6,340 58,607
17,951 8,026 9,925 27,320 2,983 109 3,608 7,327 59,299
18,636 8,235 10,401 28,413 3,075 112 3,724 8,217 62,178
19,404 8,482 10,921 30,402 3,128 117 3,852 9,123 66,025
Source: 2005-2007 TNS A-Connect adspend monitoring, calculated by Czech Publishers Association; 2009 TNS Media Intelligence 2009; AdMonitoring by SPIR Association for the Internet Advertising (online) Paid for and free dailies
7.f Top newspaper advertising categories (2009) 7.g Top newspaper advertisers (2009)
Advertising sector
Advertiser
Expenditure (Czech koruna, 000) 270,493 227,503 204,185 193,066 188,089 135,632 124,778 121,148 110,819 102,988
Source: Amer Nielsen; TNS MI; AdMonitoring; Screenvision; Cinexpress; SVIT; ZenithOptimedia Excludes agency commission; excludes production costs; before discounts; excludes classified; Internet includes display and search; since 2006, outdoor has included an estimate for in-store media; since 2008, figures for outdoor include long-lease deals and special formats e.g. bridge billboards; up to 2008, TV Ocko was counted as pay-TV in our pay-TV/free split; from 2009 it is counted as free
Finance Retail chains, distance sale Cars, fuel, accessories Entertainment, culture, education Household, gardening, home hobbies Industrial production, energy suppliers Telecommunications Traveling, hotels, restaurants Home appliances, photo, optic Sports, sport equipment Paid-for and free dailies
Czech Social Democratic Party Mountfield Lidl CR Sazka Tesco Stores CR Datart Ford Motor Company CR Vodafone Ahold CR Skoda Volkswagen Group
Source: TNS Media Intelligence 2009 Figures are based on pricelist prices before discounts and reductions
Source: TNS Media Intelligence 2009
186
CZECH REPUBLIC
8.a

Total circulation (000) 580 315 270 1 258 138 60 1 54 20 2 Total revenue (Czech koruna, 000) 1,989,325 2,439,661 871,286 1,851,725 415,848 188,107 355,979 10,748
Publishing company Ringier CR Mafra Metro CR Vltava-Labe-Press Borgis Mlada fronta Economia Futura
1 2
Source: ABC CR; TNS Media Intelligence 2009 Net press run Estimate
8.ba

Founded (year) Language Publishing company Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Czech Ringier CR Mafra Vltava Labe Press Borgis Ringier CR Ringier CR Mafra Economia Futura Circulation Readership (000) 412 256 248 138 107 60 59 54 20 2 (000) 1,390 938 979 447 249 257 194 183 Cover price usual max usual max (Czech koruna) (USD) 9.00 15.00 12.00 13.00 7.00 12.00 15.00 9.00 15.00 18.00 14.00 16.00 10.00 16.00 18.00 23.00 0.47 0.79 0.63 0.68 0.37 0.63 0.79 0.47 0.79 0.95 0.74 0.84 0.53 0.87 0.95 1.21 Format Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Czech koruna) 490,000 496,000 426,000 172,000 136,000 178,000 211,000 367,000 60,000 686,000 694,000 596,000 246,000 191,000 250,000 296,000 496,000 80,000
Title
Blesk Mlada fronta Dnes Denik 1 Pravo Aha! Sport Lidove noviny Hospodarske noviny Halo noviny
1992 1945 2006 1921 2006 1953 1992 1957 1991
Berliner Berliner Berliner Berliner Berliner Berliner Berliner Berliner Berliner
Source: Media Data System provided by Omnicom Media Group; ABC CR; Gfk Czech & Median Media projekt 2009 during July 2009 to December 2009 Exchange rate used: USD1 = CZK19 1 Network of dailies 2 Estimate
8.bb

Founded Language Publishing company (year) 1997 2007 Czech Czech Metro CR Mlada fronta Circulation (000) 270 65 1 Readership (000) 398 57 Tabloid Tabloid Format Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Czech koruna) 242,000 283,000 244,000
Title
Metro E15
Source: Media Data System powered by Omnicom Media Group; ABC CR; Media projekt 2009 GfK Praha & Median, July-December 2009
1
Estimate
9.a
Employment
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
10.a

Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total number of journalists Total number of employees
2,000 2,000 2,000 2,100 2,200 23,000 23,000 24,000 24,500 25,000
10.00 8.70
4.76 2.04
Source: Czech Journalists Syndicate; Czech Statistical Office In all the publishing industry, including print production
9.b
4-colour newspapers Tabloids Other formats
90 3 87
92 2 90
88 3 85
88 3 85
86 5 81
-4.44 66.67 -6.90
-2.27 66.67 -4.71
Source: OMD Media Data System Dailies + Sundays; non-dailies not included
Salaries
10.ba

2005 2006 35 40 (%) 2007 35 40 2008 35 40 2009 35 40
Total salary costs

1
747.5 747.5 786.6 828.0 920.0
23.08
11.11
Source: WAN assessment based on UVDT data According to the Survey on Salaries in the Publishing Industry (periodicals, books, CDs) by PricewaterhouseCoopers CR for the Czech Publishers' Association in 2006, and Czech Statistical Office data, average monthly salary costs per employee represented CZK46,250 (CZK34,250 salary + CZK12,000 employer's contribution)
35 40
Source: 2005 ABC CR; Czech Publishers Association; distribution companies; 2006-2007 ABC CR; distribution companies; 2008-2009 ABC CR Estimate; dailies are only home delivered in the Czech Republic
187
CZECH REPUBLIC
10.bb
Average distribution costs per copy

2005 (Czech koruna) 2006 2007 2008 3.8 4.3 3.9 4.2 4.0 4.6 2009 4.0 4.6
13.a
3.6 4.0
Source: Ministry of Finance
14.
Source: 2005 ABC CR; Czech Publishers Association; distribution companies; 2006-2007 ABC CR; distribution companies; 2008-2009 ABC CR Estimate
10.c
Newsprint costs
2005 (Czech koruna) 2006 2007 2008 2009 14,827
Average per ton Source: Publishers
Exchange rate used EUR1 = CZK26.47755
Discounts (2009)
Discount on rates of
11.
Research (2009)
Circulation is audited by ABC CR (Audit Bureau of Circulation, Czech Republic), member of the IF ABC Readership is measured by One currency national readership research Media Projekt, realised by GfK Praha & Median Methodology Readership: population aged 12-79; 8,900 persons, 30,000 interviews per year; random access by addresses; face-to-face interviews using portable computers (CAPI); joint research for periodicals, magazines and newspapers; outputs 4x per year (gliding half-years); questionnaire includes all dailies, more than 70 paid-for and free local non-dailies, and about 300 country-wide magazines.
Source: Czech Publishers Association
12.
Post Railroad Telephone Telegraph Telex Other Source: Ministry of Finance
15.a
Does any law exist governing publishing-house ownership, or the registration of shares in newspaper-publishing companies? All private companies are ruled by the Competition Law and the Company Law in the Czech Republic. Is there any law prohibiting or restricting foreign companies or individuals from owning shares, and in particular, the majority of shares, of domestic daily newspapers? No Is there any law prohibiting daily newspaper or periodical publishers from operating radio or television stations in the same locality? No So as to guarantee disclosure and transparency in the capital structure and to avoid silent partners, is there any law or rule permitting in any event the possibility of finding out who are the actual owners of a publishing company? Yes, the Company Law. Is there an antitrust law limiting concentration in the daily press? All private companies are ruled by the Competition Law and the Company Law in the Czech Republic. Is further regulation of media concentration expected? It is not expected during the year 2010.
Source: Czech Publishers Association
Taxes (2009)
% 19 9 9 19 19 19 19 21 21 0
Tax Standard VAT VAT on: Single copy sales Subscription sales Advertising Newsprint Composition Plant Tax on profits standard rate Tax on profits for newspapers Tax concessions for newspaper companies (e.g. for reinvesting profits) Source: Ministry of Finance
188
CZECH REPUBLIC
15.b

Regional TVs National TVs Regional Newspapers National Newspapers Radio
Owners Regional TV Licensees National TV Licensees Regional Newspaper Owners National Newspaper Owners Satellite TV Broadcasters Local Radio Licensees National Radio Licensees Foreign Investors
No limit
No limit
No limit
No limit
No limit
No limit
Source: Czech Publishers Association A subject to approval of the licensing authority
189
DENMARK
General economic situation Denmark is a net exporter of food and energy and enjoys a comfortable balance of payments surplus. Unemployment is low and capacity constraints limit growth potential. Denmarks fiscal position is among the strongest in the EU, but after a long consumptiondriven upswing between 2004-06, Denmarks economy began slowing in early 2007 with the end of a housing boom. The slowing global economy cut GDP by 1.2% in 2008. A major long-term issue will be the sharp decline in the ratio of workers to retirees. The inflation rate was estimated at 1.3% in 2009. Due to the weakened cyclical conditions and discretionary fiscal policy initiated to support growth and employment, a significant deterioration of the public finances is expected. The large general government surpluses in the latter years are thus expected to be followed by deficits. The central government budget for 2010 reflects a substantial deficit on the so called CIL-account, of DKK77.25 billion in 2010. The deficit in 2009 is estimated at DKK52.25 billion. The deficit on the central government net balance, which is essential for the central government debt, is estimated at DKK141.25 billion in 2009 and 74.25 billion in 2010. Thus, larger deficits on the CIL-account and the net balance are estimated in 2009, while lower deficits are expected in 2010 compared to the estimates in Budget Outlook of August 2, 2009. The larger deficit in 2009 and lower deficit in 2010 primarily reflect the possibility for private businesses to defer payments of income tax and labour marked contribution. The deferred payment implies that revenues of approximately DKK19bn are transferred from 2009 to 2010. The net balance is further affected by a reduced amount of relending. The general government budget balance is estimated to decrease by DKK154bn from 2008 to 2010. This corresponds to a reduction of 8.9 per cent of GDP, of which one third reflects the loosening of fiscal policy. The deterioration reflects that public finances in Denmark are very sensitive to cyclical changes and trends in financial markets. Measured by the fiscal effect fiscal policy is estimated to stimulate economic activity by 1.0 per cent of GDP in 2009. Furthermore, the release of the Special Pension (SP) funds is estimated to stimulate activity by 0.3 per cent of GDP in 2009. In 2010 the fiscal effect is estimated at 0.8 per cent of GDP. Activity is also expected to be stimulated by 0.1 per cent of GDP due to withdrawals of certain individual pension-saving accounts in 2010. The expansionary fiscal policy in
190
2009 and 2010 primarily reflects the estimated growth in public investments and tax cuts due to the tax agreement from 2007 and the tax reform included in the Spring Package 2.0. Performance of newspapers vs. other media For many years Danish newspaper publishers tended to concentrate solely on newspaper publishing, but this changed in the early 2000s, when several regional newspaper publishers brought local commercial radio stations into their home markets as a move toward multiple platforms: print media, local radio/television and the internet. Another motive was to compensate for the decline in advertising revenues in their print media titles. Newspaper publishers are also involved in the publishing of free newspapers, mainly local free weeklies, but also dailies. One reason why Danish newspaper publishers relied on print only so long, compared to their colleagues in other Nordic countries, was that the first alternative to the public service broadcaster in Denmark, TV 2, was state-owned rather than privately owned. Newspaper companies were not able to buy into the channel, and that is still the case today. Performance of different types of newspapers The number of paid-for dailies has been steady over the last nine years. Denmark differs from Finland, Norway and Sweden with considerably fewer paid-for newspapers. On the other hand, almost all dailies appear six or seven days a week. The Danish newspaper market is characterized by the presence of many free local and regional newspapers. These distriktsblade are exclusively financed by advertising revenue and serve the same purpose as local newspapers serve in other countries. Most of these newspapers are weeklies and are distributed in districts defined according to households shopping habits, the largest of which is Sondagsavisen with 11 regional editions distributed on weekends to 1.4 million households. Sondagsavisen reduced the number of distributed copies from 2.1 million to 1.4 million copies in January 2009, in response to falling advertising revenue. Advertising After 2007 which represented an all-time high, advertising turnover has been decreasing throughout 2008 and 2009. At the end of 2009, advertising turnover showed a decrease of 23 percent; indications for 2010 show a still decreasing market. Circulation Paid-for circulation has continued to decrease; in 2009 it was 6.4 per cent lower compared to 2008.
DENMARK
The number of free newspaper copies went down to a number of daily regional papers under the name of 326,000 copies per day in autumn 2009 compared to Midtjyske Medier rhus Stiftstidende, one of the more than 1.5 million per day at the beginning of 2008. larger regional newspapers in Denmark, among them. Readership The reach of daily newspapers is still very high. In 2009 more than 75 per cent of all adults were reading a newspaper every day. Online / Digital Publishing There were no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitored email or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail. However, some observers contended that a system designed to block child pornography mistakenly blocked other sites. Berlingske Media owns 50 per cent of the regional Jydske Vestkysten. In 2008 Berlingskes newspapers accounted for just under 30 per cent of total weekday circulation.
Berlingske Media also has interests in some 50 free local weeklies and operates the daily free paper, Urban, which was started in 2001 to compete with the Danish Metroedition, MetroXpress. Among the companys websites are online newspaper sites, with bt.dk and berlingske.dk at the top, as well as sites for classified advertising (jobs, vehicles, etc.) Berlingske Media suffered from the recessions advertising downturn, and its mother company, Mecom Group, faces mounting financial Publisher JP/Politikens five websites three bearing the problems. Mecoms value on the stock market, and newspapers brand names, and two, epn.dk and fpn.dk, thereby also the value of Berlingske Media, has fallen niched (business news and consumer information, sharply. respectively), are among the most visited of the sites Media / Press Laws related to traditional media. The law prohibits any public speech or dissemination of Ownership statements or other pronouncements by which a group The Danish newspaper market is mainly dominated by of persons is threatened, derided, or degraded because of two companies: JP/Politikens Hus and Berlingske their race, skin color, national or ethnic background, Media. faith, or sexual orientation; offenders may be fined or imprisoned for up to two years. The law also prohibits J/P Politikens Hus is Danish owned (foundations) and is blasphemy and provides that a person who publicly a result of the merger of two newspaper companies: mocks or insults a legally existing religious communitys Aktieselskabet Dagbladet Politiken and Jyllands-Posten tenets of faith or worship may be fined or imprisoned for in 2003. up to four months. J/P Politikens newspaper activities include free local newspapers in Denmark (and, since 2001-2002, in southern Sweden), published by a subsidiary, Politikens Lokalaviser (70 titles in Denmark and Sweden altogether), plus 24.5 per cent ownership of MetroXpress Danmark A/S, the publisher of the free dailies MetroXpress and 24timer. JP/Politiken is also active in classified advertising sites, book publishing, printing and TV-production. In a submission to the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination published in August 2009, authorities reported that in 2008 prosecutors brought charges of violating these prohibitions in four cases; two cases were settled with a fine and two had not been decided.
Authorities continued to provide protection to cartoonist Kurt Westergaard, whose caricatures of the Prophet Mohammed in 2005 led to demonstrations in Berlingske Media (formerly Det Berlingske Officin), one Denmark and in many Muslim countries. of Denmarks two leading newspaper publishers, is owned by the British Mecom Group since 2006. In late State Support 2000, Det Berlingske Officin was acquired by Orkla The financial situation of newspapers has forced some Media in Norway. In 2006 the company changed hands journalists to leave their jobs. According to Dansk again, when Orkla Media was purchased by Mecom. Presse, the reason for this is the decrease in distribution The company was renamed Berlingske Media in 2008. support for newspapers already included in the support system following the allocation of distribution support Berlingske Media publishes both major nationally of DKK34 million to free newspapers MetroXpress and distributed papers, local newspapers and a great number 24timer. of websites. The companys three nationally distributed newspaper titles are the two dailies, Berlingske Tidende Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen, who is minister and B.T., and Denmarks sole nationally distributed for press matters in the Danish government, believes that weekly, Weekendavisen. Berlingskes others interests are state support should be reserved for the paper-based primarily in Jutland, where the company publishes media. In January 2009, in an interview with the Danish
DENMARK
Journalists Association newspaper, Journalisten, Anders Fogh Rasmussen said, We know from experience that the printed media are the main providers of news for the electronic media, and they therefore would be sorely missed if the electronic media squeezed them out of the market. So I think I can justify that we currently give some direct and indirect subsidies to the print media.
Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; Journalisten; Nordicom; Danish Economic Council; Ministry of Finance; Danish Newspaper Publishers Association
2.ca 2.d Housewives (co-habiting persons) (2009)
Households 000 % 994 843 295 293 139 2,564 39 33 12 11 5 100
Age Under 25 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total
Housewives 000 % 138 328 397 381 354 491 2,089 7 16 19 18 17 24 100
Source: TNS Gallup 1H 2009

3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08

2.a

All individuals 000 % 1,009 656 678 810 755 733 871 5,511 18.3 11.9 12.3 14.7 13.7 13.3 15.8 100 Male 000 516 336 342 410 280 363 385 2,732 % 18.9 12.3 12.5 15.0 13.9 13.3 14.1 100 Female 000 % 492 322 336 400 372 364 492 2,779 17.7 11.6 12.1 14.4 13.4 13.1 17.7 100
Age 0-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total
Total dailies 37 Total paid-for dailies 31 National paid-for dailies 9 Regional and local 22 paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies 16 Evening and afternoon 15 paid-for dailies Total free dailies 6 National free dailies 3 Regional and local free dailies 3 Total non-dailies 286 Total paid-for non-dailies 1 National paid-for non-dailies 1 Total free non-dailies 285 National free non-dailies 1 Regional and local 284 free non-dailies
42 30 9 21 15 15 12 6 6 267 1 1 266 1 265
39 32 10 22 18 14 7 4 3 280 1 1 279 1 278
36 32 10 22 18 14 4 3 1 274 1 1 273 1 272
35 32 10 22 18 14 3 3 270 1 1 269 1 268
-5.41 3.23 11.11 0.00 12.50 -6.67 -50.00 0.00 -5.59 0.00 0.00 -5.61 0.00 -5.63
-2.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -25.00 0.00 -1.46 0.00 0.00 -1.47 0.00 -1.47

2.b
Source: 2005 Danish Newspaper Publishers Association; 2006 Danish Audit Bureau of Circulation 1 H 2006; Danish Newspaper Publishers Association; WAN assessment (free dailies); 2007 Danish Audit Bureau of Circulation (1st half 2007); Danish Newspaper Publishers Association; 2008 Danish Audit Bureau of Circulation (1st half 2008); Danish Newspaper Publishers' Association; 2009 Danish Audit Bureau of Circulation (2nd half 2009); Danish Newspaper Publishers Association

All adults 000 % 1,174 1,737 1,474 332 4,717 25 37 31 7 100 Male 000 716 821 660 128 2,325 % 31 35 28 6 100 Female 000 % 458 716 814 204 2,392 19 38 34 9 100
Social class A+B C1 D E Total
192
DENMARK
3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
4.c

2005 2006 15.6 84.4 79 21 100 (%) 2007 16.1 83.9 100 2008 16.5 83.5 100 2009 15.5 84.5 100
Total dailies 1,946 Total paid-for dailies 1,290 National paid-for dailies 725 Regional and local 565 paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies 881 Evening and afternoon 409 paid-for dailies Total free dailies 656 National free dailies 568 Regional and local 88 free dailies Total non-dailies 8,461 Total paid-for non-dailies 61 National paid-for non-dailies 61 Total free non-dailies 8,400 National free non-dailies 2,100 Regional and local 6,300 free non-dailies
2,439 2,871 2,150 1,628 1,268 1,241 1,164 1,058 690 725 676 623 578 516 488 435 1,055 1,025 213 216 1,171 1,630 1,061 1,530 110 100 9,098 59 59 9,039 2,527 6,512 9,601 61 61 9,540 2,519 7,021 975 189 986 681 305 9,601 61 61 8,700 2,100 6,600 870 188 570 570 8,204 53 53 8,151 1,326 6,825
-16.34 -17.98 -14.07 -23.01 -1.25 -54.03 -13.11 0.35 -3.04 -13.11 -13.11 -2.96 -36.86 8.33
-24.28 -9.11 -7.84 -10.86 -10.77 -0.53 -42.19 -16.3 -14.55 -13.11 -13.11 -6.31 -36.86 3.41
Single copy sales Subscriptions Home deliveries Postal deliveries Total
15.6 84.4 78 22 100
Source: 2005 Danish Audit Bureau of Circulation 1Q 2005; 2006 Danish Audit Bureau of Circulation 1 H 2006; 2007 Danish Audit Bureau of Circulation (1st half 2007); 2008 Danish Audit Bureau of Circulation (1st half 2008); 2009 Danish Audit Bureau of Circulation (1st half 2009)
4.d
Cover prices (2009)

(Danish krone) min max
5.a

(%) Reached
12.00 8.50
31.00 25.00
Source: Danish Newspaper Publishers Association
All adults Men Women Main household shopper Source: TNS Gallup 1H 2009
74 76 72 74
Source: 2005 Danish Audit Bureau of Circulation 1H 2005; 2006 Danish Audit Bureau of Circulation 1 H 2006; WAN assessment (free dailies); 2007 Danish Audit Bureau of Circulation (1st half 2007); Danish Newspaper Publishers Association; 2008 Danish Audit Bureau of Circulation (1st half 2008); Danish Newspaper Publishers Association; WAN assessment (regional free dailies); 2009 Danish Audit Bureau of Circulation (2nd half 2009); Danish Newspaper Publishers Association
4.a

5.b
Age
% % daily reach of readership within age group 6 12 14 17 16 16 19 100 48 66 63 70 77 84 85 -

(mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies 627 Total paid-for dailies 455 National paid-for dailies 265 Regional and local 190 paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies 314 Evening and afternoon 141 paid-for dailies Total free dailies 172 National free dailies 148 Regional and local free dailies 24 Total non-dailies 440 Total paid-for non-dailies 3 National paid-for non-dailies 3 Total free non-dailies 437 National free non-dailies 109 Regional and local 328 free non-dailies
920 447 262 185 374 73 473 439 34 473 3 3 470 131 339
933 435 262 173 369 66 498 467 31 497 3 3 494 130 364
594 411 244 167 353 58 183 183 455 3 3 452 109 343
526 384 230 154 328 56 142 142 427 3 3 424 69 355
-16.11 -15.60 -13.21 -18.95 4.46 -60.28 -17.44 -4.05 -2.95 0.00 0.00 -2.97 -36.70 8.23
-11.45 -6.57 -5.74 -7.78 -7.08 -3.45 -22.40 -22.40 -6.15 0.00 0.00 -6.19 -36.70 3.50
less than 16 16-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total

5.c
Media consumption
2004 (minutes per day) 2005 2006 2007 179 153 23 180 150 2008 23 6 131 167 55
All newspapers Magazines Radio 1 Television 2 Internet Source: TNS Gallup

1 2
19 2 188 158 18
Age 12+ Age 3+
Source: 2005 Danish Audit Bureau of Circulation 1Q 2005; 2006 Danish Audit Bureau of Circulation 1 H 2006; 2007 Danish Audit Bureau of Circulation (1st half 2007); Danish Newspaper Publishers Association; 2008 Danish Audit Bureau of Circulation (1st half 2008); Danish Newspaper Publishers Association; 2009 Danish Audit Bureau of Circulation (1st half 2009); Danish Newspaper Publishers Association
4.b
5.d

(000) Readers
Sales revenues
(Danish krone, mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies (paid-for & free) 5,660 Total paid-for dailies 4,322 Total free dailies 1,338 Source: TNS Gallup 1H 2009
6.a
4,144
4,205 4,209 4,192
1.16
-0.40
Online editions
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 1 2009/05 2009/08
Source: 2005 Danish Audit Bureau of Circulation 1Q 2005; 2006 Danish Audit Bureau of Circulation 1 H 2006; 2007 Danish Audit Bureau of Circulation (1st half 2007); Danish Newspaper Publishers Association; 2008 Danish Audit Bureau of Circulation (1st half 2008); Danish Newspaper Publishers Association; 2009 Danish Audit Bureau of Circulation (1st half 2009); Danish Newspaper Publishers Association
Dailies Non-dailies
1
35 1
38 1
38 1
38 1
58 1
65,71 0.00
52,63 0.00
Source: 2005-2008 Danish Newspaper Publishers' Association; 2009 FDIM.dk October 2009
193
DENMARK
6.b
Online readership
(Unique visitors per month, 000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 1 2009/05 2009/08
7.ac
(%) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.70
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies Total free dailies Total non-dailies Total paid-for non-dailies Source: FDIM.dk
1
7,469 9,701 9,871 7,419 9,394 9,548 20 288 258 21 19 11 21 19 11
1.75 1.64 -10.42 -42.11 -42.11
Ad expenditure
0.84
0.86
0.81
0.81
7.ba

(Danish krone, mln) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
October 2009
6.c

Publishing company Website Unique visitors per month (000) 1,393 857 775 635 461 429 406 380 376 321
Newspaper
Ekstrabladet B.T. Politiken Meorgenavisen Jyllands-Posten Meorgenavisen Jyllands-Posten Berlingske Tidende Fyens Stiftstidende Berlingske Tidende Dagbladet Brsen Berlingske Tidende Source: FDIM.dk
6.d
JP/Politikens Hus Berlingske Media JP/Politikens Hus JP/Politikens Hus JP/Politikens Hus Berlingske Media Fynske Medier P/S Berlingske Media Dagbladet Brsen Berlingske Media
ekstrabladet.dk bt.dk politiken.dk jp.dk epn.dk berlingske.dk guloggratis.dk sporten.dk borsen.dk aok.dk
Press Newspapers Magazines Television Radio Cinema Outdoor Internet Others Total
7,078 5,462 1,616 2,254 280 57 383 742 945 11,739
7,764 7,773 7,107 5,960 5,933 5,289 1,804 1,840 1,818 2,471 2,516 2,431 279 285 250 55 56 60 405 473 516 1,794 2,502 2,926 911 873 829 13,679 14,478 14,119
5,902 4,284 1,618 2,000 200 66 475 3,219 763 12,624
5,656 4,070 1,586 2,085 180 69 498 3,540 770 12,799
5,452 3,866 1,586 2,200 185 71 513 3,895 793 13,110
5,320 3,750 1,570 2,266 195 73 539 4,206 817 13,416
Source: Dansk Oplagskontrol; ZenithOptimedia Excludes agency commission; excludes production costs; excludes classified advertising; after discounts; newspapers includes paid-for and free newspapers; magazines includes trade press from 2005; 'others' includes trade press (until 2005), annuals and directories; Internet advertising includes display, classified and paid search
7.c

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
1,808.8 1,899.8 2,101.4 2,134.0 2,162.0 4,482.1 4,706.3 4,630.0 4,640.6 4,750.5
19.53 5.99
1.31 2.37
2,605 3,167 3,070 2,575 1,872 1,671 2,170 2,021 1,674 1,307 934 997 1,049 901 565
-28.14 -21.78 -39.51
-27.30 -21.92 -37.29

Source: 2005-2008 International Telecommunication Union (ITU); 2009 TNS Gallup

6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
2004 Display Classified Inserts Total 46.0 51.0 3.0 100
2005 50.0 47.0 3.0 100
(%) 2006 52.7 44.9 2.4 100
2007 54.0 44.1 1.9 100
2008 55.3 41.7 3.0 100
1,343.9 1,735.3 1,953.0 2,005.7 2,071.0
54.10
3.26
Source: 2005-2008 International Telecommunication Union (ITU); 2009 IT & Telestyrelsen

6.f

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Source: Advertising expenditure survey

7.aa
35.91
7.93
Advertising sector
% of display ad revenue
Advertiser
Expenditure (Danish krone, 000) 207,523 182,180 178,386 144,869 132,936 129,782 111,421 110,054 107,616 101,819

2005 (Danish krone, bln) 2006 2007 2008 2009
GDP
1,545.3 1,628.6 1,687.9 1,734.6 1,739.7
Source: 2005-2008 ZenithOptimedia; 2009 Statistics Denmark

7.ab

2005 (Danish krone, 000) 2006 2007 2008 299.9 309.7 317.7 2009 315.7
Miscellaneous advertising 26 Electronics, EDP 18 and telecommunication Means of transport 9 Travels and transport 9 Furniture and fittings 8 Retailing 8 Foodstuffs 6 Finance, capital and insurance 6 Clothes and clothing industry 5 Personal care 5 Source: TNS Media Intelligence
Danske Spil Norwegian Air Shutle Telia SAS TDC LOreal Danske Bank Hotels com Universal Music DSB
Source: TNS Media Intelligence
GDP per capita
285.1
Source: 2005-2008 ZenithOptimedia; 2009 Statistics Denmark
194
DENMARK
8.a

Publishing company Total circulation (000) 312 267 73 65 57 51 44 26 22 20
JP/Politikens Hus Berlingske Medier Borsen JydskeVestkysten Nordjyske Stiftstidende Fyens Stiftstidende Dagbladet/Frederiksborg Amts Avis Kristeligt Dagblad Information Vejle Amts Folkeblad/ Fredericia Dagblad Source: Danish Audit Bureau of Circulation 1H 2009
8.ba

Founded (year) 1871 1884 1749 1904 1916 1896 1929 1767 1772 1878 Language Danish Danish Danish Danish Danish Danish Danish Danish Danish Danish Publishing company JP/Politikens Hus JP/Politikens Hus Berlingske Medier JP/Politikens Hus Berlingske Medier Dagbladet Brsen Jydske Vestkysten Nordjyske Medier Fynske Medier Sjllandske Medier Circulation (000) 119 108 103 84 75 73 65 57 51 44 Readership (000) 473 432 345 431 348 235 221 197 151 146 Cover price usual (Danish krone) (USD) 20.00 22.00 23.00 14.00 15.00 26.00 22.00 20.00 20.00 12.00 3.50 3.85 4.00 2.45 2.60 4.55 3.85 3.50 3.50 2.10 Format Tabloid Broadsheet Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Broadsheet Broadsheet
Title Morgenavisen Jyllands-Posten Politiken Berlingske Tidende Ekstra Bladet B.T. Dagbladet Borsen Jydske Vestkysten Nordjyske Stiftstidende Fyens Stiftstidende Dagbladet/Frederiksborg Amst Avis
Source: TNS-Gallup 1H 2009; Danish Audit Bureau of Circulation 1H 2009; Danish Newspapers Publishers Association
8.bb

Founded (year) 2001 2006 2001 Language Danish Danish Danish Publishing company MetroXpress 1 MetroXpress 1 Berlingske Medier Circulation (000) 228 180 162 Readership (000) 524 394 420 Format Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid
Title MetroXpress 24timer Urban 2

1 2
Source: TNS Gallup 1 H 2009, Danish Audit Bureau of Circulation 1 H 2009, Danish Newspapers Publishers Association Shares held by Metro International (51%), A-Pressen (24.5%) and JP Politikens Hus A/S (24.5%), according to publicitas.com Urban merged with Dato free daily in April 2007
9.a
Employment
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
11.
Research (2009)
2,099 3,086 2,958 2,112 9,880 10,005 9,863 9,529
-28.6 -3.39
Circulation is audited by Danish Audit Bureau of Circulation Readership is measured by TNS Gallup Methodology CATI

10.a

Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
4-colour newspapers Broadsheets Tabloids
37 18 19
41 16 25
40 16 24
35 15 20
35 10 25
-5.41 -44.44 31.58
0.00 -33.33 25.00
195
DENMARK
12.
Taxes (2009)
% 25 0 0 25 25 25 25 32 32
15.a
Tax Standard VAT VAT on: Single copy sales Subscription sales Advertising Newsprint Composition Plant Tax on profits standard rate Tax on profits for newspapers Source: Danish Newspaper Publishers Association
Does any law exist governing publishing-house ownership, or the registration of shares in newspaper-publishing companies? No Is there any law prohibiting or restricting foreign companies or individuals from owning shares, and in particular, the majority of shares, of domestic daily newspapers? No Is there any law prohibiting daily newspaper or periodical publishers from operating radio or television stations in the same locality? No So as to guarantee disclosure and transparency in the capital structure and to avoid silent partners, is there any law or rule permitting in any event the possibility of finding out who are the actual owners of a publishing company? No Is there an antitrust law limiting concentration in the daily press? No Is further regulation of media concentration expected? No
13.a
Are there subsidies for the purchase of newsprint? No Are loans granted at low rates for re-equipment or improving existing equipment? No Are there any direct subsidies? Yes, to support distribution.
13.b
Direct subsidies
Total amount
14
14
14
14
14
0.00
0.00

14.
Discounts (2009)
Discount on rates of Post Railroad Telephone Telegraph Telex Other Source: Danish Newspaper Publishers Association
196
ESTONIA
General economic situation Estonia has a modern market-based economy and one of the highest per capita income levels in Central & Eastern Europe. The economy benefits from strong electronics and telecommunications sectors and strong trade ties with Finland, Sweden, Russia and Germany. The current government has pursued relatively sound fiscal policies, resulting in balanced budgets and low public debt. Rapid growth, however, has made it difficult to keep inflation and large current-account deficits from soaring, putting downward pressure on the countrys currency. The government plans to adopt the Euro but has repeatedly postponed its target date. Estonias economy slowed down markedly and fell sharply into recession in mid-2008, primarily as a result of an investment and consumption slump following the bursting of the real estate market bubble. In 2009 the GDP decreased by 14% compared to previous year. Unemployment rate was 15.5% at the end of 2009; average salary also decreased year-on-year. The inflation rate was estimated at -0.4% (deflation) in 2009. Performance of newspapers vs. other media Estonias broadcasting industry grew significantly in the 1990s. It has attracted foreign media groups; the main privately-owned TVs are run by Swedish and Norwegian concerns. Two Russian national dailies and one Estonian regional weekly were closed in 2009. Advertising Newspaper advertising revenue decreased by 42% in 2009 compared to 2008. Advertising sales fell by more than 30% for every major newspaper in the country. In total, newspaper advertising in Estonia fell to 308 million kroons (USD26 million). Internet advertising fell by an average of 21%, which represents over 80 million kroons (USD7 million). Circulation Newspaper circulation decreased by 11% in 2009 compared to 2008. Online / Digital Publishing There were no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitored e-mail or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail. Estonia has a reputation for being at the cutting edge of technology. By December 2008, 854,000 Estonians, or 65% of the population, were using the Internet. The country held the worlds first parliamentary e-vote in 2007.
Eesti Televisioon (ETV) and Eesti Raadio (ER) are public broadcasters. Take-up of cable TV is extensive; Two market leaders in online newspaper publishing are the offering includes stations in Finnish, Swedish, Delfi, a standalone online newspaper, and Postimees, Russian and Latvian. which publishes both a paper and online edition. In 2009, the media sector faced a rapid turnover and Media / Press Laws The constitution provides for freedom of speech and of profit decrease. the press, and the government generally respected these Performance of different types of newspapers rights in practice. An independent press, an effective In 2010, free daily Linnaleht switched from daily to judiciary, and a functioning democratic political system weekly periodicity. The newspaper was formerly combined to ensure freedom of speech and the press. published four days a week, Tuesday-Friday. In January 2009 the Tuesday and Thursday editions were dropped. Taxes In April 2009 the Tartu edition went weekly. In January In 2009, VAT for newspapers increased from 5% to 9%, 2010 all editions were weekly only, published on Fridays. whereas general VAT increased from 18% to 20%. Newspaper launches / closures No new newspapers were launched during 2009. Other Factors Estonian Press Council handled a lot of complaints in 2009.
Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; The Baltic Times; Estonian Newspaper Association (EALL); BBC News; FDN Newsletter
197
ESTONIA
3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Total free dailies Regional and local free dailies Total non-dailies Total paid-for non-dailies National paid-for non-dailies Regional and local paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies Regional and local free non-dailies
298 256 205 51 4 4 246 209 154 55 37 37
334 276 224 52 58 58 250 208 158 50 42 42
368 279 225 54 89 89 275 239 163 76 36 36
333 261 208 53 72 72 248 214 138 76 34 34
227 227 177 50 309 213 144 69 96 96
-23.83 -11.33 -13.66 -1.96 25.61 1.91 -6.49 25.45 159.46 159.46
-31.83 -13.03 -14.90 -5.66 24.60 -0.47 4.35 -9.21 182.35 182.35
Source: Estonian Newspaper Association

4.a

(mln) Change (%) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008/04 2008/07

2.a

All individuals 000 % 200 196 192 180 188 154 230 1,340 15 15 14 13 14 12 17 100 Male 000 103 100 97 88 87 66 76 617 % 17 16 16 14 14 11 12 100 Female 000 % 97 96 95 92 101 88 154 723 14 13 13 13 14 12 21 100
Age 0-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total
Source: Statistical Office of Estonia

3.a
71.0 71.0 57.0 14.0 23.0 16.0 10.0 6.0 7.0 7.0
84.0 75.0 61.0 14.0 9.0 9.0 19.0 17.0 8.0 9.0 2.0 2.0
90.5 78.5 65.0 13.5 12.0 12.0 20.4 18.2 8.2 10.0 2.2 2.2
97.0 81.7 67.1 14.6 15.3 15.3 19.8 18.6 8.5 10.1 1.2 1.2
84.0 69.0 55.0 14.0 15.0 15.0 18.0 16.0 7.0 9.0 2.0 2.0
18.31 -2.82 -3.51 0.00 -21.74 0.00 -30.00 50.00 -71.43 -71.43
-13.4 -15.54 -18.03 -4.11 -1.96 -1.96 -9.09 -13.98 -17.65 -10.89 66.67 66.67
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
4.b
Sales revenues
(Estonian kroon, mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
12 11 6 5 1 1 29 27 10 17 2 2
13 12 6 6 2 2 29 27 10 17 2 2
16 13 7 6 3 3 30 28 11 17 2 2
15 12 6 6 3 3 28 26 9 17 2 2
11 11 5 6 31 27 10 17 4 4
-8.33 0.00 -16.67 20.00 6.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 100.00
-26.67 -8.33 -16.67 0.00 10.71 3.85 11.11 0.00 100.00 100.00
Total paid-for dailies 342 National paid-for dailies 305 Regional and local 37 paid-for dailies Total paid-for non-dailies 112 National paid-for non-dailies 85 Regional and local 27 paid-for non-dailies
248 217 31 86 69 17
326 286 40 114 76 38
333 291 42 121 80 41
297 255 42 111 75 36
-13.16 -16.39 13.51 -0.89 -11.76 33.33
-10.81 -12.37 0.00 -8.26 -6.25 -12.20

4.c

2005 2006 40 60 100 (%) 2007 40 60 100 2008 34 66 2009 36 64 100
Single copy sales Subscriptions Total
35 65 100
198
ESTONIA
4.d
Cover prices (2009)

(Estonian kroon) min max
5.a

(%) Reached
6.c

Publishing company Website Unique visitors per month (000) 1,700 732 460 274 245 230 186 181 135 134
Newspaper
5.00 3.01
23.00 15.00

All adults Men Women Main household shopper Source: TNS EMOR; NRS
62.6 59.6 63.9 62.7
Age
15-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-74 Total
Postimees Ohtuleht Infopress Parnu Postimees Aripaev Postimees vene keeles Sakala Jarva Teataja Komsomolskaja Pravda Pohja-Euroopas Virumaa Teataja
AS Postimees AS SL Ohtuleht AS Inforing AS Parnu Postimees AS Aripaev AS Postimees OU Sakala Kirjastus OU Jrva Teataja OU SKP Media OU Virumaa Teataja
postimees.ee ohtuleht.ee inforing.net parnupostimees.ee ap3.ee rus.postimees.ee sakala.ajaleht.ee jt.ee nordeurope.kp.ru virumaateataja.ee

6.d

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Source: TNS EMOR; NRS

5.c
Media consumption
2005 (minutes per day) 2006 2007 2008 282 244 277 243 276 248 2009 266 250
197.0 258.7 284.2 324.5 342.9 827.6 854.0 888.8 946.8 969.7
74.06 17.17
5.67 2.42

6.e
Radio 1 Television 2
303 235
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Source: TNS EMOR TV-Meter Survey, video is included; TNS EMOR Radio Diary Survey (Sep - Nov), recorded music is included
1 2
179.2 246.8 277.8 317.9 338.5
88.90
6.48
Aged 18-74 Aged 18+

6.f

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
5.d

(000) Readers
7.aa
88.23
7.76
Total dailies (paid-for & free) 645 Total paid-for dailies 585 Total free dailies 162 Source: TNS EMOR; NRS

2005 (Estonian kroon, bln) 2006 2007 2008 205.0 243.3 248.0 2009 215.0
6.a
Online editions
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
GDP Source: Statistics Estonia

7.ab
153.0
Dailies Non-dailies
12 29
12 30
16 39
15 28
11 26
-8.33 -10.34
-26.67 -7.14

2005 (Estonian kroon, 000) 2006 2007 2008 152.5 181.5 185.2 2009 160.5
Source: Estonian Newspaper Association GDP per capita

6.b
113.5
Online readership
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Source: Statistics Estonia

7.ac
(%) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 0.52 0.50 0.53 0.56
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies Total free dailies Total non-dailies Total paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies
4,085 3,206 879 558 528 30
4,897 3,644 1,253 1,253 1,216 37
19.88 13.66 42.55 124.55 130.30 23.33
Ad expenditure
0.66
0.78
0.70
0.70
199
ESTONIA
7.ba

(Estonian kroon, mln) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
7.f Top newspaper advertising categories (2008)
7.g Top newspaper advertisers (2008)
638 737 504 583 134 154 310 363 90 105 67 84 40 66 1,145 1,355
908 717 191 479 134 123 149 1,793
798 627 172 469 147 138 187 1,739
431 396 420 462 345 310 325 354 86 86 95 108 330 310 325 354 115 109 120 136 100 95 105 118 140 135 150 173 1,116 1,045 1,120 1,243
Advertising sector
Expenditure (Estonian kroon, 000) 60,100 35,900 21,600 10,600 8,800 8,700 6,900 6,500
Advertiser
Expenditure (Estonian kroon, 000) 19,800 17,500 17,000 12,500 12,200 9,400 9,300 9,000 8,700 8,600
Source: TNS EMOR Advertising Expenditure Survey; ZenithOptimedia After discounts; includes classified; excludes production costs; excludes agency commission; Internet includes display, classified and search
7.c
Transport Trading Construction & furniture Business/finance/property Entertainment/culture/ recreation Medicine Transport/tourism Communication/electronics/ computers
Info-Auto Veho Eesti A-Selver Rimi Baltic Indoor Group Masku Baltic Inchcape Motors Nordoptika Vanemuine Prisma Peremarket
Source: TNS Emor via ZenithOptimedia

8.a
Source: TNS Emor via ZenithOptimedia

Total circulation (000) 79 76 72 56 33 21 20 15 14 13 Total revenue (Estonian kroon, 000) 108,900 17,000 205,000 121,500 107,400 84,000 760 4,300 27,600 15,000
Publishing company AS Eesti Ajalehed AS LInnaleht AS Postimees AS SL Ohtuleht AS Eesti Paevaleht AS Aripaev OU Ajaleht OU SKP Media AS Prnu Postimees OU Den za Dnjom Kirjastus
Total dailies 330.0 Total paid-for dailies 330.0 National paid-for dailies 289.0 Regional and local 41.0 paid-for dailies Total free dailies 1 Regional and local free dailies Total non-dailies 122.4 Total paid-for non-dailies 105.0 National paid-for non-dailies 91.0 Regional and local 14.0 paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies 17.4 Regional and local free non-dailies Total online newspapers 2
1
401.6 378.0 327.8 50.2 23.6 23.6 134.3 134.3 110.4 23.9 -
472.8 447.8 379.2 68.6 25.0 25.0 185.5 178.0 144.0 34.0 7.5 7.5 -
417.0 395.0 328.0 67.0 22.0 22.0 167.0 159.0 122.0 37.0 8.0 8.0 -
257.0 257.0 216.0 41.0 116.0 100.0 73.0 27.0 16.0 16.0 -
-22.12 -22.12 -25.26 0.00 -5.23 -4.76 -19.78 92.86 -8.05 -
-38.37 -34.94 -34.15 -38.81 -30.54 -37.11 -40.16 -27.03 100.00 100.00 -

Owner Revenue (Estonian kroon, 000) 130,300 89,500 70,000 68,100 60,600 28,400 22,300 19,900 19,200 18,700
Source: Estonian Newspaper Association Including total free dailies and total free non-dailies
7.d

In colour Total
12,400 13,500 17,300 13,840 9,700 17,900 19,000 23,000 18,400 12,800

Postimees Aripaev Eesti Ekspressi Kirjastuse Eesti Pevalehe Kirjastuse SL htuleht Linnaleht Prnu Postimees Infesto Maaleht Sakala Kirjastuse
Source: Central Commercial Register via ZenithOptimedia
2005 Display Classified Inserts Online Total 78.0 17.0 5 100
2006 84.8 15.2 100
(%) 2007 79.0 16.0 1 4 100
2008 68.0 17.0 2 13 100
2009 75.0 10.0 10 5 100
200
ESTONIA
8.ba

Language Publishing company Circulation (000) Cover price usual (Estonian kroon) (USD) 12.00 9.00 18.00 25.00 8.00 6.00 8.00 8.00 5.00 5.00 1.04 0.78 1.55 2.16 0.69 0.52 0.69 0.69 0.43 0.43 Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Format Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Estonian kroon) 56,000 44,900 21,006 29,000 19,920 14,520 9,600 13,800 56,000 42,900 44,900 59,900 21,006 29,000 19,920 14,520 12,000 15,800
Title
Postimees htuleht Eesti Pevaleht ripev Prnu Postimees Postimees vene keeles Sakala Virumaa Teataja Meie Maa Phjarannik/ Severnoje Poberezje
Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian/Russian Estonian Estonian Estonian Estonian/Russian
AS Postimees AS SL htuleht AS Eesti Pevaleht AS ripev AS Prnu Postimees AS Postimees O Sakala Kirjastus O Virumaa Teataja O Saaremaa Raadio AS PR Phjarannik
60 56 33 16 14 12 10 8 7 7

8.bb

Founded (year) Language Publishing company AS Linnaleht AS Linneleht AS Linnaleht Circulation (000) Estonian Russian Estonian 32 23 17 Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Format Full page ad rate Colour (Estonia, kroon) 30,106 30,106 30,106
Title
Linnaleht Linnaleht vene keeles Tartu Linnaleht
2005 2005 2007
Source: Estonian Newspaper Association; FDN Newsletter

9.a
Employment
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
12.
Taxes (2009)
% 20 9 9 20 20 20 20 21 21
Tax Standard VAT VAT on: Single copy sales Subscription sales Advertising Newsprint Composition Plant Tax on profits standard rate Tax on profits for newspapers Source: Estonian Newspaper Association
Total number of journalists 795 894 987 941 829 Total number of employees 1,363 1,402 1,403 1,372 1,182 Source: Estonian Newspaper Association
9.b
4.28 -13.28
-11.90 -13.85
Salaries
Total salary costs
259
282
261
203
-21.62
-22.22

10.a

Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
13.a
4-colour newspapers Tabloids
41 42
42 43
45 46
42 43
40 42
-2.44 0.00
-4.76 -2.33
Are there subsidies for the purchase of newsprint? No Are loans granted at low rates for re-equipment or improving existing equipment? No Are there any direct subsidies? Yes
13.b
11.
Research (2009)
Readership is measured by TNS Emor Methodology Emor carries out the national readership survey once a month in the course of the Emor bimonthly CAPI-bus survey. Media usage and background data are gathered by using the computer assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) method. The national readership survey is a continuous survey in the course of which 500 Estonian residents aged 15-74 are interviewed every month.
Direct subsidies
Total amount
28.0
29.0
34.9
36.4
42.0
50.00
15.38
201
ESTONIA
14.
Discounts (2009)
Discount on rates of Post Railroad Telephone Telegraph Telex Other Source: Estonian Newspaper Association
15.a
202
FAROE ISLANDS
General economic situation The Faroese economy is dependent on fishing, which makes the economy vulnerable to price swings. The sector accounts for 95% of exports and nearly half of GDP. Since 2003 the Faroese economy has picked up as a result of higher prices for fish and for housing. Unemployment is minimal and government finances are relatively sound. Oil finds close to the Islands give hope for economically recoverable deposits, which could eventually lay the basis for a more diversified economy and lessen dependence on Danish economic assistance. Aided by a substantial annual subsidy (about 15% of GDP) from Denmark, the Faroese have a standard of living not far below the Danes and other Scandinavians. The inflation rate was estimated at 6.4% in 2008. There are three weekly newspapers: Vinnuvitan is a business newspaper, established in 2004, with circulation of 2,300 copies. VikuBladid is a free newspaper, established in 2001. It is distributed to households with circulation of 20,000 copies.
Nordlysid is a regional newspaper. Its frequency increased from one to two in a week from October 2005. One issue was distributed free to all households in the town of Klaksvik, the northern islands and in the northern part of the island of Eysturoy in 6,400 free copies and in 2,500 sold copies every other issue, or with 4,450 copies on average per issue. Since the beginning of Performance of newspapers vs. other media 2007 the newspaper has been published once a week. It In 2005, the public radio and television (Utvarp Foroya is distributed free to households in the northern islands UF) and Sjonvarp Foroya (SvF) merged into a new and Eysturoy, but sold to subscribers elsewhere. company called Kringvarp Foroya. The main national radio and TV services are publicly funded. Oyggjatidindi, published bi-weekly, was established in 1977. There are three radio stations, one of which is publicly Ownership funded. In 2007, the daily Sosialurin acquired the private radio Performance of different types of newspapers Ras 2; the business weekly Vinnuvitan acquired the free All newspapers in Faroe Islands are printed in tabloid weekly VikuBladid. format. In 2008, the daily Dimmaltting acquired the weekly There are two national dailies, Dimmaltting and business newspaper Vinnuvitan. Thus, after the purchase Sosialurin. Dimmalaetting also controls the free weekly VikuBladid. Dimmaltting is the oldest and largest newspaper in the Faroe Islands, printing 10,000 copies five times a week. The 24-page newspaper is printed in full colour. Its format changed from broadsheet to tabloid in February 2005. Along with the Dimmaltting newspaper, the Dimmaltting group operates three other companies: the book-publishing house Dimmaltting, the computer company Tor Data Ltd, which specializes in developing software, and the advertising bureau Team85.
Sosialurin is also published five times a week. It was established in 1927 originally as a political newspaper Media / Press Laws associated with Faroese social democrats, but in 2006 As Danish subjects, the Faroese people enjoy freedom of the Islands Social Democratic Party sold the newspaper. the press. Source: CIA The World Factbook; BBC; Wikipedia; Randburg; Press Reference; Nordicom
203
FAROE ISLANDS
3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total paid-for dailies 16 National paid-for dailies 16 Total non-dailies 26 Total paid-for non-dailies 6 Total free non-dailies 20
17 17 30 11 19
17 17 32 6 26
17 17 32 6 26
17 17 32 6 26
6.25 6.25 23.08 0.00 30.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Source: 2005-2007 Nordicom; 2008 WAN assessment; 2009 WAN-IFRA assessment

6.c

Publishing company Dimmalaetting Website dimma.fo Unique visitors per month (000) 9.3
Newspaper Dimmalaetting August 2008

6.d
Source: Nordicom

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
11.9 33.0
13.1 34.0
14.5 37.5
15.4 37.5
16.0 37.5
34.45 13.64
3.90 0.00
Source: International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Map: CIA The World Factbook
2.a 6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08

All individuals 000 % 10 32 7 49 20 65 14 100 Male 000 5 17 3 25 % 20 68 12 100 Female 000 % 5 15 4 24 21 63 17 100 Broadband subscribers
Age 0-14 15-64 65 + Total
5.9
10.1
13.3
14.9
17.0
188.14
14.09

6.f

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08

3.a
50.0
52.2
54.9
57.0
35.71
3.83
Number of titles
Change (%) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008/04 2008/07
Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Total non-dailies Total paid-for non-dailies National paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies National free non-dailies Regional and local free non-dailies
2 2 3 2 2 1 1
2 2 4 3 3 1 1
2 2 4 2 2 2 1 1
2 2 4 2 2 2 1 1
2 2 4 2 2 2 1 1
0.00 0.00 33.33 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Source: 2005-2007 Nordicom; 2008 WAN assessment; 2009 WAN-IFRA assessment

8.ba

Founded (year) 1878 1927 Language Danish / Faroese 3 Faroese Publishing company Sp/f Dimmaltting Sp/f Sosialurin 5 Circulation 1 (000) 9 8 Format Tabloid 4 -
12.
Taxes (2008)
% 25 0 0
Title Dimmaltting (The Dawn) 2 Sosialurin

1
Tax Standard VAT Single copy sales Subscription sales
Source: Source: Nordicom; Wikipedia 2007 data, based on publishers' claims; figures refer in some cases to print run 2 Published five days a week; the Tuesday edition has been delivered free of charge to all households since April 5, 2005 3 In its early years, the newspaper was only published in the Danish language. Then, from 1910 to 1947, it was printed in both languages, and in the years since 1947, Faroese has dominated. 4 Format changed from broadsheet to tabloid in February 2005 5 The Social Democratic Party was the sole owner of the newspaper until March 2006, when the newspaper was sold to members of the staff (2/3 of shares) and the publicly owned Foroya Tele (1/3 of shares).
Source: Customs and Tax Authorities of the Faroe Islands via Nordicom
204
FINLAND
General economic situation Finlands key economic sector is manufacturing, principally the wood, metals, engineering, telecommunications, and electronics industries. Trade is important; Finlands ratio of exports to GDP has risen from a quarter to 37% over the past 15 years. Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on imports of raw materials, energy, and some components for manufactured goods. Because of the climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining selfsufficiency in basic products. Forestry, an important export earner, provides a secondary occupation for the rural population. The world slowdown has hit export growth and domestic demand and will serve as a brake on economic growth in 2009 and 2010. The inflation rate was estimated at 0% in 2009. non-daily press among the Nordic countries in terms of circulation. Advertising sales revenue has traditionally accounted for approximately 55-60 of newspapers revenue, and newspaper copy sales for the rest. Finland has a great number of free newspapers, that are primarily financed via advertising sales. In order to be considered a newspaper they must contain some editorial material and appear at least twice a month. Free newspapers have proven to be a cost effective alternative to advertisers and are performing relatively better than advertising markets in general.
Advertising The dominance of print on the media market influences Performance of newspapers vs. other media the Finnish advertising market. All newspapers, Finlands broadcasting sector is very dynamic and the including national and local paid-for dailies, still hold country is digitising its transmission network. Analogue a lions share of 37.5% of total advertising expenditure. terrestrial TV broadcasts were switched off in September 2007. In the wake of the economic turmoil of late 2008, the advertising market took a sharp downward turn. As Public YLE, funded by licence fees, operates radio and a result, in early 2009 virtually all media houses started TV networks. New stations have emerged in a market personnel negotiations in connection with diverse once dominated by YLE and the established private reorganization and rationalization plans. broadcaster MTV. Pay-TV channels are provided by pan-Nordic operator Canal+. The recession has caused printed newspapers advertising revenues to decrease slightly more compared to other According to a National Radio Survey carried out by media. A total of EUR1,263 million was spent on media Finnpanel, radio reaches 95% of Finns on a weekly basis. advertising in Finland in 2009, which was 15.8 percent The most popular channel remains YLEs middle-of-the- less than in the previous year. The amount spent on road Radio Suomi. With a market share of 36%, it newspaper advertising fell by 21.6 percent compared to reaches more than two million people a week. The 2008. number-two channel is the commercial Radio Nova, with an 11% market share. This nationwide Adult In September 2009 newspaper advertising expenditure Contemporary channel is owned by the Swedish decreased by -9.0%, while all-media decline was -2.3%. companies Bonnier and Proventus. Overall public In October there was a small increase in newspapers broadcaster YLEs channels held a 52% market share. advertising expenditure by 1.9%, compared with allThe poll also indicated that the average Finn listens to media average growth by 1.3%, due to the municipal the radio for just over three hours a day. The survey elections in the same month. In November the decline indicated that most people still listen to the radio continued by -11.6 % (all media average -6.2%), and in through traditional devices. However, just over one third December by -16.6% (all media average -13.0%). listen to radio via Internet at least occasionally. Only about 6% regularly listen to the radio over their mobile The dailies share decreased by 3.3 percentage points, phones. down to 35.8% of all advertising expenditure. Local newspapers share of all media advertising increased by Performance of different types of newspapers one percentage point to 4.5%. Printed media has traditionally dominated the Finnish mass media market. The core competitiveness of the Circulation printed mass media lies in the high quality and reliable The total average circulation of all printed newspapers content, high subscription rates and easy access through decreased by 2.7% in 2009, to 2.896 million copies. highly efficient distribution. Most Finnish newspapers are sold on subscription. The Of the Nordic countries, Finland has the second largest ratio of subscription to single-copy sales is nearly 9 to 1. number of newspapers, and it has the greatest number of Two tabloids account for the lions share of single-copy true dailies (7 issues/week). Finland also has the largest sales; they are almost exclusively sold over the counter.
FINLAND
In 2009, Kauppalehti Oy undertook a number of measures to secure profitability in the tight economic situation. Part of the measures included cutting back on the free subscriptions to student organisations in autumn 2009 and spring 2010. Kauppalehtis audited circulation is expected to drop significantly in the next audit, due in spring 2010. However, readership numbers are not expected to change significantly due to this measure, as students are not a major target group for the advertising in Kauppalehti. the availability of Internet in Finlands remote rural areas. Online versions of newspapers have proliferated quite rapidly. All dailies and most other newspapers now publish a web version. Sanoma and Alma Media also run extensive portofolios of thematized web services, especially in classified advertising. With regard to online newspapers, the year 2007 was significant because of two events. First, Taloussanomat (Sanoma), a business newspaper, ceased publishing the printed version and continues as a web-only publication. Second, over fifteen years since its closure in 1991, Uusi Suomi (est. 1847), formerly the prime rival of Helsingin Sanomat, was resurrected online.
Readership Newspapers still have a very high level of readership in Finland. Overall, 79% of the population over 12 years old read newspapers every day. The data is derived from National Readership Survey that includes 40 newspapers out of 197 members of the Finnish Newspapers Association. In 2009, online readership increased on average by 27% (data only available for 31 newspapers included in the In addition, young people continue to read printed TNS Gallup weekly site rankings statistics). Two paidnewspapers. Among people aged 1224 years, the reach for evening newspapers are ranked among the top three is 62 percent. According to the Media Images 2009 most visited web sites. survey commissioned by the Finnish Newspapers Association, young readers consider newspapers even Finnish Newspapers Association is collaborating in more reliable and credible than the rest of the eReading Services Project aiming to create a content and population. user based approach for chargeable newspaper, magazine and literary content distribution via electronic readers. The total reach of all newspapers is further increasing. The project aims to create a market and a base for On average, 19 percent of all readers of printed and ecosystems providing commercial services and for online newspapers only read the online versions. international scale business models. Finlands leading business newspaper Kauppalehti, part of Alma Media Group, further increased its readership in the first half of 2009. According to the Finnish Audit Bureau of Circulations, Kauppalehtis new reader count is 230,000 (+7%) and Kauppalehti Optios 229,000 (+3%). The readership figures have continuously grown since 2007. Online / Digital Publishing There were no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitored e-mail or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail. On October 14, 2009, the Finnish government became the first in the world to make broadband Internet access a legal right. The Ministry of Transport and Communications in Helsinki passed a law forcing telecommunications providers to offer high-speed Internet connections to all of the countrys 5.3 million citizens. Starting in July 2010, telecommunications companies will be obliged to provide all Finnish residents with broadband lines that can run at speeds of at least 1 megabit per second. Finland is one of the worlds most connected countries, with 96% of citizens online, and the communications minister, Suvi Linden, said that the mandate was necessary in order to improve
206
Ownership Ownership of newspapers is concentrated in Finland. Also, regional newspapers are all owned by larger publishing companies. Sanoma is the largest newspaper publisher in Finland, in terms of both newspaper sales revenue and market share (circulation). The companys operations are organized in five divisions: Sanoma News (newspapers), Sanoma Magazines, Sanoma Entertainment (broadcasting, cable and broadband services), Sanoma Learning & Literature, and Rautakirja/Sanoma Trade (press distribution, cinemas, retail). Newspaper publishing accounts for less than 20 per cent of Sanomas net sales. Sanoma publishes six dailies, two of which are the largest newspapers in Finland: Helsingin Sanomat and IltaSanomat, a tabloid. With a total of eleven newspapers, the company controlled about one-fourth of total newspaper circulation in Finland in 2007. In addition, Sanoma is the publisher of several free newspapers, among them Finlands only free daily Metro, introduced by MTG/Metro in metropolitan Helsinki in 1999. As for foreign ownership, Independent Media, a subsidiary of Sanoma Magazines since 2005, publishes four newspapers in Russia, two in English and two in Russian. One of the latter, the business newspaper Vedomosti, is published in collaboration with Financial
FINLAND
Times and The Wall Street Journal. The company also companies a dominant position in print media has a comprehensive cooperation agreement, including advertising. printing and distribution, with International Herald Tribune on Russian territory. In November 2009, Kauppalehti Oy, part of the Alma Media Group, sold Kauppalehti 121 Oy, its direct Finlands second-largest newspaper publisher is Alma marketing company, to Bisnode AB. Bisnode is one of Media. Newspapers contribute some 80% of Alma Europes leading providers of digital business Medias net sales. The largest title is Aamulehti information, including credit reports, company and (Tampere), third-largest in the country and the largest consumer marketing information services and direct provincial newspaper. Alma Media also publishes the marketing tools. Bisnode employs approximately 3,200 tabloid Iltalehti and the leading business newspaper, people in 18 countries. The company is owned by the Kauppalehti. In addition, the company is the owner of private equity company Ratos and the media company 20 other newspapers, seven of which are dailies. In 2007 Bonnier. Alma Media controlled 19% of the total newspaper Media / Press Laws circulation in Finland. The constitution and law provide for freedom of speech Keskisuomalainen is a major regional newspaper and of the press, and the government generally respected publisher in central Finland. In 2007 Savon Mediat was these rights in practice. An independent press, an merged with Keskisuomalainen. The acquisition made effective judiciary, and a functioning democratic Keskisuomalainen the third-largest newspaper publisher political system combined to ensure freedom of speech in Finland, with eight per cent of total newspaper and of the press. The independent media were active and circulation and 21 titles, four of which are dailies. The generally expressed a wide variety of views without largest newspapers among Keskisuomalainens holdings restriction, with the exception of hate speech. are the regional dailies Keskisuomalainen (Jyvskyl) and Savon Sanomat (Kuopio). Both rank among the ten Publishing hate material and public speech intended to largest newspapers in the country. Keskisuomalainen is incite discrimination or violence against any national, the oldest and fifth-largest true daily (7 issues/week) in racial, religious, or ethnic group are crimes. Finland. The ownership of Keskisuomalainen is rather Courts can fine persons found guilty of inciting racial scattered, mostly among local owners. hatred on the Internet, and there were reports of court Based in Turku, TS-Yhtym publishes Finlands fifth- decisions in 2008 against persons for publishing and largest newspaper, Turun Sanomat, a regional morning distributing hate material via the Internet. On March newspaper. TS Groups eight newspapers represent 5% 17, 2009, the Helsinki District Court found a municipal of total circulation. TS-Yhtym is Finlands third-largest politician in Turku guilty of circulating hate material media company. However, the lions share of the and fined him 615 euros (approximately USD920). The companys revenue derives from printing (magazines). court found the defendants remarks during the 2007 election campaign to be derogatory and slanderous The Ketonen family owns the company. toward immigrants. The Helsinki District Court also In May 2009, Stora Enso finalised its acquisition of found an independent member of the Helsinki City Myllykoski Papers remaining 49%-minority Council guilty of writing hate material on his blog and shareholding in Sunila Oy in Finland after receiving all fined him 330 euros (approximately USD470). During the necessary approvals from the competition the year the Kouvola Court of Appeals upheld the conviction of a man for posting anti-Roma hate material authorities. on the Internet. In September 2009, Finlands Competition Authority (FCA) extended its investigation of magazine publisher Copyright Alma Medias proposed acquisition of rival Talentum. As In 2009, after much public debate, Minister of Culture well as publishing several newspapers and magazines, rejected a working group proposal concerning both companies have competing advertising businesses a presumed transfer of copyright ownership to selling online and print advertising space and job employers. advertising websites. Under the deal, three national newspapers were to become part of the same group: Printing & Distribution Kauppalehti, controlled by Alma, and Talouselm and On November 4, 2009, Alma Media Group announced Teknikka & Talous, owned by Talentum. In its the groups printing and distribution operations would investigation the FCA wanted to see whether the merge be reorganised by combining them into a new groupwould create or strengthen a dominant position that level service unit. The change affects Alma Medias three would stifle competition in the news or advertising newspaper printing houses and the early-morning markets. The FCA cleared the merger in November delivery company Aamujakelu Oy. The new unit was 2009 after finding the deal would not give the combined scheduled to begin operations on January 1, 2010.
FINLAND
In December 2009, Alma Media signed an agreement with Lehtisept Oy, part of the Keskisuomalainen Group, and I-Print Oy, part of Ilkka-yhtym, to start joint purchases of printing materials. At the moment, the scope of the agreement covers newsprint, printing ink and printing plates. On average, Alma Media expends 20 million euro annually for purchases of these materials. State Support The press subsidy is granted to minority language newspapers and to the financing of the Swedish news service. Electronic communications comparable to newspapers can also apply for the aid.
In party subsidies, the appropriation for political parties in 2009 was EUR36 million. Of this supplementary appropriation, EUR18 million was allocated for parties Postal Issues information and communication activities. The aid is Under the 3rd Postal Directive (Directive 2008/06/EC), not directly allocated to newspapers; the political parties full market opening will be accomplished by December decide how the aid is used. 31, 2010 for the majority of the EU member states, including Finland. Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; BBC News; Radio Netherlands Worldwide; Hugin; Finland's Competition Authority; Stora Enso; Nordicom; WAN-IFRA records; The Guardian; Finnish Newspapers' Association
2.b

All adults 000 % 1,050 1,049 507 1,056 1,592 5,256 5,256 20 20 10 20 30 100 100 Male 000 572 369 270 650 711 2,572 2,572 % 22 14 10 25 28 100 100 Female 000 % 479 680 238 406 880 2,683 2,683 18 25 9 15 33 100 100
Social class A+B C1 C2 D E Total Total
Source: Statistical Yearbook of Finland 2008

2.ca
2.cb

Children Without children With children Total Households 000 % 1,745 710 2,455 72 28 100
Households 000 % 947 843 291 240 134 2,455 39 34 12 10 5 100

3.a

2.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08

All individuals 000 891 658 674 680 760 771 892 5,326 Male 000 455 336 346 346 382 381 365 2,611 Female 000 436 322 328 334 378 390 527 2,715
Age 0-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total
Source: Statistics Finland 2008 via ZenithOptimedia
Total dailies 55 Total paid-for dailies 53 National paid-for dailies 10 Regional and local 43 paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies 53 Total free dailies 2 Total non-dailies Total paid-for non-dailies 148 National paid-for non-dailies 4 Regional and local 144 paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies -
55 53 9 44 53 2 147 4 143 -
55 53 9 44 53 2 145 4 141 -
54 52 9 43 52 2 144 4 140 -
52 51 9 42 51 1 188 143 3 140 45
-5.45 -3.77 -10.00 -2.33 -3.77 -50.00 -3.38 -25.00 -2.78 -
-3.70 -1.92 0.00 -2.33 -1.92 -50.00 -0.69 -25.00 0.00 -
Source: 2005-2006 Finnish Newspapers Association; WAN assessment (free dailies); 2007-2009 Finnish Newspapers Association
208
FINLAND
3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Age
Total dailies 2,434 Total paid-for dailies 2,240 National paid-for dailies 961 Regional and local 1,279 paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies 2,240 Total free dailies 194 Total paid-for non-dailies 934 National paid-for non-dailies 176 Regional and local 758 paid-for non-dailies
2,424 2,224 949 1,275
2,402 2,294 2,164 2,202 2,127 2,049 949 1,253 -
-11.09 -8.53 -8.53 -40.72 -2.68 -
-5.67 -3.67 -3.67 -31.14 -2.57 -
% % daily reach of readership within age group 9 6 6 6 6 8 9 9 19 22 51 50 51 61 68 73 78 80 83 84
2,224 2,202 2,127 2,049 200 200 167 115 923 914 933 909 172 751 -
Source: 2005 Finnish Newspapers Association; WAN assessment (free dailies); 2006-2007 Finnish Newspapers Association; 2008 Finnish Audit Bureau of Circulations; WAN assessment (free dailies); 2009 Finnish Newspapers Association
4.a
12-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-64 65 +
Source: TNS Gallup; KMT Lukija 2009

5.c
Media consumption
2005 (minutes per day) 2006 2007 2008 34 19 129 167 45 2009 32 17 120 166 56

(mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total paid-for dailies 753 Total paid-for non-dailies 87 National paid-for non-dailies Regional and local paid-for non-dailies
746 87 -
739 85 -
721 80 18 62
693 77 -
-7.97 -11.49 -
-3.88 -3.75 -
All newspapers Magazines Radio Television Internet Source: TNS Atlas Intermedia
6.a
Source: Finnish Newspapers Association

4.b
Sales revenues
(Finland, euro, mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Online editions
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total paid-for dailies Total paid-for non-dailies -
462 52
473 53
481 55
Dailies Non-dailies
53 88
52 100
52 112
50 120
49 119
-7.55 35.23
-2.00 -0.83

4.c
Source: Finnish Newspapers Associaton

6.b

2003 2004 13 87 69 19 100 (%) 2005 13 87 69 19 100 2006 13 87 69 18 100 2007 12 88 70 18 100
Online readership
(Unique visitors per month, 000) Change (%) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 1 2008/04 2008/07
Single copy sales Subscriptions Home deliveries 1 Postal deliveries 2 Total

1
12 88 69 19 100

1
6,670
Source: Finnish Newspapers Associaton Unique visitors per week (44/2008); only 34 newspapers are included in this figure
6.c

Publishing company Alma Media Sanoma Sanoma Alma Media Sanoma Website Unique visitors Page impressions per month per month (000) (000) 1,937 1,823 1,236 655 643 49,257 35,885 15,633 12,057 3,928
Source: 2005 Finnish Newspapers' Association, Statistics of Distribution Costs Early morning delivery 2 Regular postal delivery
4.d
Newspaper
Cover prices (2008)

(Finland, euro) min max
5.a

(%) Reached
1.20 0.55
2.00 -
All adults Source: KMT Lukija
80
Iltalehti Ilta-Sanomat Helsingin Sanomat Kauppalehti Taloussanomat Source: TNS Gallup

6.d
iltalehti.fi iltasanomat.fi hs.fi kauppalehti.fi taloussanomat.fi

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
1,400 1,400 1,400 1,400 1,400 3,906.0 4,192.5 4,267.8 4,438.2 4,480.9
0.00 14.72
0.00 0.96

6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
1,174.2 1,429.0 1,617.0 1,617.0 1,565.5
33.32
-3.18
209
FINLAND
6.f

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
7.d

7.aa
46.11
12.74
In colour Total Column meters
391,000 411,000 445,000 486,000 473,000 468,000 474,000 500,000 535,000 515,000
Source: TNS Gallup Media Intelligence

2004 (Finland, euro, bln) 2005 2006 2007 157.3 167.0 179.0 2008 186.0
GDP
152.4
Source: 2004-2006 ZenithOptimedia; 2007-2008 Statistics Finland, www.stat.fi

7.ab
2002 Display Classified Total Source: TNS Gallup

2003 77.9 22.1 100
(%) 2004 78.9 21.1 100
2005 77.1 22.9 100
2006 75.3 24.7 100

2004 (Finland, euro, 000) 2005 2006 2007 30.0 31.8 34.0 2008 35.0
76.9 23.1 100
GDP per capita
29.1
Source: 2004-2006 ZenithOptimedia; 2007-2008 Statistics Finland, www.stat.fi

7.ac
7.g

Advertiser Suomi-Soffa Teliasonera VV-Auto Elisa Toyota Ford DNA Asko Op-Pohjola Nokia Expenditure (Finland, euro, 000) 11,024.8 5,445.3 4,561.0 3,570.5 3,540.8 3,540.0 3,519.5 3,341.1 2,886.7 2,786.0
(%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 0.66 0.61 0.60 0.59
Advertising sector Retail trade Motor vehicles Real estate Furniture Career vacancies Entertainments Public services Telecommunications Travel Construction
Ad expenditure
0.76
0.74
0.73
0.76
7.ba

(Finland, euro, mln) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
837 859 643 659 194 200 231 243 47 47 1.5 1.0 37 36 36 47 1,189 1,233
900 690 210 262 47 2.3 42 61 1,315
890 688 202 268 51 30.0 44 152 1,408
697 632 625 634 536 483 478 485 161 149 147 149 228 216 220 228 49 49 51 52 23.0 20.0 18.0 18.0 35 31 31 33 156 164 189 196 1,167 1,094 1,118 1,145

8.a
Source: TNS Media Intelligence via ZenithOptimedia

Publishing company Total circulation (000) 657 570 246 170 106 88 84 81 72 37
Source: Gallup Mainostieto; TNS Media Intelligence; ZenithOptimedia Excludes agency commission; excludes production costs; includes classified advertising until 2007, excludes thereafter; after discounts; Internet includes display and classified but excludes search until 2007, includes all three thereafter
7.c
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies 519 Morning paid-for dailies Evening and afternoon paid-for dailies Total free dailies Total non-dailies 124.0 Total paid-for non-dailies 56.0 Total free non-dailies 1 68.0
1
532 127.0 58.0 69.0
708 555 469 86
688 537 454 83
417 -
-19.65 0.65 2.14 -0.59
-22.35 -14.63 -
Sanoma News Alma Media Oyj Keskisuomalainen Oyj TS Yhtym Oy Ilkka-Yhtym Oyj Esan Kirjapaino Oy Mediatalo ESA Pohjois-Karjalan Kirjapaino Oyj Kaleva Oy Suomen Lehtiyhtym Oy HSS Media Ab
153 151 135.0 124.8 67.0 67.0 57.2 68.0 67.6
Source: TNS Gallup Oy, Mainonnan Neuvottelukunta Including free dailies and free non-dailies
210
FINLAND
8.ba

Founded (year) 1889 1932 1881 1980 1905 1889 1898 1871 1907 Language Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Finnish Publishing company Sanoma Sanoma Alma media Alma media TS-Yhtym Kaleva Kustannus Oy Alma media Keskisuomalainen Oyj Savon Mediat Oy Circulation (000) 398 153 135 113 109 81 79 72 64 60 Format Broadsheet Tabloid Broadsheet Broadsheet Broadsheet Tabloid Broadsheet Broadsheet -
Title Helsingin Sanomat Ilta-Sanomat Aamulehti Iltalehti Turun Sanomat Kaleva Kauppalehti Keskisuomalainen Savon Sanomat Etel-Suomen Sanomat
Source: Finnish Newspapers Association; WAN-IFRA records

8.bb

Language Finnish Publishing company Sanoma News Oy/ Sanoma Kaupunkilehdet Circulation (000) 115 Format Tabloid
Title Metro 1
1
Source: Finnish Newspapers Association Distributed in Helsinki and 18 towns around southern Finland
9.a
Employment
Change (%) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2007/03 2007/06
11.
Research (2009)
Total number of journalists 3,150 Total number of employees 9,511
3,246 3,387 3,420 9,500 -
8.57 -
0.97 -
Circulation is audited by Finnish Audit Bureau of Circulations Readership is measured by TNS Gallup Methodology CATI computer continuous survey assisted telephone interviews,

9.b
Salaries
Total salary costs
304
306
312
327
7.57
4.81
Source: 2002-2005 Finnish Newspapers Association; 2006 Federation of the Finnish Media Industry
10.a

12.

Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Taxes (2009)
% 22 22 0 0 0 0 0 26
Tax Standard VAT VAT on: Single copy sales Subscription sales Advertising Newsprint Composition Plant Tax on profits standard rate Source: Finnish Newspapers Association; Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu
4-colour newspapers Broadsheets Tabloids Other formats
201 39 119 43
199 41 158 -
197 40 157 -
194 35 159 -
-3.48 -10.26 33.61 -
-1.52 -12.50 1.27 -

10.ba

2003 2004 41 41 (%) 2005 35 35 2006 35 35 2007 35 35
Home deliveries Postal deliveries

10.bb

2003 (Finland, euro) 2004 2005 2006 0.2 0.2 0.2 2007 0.2
Single copy
211
FINLAND
13.a
15.a
Are there subsidies for the purchase of newsprint? No Are loans granted at low rates for re-equipment or improving existing equipment? No Are there any direct subsidies? At the end of 2007, the press subsidy system was divided into two parts: 1) the allocation towards political party newspapers and information provision for the land Islands (the so called parliamentary subsidy), and 2) the discretionary press subsidy (also selective subsidy). From 2008, the government has started to grant discretionary subsidies only to the newspapers published in minority languages and The Finnish News Agency (STT).
Source: Ministry of Transport and Communications
13.b
Direct subsidies
Total amount
13.6
13.6
6.1
0.5
-91.8
Source: 2005 Ministry of Finance; 2006-2008 Ministry of Transport and Communications

14.
Discounts (2009)
Discount on rates of Post Railroad Telephone Telegraph Telex Other Source: Finnish Newspapers Association
212
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General economic situation The government has partially or fully privatized many large companies, banks, and insurers, and has ceded stakes in such leading firms as Air France, France Telecom, Renault, and Thales. It maintains a strong presence in some sectors, particularly power, public transport, and defense industries. The telecommunications sector is gradually being opened to competition. GDP growth dropped to 0.3% in 2008 on account of the economic and financial crisis. Frances tax burden remains one of the highest in Europe, at nearly 50% of GDP in 2005. With at least 75 million foreign tourists per year, France is the most visited country in the world and maintains the third largest income in the world from tourism. The inflation rate was estimated at 0.1% in 2009. Pierre Louette, the current CEO of AFP, presented his plan in March 2009. It aims to transform the statutes of AFP from 1957, so that it becomes a state-owned public company. The state would own the entire capital. For financing development activities and the migration to digital, Mr. Louette believes that the agency needs about EUR65 million, including a significant amount (EUR45 million) as equity. The committee must also raise the question of press representatives at the AFP board. Currently, the press holds eight of the 16 seats.
Performance of different types of newspapers In 2008, the turnover of print media fell 2.3% to EUR10.6 billion, in line with previous years development, according to an annual study of the Performance of newspapers vs. other media Directorate of Media Development (DDM), published Public broadcaster Radio France runs services for the in August 2009. domestic audience, French overseas territories and foreign audiences. Radio France Internationale is one of The turnover of the whole print media sector fell to the worlds leading international stations. Its Arabic- EUR10.6 billion, compared with EUR10.9 billion in language Monte Carlo International service is available 2007, due to decline both in sales and advertising on mediumwave (AM) and FM in many Middle East revenues. countries. In 2008, copy sales accounted for 56.2% at total print The international French-language channel TV5 Monde, revenues (55.5% in 2007), and advertising for 43.8% financed by Belgium, Canada and Switzerland, is (44.5% in 2007). available globally. Global satellite news channel France 24 launched in December 2006 with services in French and National dailies suffered particularly after the year 2007 English. Its chairman said the channel aimed to present when they had benefited from the presidential and a different point of view from the Anglo-Saxon world. legislative elections. Their turnover fell by 3.5% year-onyear, to EUR817 million. Sales revenues were down by Frances flagship TV station, TF1, was privatised in 2.4%, and advertising revenues by 4.9%. 1987. The growth of satellite and cable has led to a proliferation of channels. Major satellite pay-TV The turnover of regional newspapers was less effected by operator CanalSatellite is controlled by media giant elections held in 2007, shrank by 0.7% due to stable Vivendi Universal. sales (+0.1%) and a limited decline of advertising revenues (-1.8%). A digital terrestrial TV service, with more than a dozen free-to-air channels, is being rolled out. The rapid increase of the turnover of free press, which represents only 3% of the total turnover of press sector, Frances long-established commercial radio stations, has undergone a slight slowdown in 2008, when it rose particularly RTL and Europe 1, still command large by 18%. audiences. They have been joined by a multiplicity of FM stations, often consolidated into successful The satirical weekly newspaper Le Canard Enchan commercial networks such as hit music station NRJ and continues to be distinguished in the press landscape. Its oldies station Nostalgie. business model is based entirely on copy sales; the newspaper does not print any advertisements. Due to In December 2009, Minister of Culture and strong sales up by 7%, the satirical weekly has seen its Communication set up a committee to think about revenues grow from EUR21.64 million in 2007 to positioning, reform of the statutes, preserving the EUR34.05 million in 2008, and operating profit from independence and funding of the news agency Agence EUR4.01 million to EUR4.50 million. Average weekly France-Presse (AFP). The committee will publish their paid circulation represented 536,874 copies in 2008, findings in spring 2010 and a law on amendment of the while the cover price has not been increased since AFP statutes should be presented in the parliament December 1991. However, the newspaper acknowledges before the summer 2010. a decline in sales by 10% in early 2009.
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In June 2009, LHumanit, formerly the newspaper of the French Communist Party, launched a new call for donations by its readers. In 2008, it sold its headquarters due to financial problems and called for donations. More than EUR2.5 million was donated by the end of 2008. The government had decided to allow individuals to make tax-free donations to the media company of their choice, a provision long sought by LHumanit. In June 2009, the regional daily La Provence announced that it was dropping its subscription to the Agence France-Presse news wire. The newspaper came to the decision after realising that it used only 20 dispatches per day for an annual cost of EUR550,000, a journalist for the Marseille-based newspaper told Le Monde. In March 2009, The International Herald Tribune (IHT) unveiled a redesign of its print edition and merged its website with that of its owner, The New York Times. The new front page features a new streamlined nameplate using a typeface that more closely identifies the Paris-based English language daily with the New York Times editions. The new website was described as a global home page for combined copy from the IHT and the New York Times from more than 40 bureaus worldwide, and edited in New York, Paris and Hong Kong. There had been speculation that the IHTs days were numbered after The New York Times announced in 2008 that it was shutting down the website. But IHT publisher Stephen Dunbar-Johnson said in October 2008 that the Times was committed to the IHT, which has been based in Paris since 1887. A redesign of the daily Libration had a positive effect on its sales. On September 7, 2009, the day of launch, circulation doubled in Paris, the area where the newspaper sells 40% of its total circulation. The next day, the increase reached 80%, then remained at 40% from Wednesday to Saturday inclusive. The second week of the new format seems to confirm the trend, with increase of 40% which was confirmed on Monday, September 14. On September 21, 2009, Le Figaro switched to Berliner format, a change related to the establishment of a new printer installed in Tremblay near Paris. Three other French dailies have been redesigned in 2009: Le Parisien, sports newspaper LEquipe, and LExpress. Redesigns are often seen as a response to the tough times the newspaper industry faces, as publishers are trying to keep and engage their readership. The daily newspaper France Soir is planning a redesign and will launch its new format in mid-March 2010, it was widely reported in the French press. The goal of the redesign is to create a popular and quality daily newspaper that can compete with Aujourdhui en France, which is the national edition of Le Parisien. France Soir
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was purchased a year ago by a young Russian investor, Alexandre Pugachev. He announced in spring 2009 that he wanted to revitalise the title by substantially investing in the newspaper and its editorial team. French financial daily La Tribune aims to make EUR6.5 million of savings in 2010. A year ago, the newspaper relaunched with a new design and layout in a Berliner format. At the same time, their website was redesigned and a weekend supplement was added to the print edition. From January 2010, the daily reduced its size again to the tabloid format. Besides the tabloid size, other cost-cutting strategies for 2010 include closing the Saturday edition and rationalising distribution costs by, for example, making cuts to the paper budget. Newspaper launches / closures In March 2009, another edition of the free Direct newspapers of the Bollor Group was launched. Direct Toulouse started on March 2 with a circulation of 29,000. After Nice it was already the second launch in 2009 of the chain that also operates free dailies in Paris (Direct Matin and Direct Soir) and in Nantes. The newspapers also operate jointly with the Plus free newspapers that are operated by local newspapers publishers in Bordeaux, Marseille, Lille, Lyon and Montpellier. On June 12, 2009 the Bollor Group launched a free sports weekly. The magazine, Direct Sports, is available every Friday, distributed together with Direct Soir in Paris. The Bollor group also owns commercial TV station Direct 8. In June 2009, an English-language newspaper tailored for the UKs expat community living in France, called The French Post, was to be launched. The newspaper is the brandchild of Nicki Wade, a former Emap publishing director, who moved to France five years ago and now runs Agence Idee, which already publishes a number of travel guides. Wade is targeting the expat community along with the 200,000 Britons who own second homes in France, as well as holidaymakers. On September 21, 2009 Midi Libre, regional daily, launched a weekly supplement of 12 pages devoted to sports. Midi Sports (Sports Noon) covers all the sports subjects held at regional, national or international level. Midi Libre has paid circulation of 140,829 copies (OJD 2008-2009). In February 2010, Le Monde group launched Mensuel (Monthly), which will publish on 120 pages a monthly selection of articles from the daily or its supplements. In the format of a book (23.5 cm x 18.5 cm), Le Mensuel is sold at EUR5.90 at newsstands, and is also available on subscription within a special Discovery offer at EUR49 per year, or EUR39 for students.
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After Paris, Lille, Lyon, Marseille, Bordeaux, Toulouse, Nantes and Strasbourg, 20 Minutes is to launch its ninth local edition in Nice on March 31, 2010. The Nice edition will have a circulation of 35,000 copies. On June 30, 2009 regional daily Tribune du Sud ceased publication after a month and a half of existence. Tribune du Sud launched on May 15 in Marseilles. The publisher and sole shareholder of the daily, Sebastien Laporte, announced to the editorial staff on the eve of the last issue that the newspaper was suspending payments, with a monthly deficit close to EUR200,000. In December 2009, Le Quotidien du Foot switched temporarily to weekly publication. It was to switch to daily publication again from February 22, 2010, following an increase of the publishing group capital. The sports daily which launched October 13, 2009 has failed to distinguish itself vis--vis the established sports daily LEquipe. According to publisher, the group Lafont Presse (80 magazines), Le Quotidien du Foot has 20,000 regular buyers on average day, far from the 50,000 expected at its launch and from the bottom limit set at 30,000 copies. Advertising Beginning on March 4, 2009 the law prohibits primetime advertising from state-funded television networks and authorizes the president to name the head of public broadcasting. The board of the public television network began voluntarily implementing the prohibition in December 2008 and was compensated EUR450 million (USD644 million) by the government for the loss of profit during the year. In 2009, media advertising revenues fell by 14.8% in France, a historic recession according to estimates released by the union of the regional daily press (SPQR). In the first half, the decline reached 18.1%, according to IREP data. The analyses of SPQR also show the decline by 25% in the free press, 19% in the national dailies, and 15% in magazines. With advertising revenues of EUR960 million, regional newspapers suffered a loss of moderate 11% due to national advertising. The regional newspapers have quite well resisted, analyses Vincent Bernardi, director of SPQR since September 2007. This is a historic fall in a disastrous situation. Presumably the fall will slow down with the market recovery of employment, automotive and real estate. However, we know that the ads migrate to the Internet and they will not return to the paper. We need solutions to compensate for this structural decline,says Mr. Bernardi in an interview with Buzz Media Orange-Le Figaro. Circulation The first 2009 data provided by OJD (French Audit Bureau of Circulations) show a decline in paid circulation of national dailies in France by 3.5%, to
about 1,528,000 copies on average day. In 2008, the year-on-year decline was 2.4%. The biggest decline was that of the International Herald Tribune (-15.1% to 20,604 copies), La Tribune (-10.6% to 67,295 copies) and Libration (-9.5% to 111,584 copies). Le Figaro retains its top rank with 314,947 copies (-1.5%), due to its new all-colour printing launched on September 21, 2009 and strategy to win subscribers. The following titles are LEquipe (303,305 copies, -2.5%), Le Monde (288,049 copies, -4.1%) and Aujourdhui en France (183,571 copies, -3.6%). Le Parisien, another title of the Amaury group listed by the OJD among regional dailies, also decreased in circulation by 5.3%, to 304,971 copies. Only Les Echos (121,357 copies) and La Croix (95,130 copies) slightly increased their paid circulation in France by 0.3% and 0.2%, respectively. In 2009, Le Figaro and Libration took the decision to suspend publication on certain public holidays, in addition to the traditional abstention from printing on the 1st May. That follows the earlier lead of financial dailies Les Echos and La Tribune to sit out national holidays, a sous-pinching habit to which Catholic daily La Croix and its communist opposite LHumanit have also since subscribed. Everyone agrees sales on these days are derisory, Le Figaro director general Francis Morel told Le Monde (which says it will continue publishing on all holidays except May 1). The savings involved are around USD135,000 per day. Le Journal du Dimanche (JDD) has achieved nearly 20,000 additional copy sales through its Saturday edition, launched on March 7, 2009, according to its publishing company, Lagardere Active. In addition to its usual Sunday morning edition, JDD has started publishing the first edition distributed Saturday noon. The first edition was distributed in Paris and its region, as well as in Lille, Lyon, Marseille, Rouen, Caen, Rennes and Deauville, Nice, Bordeaux, Toulouse and Tours. In 2008, JDD had average daily paid circulation of 262,086 copies. In March 2009, Ouest-France increased its cover price from EUR0.70 to EUR.80. We believe that when we increase by 10 cents we lose 10,000 buyers, said Daniel Floch, special advisor to Ouest France. It is a modest decline in the reported paid circulation of 770,000 copies Ouest France sells in France. Following Ouest France, Les Echos, Le Figaro or Libration, the sports daily LEquipe (Amaury Group) increased its cover price from March 1, 2009. Rates increased Monday by 10 cents for every edition. The daily is sold at EUR0.95 from Tuesday to Friday, EUR2.00 Saturday and EUR1.10 on Sunday and Monday.
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The daily Le Monde increased its cover price by EUR0.10, rising to EUR1.40, from mid-March 2009. The cover price for its Friday edition (dated Saturday) remains at EUR2.50 euros. Management has explained this by higher paper prices and declining advertising revenues. The cover price of Le Monde had grown to EUR1.30 in September 2006. The other general national dailies have also increased their selling prices in recent months, raising it to EUR1.30 for most. Le Parisien / Aujourdhui en France sells at EUR1.15; Les Echos at EUR1.40 since early 2009. The French daily press is one of the most expensive in Europe. The quality newspapers in the United Kingdom sell below one pound (EUR1.14). In Italy, La Repubblica costs EUR1.00 and the Corriere della sera EUR1.20. In Spain, El Pais costs EUR1.10. These newspapers generally publisher bigger number of pages. The German dailies are the most expensive in Europe: the Sddeutsche Zeitung and Frankfurter Allgemeine cost EUR1.90 each. In the United States, The New York Times costs USD2 (EUR1.42) on weekdays. In October 2009, the major distribution company Les Nouvelles Messageries de la Presse Parisienne (NMPP) launched a pilot project in collaboration with eight national newspapers and 157 sales of point in Marseille, representing 70% to 80% of daily newspaper sales on site. The operation, called My Press Card, offers readers to buy a prepaid card in store to acquire their favorite newspaper at a promotional rate (-17% to -25% savings) when they want, but within a fixed period of time, between three and 12 weeks. Buying a prepaid card at EUR20 of Le Figaro, for example, entitles to 20 issues (excluding weekends) within eight weeks, a savings of 30 cents per issue. The card of Libration charges EUR10 for 10 issues and is valid for three weeks. The experiment will last six months. If it generates an increase of 10% to 20% of sales, it should be extended to ten big French cities, that is to between 10,000 and 15,000 stores nationwide. In the first three months of 2009, OJD (French Audit Bureau of Circulations) measured the pick-up rate of all French free dailies and some weeklies. Two dozen free dailies (including different local editons) were audited. With very few exceptions, the pick-up rate is above 95% and in many cases even above 99%. Both Metro and 20 Minutes in Paris, the two largest free daily editions in France, have a pick-up rate of more than 99% in all months. Direct Matin Plus and Direct Matin perform somewhat less but even those have less than 5% of their copies not picked up. Readership Readership at French newspapers stayed the same in the period from July 2008 to July 2009 compared to the
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previous year, according to a survey by Audipresse detailed in Le Figaro. In all, 24.2 million of French citizens over the age of 15, or 48 percent of the population, flip through a newspaper each day. The current stabilization of newspaper readership, however, follows two successive waves of growth. Not all types of newspapers fared the same either. While free dailies saw readership increase by about 2 percent, the national newspapers experienced an overall decline of 2 percent. Readership at regional dailies remained static. Among the national newspapers, Le Figaro alone held on to its readership figures, achieving its second best audience (1.3 million) since Audipresse began its Etude de la presse dinformation quotidienne, or EPIQ, in 2005. In contrast, readership at Le Monde, Libration and sports daily LEquipe dropped two to four times the average. Online / Digital Publishing There were no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitored e-mail or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail. In September 2009, Frances lower house of parliament has approved a pioneering bill allowing authorities to cut off Internet access to people who download illegally. The bill has garnered attention beyond France, both from music and film industries struggling to keep up official revenue and from privacy advocates who say it threatens civil liberties. The measure passed in the National Assembly following approval by the Senate in July. It must clear another hurdle to become law, gaining approval from a small committee from both houses of parliament. Under the bill, pirates who ignore e-mail warnings and a registered letter could see their Internet connections cut for up to a year. They could also face up to EUR300,000 in fines or jail time. French news sites like LExpress and Le Figaro will be providing paid-for online content, Le Monde reported. News magazine LExpress intends to propose a paywall in 2010. Le Monde already provides certain pay-for features on its site. Lefigaro.fr is the leading French news site, with 6.6 million unique visitors per month, according to Press News. French daily newspaper Le Figaro has announced details of its plans to charge for online content, offering three different tiers of subscriptions. The three levels will be called Connect, Select and Business: Connect is a free subscription that allows access to free email newsletters with general, cultural and financial news. It also enables users to comment on articles and create a personalised front page.
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Select also offers these features, and in addition, it includes more in-depth news, and specialist reporting on politics, culture, and international news. It features a selection of articles from The New York Times translated into French, access to the digital edition of the newspaper from 3am, 30 archived articles a month, and access to networks of other subscribers with common interests. Subscribers can publish their own articles and ask questions directly to Le Figaros journalists about a particular theme of the news. All of this will cost subscribers EUR8 a month, with the first month free. The third level, Business, gives subscribers access to everything included in Select, but with 90 archived articles a month instead of 30. It will also add a morning and afternoon economics newsletter, as well as news about business and management, a business-focused social network, and a concierge service for restaurant and travel bookings. It will cost EUR15 a month. The Paris-based citizen photojournalism agency Citizenside has partnered with Metro International to launch a new website for citizen reporting. The site, MetroReporter, allows readers to upload and share their news photos and video. All contributions are vetted by editors before being posted. If they are published in print or on Metros primary site, the member is paid between EUR10 and EUR70. Membership of MetroReporter is free and Metro has agreed to purchase and publish user contributions on a regular basis. This means that an international publication has plans to regularly pay its audience to contribute content, rather than expecting user-generated content to be free. Citizenside has also partnered with French free daily 20 Minutes to launch a citizen journalism portal on the newspapers website 20minutes.fr. In the area la une des lecteurs (the readers front page) there is a new section called vos images (your images) where readers can upload their photos and see them sorted and published. Media / Press Laws The constitution and law provide for freedom of speech and of the press, and the government generally respected these rights in practice. An independent press, an effective judiciary, and a functioning democratic political system combined to ensure freedom of speech and of the press. There were some limitations of freedom of speech and of the press. Strict antidefamation laws prohibit racially or religiously motivated verbal and physical abuse. Written or oral speech that incites racial or ethnic hatred as well as denial of the Holocaust and crimes against humanity are illegal. On October 27, comic Dieudonne MBala MBala was fined EUR14,300 (USD20,400) by a Paris
court for lauding a renowned Holocaust denier, Robert Faurisson, during a show. Authorities may deport a noncitizen for publicly using hate speech or constituting a threat of terrorism." Copyright In December 2009, a Paris court ruled that Google Inc. is breaking French law with its policy of digitizing books, handing the U.S. Internet giant a EUR10,000-a-day fine until it rids its search engine of the literary extracts. A judge also ordered Google to pay EUR300,000 in damages and interest to French publisher La Martiniere, which brought the case on behalf of a group of French publishers. The attorney for Google, Alexandra Neri, said Google plans to appeal the decision. Googles plans to scan millions of books to make them available online has drawn criticism from publishers and libraries in both the U.S. and Europe. Even if the case doesnt have much financial impact on Google or force a big change in its bookscanning strategy, it is a reminder that its ambitions are increasingly colliding with fears that the company is getting too powerful. The judgment will have negligible impact on Internet users outside of France, and French books from publishers Google has agreements with will remain searchable, even in France. A consortium of French technology companies announced a plan to create a book scanning project they said would be better than Googles, but only in three years time. Printing & Distribution In the first week of January 2010, the distribution company Presstalis (ex-NMPP) blocked the distribution of newspapers to different parts of the country two days in a row. It was northern France and part of central France that went without their national daily newspapers on Wednesday, January 6. Newspapers were distributed normally in the east, west and south. Le Monde made a PDF version of that days newspaper available for free on its website. On Thursday, January 7, distribution was interrupted in the east and south of the country. By contrast, the north of France, including Paris, received its newspapers mostly as normal. In response, France Soir decided not to publish a Friday edition. The newspapers director of communications Cyrille Benoist said that the decision was both symbolic and collective. Its a painful decision, he said, that we wished to make, to respond to the absurd with the absurd. The union for printing and distribution workers, le Syndicat Gnral du Livre et de la Communication Ecrite, was behind the interruption. The union is protesting the cost-cutting plans of by Presstalis, Frances principal distribution company, formerly known as
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Nouvelles Messageries de la Presse Parisienne. The company has decided not to renew the fixed contracts of some staff. More broadly, the company has embarked on an extensive process of modernisation, known as the Dfi 2010 plan, and aims to make savings of EUR50 million in 2009 and 2010. This action was the latest in a series of protests against the cutbacks. In October 2009, the distribution company staged a 24-hour strike, meaning most national daily newspapers were absent from the newsstands. Strikes are not uncommon in the French newspaper industry. A 24-hour strike by editorial staff at dailies Le Parisien and Aujourdhui en France in December 2009 meant that the newspapers did not publish an edition on one day. On February 4, 2010 a raid by union militants on a printing works east of Paris destroyed 150,000 copies of the free newspaper Direct Matin, a police source said. A 40-strong group broke into the Brodard Graphique site in Coulommiers shortly after midnight and used fire hoses to soak copies of the newspaper. Militants from the Livre trade union opposed to Brodard Graphique printing the newspaper were thought to be behind the attack, according to a source close to the case. Police said shortly after the incident, two delivery lorries loaded with copies of the newspaper had their tyres burst. Brodard Graphique began producing the newspaper on Tuesday, after Groupe Bollore ended its contract with another printer. The Brodard Graphique management said they had lodged a complaint with the police for trespass and criminal damage. Taxes A French investigation into creation and the Internet has proposed a Google tax on online advertising revenues, it was widely reported in the French press. Culture minister Frdric Mitterrand launched the mission Zelnik in September 2009, comprising Patrick Zelnik, CEO of independent music label Nave, Jacques Toubon, former minister of culture and Guillaume Cerutti, CEO of Sothebys France. The proposals made to support content creation will require about EUR50 million of financing in 2010, then EUR35 million to EUR40 million a year in 2011 and 2012, and this is where the Google tax, as coined by Toubon, would come in. The recommendation to tax Google and other internet giants such as Microsoft, AOL, Yahoo or Facebook reflects complaints from online news outlets and cultural sites that these companies make much of their advertising revenue from using content without the owners permission, according to AFP. The Zelnik report also asked the government to ask the competition authorities to look into competition in the online advertising sector. State Support In 2009, The European Commission opened an indepth probe into Frances plans to boost aid to state broadcaster France Televisions, while authorising EUR450 million (USD643 million) in subsidies for 2009. France plans to phase out advertising from its public channels and provide subsidies instead for France Televisions which runs France 2, France 3, France 4 and France 5 among others. The state has in effect promised to contribute funding from a new tax levied against telephony operators and internet providers and an annual subsidy, which together would exceed two billion euros by 2012. Brussels is keen to ensure that such funding does not skew competition in the TV market. However the commission stressed that it authorised the initial 450-million-euro payment as complying with European Commission treaty state aid rules. In June 2009, Laurent Wauquiez, Secretary of State for Employment to the Minister of Economy, launched the training of print media employees to the new technology. He officially signed a development agreement for the employment and skills (CEDA), which binds the state and representatives of the profession. EUR18.5 million are mobilized for a period of three years (2009-2011), including EUR5.5 million from the state and EUR13 million of the joint body devoted to vocational training, Mdiafor. The CEDA agreement is one of the measures of the Convention of the Press (Les Etats gnraux de la presse crite) launched October 2, 2008 by President Nicolas Sarkozy. The Convention of the Press is to provide answers to the economic difficulties facing the press, especially regarding the development of the Internet and free newspapers. The Convention of the Press has a budget of EUR600 million over three years. Mid-June 2009, Christine Albanel, Minister of Culture, stated that half of the thirty steps relevant to the state had been achieved. In June 2009, in an effort to aid its ailing newspapers, the French government offered adults between the ages of 18 and 24 a free one-year subscription to their favourite broadsheet or tabloid. Trade unions foresee 200,000 subscriptions with a potential of reaching 750,000 young adults, Culture Minister Christine Albanel said. The measure will cost the government some EUR5 million (USD7 million) a year. The project is another part of a series of measures proposed by President Nicolas Sarkozy to help struggling French newspapers.
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The online news publishers will receive an allocation of EUR20.2 million in 2010 and in 2011, said Frederic Mitterrand, minister of Culture and Communication at a press conference for presentation of the 2010 state budget. Online publishers will also have access to a fund to support the online service.
Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; AFP; CBNews; WAN-IFRA - Editors Weblog; Le Figaro; TarifMedia.com; Media Week; Les Echos; Time; Le Monde; FDN Newsletter; The New York Times; AP via European Journalism Centre; EU Business
2.ca 2.cb

Children Without children With children Total Source: EPIQ 2009 Households 000 % 26,271 24,147 50,430 52.1 47.9 100
Occupancy 1 person 2 people 3 people 4 people 5 or more people Total Source: EPIQ 2009
Households 000 % 9,278 17,306 9,149 9,305 5,392 50,430 18.4 34.3 18.1 18.5 10.7 100
Age Under 25 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total Source: EPIQ 2009 Map: CIA The World Factbook
2.a 3.a
Housewives 000 % 172 478 576 597 643 1,249 3,713 4.6 12.9 15.5 16.1 17.3 33.6 100
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08

All individuals 000 % 7,584 7,606 8,774 8,304 7,751 10,410 50,430 15.0 15.1 17.4 16.5 15.4 20.6 100 Male 000 3,844 3,762 4,302 4,110 3,708 4,401 24,125 % 15.9 15.6 17.8 17.0 15.4 18.2 100 Female 000 % 3,742 3,844 4,472 4,194 4,043 6,009 26,305 14.2 14.6 17.0 15.9 15.4 22.8 100 Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies 1 Regional and local paid-for dailies Total free dailies Total paid-for Sundays National paid-for Sundays Regional and local paid-for Sundays
1
Age 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total Source: EPIQ 2009
2.b
93 85 24 61 82 33 3 30
93 85 24 61 82 34 3 31
95 85 24 61 10 2 37 3 34
95 85 24 61 10 2 42 3 39
98 85 24 61 13 3 45 4 41
5.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 62.50 36.36 33.33 36.67
3.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 30.00 7.14 33.33 5.13
Source: DDM; SPQN; SPQR; WAN-IFRA assessment (free dailies) Including 10 national dailies of general coverage (Aujourd'hui en France, France Soir, L'Humanit, La Croix, La Tribune, Le Figaro, Le Monde, Les Echos, Libration, and Prsent), and 14 national specialized dailies (Bilto, L'Actu, L'Equipe, La Gazette des courses, Le Favori, Matin courses, Mon Quotidien, Paris Turf, Quint Plus Magazine, Paris Courses, Spciale Dernire le Meilleur, Tierc Magazine, Le Petit Quotidien, and Quoti) 2 Including as one title 20 Minutes (8 editions in Paris, Bordeaux, Toulouse, Lille, Lyon, Marseille, Nantes, Strasbourg), and Metro (9 editions in Paris, Marseille, Lyon, Toulouse, Lille, Bordeaux, Nice, Strasbourg, Nantes+Rennes = Metro Ouest) 3 Including as one title 20 Minutes (8 editions in Paris, Bordeaux, Toulouse, Lille, Lyon, Marseille, Nantes, Strasbourg), and Metro (9 editions in Paris, Marseille, Rhne-Alpes/Lyon, Toulouse, Lille, Bordeaux, Cte d'Azur-Nice, Strasbourg, Ouest/Nantes-Rennes)

All adults 000 % 12,340 15,130 552 22,408 50,430 24.5 30.0 1.1 44.4 100 Male 000 7,042 7,324 388 9,370 24,125 % 29.2 30.4 1.6 41.8 100 Female 000 % 5,297 7,807 165 13,038 26,305 20.1 29.7 0.6 58.2 100
Social class A+B C1+C2 D E Total Source: EPIQ 2009
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3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
5.c
Media consumption
2005 (minutes per day) 2006 2007 2008 31 25 32 25 33 25 2009 32 24
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies 1 Regional and local paid-for dailies Total free dailies Total paid-for Sundays National paid-for Sundays Regional and local paid-for Sundays
1
9,247 7,807 2,140 5,667
9,469 7,686 2,114 5,572
10,230 10,290 7,649 7,600 2,118 2,140 5,531 5,460
9,760 7,362 2,035 5,327
5.55 -5.70 -4.91 -6.00 66.53 5.20 13.84 3.50
-5.15 -3.13 -4.91 -2.44 -10.86 4.45 6.90 3.90
National newspapers Regional and local newspapers Source: EPIQ

6.a
32 24
1,440 1,783 2,581 2,690 2,398 4,308 4,282 4,308 4,339 4,532 708 729 753 754 806 3,600 3,553 3,555 3,586 3,726
Online editions
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Source: 2005 OJD DSH; 2006-2009 OJD; WAN-IFRA assessment (free dailies) Including circulation of only 12 national dailies according to OJD/DSH data (DSH data = figures declared by publishers): Aujourd'hui en France, La Croix, Les Echos, L'Equipe general edition, Le Figaro, International Herald Tribune, France Soir, L'Humanit, Libration, Le Monde, Paris Turf, and La Tribune. These 12 titles represented 92% of total national circulation in 2002.
National dailies Regional & local dailies Total
12 32 44
12 33 45
12 37 49
12 45 57
12 45 57
0.00 40.63 29.55
0.00 0.00 0.00
Source: 2005 SPQR; SPP; 2006 WAN assessment; 2007 SPQR; WAN assessment; 2008-2009 SPQR/SPQN
6.c

Website Unique visitors per month (000) 5,364 5,347 3,943 3,699 3,649 2,303 1,369 1,355 932 865
Newspaper
4.a

(mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08 Le Figaro Le Monde Le Parisien 20 Minutes Liberation Ouest France Le Journal du Dimanche La Depeche du Midi La Voix du Nord Le Telegramme Source: Nielsen NetRatings
6.d
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Total free dailies Total paid-for Sundays National paid-for Sundays Regional and local paid-for Sundays
2,410 2,675 2,874 2,897 2,757 2,410 2,325 2,347 2,342 2,263 657 645 639 656 619 1,753 1,680 1,708 1,686 1,644 218 36 182 350 223 38 185 527 223 39 184 555 224 39 186 494 224 41 193
14.40 -6.10 -5.78 -6.22 2.75 13.89 6.04
-4.83 -3.37 -5.64 -2.49 -10.99 0.00 5.13 3.76
lefigaro.f lemonde.fr leparisien.fr 20minutes.fr liberation.fr ouest-france.fr lejdd.fr ladepeche.fr lavoixdunord.fr letelegramme.fr
Source: 2005-2007 OJD DSH; 2008-2009 OJD

4.c

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08

2005 2006 68.0 40.0 20.0 5.0 100 (%) 2007 49.0 48 34.0 14.0 3.0 100 2008 48 2009 48 Internet subscribers Internet users
Single copy sales Subscriptions Home deliveries Postal deliveries Free distribution Total Source: OJD
4.d
67.3 7.9 18.7 4.3 100
13,217 15,252 17,058 18,700 20,338 26,156.4 28,765.7 40,786.8 43,847.0 44,625.3
53.88 70.61
8.76 1.78

6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
5.a
9,471
12,711 15,550 17,691 19,398
104.81
9.65
Cover prices (2009)

(France, euro) min max

(%) Reached
6.f

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Single copy Subscription Source: SPQR/SPQN
0.80 0.55
1.40 1.10
All adults Men Women Main household shopper Source: EPIQ 2009
41.7 46.3 37.5 40.8
7.aa
23.82
2.71

2004 (France, euro, bln) 2005 2006 2007 1,726 1,808 1,892 2008 1,948
Age
% % daily reach of readership within age group 11.1 11.8 15.6 16.3 17.6 27.6 100 30.7 32.6 37.5 41.2 47.8 55.8 41.7

7.ab
1,660
15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total

2004 (France, euro, 000) 2005 2006 2007 28.3 29.5 30.7 2008 31.4
27.4
Source: EPIQ 2008 Paid-for dailies only
220
FRANCE
7.ac
(%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48

7.f
7.g

Advertiser Renault Carrefour Magasins Citroen Lidl Peugeot Mercedes Benz SFR Audi Orange Credit Agricole Expenditure (France, euro, 000) 68,441 62,425 55,857 46,137 40,615 36,665 36,144 32,009 30,264 29,903
Advertising sector Auto Retail Culture & leisure Information media Services Insurance Real estate Travel & tourism Distribution Telecoms
Ad expenditure
0.55
0.55
0.54
0.52
Expenditure (France, euro, 000) 463,215 375,740 309,813 283,511 276,268 201,397 176,032 153,173 140,323 124,582
7.ba

(France, euro, mln) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Press Newspapers Magazines Television Radio Cinema Outdoor Internet Total Source: IREP 2009
7.c
4,506 2,244 2,263 4,209 1,001 126 1,414 542 11,798
4,396 2,205 2,191 4,306 951 138 1 428 740 11,959
4,247 2,139 2,108 4,112 921 117 1,455 1,007 11,859
3,547 1,801 1,746 3,660 839 117 1,290 1,179 10,632

8.a

Publishing company Total circulation (000) 785,967 331,022 323,039 315,504 311,483 304,144 281,851 241,867 219,188 217,652
(France, euro, mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Total free dailies Total paid-for non-dailies National paid-for non-dailies Regional and local paid-for non-dailies Source: IREP
2,510.5 1,420.5 357.5 1,063 1,090 2,242.8 2,107.5 135.3
2,608.0 1,440.0 362.0 1,078 1,168 2,236.0 2,099.0 137.0
2,595.0 1,399.0 331.0 1,068 1,196 2,162.0 2,025.0 137.0
2,510.0 2,043.0 1,395.0 1,244.0 316.0 260.0 1,079 984 1,115 799 2,071.0 1,706.0 1,935.0 1,579.0 136.0 127.0
-18.62 -12.43 -27.27 -7.43 -26.70 -23.93 -25.08 -6.13
-18.61 -10.82 -17.72 -8.80 -28.34 -17.62 -18.40 -6.62
Ouest France Le Figaro Le Monde L'Equipe Le Parisien Sud Ouest La Voix du Nord La Dauphin Libr International Herald Tribune Le Progrs Source: OJD 2009
2004 Display Classified Source: IREP 71.0 29.0
2005 70.1 29.9
(%) 2006 70.3 29.7
2007 68.0 32.0
2008 77.0 23.0
Data available only on commercial advertisements and classified ads

8.ba

Language Publishing company French French French French French French Socit Ouest France, SA Socit du Figaro, SA Socit ditrice du Monde, SA LEquipe 24/24, SA SNC Le Parisien La Socit Anonyme de Presse et dEdition du Sud Ouest (S.A.P.E.S.O.) La Voix du Nord, SA Le Dauphin Libr, SA The New York Times Company Le Progrs, SA Circulation Readership Cover price usual (000) (000) (France, euro) 786 331 323 315 311 304 2,242 1,268 1,841 2,262 1,616 1,053 0.80 1.30 1.40 0.95 1.00 0.90 Format Berliner Berliner Berliner Broadsheet Tabloid Tabloid
Title Ouest France Le Figaro Le Monde LEquipe Le Parisien Sud Ouest
La Voix du Nord Le Dauphin Libr International Herald Tribune Le Progrs
French French English French
282 242 219 218
1,020 843 729
1.00 0.85 3.00 0.90
Tabloid Berliner Berliner Berliner
Source: OJD 2009; EPIQ 2009; SPQR; SPQN
221
FRANCE
8.bb

Founded Language Publishing company (year) 2002 2002 2007 2006 2004 2002 2004 2009 2005 2009 French French French French French French French French French French Circulation Readership (000) (000) 712 660 386 345 65 58 50 32 28 27 2,129 1,865 666 786 Format Tabloid Tabloid Micro (half-Berliner) Micro (half-Berliner) Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid
Title 20 Minutes 1 Metro 3 Direct Matin Plus 4 Direct Soir 6 Direct Lyon Plus 8 Direct Marseille Plus 9 Direct Lille Plus 10 Direct Strasbourg Plus Direct Montpellier Plus 11 Direct Nice Plus
1 2
20 Minutes France (SAS) 2 SAS Publications Metro France (Metro International) Matin Plus, SA 5 Direct Soir, SA 7 Le Progrs (Socpresse) La Provence (Hachette Filipacchi Mdias) La Voix du Nord (Socpresse) Bollor Group Midi Libre (Le Monde) Bollor Group
Source: OJD 2009; EPIQ 2008-2009; WAN-IFRA records 8 editions in 2004-2009: Paris, Bordeaux, Toulouse, Lille, Lyon, Marseille, Nantes, Strasbourg The capital of 20 Minutes is held by the Norwegian group Schibsted (50%), one of the principal Scandinavian media groups, and by the French group Sipa (publisher of the regional newspaper Ouest France, a part of theOuest France Group), through the corporations Sofiouest (25%) and Spir Communication (25%). 3 9 editions in 2009: Paris, Marseille, Rhne-Alpes/Lyon, Toulouse, Lille, Bordeaux, Cte dAzur-Nice, Strasbourg, Ouest/Nantes-Rennes 4 The former title was Matin Plus until December 2007. 5 Main shareholders Vincent Bollor, Socit editrice du Monde, and Sofiprom 6 Afternoon daily 7 Major shareholders: Bollor, Bollor Investissement, Sofiprom 8 Formerly Lyon Plus, name of the title changed in 2009 9 Formerly Marseille Plus, name of the title changed in 2009 10 Formerly Lille Plus, name of the title changed in 2009 11 Formerly Montpellier Plus, name of the title changed in 2009
9.a
Employment
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
12.
Taxes (2009)
% 19.6 2.1 2.1 19.6 19.6 6 6 33 33
Tax Standard VAT VAT on: Single copy sales Subscription sales Advertising Newsprint Composition Plant Tax on profits standard rate Tax on profits for newspapers Source: Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu; Distripress
Total number of journalists 5,441 Total number of employees 18,259 Source: SPQR Regional press only
10.c
5,467 5,389 17,384 16,460
-0.96 -9.85
-1.43 -5.32
Newsprint costs
2002 (France, euro) 2003 2004 2005 505 2006 1 518
Average per ton Source: SPPP-CFPP

1
570
March 2006
11.
Research (2009)
Circulation is audited by Diffusion Contrle/OJD, a collaboration of newspapers, agencies and advertisers Readership is measured by TNS Sofres Methodology 25,500 telephone interviews throughout the year
Source: SPQR/SPQN
222
FRANCE
13.a
15.a
Are there any direct subsidies? In 2002 the finance ministry introduced a new subsidy to help pay for the distribution of national daily newspapers providing political and general information. In 1998 two new funds made loans available to publishers under certain conditions: 1. The Multimedia Press Fund The government has created a fund to help the French print media modernise and adapt to new information technologies. This fund shall advance money to print media companies, part of which must be repaid. 40% of this advance may be rebated when the publisher is able to prove a given project has been completed. 2. The Modernisation Fund for daily newspapers This fund is financed by the proceeds of a 1% tax levied on advertisers investing in the free and commercial printed media (free and promotional papers, brochures, catalogues, direct mailing and so on). The objective of this aid is to finance modernisation projects presented by publishers, treated on a case-by-case basis. To be eligible for this (direct) subsidy, projects have to be innovative, outside of daily management, have positive effects on employment and the financial health of the company.
Source: SPQR/SPQN
13.b
Does any law exist governing publishing-house ownership, or the registration of shares in newspaper-publishing companies? Yes. No silent partners are allowed. Shares in publishing companies must be registered. The holder of the majority of shares is considered the publisher. Is there any law prohibiting or restricting foreign companies or individuals from owning shares, and in particular, the majority of shares, of domestic daily newspapers? Yes. Foreign companies and individuals may own no more than 20% of the capital in a company that publishes a newspaper. No individual shareholder can hold more than 49% of the capital or voting rights. Is there any law prohibiting daily newspaper or periodical publishers from operating radio or television stations in the same locality? Yes. Law of september 30th 1986 on Freedom of communication. General principle / the rule of any two of four. At national level To protect pluralism on the national level in analogue or digital mode, no authorisation may be issued to a person who, on account thereof, would be in more than two of the following situations: 1 Be a holder of one or more authorisations for television services broadcast by terrestrial radio link in digital mode that allows servicing of areas whose recorded population stands at 4 million people; 2 Be a holder of one or more authorisation for radio broadcasting services that allows servicing of areas whose recorded population stands at 30 million people; 3 Be a holder of one or more authorisations to distribute services that allow servicing of areas whose recorded population stands at 6 million people; At regional/local level To protect pluralism on the regional and local level in analogue or digital mode, no authorisation for a radio or television broadcasting service, other than national, by terrestrial radio link or the operation of a network that distributes radio and television broadcasting services by cable may be issued for a specific geographic area to a person who, on account thereof, would be in more than two of the following situations: 1 Be a holder of one or more authorisations for television services, whether national or not, broadcast by terrestrial radio link in the area in question;
Direct subsidies
(France, euro, mln) Change (%) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008/04 2008/07
Total amount Source: SPQR/SPQN

14.
61.3
106.0 101.0
89.0
92.0
50.08
3.37
Discounts (2008)
Discount rate (%) 60
Discount on rates of Railroad Source: DDM
223
FRANCE
2 Be a holder of one or more authorisations for radio broadcasting services, whether national or not, whose total potential audience in the area in question exceeds 10 percent of the total potential audiences in the same area of all public or authorised services of the same kind; 3 Be a holder of one or more authorisations for the operation of networks that distribute radio and television broadcasting services by cable within said area; No individual shareholder can hold more than 49% of the capital or voting rights, either directly or indirectly, of a TV station broadcasting on terrestrial if that companys average annual audience share across all platforms is greater than 2.5%. No individual or legal entity holding an analogue radio licence may reach more than 150 million listeners, either through its own transmissions, or through the programming it supplies to other licence-holders, or through any combination of these. So as to guarantee disclosure and transparency in the capital structure and to avoid silent partners, is there any law or rule permitting in any event the possibility of finding out who are the actual owners of a publishing company? Yes. The law of August 1, 1986 prohibits the lending of ones name to any publishing company by falsely applying for shares, another instrument or the purchase of a company. The shares of any joint venture must be registered, and any transfer must receive the prior approval of the companys board of administrators or supervisory board. Moreover, every newspaper issue must contain the names of the owners if the company is not a legal entity, or the designation, registration office, form and name of the legal representative if the company is a legal entity. Is there an antitrust law limiting concentration in the daily press? Yes. The law of November 30 1986 prohibits the acquisition, takeover or management of one or more general or political-interest dailies by any individual or legal entity, or by any group of people, when such an action would permit control or ownership, directly or indirectly, of the publication(s) if the total circulation is greater than 30% of the total circulation on the national territory of printed daily publications of the same kind.
Source: SPQR/SPQN
224
GERMANY
General economic situation The German economy, the fifth largest economy in the world in purchasing power parity terms and Europes largest, began to contract in the second quarter of 2008 as the strong euro, high oil prices, tighter credit markets, and slowing growth abroad took their toll on Germanys export-dependent economy. At just 1% in 2008, GDP growth was negative in 2009. Recent stimulus and lender relief efforts led to strong growth in 2007, while unemployment in 2008 fell below 8%, a new postreunification low. Germanys aging population, combined with high chronic unemployment, has pushed social security outlays to a level exceeding contributions. The modernization and integration of the eastern German economy, where unemployment still exceeds 30% in some municipalities, continues to be a costly long-term process, with annual transfers from west to east amounting to roughly USD80 billion. The inflation rate was estimated at 0% in 2009. Newspaper launches / closures In March 2009 it was reported that German publisher Holtzbrinck (Handelsblatt) was ending the print edition of free newspaper News am Abend, which was distributed from 4 p.m. in first class coaches of German ICE trains. However, German railways Deutsche Bahn indicated they wanted to continue the free daily project, with or without Holtzbrinck. In May 2009 Personal News stopped its print edition due to greater demand for its electronic version. The personalised newspaper, which allowed users to tailor their news to specific topics from 20 regional, national and international newspapers, was launched in December 2008 as a test run. The project was developed by German start-up company Syntops Ltd.
In October 2009 Hamburger Abendblatt launched a weekend supplement to be included in Sonnabendausgabe newspaper. The 8-page supplement Performance of newspapers vs. other media features interviews and lifestyle articles about the city. The number of German online radio stations has sharply The supplement is the first metropolitan magazine in risen in the past years. By April 2009, there were 1,914 newspaper format. online radios. By the end of 2009, their number was expected to increase to approximately 2,200, which In October 2009 Polish newspaper publisher Agora means a five-fold increase in stations since 2006 when introduced a Berlin edition of its free newspaper Metro. there were around 450. The newspaper was published on October 21, 2009 with an initial circulation of 30,000 copies. The A3, 12-page Nearly four fifths of German online radio stations are German-language edition should serve as a medium for available only on the Internet. The others are live streams tourism information. of FM radio stations (so-called simulcast streams). Over 120 online channels from FM radio stations exist in In October 2009 two young German entrepreneurs Germany. launched a newspaper tailored to readers individual wishes and delivered to their door before 8 a.m. The Online radios are listened to for an average of 73 personalised newspaper, called Niiu, carries articles in minutes per day. At 91 minutes, the simulcast streams of both English and German and is aimed primarily at FM broadcasters have a distinctly longer use per day students, explained founders Hendrik Tiedemann (27) than online-only channels, which average 64 minutes. and Wanja Soeren Oberhof (23). Initially, the newspaper The data are based upon a large, representative sample of consisted of 16 pages. Customers of the paper choose German online radios conducted from May to June what topics they want to read about, be it sport, politics, of 2009. fashion or any from a wide choice, and receive news only on their chosen subjects collected together and delivered Performance of different types of newspapers like any other newspaper. Users must select their news On November 2, 2009, Handelsblatt, Germanys sources for the following days newspaper by 2 p.m. leading business newspaper, relaunched in tabloid Articles are pulled together from major German format. The new smaller format, referred to as newspapers such as Handelsblatt, Bild and Tagesspiegel, a business-format, is composed of 64 pages, as opposed foreign titles such as the International Herald Tribune or to its previous 32, and is stapled down the the New York Times, as well as major blogs and Internet spine. The newspapers website also underwent news sources. For the right to print their news, Niiu pays a makeover. The relaunch came at an estimated cost of a licence to these newspapers. The first edition was EUR350,000. successfully circulated on November 16, 2009. The newspaper is available from Monday to Saturday. Niiu Welt am Sonntag (the Sunday edition of Die Welt) won aimed to have 5,000 subscribers within six months. the Society of News Designs Worlds Best-Designed Newspaper award in 2009. The newspaper also made its In January 2010 the Financial Times Germany online debut in November 2009. suspended its health industry monthly supplement Medbiz. Medbiz was launched in March 2006.
GERMANY
The 20-page supplement was aimed at decision makers from hospitals, pharmaceutical and medical technology companies, banks and insurance companies, universities, and medical personnel. Medbiz will continue to appear on the newspapers website and in special supplements. In January 2010, German publishing group M. DuMont Schauberg, which owns the daily newspaper Berliner Kurier, announced its intentions to launch a news supplement aimed directly at a younger audience. The move came after news magazine Spiegel successfully had launched Dein Spiegel in 2009, a separate publication from its news magazine and aimed at young readers between the ages of nine and 12. Since its debut in September 2009, with the first edition focusing on the then hot topic of Germanys general election, the publication has enjoyed considerable success and now lines the shelves of newsstands across the country. In July 2009 it was reported that Axel Springer planned to launch an international weekly edition of its flagship daily, Die Welt, in a 48-page tabloid format starting February 2010. The newspaper should be available from airlines. Online / Digital Publishing There were no government restrictions on access to the Internet; however, government agencies may monitor e-mail or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail. of November 2009, offering access to all articles and a smarter homepage for EUR1.59 a month. In December 2009, Axel Springer launched its paid-for iPhone applications for two of its German titles, the tabloid Bild and Die Welt. Christoph Keese, head of public affairs at Axel Springer and an architect of its online strategy, also announced Axel Springers intention to work with Google and other search engines to develop a direct payment system, which will charge for individual articles when users click on Googles search results. Mr. Keese wants publishers and Internet companies to work together to create a one-click marketplace solution for their online content instead of separate pay walls around individual newspaper websites. In that system, Google or other Internet gateways would display links to newspaper articles, videos and other content from a variety of providers, as search engines currently provide. In February 2010 Germany indicated it might take legal action to prevent Google Street View from offering photos on the countrys cities and streets. The countrys consumer protection minister has warned of a million fold violation of privacy rights. The countrys Consumer Protection Minister Ilse Aigner said she was considering reversing a 2009 settlement whereby individuals would have to object should they not want to have their house or property photographed. Aigner suggested it should be Google who has to seek permission from individuals to put their data online. Google rejected the criticism, saying that it had been granted the permission to take the pictures under the 2009 settlement with the German authorities. The deal included a provision that licence plates and faces would be blurred and that any individual could object to photographs appearing online. Google said only some hundred people so far had objected. The Internet company plans to make the street view service available later in 2010.
Federal and state laws permitted the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (FOPC) and state offices for the protection of the constitution (OPCs) to monitor the private e-mails and chat room postings of individuals and groups under FOPC and OPC surveillance; an independent commission elected by a parliamentary control body was responsible for oversight of such activities. The law prohibits access to material such as child pornography and Nazi propaganda. In February 2010 Axel Springer decided to add online paywalls on two of its German newspapers, the Berliner According to 2009 research by ComScore, Germany has Morgenpost and the Hamburger Abendblatt. It is free to the largest number of Internet users in Europe, followed access national news on Abendblatt.de, but it costs extra by the United Kingdom. The study found that of the 17 for content specific to the Hamburg region. European countries individually reported by comScore, Subscriptions for both are renewed every month. Germanys online audience was the largest with 40 million unique visitors in April 2009, followed by the Ownership Active in 35 countries with more than 170 titles, Axel UK (36.8 million), and France (36.3 million). Springer is Germanys largest newspaper publisher and In November 2009, Sddeutsche Zeitung declared its third-largest magazine publisher. intentions to publish fewer free articles online. Springers most popular Berlin tabloid, B.Z. was set to charge for In February 2009, Axel Springer sold its stakes in four its previously free iPhone application. For a one off regional newspapers to the Hannover-based payment of just EUR0.79 users should have access to all Verlagsgruppe Madsack for a total of EUR310 million. photo galleries and articles, which as of 2010 will require It said it wanted to concentrate on its national a subscription. Similarly, Sddeutsche Zeitung was dailies Die Bild and Die Welt and to expand its online about to charge for its own application from the middle business.
GERMANY
In March 2009 German media manager Dieter von Holtzbrinck announced he would buy Handelsblatt, the countrys biggest financial newspaper, from his halfbrother Stefan von Holtzbrinck, who is selling publications to focus on the Internet. Dieter von Holtzbrinck will also gain control of Berlins Der Tagesspiegel newspaper and take a 50 percent stake in the Die Zeit weekly. In March 2009, Axel Springer sold its fully owned unit Elmshorner Nachrichten and a minority stake in Pinneberger Tageblatt newspaper to SchleswigHolsteinischen Zeitungsverlag (SHZ). In April 2009, the management board of Axel Springer AG decided to implement a bonus share and share participation program. The bonus share program and the share participation program are voluntary and will be offered once. A maximum of approximately 8,000 employees are authorized to participate. All of the shares issued within the framework of the two programs are made available from the assets of Axel Springer AG. The holding period for the shares from the bonus share program is one year ending May 31, 2010 and for the share participation program two years ending May 31, 2011. On November 25, 2009, Axel Springer announced its planned purchase of a 29% stake in Turkish media group Dogan Yayin Holding was suspended, not cancelled, after talks between Dogan and the Turkish government on a tax fine failed. Axel Springer had previously announced its plan to buy the stake on the condition that Dogan settle the tax row with Turkish authorities. The fine relates to transactions after Axel Springer bought a stake in Dogan TV, a unit of Dogan Yayin. In the planned 29% stake, Axel Springe was to have three seats out of 10 on Dogan Yayins board and the right to nominate one person with a veto to Dogans executive committee. deemed extremist. On November 17, the Federal Constitutional Court limited free speech that specifically endorses neo-Nazi doctrines, claiming this was an exceptional circumstance. Individuals could criticise the government publicly or privately without reprisal, and an active independent media expressed a wide variety of views without government restriction. However, making or disseminating oral statements or propaganda inciting racial hatred, endorsing Nazism, or denying the Holocaust is prohibited. On August 13, 2009 the Federal Court of Justice ruled that persons can be prosecuted for displaying Nazi slogans in the country only if they are in the German language. The court argued that translations of Nazi slogans cannot be considered as Nazi symbols, since Nazi slogans are inseparably connected with the use of the German language. On January 27, 2009, Hamburg police confiscated 500 copies of the second edition of the Newspaper Witnesses that contained a supplement of the Nazi-era newspaper Racial Observer (Voelkischer Beobachter) and a Nazi poster. The confiscation was part of a nationwide action initiated by the Munich Municipal Court, which claimed that the reprint used banned symbols (e.g. swastikas) and infringed on the copyrights for the Racial Observer, which the state of Bavaria had inherited following World War II. A total of 150,000 copies of the offensive supplement were distributed throughout the country. Copyright In June 2009 German publishing houses banded together to call for effective measures to protect their intellectual property. The German media industry demanded that lawmakers pass effective measures to protect their intellectual property on the Internet. At the International Media Dialogue in Hamburg on June 8, 2009, leading publishing houses and the trade unions of the music, advertising and film industry warned about the economically devastating consequences of the ongoing theft of intellectual property on the Internet. A statement about the greatly damaging financial repercussions of intellectual property theft by providers and demanded legal protection for online content was signed by the German Producers Alliance, the German Association of Communications Agencies, and the big publishing houses Springer, Bauer, Ganske, Gruner & Jahr, Spiegel and Zeit.
In December 2009, German news agency Deutscher Depeschendienst (DDP) bought the German-language service of the Associated Press (AP). The deal grants DDP a 15-year license to adapt and use Englishlanguage content from APs network of 3,000 reporters based in 250 bureaus in 97 countries. The acquisition will see 110 AP reporters from Germany, Austria and Switzerland join DDPs pool of 140 journalists. Representatives from APs German works council said employees were disappointed that top managers in the United States had not kept them up to date on negotiations with DDP, and that they only found out In October 2009 the new governing coalition, led by chancellor Angela Merkel, her party the Christian the deal had been finalised in the press. Democrats and including the Free Democratic Party, Media / Press Laws pledged to create a new kind of copyright to protect The constitution provides for freedom of speech and of online journalism. The governments proposal, the press; while the government mostly respected these championed by Culture Minister Bernd Neumann, rights in practice, it imposed limits aimed at groups would give publishers a so-called neighbouring right,
GERMANY
something that music labels and movie houses already enjoy. Details of how the proposal would work have not been spelled out, but publishing executives say one possibility would be to require a license for any commercial use of published material online. Holtzbrincks own delivery network covers approximately 26% of German households. The strategic partnership with Georg von Holtzbrinck increases TNTs coverage for the distribution of mail items to more than 40% of all German households. Included in this strategic distribution partnership are Printing & Distribution two 50% joint ventures in the Berlin and Brandenburg In June 2009, TNT Post Germany acquired shares in area and five minority participations of 25.1% in the Georg von Holtzbrincks regional mail companies. areas of Cottbus, Freiburg, Konstanz, Saarbrucken, Trier While TNT Post works together with many distribution and Wrzburg. partners to cover around 90% of Germany, Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; Deutsche Welle; WAN-IFRA SFNblog Newsletter; DNV Online; AFP; WAN-IFRA Editors Weblog; Journalism.co.uk; New Business; Axel Springer; Reuters; Finanz Nachrichten; The Financial Times; World of Print; The New York Times; Bloomberg; Net Imperative; Print Week; Goldmedia; Eye For Transport; Global Print Monitor
2.ca
Households 000 % 15,791 13,636 5,247 3,966 137 40,076 39.40 34.02 13.09 9.90 3.58 100
Source: Federal Office of Statistics

3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08

2.a

All individuals 000 % 4,154 6,985 9,380 22,353 22,402 16,719 82,002 5 9 11 27 27 20 100 Male 000 40,184 % 100 Female 000 % 41,808 100
Age 0-6 6-15 15-25 25-45 45-65 65 + Total
Total paid-for dailies 368 National paid-for dailies 10 Regional and local 358 paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies 368 Total non-dailies 1,333 Total paid-for non-dailies 27 National paid-for non-dailies 6 Regional and local 21 paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies 1 1,306 Regional and local 1,306 free non-dailies Total Sundays 207 Total paid-for Sundays 6 National paid-for Sundays 3 Regional and local 3 paid-for Sundays Total free Sundays 1 201
370 10 360
359 10 349
358 10 348
357 10 347
-2.99 0.00 -3.07 -2.99 8.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.27 8.27 27.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 28.36
-0.28 0.00 -0.29 -0.28 1.41 -3.57 0.00 -4.55 1.51 1.51 1.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.18
370 359 358 357 1,378 1,402 1,421 1,441 28 28 28 27 6 6 6 6 22 22 22 21 1,350 1,374 1,393 1,414 1,350 1,374 1,393 1,414 245 6 3 3 239 245 7 3 4 238 261 6 3 3 255 264 6 3 3 258
Source: 2005 ZMG-Auflagenstatistik II/2005, BVDA; 2006 ZMG-Auflagenstatistik III/2006, BVDA; 2007 ZMG-circulation III/2007, BVDA; 2008 ZMG-circulation III/2008; BVDA; 2009 ZMG-circulation III/2009; BVDA
1
Source: Federal Office of Statistics
In Germany, free non-dailies and free Sundays (Anzeigenbltter = advertising journals) do not comply with the definition of newspaper as the share of their editorial content is too small in proportion with advertising
228
GERMANY
3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Age
Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies Total non-dailies Total paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies 1 Total Sundays Total paid-for Sundays Total free Sundays 1
21,543 21,091 20,590 20,079 19,746 1,646 1,632 1,624 1,624 1,599 19,898 19,459 18,966 18,455 18,147 21,543 87,642 2,042 85,600 22,868 3,868 19,000 21,091 20,590 88,455 90,583 2,055 1,983 86,400 88,600 23,330 23,177 3,830 3,677 19,500 19,500 20,079 91,982 1,982 90,000 23,521 3,521 20,000 19,746 93,812 1,912 91,900 23,577 3,477 20,100
-8.34 -2.86 -8.80 -8.34 7.04 -6.37 7.36 3.10 -10.11 5.79
-1.66 -1.54 -1.67 -1.66 1.99 -3.53 2.11 0.24 -1.25 0.50
% % daily reach of readership within age group 4.8 10.4 12.9 19.5 17.4 16.5 18.3 100 45.1 56.3 65.0 72.6 79.8 83.0 82.2 71.4
14-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70+ Total
Source: 2005 ZMG-Auflagenstatistik II/2005, BVDA; 2006 ZMG-Auflagenstatistik III/2006, BVDA; 2007 ZMG-circulation III/2007, BVDA; 2008 ZMG-circulation III/2008; BVDA; 2009 ZMG-circulation III/2009; BVDA
1
Source: BVZV; ZMG; Arbeitsgemeinschaft Media-Analyse

5.c
In Germany, free non-dailies and free Sundays (Anzeigenbltter = advertising journals) do not comply with the definition of newspaper as the share of their editorial content is too small in proportion with advertising
Media consumption
2005 (minutes per day) 2006 2007 2008 28 10 221 220 44 28 12 221 220 54 28 28 28 12 221 220 58 2009 28 28 28 12 182 228 70
4.b
Sales revenues
(Germany, euro, mln) Change (%) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008/04 2008/07
Total paid-for dailies 3,970.2 4,014.0 4,060.5 4,062.4 4,170.2 Total paid-for non-dailies 1 193.2 202.0 200.7 198.3 202.3 Source: BDZV
1
5.04 4.71
2.65 2.02
28 10 221 220 73
Including paid-for weeklies and paid-for Sundays
4.c

2005 2006 35.6 64.4 (%) 2007 35.1 64.9 2008 34.5 65.5 2009 34.6 65.4
Source: 2005 Media-Perspektiven 2005, Internet facts 2005-II; 2006 MediaPerspektiven; 2007 Media-Perspektiven 2007; ARD-ZDF-Onlinestudie 2007; 2008 Media-Perspektiven 2008; ARD-ZDF-Onlinestudie 2008; 2009 Media-Perspektiven 2009; ARD-ZDF-Onlinestudie 2009
5.d
Number of readers
2005 2006 (000) 2007 2008 2009
Single copy sales Subscriptions
35.8 64.2
Source: 2005 ZMG-Auflagenstatistik II/2005; 2006 ZMG Auflagenstatistik, III/2006; 2007 ZMG circulation, III/2007; 2008 ZMG circulation, III/2008; 2009 ZMG circulation, III/2009
4.d
64,720
64,870 64,820
Source: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Media-Analyse

6.a
Online editions
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Cover prices (2009)

(Germany, euro) min
5.a

(%) Reached Dailies Non-dailies
Single copy Subscription Source: BDZV
1.09 22.31
71.4 73.5 69.4 71.4
384 -
382 -
386 -
267 13
267 13
-30.47 -
0.00 0.00
Source: 2005 IVW 12/2005; 2006 www.bdzv.de; 2007 BDZV World Wide Web; 2008-2009 BDZV
Source: BDZV; ZMG; Arbeitsgemeinschaft Media-Analyse

6.c

Publishing company Website Unique visitors per month (000) 6,920 3,270 3,010 1,890 1,720 1,710 1,290 1,180 950 820
Newspaper
Bild Die Welt Sddeutsche Zeitung Rheinsiche Post Die Zeit FAZ WAZ Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Hamburger Abendblatt Handelsblatt Tagesspiegel Source: AGOF Internet facts III 2009
Axel Springer AG Axel Springer AG Sdwestdeutsche Medien Holding Rheinische Post Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Zeitverlag Gerd Bucerius Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung GmbH WAZ Mediengruppe Axel Springer AG Verlagsgruppe Handelsblatt Verlagsgruppe Holtzbrinck
bild.de welt.de sueddeutsche.de rp-online.de zeit.de faz.netz derwesten.de abendblattt.de handelsblatt.de tagesspiegel.de
229
GERMANY
6.d

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
7.c
(Germany, euro, mln) Change (%) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008/04 2008/07
20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 56,623.0 59,454.6 61,888.7 64,092.1 65,124.0
0.00 15.01
0.00 1.61

6.e
Total paid-for dailies 4,502.0 4,476.6 4,532.9 4,567.4 4,373.4 Morning paid-for dailies 4,502.0 4,476.6 4,532.9 4,567.4 4,373.4 Total paid-for non-dailies 1 240.0 252.8 260.2 269.7 265.7 Source: BDZV, ZMG
1
-2.86 -2.86 10.71
-4.25 -4.25 -1.48
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Including paid-for weeklies and paid-for Sundays
7.d

10,800 15,000 19,600 22,600 25,000
131.48
10.62 Total Source: ZMG

6.f
564,946 562,906 480,527 548,868 463,209

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
7.aa
32.46
-0.50
Advertising sector Local National wide retail Placement Family Other Real estate Automotive classified Corporate brand image Events Travel Automotive brand image Source: ZMG December 2009
8.a
% of display ad revenue 29.8 24.0 6.3 9.6 7.8 5.5 5.0 4.5 3.7 2.2 1.6
Advertiser
Expenditure (Germany, euro, 000) 480,218 385,514 362,377 343,426 286,927 284,885 245,524 230,946 201,339 193,792

2004 (Germany, euro, bln) 2005 2006 2007 2,243 2,322 2,423 2008 2,488

7.ab
2,211

2004 (Germany, euro, 000) 2005 2006 2007 27.2 28.2 29.4 2008 30.2
Media-Markt / Saturn Procter & Gamble Albrecht (Aldi) Ferrero Deutschland LOreal Lidl Axel Springer AG Unilever Deutschland Volkswagen Edeka Source: ZAW

7.ac
26.8
(%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 0.72 0.71 0.71 0.72

Total circulation (000) 4,250 1,750 1,270 1,240 830 800 770 620 500 330
Publishing company Axel Springer AG Verlagsgruppe Stuttgarter Zeitung/Rheinpfalz/ Sdwest Presse/Sddeutsche Zeitung Schauberg, Kln WAZ-Gruppe, Essen Ippen-Gruppe, Mnchen Madsack, Hannover Holtzbrinck, Stuttgart Verlagsgruppe FAZ DDVG, Deutsche Druck- und Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Hamburg Gruner + Jahr, Hamburg Source: Magazine Wirtschaftswoche 2009
Ad expenditure
0.75
0.78
0.78
0.76
7.ba

(Germany, euro, mln) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
10,608 6,718 3,890 3,930 664 132 769 832 16,935
10,836 10,951 10,683 6,826 6,898 6,734 4,010 4,053 3,949 4,114 4,156 4,036 680 743 711 117 106 77 787 820 805 1,500 2,094 2,498 18,034 18,870 18,810
9,512 6,327 3,185 3,489 673 68 705 2,527 16,974
9,289 6,210 3,079 3,432 680 67 679 2,580 16,727
9,395 6,250 3,145 3,536 696 69 696 2,795 17,187
9,626 6,341 3,285 3,660 717 70 716 3,008 17,797
Source: ZAW, ZenithOptimedia Excludes agency commission of 15%; excludes production costs; includes classified advertising; after discounts; Magazines include directories and trade titles; Newspapers includes dailies, weeklies, Sundays and supplements; Internet includes display, paid search and affiliate deals
230
GERMANY
8.ba

Founded (year) Language Publishing company Circulation Readership (000) German German German German German German German German German German Axel Springer AG 3,300 Verlagsgruppe WAZ 818 M.DuMont Schauberg 531 Sddeutscher Verlag GmbH 430 Rheinische Post 379 Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Verlag Frankfurter Allgemeine 368 Zeitung GmbH Presse-Druck-und Verlags GmbH 333 Zeitungsgruppe Thringen 316 Verwaltungsgesellschaft mbH Chemnitzer Verlag und Druck GmbH 291 Mitteldeutsches Druck-und 283 Verlagshaus GmbH & Co. KG (000) 11,630 2,230 1,060 1,160 1,090 890 920 890 720 800 Cover price usual (Germany, euro) (USD) 0.60 1.20 1.10 1.80 1.00 1.90 1.20 0.90 1.00 1.20 0.82 1.64 1.50 2.46 1.37 2.60 1.64 1.23 1.37 1.64 Nordic Rheinisch Berliner Nordic Rheinisch Nordic Rheinisch Rheinisch Rheinisch Berliner Format Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Germany, euro) 392,114 125,535 27,890 62,700 42,336 58,710 32,189 51,946 47,870 18,447 397,386 169,861 38,287 62,700 60,480 58,710 48,754 71,165 62,247 24,897
Title
Bild WAZ-Mediengruppe Zeitungsgruppe Kln Sddeutsche Zeitung Rheinische Post Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitungsgruppe Thringen fp Freie Presse Nrnberger Nachrichten Source: BDZV; IVW; MA; ZMG
9.a
1952 1948 1802 1945 1946 1949 1945 1945 1946 1945
Employment
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
13.a
Total number of journalists Source: BDZV

10.c
15,677 15,556
-0.77
Are there subsidies for the purchase of newsprint? No Are loans granted at low rates for re-equipment or improving existing equipment? No
Newsprint costs
2005 (Germany, euro) 2006 2007 2008 522.5 2009 540.0
Average per ton
Source: Verband Deutscher Papierfabriken (German Pulp and Paper Association)
Are there any direct subsidies? No

Source: BDZV
14.
11.
Research (2009)
Circulation is audited by Informationssgemeinschaft zur Feststellung der Verbreitung von Werbetrgern e.V. (IVW), Am Weidendamm 1A, 10117 Berlin, Germany, www.ivw.de Readership is measured by Arbeitsgemeinschaft Media Analyse ev. V. (AG.MA), Media-MicroCensus GmbH, Am Weingarten 25, 60487 Frankfurt am Main; www.agma-mmc.de
Source: BDZV
12.
Discounts (2009)
Discount on rates of Post Railroad Telephone Telegraph Telex Source: BDZV
Taxes (2009)
% 19 7 7 19 19 19 25
Tax Standard VAT VAT on: Single copy sales Subscription sales Advertising Newsprint Composition Tax on profits standard rate Source: BDZV; Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu
231
GERMANY
15.a
Does any law exist governing publishing-house ownership, or the registration of shares in newspaper-publishing companies? General ownership regulations apply to all businesses; there are no specific provisions for the press. Is there any law prohibiting or restricting foreign companies or individuals from owning shares, and in particular, the majority of shares, of domestic daily newspapers? No So as to guarantee disclosure and transparency in the capital structure and to avoid silent partners, is there any law or rule permitting in any event the possibility of finding out who are the actual owners of a publishing company? Newspapers are subject to the same transparency regulations as all other businesses. Is there an antitrust law limiting concentration in the daily press? There are general competition laws to prevent excessive concentration. These laws have always had a strong influence on the development of the German press, and more so since the introduction in 1976 of specific controls on press mergers. The competition laws regulate, among other things, discrimination and the right to impose prices on press products, and enable associations to draw up competition regulations for a specific sector and have them recorded in a register kept by the Federal Office of Monopoly Control. It should be noted that the anti-monopoly laws preclude all agreements between newspaper publishers and magazine publishers, as well as those with direct competitors. There is normally no restriction on mergers where combined turnover is below or equal to EUR256 million. There are, however, several tests for whether press mergers qualify for regulation, and they are much more stringent. One is whether the new companys turnover is above EUR 13 million, but the preferred test is to look at copies sold. The ceiling for dailies is 40,000 copies, which means that in effect the regulatory trigger for press is actually EUR17 million. Companies with combined profits of EUR5 million or less are exempted, but for press this is qualified by various revenue limits dependent on the type of periodical in question.
In the press sector, a planned merger must be declared in advance when the turnover reaches a minimum level, which ranges from EUR26 million to EUR51 million depending on circumstances. This duty to declare does not however enable the cartel authorities to exert power over or to forbid the merger. Otherwise, it would imply that all such agreements would favour or reinforce a pre-eminent position in the market, which is what the regulations are designed to prevent. There is a legal presumption that a one-third market share is preeminent, rebuttable with evidence that the annual turnover of the company concerned is less than EUR128 million, or in the press sector, EUR6 million. The creation of an oligopoly, when only a small number of suppliers operate in a market, is presumed in the press industry when the turnover reaches EUR2.5 million. Mergers are permissible if the companies can show that competition is actually being increased, but few succeed with this argument. Companies have the right to appeal against decisions to the Federal Ministry of Economy, but it is very rarely used. Although the notion of market monopolisation is at the core of the merger control, the legislature never defines the market concerned. In the government proposal at the time of enactment, it was established that such a market must be determined for each particular case, in relation to its concrete, local and chronological effects. There are two determining markets for the press: readership and advertising. If, for example, the merging of two publishing companies places them in a pre-eminent position in the advertising market, or reinforces their position in that market, the merger can be totally banned, regardless of its effect on the readership market. This is of major importance for agreements between dailies and advertising papers, for which the regulations pertaining to mergers in the press also apply. The readership and advertising markets are themselves divided into several distinct categories, depending upon the nature of the paper and whether it is classified, for example, as subscription; local; sensational; or weekly. Electronic media and printing houses are seen as belonging to different markets. Is further regulation of media concentration expected? Yes, a new regulation is discussed; a new law is expected to be adopted.
Source: BDZV
232
GERMANY
15.b
Owners
Regional TVs
National TVs
Regional Newspapers
National Newspapers
Radio
Max. 30% market share in TV (either German or foreign) Max. 30% market share in TV (either German or foreign)
Max. 30% market share in TV (either German or foreign) Max. 30% market share in TV (either German or foreign)
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Up to 25% or 35% ordinary capital
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Max. 30% market share in TV (either German or foreign)
Max. 30% market share in TV (either German or foreign)
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Foreign Investors
No difference between No difference between No difference between No difference between No difference between German or foreign investors German or foreign investors German or foreign investors German or foreign investors German or foreign investors
Source: BDZV
233
GIBRALTAR
General economic situation Self-sufficient Gibraltar benefits from an extensive shipping trade, offshore banking, and its position as an international conference centre. The British military presence has been sharply reduced and now contributes about 7% to the local economy, compared with 60% in 1984. The financial sector, tourism, shipping services fees, and duties on consumer goods also generate revenue. The financial sector, the shipping sector, and tourism each contribute 25%-30% of GDP. Telecommunications accounts for another 10%. In recent years, Gibraltar has seen major structural change from a public to a private sector economy, but changes in government spending still have a major impact on the level of employment. The inflation rate was estimated at 2.9% in 2005. Performance of newspapers vs. other media Television and radio services in Gibraltar are operated by the Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation (GBC). GBC operations are overseen by a board, said to be modelled on the BBC's Board of Governors. GBC Television was previously funded by a mix of advertising, government funding, and an annual television licence fee that was abolished in June 2006 by the government. Performance of different types of newspapers Gibraltar has two daily newspapers. The Gibraltar Chronicle, established in 1801, was the Rocks first daily newspaper and is one of the worlds oldest newspapers in continuous production. The newspapers ownership is structured as a trust and operates under the obligations of a charter partly modelled on the Irish Times so as to ensure it is not politically partisan, but fair and factual in its editorial content. Panorama is a newspaper published since December 1975. It was first published as a weekly and became a daily in 2002. Its online edition has been running since 1997 and printed edition since 1975. There are five weekly newspapers: Vox, 7 Days, The New People, Gibsport, and El Faro de Gibraltar. Vox, founded in 1955, is a weekly bilingual newspaper appearing every Friday in both Spanish and English. El Faro de Gibraltar is a Spanish language free weekly newspaper published since 2003. It is the only Spanish language newspaper currently published in Gibraltar and belongs to the Spanish media group Publicaciones del Sur, S.A.
It is possible to receive radio and TV stations based in Spain, as well as broadcasts for British forces in the Insight Magazine is printed monthly. The monthly territory by the British Forces Broadcasting Service Gibraltar Magazine is aimed at residents of Gibraltar and (BFBS) Radio Gibraltar. frequent visitors. Source: CIA The World Factbook; BBC News; Press Reference; Wikipedia; World Newspapers
2.a

Age 0-14 15-64 65 + Total

3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008/04 2008/07
Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Total non-dailies Total paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies
2 2 5 4 1
2 2 5 4 1
2 2 5 4 1
2 2 5 4 1
2 2 5 4 1
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Source: 2005-2008 WAN from public sources; 2009 WAN-IFRA from public sources
234
GIBRALTAR
3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
6.f

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies
8 8
8 8
8 8
8 8
8 8
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.6
55.43
10.00

7.aa

2004 (Gibraltar pound, bln) 2005 2006 2007 0.4 0.4 0.4 2008 0.6
6.a
Online editions
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08 GDP 0.3
Dailies
0.00
0.00

7.ab

2004 (Gibraltar pound, 000) 2005 2006 2007 15.3 15.6 14.0 2008 20.6
6.d

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08 GDP per capita 9.6
4.8 12.0
4.8 14.0
4.8 16.0
4.8 18.0
10.5 20.2
118.75 68.33
118.75 12.22

6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
9.3

8.ba

Founded (year) 1801 2 1975 5 Language English English Publishing company Gibraltar Chronicle Ltd Circulation (000) 53 Cover price usual (Gibraltar pound) 0.50 Format Tabloid Tabloid
Title Gibraltar Chronicle 1 Panorama 4

1 2
Source: Wikipedia; Panorama; WAN-IFRA from public sources Published six days a week It became a daily in 1821 3 In 1935 the circulation was 800 copies a day 4 Published on weekdays 5 Established as a weekly; it became a daily in 2002
12.
Taxes (2009)
% 0 22
Tax Standard VAT Tax on profits standard rate Source: Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu
235
GREECE
General economic situation Greece has a capitalist economy with the public sector accounting for about 40% of GDP and with per capita GDP about two-thirds that of the leading euro-zone economies. Tourism provides 15% of GDP. Immigrants make up nearly one-fifth of the work force, mainly in agricultural and unskilled jobs. Greece is a major beneficiary of EU aid, equal to about 3.3% of annual GDP. The Greek economy grew by nearly 4.0% per year between 2003 and 2007, due partly to infrastructural spending related to the 2004 Athens Olympic Games, and in part to an increased availability of credit, which has sustained record levels of consumer spending. But growth dropped to 2.9% in 2008 as a result of the world financial crisis and tightening credit conditions. The inflation rate was estimated at 1% in 2009. Greece is facing up to three years of recession, as it tries to slash its deficit. Its government owes about 300bn euros (USD400bn) and has to pay off part of it in May 2010. The European Union and International Monetary Fund (IMF) announced a bail-out package on 2 May 2010, the biggest in recent history. They were offering 110bn euros (USD146.2bn) spread over three years, on condition that Greece slashes public spending and boosts tax revenue. Ratings agency S&P has already downgraded Greek debt to junk, which means it views Greece as a highly risky place to invest. There are fears that the Greek problem could spread to other eurozone countries, which are anxious to bolster investor confidence. founded by Aris and Lilian Boudouris and owned by former shipping magnate Theodoris Angelopoulos and former Athens 2004 President Gianna AngelopoulouDaskala. Various Greek news sources reported that between 300-450 journalists and administrative support staff lost their jobs. Despite mounting losses, in 2006 its owners decided the newspaper was worth saving but by 2007 much-needed makeover more than doubled debts to EUR34 million. Readership Television is Greeces medium of choice. Research in 2009 showed that 78% of Greeks turn to the TV for news, followed by the press (41%), the Internet (35%) and radio (32%). Online / Digital Publishing There were no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitored e-mail or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail. Internet was available throughout the country and widely used.
Greek sports portal Sport.gr, run by Constantine Kamaras, has around 500,000 unique users per month, with about 15,000 registered users. Advertising makes up 77% of the websites revenue, and mobile 8%. CEO Constantine Kamaras says that users are less reluctant to pay for mobile content, but also warned that mobile advertising will make up at best 6% of interactive advertising in 2010 globally, and will be only Performance of newspapers vs. other media 2% in the US, lagging behind social media and online State TV enjoyed a near-monopoly until the late 1980s, video. when new commercial TV services quickly gained a lions share of the audience. Public TV lost a large slice In Greece, there is a high penetration of mobile, and of its advertising revenue as a result. a low but fast growing penetration of smart phones, with very few paid applications. The best-known application, News, domestically-made variety programmes, comedies for Greeces leading daily newspaper, has had 15,000 and game shows dominate the peak-time TV schedules. downloads. According to Constantine Kamaras of Sport.gr, mobile is a secondary medium to the web and Broadcasting is relatively unregulated by European mobile advertising is not yet a source of revenue that standards, and many of the countrys approximately publishers can bank on. 1,700 private radio and TV stations are unlicensed. Media / Press Laws The constitution and law generally provide for freedom Performance of different types of newspapers There were numerous independent newspapers and of speech and of the press, and the government generally magazines in circulation, and they generally expressed respected these rights in practice. However, the law prohibits speech that endangers the countrys foreign a wide variety of news without restriction. relations, spreads false information or rumors causing Newspaper launches / closures fear among citizens, causes rivalry or division among On June 22, 2009, Greek daily Eleftheros Typos shut citizens, or incites citizens to disturb the peace or down after 26 years in business. Stakeholders voted commit acts of violence. In practice, these legal unanimously in a June 19, 2009, meeting to cease prohibitions were seldom invoked. In most criminal operations of Eleftheros Typos and e-tipos.com due to defamation cases, defendants were released on bail continued losses and poor industry outlook. Eleftheros pending trial without serving time in jail. Typos, which means Free Press in English, was originally
GREECE
Individuals could criticize the government publicly or Christianity or any religion, contain obscenity, advocate privately without reprisal, and the government did not the violent overthrow of the political system, or disclose impede criticism. military secrets. The government did not enforce this law during the year. The law provides for the government to exercise immediate control over radio and television stations The law punishes individuals who intentionally incite and establishes ownership limits on media frequencies. others to actions that could provoke discrimination, State-operated stations emphasized the governments hatred, or violence against persons or groups of persons views but also reported objectively on other parties on the basis of their race or ethnic origin or express ideas positions. insulting to persons or to groups of persons because of their race or ethnic origin. The law requires that radio and television stations broadcast primarily in Greek and that radio stations The libel and defamation trial of an Internet blog broadcast 24 hours a day. It sets minimum capitalization administrator who, on one of his Web sites, allegedly requirements and numbers of employees. Members of called a Greek Orthodox televangelist stupid was the Muslim minority in Thrace stated that the law postponed until May 2010. discriminated against smaller, independent, Turkishlanguage stations. During the year 2009 the Western Other Factors Thrace Minority University Graduates Association Following the closure of Greek daily Eleftheros Typos on reported that the government had begun to enforce the June 22, 2009, the Journalists Union of Athens Daily law, with one Turkish-language radio station receiving Newspapers called a 24-hour strike of print, digital and broadcast media starting today at 17:00 local Greek time a violation notice. to protest the closure of Eleftheros Typos and highlight The law allows any prosecutor to order the seizure of issues of transparency, redundancy and unpaid workers publications that insult the president, offend in the media industry. Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; WAN-IFRA - Editors Weblog; Living in Greece; BBC News
2.a

All individuals 000 1,596 1,353 1,710 1,676 1,498 1,238 2,033 11,104 Male 000 821 705 885 845 743 595 904 5,498 Female 000 775 648 825 831 755 643 1,129 5,606
Age 0-15 16-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total
Source: National Statistical Service of Greece via ZenithOptimedia

2.b

All adults 000 538 516 2,193 1,350 2,377 6,974 Male 000 265 264 1,098 662 1,203 3,492 Female 000 273 252 1,095 688 1,174 3,482
Social class AB C1 C2 D E Total
Source: TGI via ZenithOptimedia
237
GREECE
2.ca

Occupancy 1 person 2 people 3 people 4 people 5 or more people Total Households 000 % 518 1,364 1,497 2,084 891 6,354 8 21 24 33 14 100
2.cb

Children Without children With children aged 0-1 aged 1-2 aged 3-5 aged 6-9 aged 10-15 aged 16-18 Total Households 000 % 4,797 1,556 209 377 486 532 617 292 6,353 76 25 3 6 8 8 10 5 100
4.a

(mln) Change (%) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008/04 2008/07
Source: FOCUS BARI S.A.

2.d
Total paid-for dailies 226.5 National paid-for dailies 226.5 Morning paid-for dailies 96.0 Evening and afternoon 130.5 paid-for dailies Total paid-for non-dailies 14.1 National paid-for non-dailies 14.1 Total paid-for Sundays 1.4 National paid-for Sundays 1.4
213.0 213.0 96.0 117.0 23.0 23.0 10.0 10.0
205.8 205.8 99.0 106.8 22.9 22.9 12.7 12.7
203.0 203.0 100.0 103.0 19.0 19.0 13.0 13.0
191.0 191.0 97.0 94.0 16.0 16.0 12.0 12.0
-15.67 -15.67 1.04 -27.97 13.48 13.48 757.14 757.14
-5.91 -5.91 -3.00 -8.74 -15.79 -15.79 -7.69 -7.69

Age 13-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-70 Total Housewives 000 % 1 4 209 194 219 326 986 0 4 21 20 22 33 100
Source: Athens Daily Newspaper Publishers Association

4.d
Cover prices (2008)

(Greece, euro) min max
5.a

(%) Reached
Single copy
0.50
5.00
Source: Athens Daily Newspaper Publishers Association

All adults Men Women Main household shopper Source: FOCUS BARI S.A.
11.7 14.7 8.9 10.8

3.a
Age
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies 42 Total paid-for dailies 39 National paid-for dailies 39 Morning paid-for dailies 23 Evening and afternoon 16 paid-for dailies Total free dailies 3 Regional and local 3 free dailies Total paid-for non-dailies 15 National paid-for non-dailies 15 Total Sundays 4 Total paid-for Sundays 4 National paid-for Sundays 4 Total free Sundays City -
42 39 39 24 15 3 3 16 16 4 4 4 -
46 42 42 29 13 4 4 15 15 5 5 5 -
45 41 41 28 13 4 4 13 13 7 6 6 1 1
44 40 40 27 13 4 4 13 13 7 6 6 1 1
4.76 2.56 2.56 17.39 -18.75 33.33 33.33 -13.33 -13.33 75.00 50.00 50.00 -
-2.22 -2.44 -2.44 -3.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
less than 16 16-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total

5.c
Media consumption
2003 (minutes per day) 2004 2005 2006 156 162 156 162 186 168 54 2007 63 59 135 161 60
Source: 2005 ADNPA; WAN assessment; 2006 Athens Daily Newspaper Publishers Association; 2007-2008 Athens Daily Newspaper Publishers Association; WAN assessment (free dailies); 2009 WAN-IFRA assessment
3.b
All newspapers National newspapers Magazines Radio Television Internet
30 22 90 230 -
Source: 2003-2005 National statistics services; 2006 ADNPA; 2007 BARI FOCUS S.A.
6.c

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08

Newspaper
Total dailies 1,555 1,491 1,522 1,447 1,315 Total paid-for dailies 1,320 1,256 1,280 1,205 1,100 National paid-for dailies 1,320 1,256 1,280 1,205 1,100 Morning paid-for dailies 474 477 523 528 500 Evening and afternoon 846 779 757 677 600 paid-for dailies Total free dailies 235 235 242 242 215 Regional and local 235 235 242 242 215 free dailies Total paid-for non-dailies 367 325 281 233 230 National paid-for non-dailies 367 325 281 233 230 Total paid-for Sundays 227 236 244 297 290 National paid-for Sundays 227 236 244 297 290
-15.43 -16.67 -16.67 5.49 -29.08 -8.51 -8.51 -37.33 -37.33 27.75 27.75
-9.12 -8.71 -8.71 -5.30 -11.37 -11.16 -11.16 -1.29 -1.29 -2.36 -2.36
Naftemporiki
P. Athanasiadis & Co. Inc.
naftemporiki.gr
Source: Google Ad Planner Data as of March 2010; all traffic statistics are estimates
6.d

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
882.2 654.8 1,261.7 1,744.1 1,980.0 2,709.5 3,575.5 3,986.9 4,587.3 4,970.7
124.44 83.45
13.53 8.36
Source: 2005-2007 ADNPA; WAN assessment (free dailies); 2008 ADNPA; 2009 WAN-IFRA assessment 2005 Financial newspapers not included
238
GREECE
6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
7.c
(Greece, euro, mln) Change (%) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008/04 2008/07
160.1
488.2 1,017.5 1,506.6 1,916.6 1,097.13
27.21

6.f

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
7.aa
29.58
-3.65
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies Evening and afternoon paid-for dailies Total free dailies Total non-dailies Total Sundays Total paid-for Sundays Total free Sundays Source: ADNPA
314 271 74 197 43 13 2 -
324 270 88 182 54 27 16 16 -
364 287 90 197 77 25 27 27 -
406 326 106 220 80 27 37 37 -
384 312 90 222 72 29 40 35 5
22.29 15.13 21.62 12.69
-5.42 -4.29 -15.09 0.91
67.44 -10.00 123.08 7.41 1,900.00 8.11 -5.41 -

2004 (Greece, euro, bln) 2005 2006 2007 198.6 214.0 228.9
7.d

2008 228.0 Total Source: ADNPA
GDP
185.2
Source: 2004-2006 ZenithOptimedia; 2007 ADNPA; General Secretariat of National Statistical Service of Greece
7.ab
34,137 36,099 38,316 39,434 36,370

2004 (Greece, euro, 000) 2005 2006 2007 17.9 19.2 20.9 2008 21.0

7.f
7.g

Advertiser Expenditure (Greece, euro, 000) 16,245 13,559 7,414 6,485 5,894 5,751 5,578 4,896 4,672 4,664
Advertising sector
GDP per capita
16.7
Expenditure 1 (Greece, euro, 000) 59,380 46,869 43,908 33,424 31,496 19,684 19,616 17,980 17,811 17,330
Source: 2004-2006 ZenithOptimedia; 2007 ADNPA; General Secretariat of National Statistical Service of Greece
7.ac
(%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 0.91 0.80 0.74 0.72
Ad expenditure
1.12
1.12
1.18
1.07
7.ba
Financial organizations Public sector Entertainment Publishing Travel agencies Various off categories Mobile communications Services Communications Private cars Source: Media Services S.A.
1
OPAP SA (Betting) Piraeus Bank SA EFG Eurobank SA Cosmote National Bank SA Modern Times SA (Publishing) Post Bank SA Alpha Bank SA Marfin Egnatia Bank SA Ministry of Finance Source: Media Services S.A.

(Greece, euro, mln) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
All Newspapers
Press Newspapers Magazines Television Radio Cinema Outdoor Total
1,139 1,243 1,379 332 377 434 807 886 945 693 705 855 94 96 115 15 16 17 265 306 330 2,206 2,386 2,696
1,437 406 1,031 784 189 16 184 2,610
1,227 1,105 1,050 1,050 382 344 327 327 845 761 723 723 627 532 489 489 151 121 109 109 15 14 13 13 202 202 212 212 2,222 1,974 1,873 1,873
8.a

Source: Media Services, ZenithOptimedia Includes agency commission (15%); excludes production costs; excludes classified advertising; before discounts (except TV); the figures exclude certain advertising categories that receive unusually high discounts; cinema is ZenithOptimedia estimate; no data available for Internet
Pegasus Publishing SA Lambrakis Press SA C K Tegopoulos SA Kathimerini SA Sportday SA Press Foundation Th. M. Nikolaidis SA Up Publishing SA Daily Press SA Kouris Media Group Ltd Source: ADNPA
239
GREECE
8.ba

Founded (year) Language Publishing company Circulation (000) Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Greek Lambrakis Press S.A. Kathimerini S.A. C.K.Tegopoulos S.A. Lambrakis Press S.A. Pegasus Publishing Sportday S.A. Press Foundation Th.M.Nikolaidis S.A. Up Publishing S.A. Sport Plus S.A. 59 53 46 46 42 41 32 25 25 24 Readership (000) 191 110 176 63 170 190 130 117 Cover price usual max usual max (Greece, euro) (USD) 1.30 1.00 1.30 2.00 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.60 3.50 4.00 4.25 4.00 1.50 5.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.08 1.36 2.08 2.73 2.08 2.08 2.08 1.36 1.36 1.36 2.18 4.78 5.46 5.80 5.46 2.05 6.80 1.36 1.36 1.36 Format Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Greece, euro) 9,600 6,800 8,100 14,000 7,600 7,000 4,000 6,926 14,350 9,200 11,600 19,100 9,600 7,700 10,000 5,200 1,500 7,800
Title
Ta Nea Kathimerini Eleftherotypia To Vima Ethnos Sportday Eleftheros Typos To Fos ton Spor Protathlitis Goal News
1931 1919 1975 1922 1981 2005 1983 1968 1998 2002
Tabloid Broadsheet Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Broadsheet Tabloid Tabloid
Source: ADNPA; ZenithOptimedia

8.bb

Language Publishing company Circulation (000) Readership (000) 333 332 167 Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Format Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Greece, euro) 12,000 12,000 16,000 16,000 10,500 10,500 -
Title
City Press 1 Metro 2 Metropolis 2 Magnesia 3

1 2
Greek Greek Greek Greek
K.M.P. Publications S.A. Metrorama Ltd Metropolis Publications S.A. -
100 100 10 5
Source: ZenithOptimedia; FDN Newsletter; WAN-IFRA assessment (circulation Metropolis and Magnesia) Athens, Thessaloniki Athens 3 Published in the town of Volos, distributed Tuesday-Saturday; circulation figures represent print-run
10.ba

2002 2003 26 35 18 (%) 2004 26 35 18 2005 26 35 18 2006 26 35 18
13.a
Single copy sales Home deliveries Postal deliveries Source: ADNPA
26 35 17
Source: ADNPA
11.
Research (2009)
Circulation is audited by 1) Argos S.A. Distribution Agency 2) Europi S.A. Distribution Agency Readership is measured by FOCUS BARI S.A.
Source: ADNPA
12.
Taxes (2009)
% 19 4.5 4.5 19 19 4.5 4.5 25 25
Tax Standard VAT VAT on: Single copy sales Subscription sales Advertising Newsprint Composition Plant Tax on profits standard rate Tax on profits for newspapers Source: ADNPA
240
GREECE
14.
Discounts (2009)
Discount rate % 1 Reduction % National Regional Newspapers Newspapers 80 79 72 61 53 25 90 89 86 80 77 62 -
Post 2 up to 20 g up to 100 g up to 250 g up to 500 g up to 1,000 g up to 2,000 g Telephone 3 110,000500,000 500,0011,200,000 1,200,0014,200,000 4,200,001+ Telegraph Telex Source: ADNPA
17.5 35 52 105 50 50
An existing dominant position (before concentration) is allowed, but must not be abused, as provided in Law 3592. A concentration control in the form of dominant position is carried out, according to the provisions of incumbent legislation, including the competition law, when the following market shares (advertising revenue and other income) are exceeded as follows: 35% A or B or C or D, where A = newspapers, B = periodicals, C = radio, and D = television 32% A+B or A+C or A+D or B+C or C+D 28% A+B+C or A+B+D or A+C+D or B+C+D 25% A+B+C+D So as to guarantee disclosure and transparency in the capital structure and to avoid silent partners, is there any law or rule permitting in any event the possibility of finding out who are the actual owners of a publishing company? The law 3310/2005, which had introduced strict limitations to media ownership, has been amended (or rather frozen) under EU pressure. According to the system introduced by the law 3310/2005 (that purports to implement art. 14 paragraph 9 of the Greek Constitution of 2001), no owner, main shareholder, member of the board or officeholder of any media company could have these same capacities in any company which enters into agreements with publicsector entities. A tight prohibition covers any agreements of public-sector entities with media companies or owners, main shareholders etc. of the same. As main shareholders were deemed those who are among ten largest shareholders or who hold the largest voting blocks, or possess more than one percent of the capital. Any use of offshore companies to hold participations in media companies was prohibited, while their shares had to be nominative/registered and in case of participations through corporate entities, the shares of such companies had to be nominative, too. Moreover, all companies who have business dealings with public-sector entities had to comply with similar mandatory requirements, with partial wavers for foreign companies and mutual funds, banks etc. As of March 2006, the EU Commission has called upon Greece to reply to accusations, according to which it was again applying de facto the above mentioned restrictive provisions, lest the earlier procedures that had been started before the ECJ be re-activated. In April 2006, the Government aired a new draft law, which is to be introduced to Parliament before summer 2006. The new proposed legislation is based on the concept of dominant position, but sanctions for using dominant position arise only when there is an abuse of the dominant position. A dominant position may be found when the audience share (circulation, viewership) in the relevant market is higher than a threshold to be
241
Air Transportation: a) 50% of the air transportation fares of daily and weekly newspapers to EU countries, USA and Canada is paid by the State; b) Approximately 95% of the air fares of daily and weekly newspapers to remote islands and certain inland destinations is also paid by the State.
1 2
Charge units deducted (applies for telephone discounts) The reductions apply on post for newspapers and magazines 3 Each newspaper is allowed a discount for monthly telephone charges based on its circulation
15.a
Does any law exist governing publishing-house ownership, or the registration of shares in newspaper-publishing companies? Shares may only be registered by individuals. Article 40 of Law 1806/1988 allows the court to scrutinise the finances of press and broadcast companies. Ownership details must be submitted annually under pain of imprisonment. Article 24 of Law 1746/1988 strictly compels individual shareholder registration except for foreign or domestic investment funds holding up to 2.5% shares, state-owned concerns and official politicalparty organs. Relevant legislation and regulation applies to listed publishing companies. Is there any law prohibiting or restricting foreign companies or individuals from owning shares, and in particular, the majority of shares, of domestic daily newspapers? No Is there any law prohibiting daily newspaper or periodical publishers from operating radio or television stations in the same locality? Law 3592 effective as of July 7, 2007 permits crossmedia control and/or ownership in Greece. The law has introduced principals of concentration control and dominant position as combined weighing factors in issues related to media companies operation. A concentration control of media entreprises is only prohibited when holding a dominant position is ascertained in one or more undertakings participating in such a concentration, or if a dominant position is acquired due to such a concentration.
GREECE
fixed. The thresholds discussed vary around 30%-33%. The relevant market may be geographic (nationalregional-local), or content-based (information or other), or technological (broadcast or subscription). Dominant position may be found also whenever advertising space or time grows above a threshold (regardless the content). As to when abuse may be found, there are three possibilities: 1) direct or indirect price-fixing or other inequitable terms; 2) application of unequal terms in similar situations; 3) unjustified tied sales. Sanctions may be also imposed in cases of concentration or of collusive practices (the turnover thresholds for concentration are to be fixed). Cases are to be judged and sanctions to be imposed by the Competition Authority, upon information that a dominant position exists and is abused on the part of the Radio-Television Authority. The proposed draft law prohibits control of more than one electronic media (radio, TV) of the same
15.b
category (information or other content), but allows up to 100% ownership on information media (while up to now there was a 25% ceiling, often circumvented). Information media are further split into those of general content and specific scope (political, economic, sports, etc). As to what constitutes control, the strict provisions of the earlier legislation will be used. Is there an antitrust law limiting concentration in the daily press? Concentration in the daily press shall be limited to 35% of market share (see answer to the question 4). Is further regulation of media concentration expected? No
Source: ADNPA

Regional TVs National TVs Regional Newspapers National Newspapers
Owners
Not allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Not allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Not allowed
Allowed
Not allowed
Not allowed
Allowed
Not allowed
Not allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Foreign Investors Source: ADNPA
up to 25%
up to 25%
Allowed
Allowed
242
HUNGARY
General economic situation Hungary has made the transition from a centrally planned to a market economy, with a per capita income nearly two-thirds that of the EU-25 average. The private sector accounts for more than 80% of GDP in Hungary. Foreign ownership of and investment in Hungarian firms is widespread, with cumulative foreign direct investment totalling more than USD200 billion since 1989. The governments IMF-mandated austerity measures, imposed since late 2006, have reduced the budget deficit from over 9% of GDP in 2006 to 3.3% in 2008. Hungarys impending inability to service its short-term debt, brought on by the global credit crunch in late 2008, led Budapest to seek and receive an IMFarranged financial assistance package worth over USD25 billion. The inflation rate was estimated at 4.3% in 2009. Internet or reports that the government monitored e-mail or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail. Ownership Soon after the fall of Communism, the first financially powerful foreign investors, many of them from Germanspeaking countries, appeared on the scene in the Hungarian media market, including names like Springer, Maxwell and Hersant or Bertelsmann and Ringier.
The Swiss publisher Ringier was a comparative latecomer, first appearing in Hungary in 1994, but it gradually cornered a substantial share of the market. Today, Ringier owns the most popular tabloid paper, Blikk, 49% of the biggest national quality Performance of newspapers vs. other media newspaper, Npszabadsg, the highest-selling sports An active and independent media expressed a wide newspaper, Nemzeti Sport, and various magazines. variety of views without restriction; however, the traditionally nonpartisan state-owned radio and Bertelsmann offloaded Npszabadsg in order to be able television stations, in some instances took into greater to retain its stake in the private TV channel, RTL Klub, consideration the concerns of the main opposition party. the reason for this being that the Hungarian Competition Authority (GVH) does not allow a single In November 2009, the National Television and Radio company to own more than 65% of the entire media Commission (ORTT) unexpectedly pulled the plug on market. Hungarys only two nationwide commercial radio stations, Slager Radio, and its smaller rival network Media / Press Laws Danubius Radio. Their frequencies were given to two The constitution and law provide for freedom of speech broadcasters with close ties to the ruling Socialists and and of the press, and the government generally respected the main centre-right opposition party Fidesz. ORTT these rights in practice. An independent press, an president Laszlo Majtenyi resigned in protest. US-based effective judiciary, and a functioning democratic Emmis Communications had won the broadcasting political system combined to ensure freedom of speech licence for Slager Radio in 1997. Emmis submitted and of the press; however, there were charges that the a license-renewal application in late September 2009, state-owned Public Service Broadcasting was politically promising 11.5% of net revenue as a license fee. influenced due to improper media regulations. Danubius Radios operators pledged 15%. But rivals offering between 50 and 55 percent of revenue won the Individuals could criticize the government in public or bids. Media observers, however, believe they will funnel private without reprisal; however, individuals, including money to political parties rather than putting it into the journalists, can be held liable for their published statements or for publicizing libelous statements made public purse. by others. Libel is a criminal offense. Officials continued Advertising to use the libel laws to claim compensation for perceived In 2009 publishers in Hungary created a foundation injuries to their character. dedicated to carrying out public service advertising campaigns aimed at improving Hungarian society. The On October 1, 2009, police opened an investigation, campaign by the Mdiauni Foundation, which focuses including taking fingerprints, of a journalist from the on healthcare and the importance of individual newspaper Magyar Hirlap after State Secretary Laszlo responsibility, will involve more than 200 media outlets Keller accused him of defamation in two articles by the and provide HUF6 billion (EUR20 million) of journalist that were published on January 28, 2009, and advertising space. The aim of the campaign is to raise February 2, 2009. In the articles the journalist awareness, in measurable terms, and to spark action on highlighted a ruling by the Constitutional Court, the national level. published in December 2008, that revealed a legislative mistake associated with Keller. In response to the Online / Digital Publishing investigation, the journalist launched an official There were no government restrictions on access to the complaint against the police, arguing that in the case of
HUNGARY
a criminal charge filed by a private citizen, they were not authorized to investigate or fingerprint a suspect without the assistance of a state prosecutor. The police apologized for the investigation and the fingerprinting procedure; they initiated disciplinary measures against the officer deemed responsible. The police investigation into the libel case was pending at years end. The criminal code includes provisions against incitement of hatred and hate-inspired violence. Any person who publicly incites hatred against any national, ethnic, or racial group or certain other groups of the population is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment for up to three years. Additionally, any person who assaults someone because he belongs to a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group is guilty of a felony punishable by imprisonment up to five years. An amendment that came into force on January 1 included a provision making preparations for the use of force against any member of the community a misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment for up to two years. Courts have failed to convict persons of inciting hatred when no physical assault followed. Under the civil code, a person specifically targeted by hate speech may file a civil suit, but, as long as the speech remains abstract and does not mention any specific individual, there is no legal recourse. The law prohibits the public display of certain symbols, including the swastika, the hammer and sickle, the fivepointed red star, and the arrow cross, a symbol associated with the countrys fascist World War II-era government. The National Television and Radio Commission (ORTT) is responsible for monitoring public and commercial broadcasting outlets and for granting licenses and frequencies. The president and prime minister jointly nominate the head of the six-member commission, and the National Assembly appoints the five other members. The board monitors news broadcasts to ensure equal treatment of all political parties.
Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; Deutsche Welle; Wien International
2.ca 2.cb

Children Without children With children Total Households 000 % 5,840 2,674 8,515 68 31 100
Households 000 % 1,724 2,577 1,757 1,539 919 8,515 20 30 21 18 11 100
Source: GfK-Ipsos: NRS 2009 Q4

2.d

Age Under 25 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total Housewives 000 % 269 806 897 848 854 1,183 4,858 6 17 18 17 17 24 100

2.a

Age 0-14 15-64 40-49 65 + Total All individuals 000 % 1,460 7,020 1,340 1,555 10,035 14 70 13 15 100
Source: GfK-Ipsos: NRS 2009 Q4; National Statistical Office

2.b

All adults 000 % 1,555 655 1,808 1,523 2,971 8,515 183 77 212 179 349 100 Male 000 715 317 823 768 1,358 3,983 % 18 8 207 193 341 100 Female 000 % 840 338 985 755 1,613 4,532 185 75 217 167 356 100
244
HUNGARY
3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
4.b
Sales revenues
(Hungary, forint, mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies Total free dailies National free dailies Regional and local free dailies Total free non-dailies National free non-dailies Regional and local free non-dailies Total paid-for Sundays National paid-for Sundays Regional and local paid-for Sundays
39 38 16 22 38 1 1 6 3 3
31 30 11 19 30 1 1 3 3 -
32 30 11 19 30 2 1 1 3 3 -
30 29 11 18 29 1 1 3 1 2 4 4 -
32 31 11 20 31 1 1 4 4 -
-17.95 -18.42 -31.25 -9.09 -18.42 0.00 0.00 -33.33 33.33 -
6.67 6.90 0.00 11.11 6.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -
Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Total paid-for Sundays National paid-for Sundays
33,719 32,585 39,202 37,996 19,244 18,259 22,116 20,824 14,475 14,326 17,086 17,172 1,993 2,000 2,342 2,165 1,993 2,000 2,342 2,165
-3.08 -5.84 0.50 -7.56 -7.56
Source: Magyar Lapkiadok Edyesulete

4.c

2005 2006 37.6 61.7 61.7 0.7 100 (%) 2007 33.0 65.0 65.0 1.0 0.5 100 2008 33.0 64.0 64.0 1.0 2.0 100 2009 31.0 65.0 65.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 100
Source: 2005 Szonda Ipsos; 2006-2009 Magyar Lapkiadok Edyesulet

3.b
Single copy sales Subscriptions Postal deliveries Bulk Free distribution Other Total
32.0 65.0 65.0 0.7 1.8 100

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Source: 2005-2007 Magyar Lapkiadok Edyesulete; 2008-2009 Matesz (Hungarian ABC)

4.d
Cover prices (2009)

(Hungary, forint) min max
5.a

(%) Reached
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies Total free dailies National free dailies Regional and local free dailies Total non-dailies Total free non-dailies Regional and local free non-dailies Total paid-for Sundays National paid-for Sundays Regional and local paid-for Sundays
1,800 1,775 1,670 1,630 1,521 1,460 1,451 1,331 1,310 1,239 740 705 620 620 582 720 746 711 690 657 1,460 1,451 1,331 1,310 1,239 340 324 339 320 282 340 324 322 320 282 17 440 290 150 1,784 430 430 400 400 935 935 457 457 438 438 -
-15.50 -15.14 -21.35 -8.75 -15.14 -17.06 -17.06 -0.45 51.03 -
-6.69 -5.42 -6.13 -4.78 -5.42 -11.88 -11.88 -4.16 -4.16 -
80.00 60.00
340.00 320.00
All adults Men Women Main household shopper Source: GfK-Ipsos: NRS
45.4 49.9 41.6 45.0

5.b
% % daily reach of readership within age group less than 16 16-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total 2 13 16 17 17 18 19 100 24 37 42 47 52 56 43 45.4
Source: 2005 Szonda Ipsos; 2006-2007 Magyar Lapkiadok Edyesulete; 2008-2009 Matesz (Hungarian ABC)
4.a

(mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Source: GfK-Ipsos: NRS

5.d
Number of readers
2005 2006 100 (000) 2007 100 2008 3,931 3,740 466 100 2009 3,874 3,627 501 100
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies Total free dailies National free dailies Total free non-dailies Regional and local free non-dailies Total paid-for Sundays National paid-for Sundays Regional and local paid-for Sundays
541.0 445.0 222.0 223.0
529.0 447.0 220.0 227.0
492.0 412.0 192.0 220.0
476.6 396.6 189.6 207.0
451.0 381.3 180.8 200.5
-16.64 -14.31 -18.56 -10.09 -14.31 -27.40 -27.40 -32.42 6.19 -
-5.37 -3.86 -4.64 -3.14 -3.86 -12.87 -12.87 -2.62 -2.62 -
445.0 447.0 412.0 396.6 381.3 96.0 82.0 80.0 80.0 69.7 96.0 82.0 80.0 80.0 69.7 46.8 46.8 33.0 21.0 12 22.0 22.0 20.0 20.0 22.9 22.9 22.3 22.3 -
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies Total free dailies Total Source: GfK-Ipsos NRS 2008-2009 Q4
6.a
100
Online editions
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Dailies Non-dailies Sundays 1

1
24 2
25 2
30 2
30 3 2
35 1
45.83 -50.00
16.67 -50.00
Source: 2005 Szonda Ipsos; 2006 Magyar Lapkiadok Edyesulete; 2007-2009 Matesz (Hungarian ABC)
Source: Magyar Lapkiadok Edyesulete The other three Sunday online editions belong to dailies
245
HUNGARY
6.b
Online readership
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies Total free dailies Dec 2009
6.c
1,706 1,828 1,677 1,822 63 73
7.15 8.65 15.87
Source: Ipsos-Gemius online audience measurement

Publishing company Ringier Npszabadsg HdRdi Ringier Axel Springer Website blikk.hu nol.hu borsonline.hu nso.hu vg.hu Unique visitors per month (000) 565 449 404 376 309 Page impressions per month (000) 17,614 6,938 9,617 24,057 2,212
Newspaper Blikk Npszabadsg Bors Nemzeti Sport Vilggazdasg
Source: Ipsos-Gemius online audience measurement

6.d

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
7.ba

(Hungary, forint, mln) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
976.8 1,292.1 1,444.8 1,705.9 1,902.5 3,927.2 4,731.4 5,347.3 6,111.5 6,176.4
94.77 57.27
11.52 1.06

6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
651.7 1,198.7 1,381.8 1,681.1 1,880.0
188.48
11.83
65,968 32,624 33,344 60,447 6,127 1,191 15,200 6,900 155,833
68,681 35,821 32,860 62,178 6,804 1,152 19,000 10,500 168,314
69,364 36,430 32,934 70,562 7,845 853 19,093 15,300 183,017
72,892 37,947 34,945 80,630 8,895 884 20,245 21,800 205,345
61,158 30,932 30,226 59,825 7,650 1,248 18,615 23,451 171,947
62,525 31,624 30,901 61,324 7,200 1,202 18,676 25,932 176,858
64,050 32,395 31,655 63,641 7,470 1,055 18,860 27,842 182,918
66,490 33,629 32,861 68,733 7,560 1,068 19,044 29,160 192,055

6.f
Source: Mediagnozis; TNS Media Intelligence; ZenithOptimedia Excludes agency commission; excludes production costs; after discounts; includes classified; Internet includes display only
7.c

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
(Hungary, forint, mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
7.aa
26.53
-3.53 Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies Total free dailies National free dailies Total free non-dailies National free non-dailies Total paid-for Sundays National paid-for Sundays Total online newspapers Online dailies

2005 (Hungary, forint, bln) 2006 2007 2008 23,562 25,374 26,826 2009 26,600
53,786 48,077 21,123 26,954 48,077 5,709 1,073 1,073 -
53,000 47,406 17,706 29,700 47,406 5,593 1,700 1,700 -
53,988 48,930 17,680 31,250 48,930 5,058 5,058 1,393 1,393 -
57,335 52,207 17,514 34,692 52,207 5,127 5,127 3,500 3,500 1,507 1,507 1,500 1,500
48,486 43,708 15,470 28,237 4,778 4,778 1,347 1,347 -
-9.85 -9.09 -26.76 4.76 -16.31 25.54 25.54 -
-15.43 -16.28 -11.67 -18.61 -6.81 -6.81 -10.62 -10.62 -
GDP
22,043
Source: 2005 ZenithOptimedia; 2006-2007 Magyar Lapkiadok Edyesulete; 20082009 National Statistical Office
7.ab

2004 (Hungary, forint, 000) 2005 2006 2007 2,185 2,318 2,533 2008 2,674
GDP per capita
2,049
Source: 2004-2005 ZenithOptimedia; 2006-2007 Magyar Lapkiadok Edyesulete; 2008 National Statistical Office
7.ac
Source: 2005-2008 TNS-MI; 2009 Kantar Media

7.d

(%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 0.64 0.62 0.60 0.58 Total 1
1
39,978 40,240 40,080 39,805 33,972
Ad expenditure
0.71
0.71
0.72
0.78
Source: 2005 TNS-MI; 2006-2009 Magyar Lapkiadok Edyesulete Colour; no data available on B/W advertising
246
HUNGARY
2005 Display Classified Inserts Online Total 69 25 5 1 100
2006 65 26 6 3 100
(%) 2007 65 25 5 5 100
2008 66 18 10 6 100
2009 64 18 8 8 100

7.f Top newspaper advertising categories (2009) 7.g Top newspaper advertisers (2009) 8.a

Total circulation (000) 96,511 75,234 68,817 59,285 40,146 36,827 31,008 27,751 15,339 5,959 Total revenue (Hungary, forint, 000) 13,006,514 13,336,019 2,627,975 7,750,014 6,711,816 7,019,239 3,311,709 6,441,215 3,227,322 1,260,367
Publishing company Ringier Axel Springer Metropol (MTG) PLT (WAZ) Inform Mdia Lapcom (DMG) Hdrdi Npszabadsg Nemzet Kiad Npszava Source: TNS-MI; Matesz
Advertising sector Expenditure (Hungary, forint, 000) Trade Classified Services Finance Media Car, Automotive Culture Food IT, Telecom Tourism Source: Kantar Media Ratecard prices 9,271,320 5,816,481 5,572,997 3,983,288 3,680,412 3,447,993 2,931,106 2,782,131 2,146,811 1,796,436
Advertiser
Expenditure (Hungary, forint, 000) 3,826,939 1,311,767 1,170,837 876,446 718,718 709,266 701,935 544,492 543,622 539,111
Aldi Penny Market M-telekom National Development Agency Lidl National Lottery Hovany Kft (Car dealer) Telenor Mediamarkt Erste bank Source: Kantar Media Ratecard prices
8.ba

Founded (year) Language Publishing company Ringier Npszabadsg Hdrdi Lapcom (DMG) Ringier PLT (WAZ) PLT (WAZ) Nemzet Kiad Inform Mdia PLT (WAZ) Circulation (000) Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian Hungarian 206 90 88 72 71 51 51 50 47 43 Readership (000) 1 098 274 268 277 343 173 172 183 170 153 Cover price usual max (Hungary, forint) 80 160 90 125 125 90 90 145 95 90 110 190 110 135 Format Full page ad rate Colour (Hungary, forint) 3,976,000 2,520,000 932,880 2,376,000 1,678,887 2,071,475 2,049,670 2,950,000 2,073,600 2,014,782
Title
Blikk Npszabadsg Bors Kisalfld Nemzeti Sport Vas Npe Zalai Hrlap Magyar Nemzet Kelet-Magyarorszg Napl
1994 1957 2001 1945 1903 1947 1947 1938 1947 1947
Berliner Berliner Tabloid Berliner Berliner Berliner Berliner Berliner Berliner Berliner
Source: GfK-Ipsos NRS 2009 Q4; Matesz; publishers

8.bb

Founded (year) 1998 Language Hungarian Publishing company MTG Metro Gratis (Metro International) Circulation Readership Format (000) (000) 282 501 Tabloid Full page ad rate Colour (Hungary, forint) 3,700,000
Title Metropol
Source: GfK-Ipsos NRS 2009 Q4; Matesz; publisher

9.a
Employment
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 1 2009/05 2009/08
10.a

Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total number of journalists 2,000 1,900 2,050 2,200 1,800 Number of part-time journalists 400 600 650 1,000 800 Total number of employees 4,000 3,900 4,100 5,000 3,500 Source: Magyar Lapkiadok Edyesulete
1
-10.00 100.00 -12.50
-18.18 -20.00 -30.00
4-colour newspapers Broadsheets Tabloids Berliner
45 42 3 -
34 5 29
34 5 29
34 5 29
32 3 29
-28.89 0.00 -
-5.88 -40.00 0.00
Estimate; excluding online journalists
247
HUNGARY
10.ba

2005 2006 38 41 (%) 2007 38 43 2008 39 44 2009 35 42
14.
Discounts (2009)
Discount on rates of Post Railroad Telephone Telegraph Telex Other Source: Magyar Lapkiadok Edyesulete 2008 35.0 50.0
Single copy sales Postal deliveries
38 41

10.bb

2004 (Hungary, forint) 2005 2006 2007 32.5 34.0 32.0 35.0 36.0 39.0
Single copy Subscription Source: Magyar Lapkiadok Edyesulete
15.a
11.
Research (2009)
Does any law exist governing publishing-house ownership, or the registration of shares in newspaper-publishing companies? No Is there any law prohibiting or restricting foreign companies or individuals from owning shares, and in particular, the majority of shares, of domestic daily newspapers? No Is there any law prohibiting daily newspaper or periodical publishers from operating radio or television stations in the same locality? Yes. Regional newspaper publishers may not hold shares in regional radio or television broadcasters whose signal areas overlap the publishers circulation area by more than 80%. National newspapers may not acquire holdings in any broadcaster over 25%. So as to guarantee disclosure and transparency in the capital structure and to avoid silent partners, is there any law or rule permitting in any event the possibility of finding out who are the actual owners of a publishing company? No Is there an antitrust law limiting concentration in the daily press? No Is further regulation of media concentration expected? No
Circulation is audited by Magyar Terjeszts Ellenrzsi Szvetsg (MATESZ, or Hungarian Audit Bureau of Circulation), www.matesz.hu Readership is measured by GfK and Ipsos - joint project Methodology Face-to-face interview (CAPI), 31,560 interviews per year; quarterly report, recent reading method
12.
Taxes (2009)
% 25 5 5 25 25 25 25 16 16
Tax Standard VAT VAT on: Single copy sales Subscription sales Advertising Newsprint Composition Plant Tax on profits standard rate Tax on profits for newspapers Source: Magyar Lapkiadok Edyesulete
13.a
Are there subsidies for the purchase of newsprint? No Are loans granted at low rates for re-equipment or improving existing equipment? No Are there any direct subsidies? No.
248
HUNGARY
15.b
Owners
Regional TVs
National TVs
Regional Newspapers
National Newspapers
Radio
No holding in stations with more than 20% signal overlap
No holding permitted if more than 80% overlap between circulation and signal areas
No holding permitted
No other holding permitted
No holding in stations with more than 20% signal overlap
No other holding permitted
Foreign Investors
At least 26% of shares must be Hungarian-owned
At least 26% of shares in national radio stations must be Hungarian-owned
249
ICELAND
General economic situation Icelands Scandinavian-type social-market economy combines a capitalist structure and free-market principles with an extensive welfare system, including generous housing subsidies. The economy depends heavily on the fishing industry, which provides 40% of export earnings, more than 12% of GDP, and employs 7% of the work force. Abundant geothermal sources have attracted substantial foreign investment in the aluminium and hydropower sectors and boosted economic growth, although the financial crisis has put several investment projects on hold. Domestic banks expanded aggressively in foreign markets, and consumers and businesses borrowed heavily in foreign-currency loans, following the privatization of the sector in the early 2000s. Much of Icelands economic growth in recent years came as the result of the rapid expansion of the countrys financial sector. Worsening global financial conditions throughout 2008 resulted in a sharp depreciation of the krona compared to other major currencies. The foreign exposure of Icelandic banks, whose loans and other assets totalled more than 10 times the countrys GDP, became unsustainable. Icelands three largest banks collapsed in late 2008. A protracted recession is expected in 2010 with GDP likely to contract and unemployment likely to surpass 10%. The inflation rate was estimated at 12% in 2009. Paid-for daily Morgunbladid, founded in 1913, has a strong base of subscribers and has traditionally been the newspaper of record, with a circulation of about 30,000 on weekdays and up to 50,000 on weekends. Morgunbladid is published seven days a week. The popular tabloid-like DV became a daily again early in 2007 after having been published as a weekly for less than year. In 2008, the newspaper was issued four days a week, with a circulation of about 10,000. Free daily Frettabladid was founded in 2001. It is the largest newspaper with a circulation of above 100,000. Frettabladid has met increased distribution costs by confining door-to-door distribution to the capital region and the town of Akureyri. Since free daily newspapers were introduced in 2001, they have come to greatly outnumber paid-for dailies, with eight of every ten circulated copies. Total daily circulation (paid-for and free) leaped from 91,000 copies in 2001 to 288,000 copies in 2007.
In 2008, there were twenty non-daily newspapers in Iceland, which all appeared once a week. Nine of the newspapers were paid-for, and eleven were distributed free of charge. All the newspapers, both paid-for and free, were regional and local newspapers, except for Performance of newspapers vs. other media one paid-for business newspaper, Vidskiptabladid, National radio and TV services are provided by the which incorporated the weekly fishing news, Icelandic National Broadcasting Service (RUV), Fiskifrettir. a public-service broadcaster owned by the state. The business journal Vidskiptabladid, until 2008 a daily The RUV is obliged to promote the Icelandic language newspaper, is published only on Fridays and has and the nations history and cultural heritage. Its services a circulation of 30,000 copies. It is aimed at upscale are funded by a licence fee, and by advertising revenues. readers in the commercial, financial, and government sectors and it is styled after the Financial Times of There are two commercial television channels and London. numerous private radio stations. CNN, Fox News, Sky News, BBC News and other international channels are Newspaper launches / closures Following the economic collapse of late 2008, the available via a widely-subscribed cable system. number of dailies has dropped from five to three. The Performance of different types of newspapers first title to surrender was the free daily 24 stundir In economic terms, the newspaper sector is the largest (initially Bladid). Then the business daily media sector in Iceland. In 2007, the revenue (copy sales Vidskiptabladid was reverted to weekly publication, after and advertising sales) totalled EUR96.3 million. In 2007 having been published as a daily since early 2007. advertising contributed 82 per cent of newspaper Existing dailies have cut down number of pages per issue revenue, up from 63 per cent in 2000. and frequency of publication. The non-daily regional and local press has also suffered from the fall in The distribution of newspaper revenue has been relatively advertising revenue of the media and general economic stable between dailies and non-dailies over the years, with hardships. Several newspapers have suspended or ceased dailies accounting for some 85-90 per cent of the total. publication during the year. In 2008, there were three daily national newspapers published in Iceland, two paid-for and one free, distributed door-to-door. All three were published in Reykjavik.
250
Advertising Since the launch of free dailies onto the market in 2001, newspapers advertising revenue has increased appreciably. Advertisers have welcomed the free dailies as
ICELAND
new channels for advertisements, offering high display at newspaper ownership is divided among three blocks of competitive cost. owners, all of whom are representatives of broader financial interests and familial constellations. Circulation Convergence in ownership of daily newspapers and The paid-for newspapers are sold both on subscription other media is the rule, and horizontal and vertical and single-copy sale. Subscriptions predominate, with integration is quite high, reflecting the efforts of media some eight of every ten copies sold. companies to exploit economies of scale and scope. Most of the regional and local newspapers are small, varying in size from four to 24 pages, with an average of 10 pages; they are either of tabloid or a smaller format, and the circulation of many is quite limited. The circulation varies considerably, from some 13,000 copies down to 300 copies, around 3,400 copies on average. Readership Newspaper readership in Iceland is very high. Morgunbladid is read daily by over 40 per cent of Icelanders aged 12-80. At mid-year 2007, daily reading of DV measured seven per cent. Since its foundation in 2001, the free daily Frettabladid has become the most widely read newspaper in the country, with over 60 per cent daily readership an average. Online / Digital Publishing There were no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitored email or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail. All the dailies in Iceland have an active presence online, offering readers frequent update of news, extra features and assorted services through their websites, such as hosting of blogs and videos from readers, etc. Visits to newspapers websites are quite common: six of every ten of age 12-80 visit the website of Morgunbladid, mbl.is, each day, and three to four of every ten visit visir.is, the joint website of Frettabladid and other media in the 365 midlar ehf. group. Over the years, these websites have been the most highly visited sites according to a harmonized web measure. The editorial boards operate parallel to, and semi-independently of the newsrooms of the print editions. Most weekly newspapers, too, are active on the web. The newspapers websites are redominantly financed by the sale of space for advertisements, as users have been reluctant to pay for media content on Internet. Most of the regional and local newspapers have an active presence online. Judging by the traffic to some of the sites, the service is widely used by locals and highly appreciated by those who have moved somewhere else but still want to keep up with news and information from their former surroundings. Arvakur is Icelands second-largest media company by turnover, after the 365 midlar ehf. In 2007, it noted a total turnover of EUR47.5 million. The principal occupation of the company is newspaper publication and printing. Arvakur has been the publisher of Morgunbladid since 1919, when the newspaper was acquired from the founders by a tightly knit group of merchants and business associates. For decades, publishing and printing of Morgunbladid was the sole activity of Arvakur. In 2006, however, the company acquired the free daily, 24 stundir, which shortly thereafter fused with the parent company. 24 stundir ceased publication, however, in October 2007, following the collapse of the Icelandic economy. In 2006, the entrepreneur Bjorgolfur Gudmundsson, a leading entrepreneur, banker and industrialist in Iceland, became the single largest shareholder of Arvakur, directly and indirectly through various holdings. He also owned the countrys largest book publishing house, Edda hf. After the economic collapse in autumn 2008, new owners took over Arvakur and the publication of Morgunbladid in February 2009. Frettabladid, the free daily, is published by 365 midlar ehf., which since late 2008 has Jon Asgeir Johannesson as its main shareholder. Until recently 365 midlar ehf. was a daughter company of 365 hf., the largest media group in Iceland with a noted turnover in 2007 of EUR141.3 million. The 365 hf. was itself the result of restructuring of the former media and telecommunication group Dagsbrun hf., which after having overextended itself financially was split up late in 2006 into two separate companies: the media branch 365 hf. and a telecommunication and IT branch, both headed under the mother company 365 hf. Besides newspaper publishing, 365 hf. was active in broadcasting (radio and TV), theatrical film release and exhibition, release and distribution of video, music, video and computer games through various subsidiaries. The company was in a leading position in many of their fields of activity.
In Iceland, until mid-year 2008, Baugur was the owner of the tabloid-like newspaper DV (90%), the magazine publishing house Birtingur utgafufelag ehf. (the largest consumer magazine publisher in Iceland) and owner of a book publishing house. DV and Birtingur were sold to business partner and former chair of board of Baugur Ownership Group in mid-year 2008 (see below). Abroad, Baugur Ownership of newspapers in Iceland is entirely in Group was the financial backbone behind the free daily domestic hands and has always been. By and large, daily Nyhedsavisen in Denmark from its start late in year
ICELAND
2006, until the newspaper was sold to the investor Morten Lund, founder and previous owner of the IP-telephone company Skype. The newspaper went bankrupt in August 2008. Baugur Group was also the financial backer of the free daily BostonNow in Boston, launched in April 2007. The publication ended abruptly in April 2008, with great debts and huge loss. Late in 2008 in the wake of the economic turbulence, the single largest shareholder, Jon Asgeir Johannesson the chairman of the Baugur Group, acquired the media operations of 365 midlar through his private venture, Syn ehf. An independent press, an effective judiciary, and a functioning democratic political system combined to ensure freedom of speech and of the press. The independent media were active and expressed a wide variety of views without restriction.
The law establishes fines and imprisonment for up to three months for persons convicted of publicly deriding or belittling the religious doctrines of a lawful religious association active in the country. The law also establishes fines and imprisonment for up to two years for anyone who publicly ridicules, slanders, insults, threatens, or in any other manner publicly assaults a person or a group Birtingur utgafufelag ehf. is the largest publisher of on the basis of their nationality, skin color, race, religion, consumer and special interest magazines in Iceland. In or sexual orientation. There were no reports that the law mid-year 2008 the company was merged with the was invoked during the year 2009. tabloid-like daily newspaper DV. Until they were sold in autumn 2008, both Birtingur and DV belonged to the In February 2010, the Icelandic parliament put forward Baugur sphere, through direct and indirect ownership. a measure aimed at making the country an international The buyer, Austursel ehf., is a private company owned centre for investigative journalism publishing, by passing by a close business associate and former chairman of the the strongest combination of source protection, freedom board of Baugur Group, who owns a 10-per cent share of speech, and libel-tourism prevention laws in the in the group. world. Supporters of the proposal say the move would make Iceland an offshore publishing centre for free A private company Myllusetur ehf. acquired the former speech, analogous to the offshore financial havens that business daily, Vidskiptabladid, in 2008 after the allow corporations to hide capital from authorities. The operation collapsed, and previous owners found text of the proposal is called the Icelandic Modern Media themselves in serious financial difficulties in autumn Initiative (IMMI) and is aided by whistle-blowing 2008. One of the main new owners is also behind the website Wikileaks. The proposal has been informed by recently launched web media, pressan.is. Wikileaks experience in fighting legal threats to publication. The proposal also includes steps to end Media / Press Laws libel tourism, the practice of pursuing libel actions in The constitution provides for freedom of speech and of the most favourable legal jurisdiction irrespective of the press, and the government respected these rights in where the parties are based. practice. Individuals could criticize the government publicly or privately without reprisal. Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; Nieman Journalism Lab; BBC News; US Commercial Service; Nordicom
252
ICELAND
3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies 251 Total paid-for dailies 64 National paid-for dailies 64 Morning paid-for dailies 64 Total free dailies 159 National free dailies 159 Total non-dailies 75 Total paid-for non-dailies 23 National paid-for non-dailies 6 Regional and local 17 paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies 52 Regional and local 52 free non-dailies
220 42 42 42 178 178 87 30 14 16 57 57
282 71 71 71 211 211 86 27 2 25 59 59
251 67 67 67 184 184 58 13 13 45 45
150 50 50 50 100 100 -
-40.24 -21.88 -21.88 -21.88 -37.11 -37.11 -
-40.24 -25.37 -25.37 -25.37 -45.65 -45.65 -
Source: 2005-2008 Statistics Iceland; 2009 WAN-IFRA assessment

4.a

(mln) Change (%) 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2006/02 2006/02

2.a

All individuals 000 % 66 47 47 43 43 33 38 318 21 15 15 14 14 11 12 100 Male 000 34 24 24 22 22 17 17 160 % 21 15 15 14 14 11 11 100 Female 000 % 33 23 23 21 21 16 21 158 20.6 14.6 14.4 13.4 13.6 10.4 13.1 100
Age 0-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total
Total dailies 48.0 Total paid-for dailies 22.9 National paid-for dailies 22.9 Morning paid-for dailies 16.3 Evening and afternoon 6.6 paid-for dailies Total free dailies 26.0 National free dailies 26.0 Total non-dailies 3.3 Total paid-for non-dailies 1.2 National paid-for non-dailies 0.3 Regional and local 0.9 paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies 2.1 Regional and local 2.1 free non-dailies Source: Statistics Iceland
56.1 24.2 24.2 24.2 31.9 31.9 3.7 1.2 0.2 0.9 2.6 2.6
56.7 21.6 21.6 21.6 35.1 35.1 4.0 1.4 0.6 0.8 2.6 2.6
73.2 21.9 21.9 21.9 51.3 51.3 3.9 1.3 0.5 0.8 2.6 2.6
72.6 15.0 15.0 15.0 57.6 57.6 5.2 2.4 1.6 0.8 2.8 2.8
51.25 -34.50 -34.50 -7.98 121.54 121.54 57.58 100 433.33 -11.11 33.33 33.33
-0.82 -31.51 -31.51 -31.51 12.28 12.28 33.33 84.62 220.00 0.00 7.69 7.69
Source: Statistics Iceland

2.ca
Annual number of copies sold/distributed = average circulation per issue multiplied by number of issues per year
4.b
Occupancy Total
1
Households 000 % 123 1 100
Sales revenues
(Icelandic krona, mln) Change (%) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008/04 2008/07
Source: Statistics Iceland Estimated at the end of 2009
3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
All paid-for newspapers 1,534.2 1,622.0 1,826.0 1,547.0 1,853.0 Total paid-for dailies 1,447 1,473 1,413 1,718 National paid-for dailies 1,447 1,473 1,413 1,718 Total paid-for non-dailies 175 353 134 135 Source: Statistics Iceland
4.d
20.78 -
19.78 21.59 21.59 0.75
Total dailies 4 Total paid-for dailies 2 National paid-for dailies 2 Morning paid-for dailies 2 Total free dailies 2 National free dailies 2 Total non-dailies 23 Total paid-for non-dailies 12 National paid-for non-dailies 2 Regional and local 10 paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies 11 Regional and local 11 free non-dailies Source: Statistics Iceland
3 1 1 1 2 2 24 13 3 10 11 11
5 3 3 3 2 2 24 12 2 10 12 12
5 3 3 3 2 2 21 10 1 9 11 11
2 1 1 1 1 1 20 11 2 9 9 9
-50.00 -50.00 -50.00 -50.00 -50.00 -50.00 -13.04 -8.33 0.00 -10.00 -18.18 -18.18
-60.00 -66.67 -66.67 -66.67 -50.00 -50.00 -4.76 10.00 100.00 0.00 -18.18 -18.18
Cover prices (2007)

(Iceland, krona) min max
290.00 116.00
395.00 200.00

5.c
Media consumption
2005 (minutes per day) 2006 2007 2008 231 150 130 191 130 183 2009 121 173
Radio Television
240 155
Source: Capacent via Statistics Iceland 2007 Week 5/2008; 2008 Week 7/2009; 2009 Week 7/2010
253
ICELAND
6.a
Online editions
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
7.ba

(Icelandic krona, mln) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Dailies Non-dailies Source: Statistics Iceland

6.c
4 18
3 19
5 21
5 21
2 19
-50.00 5.56
-60.00 -9.52
Newspapers 1
3,891 5,028 6,492 6,891
Source: Statistics Iceland via Nordicom Survey data, net of discounts and agency commission
1
Paid-for and free newspapers

Publishing company Website Unique visitors per month 1 (000) 330 255
7.c
Newspaper
(Icelandic krona, mln) Change (%) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008/04 2008/07
Morgunbladid Frettabladid Source: Modernus.is

1
Arvakur hf. 365 midlar ehf.
mbl.is visir.is
Unique users per week (50/2009)
6.d

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
All newspapers 3,898.0 5,027.6 6,121.5 Total dailies 3,429.2 4,578.7 5,478.0 Total non-dailies 461.8 448.9 643.5 Total paid-for non-dailies 246.9 263.7 424.6 Total free non-dailies 214.9 185.1 218.9 Regional and local 214.9 185.1 218.9 free non-dailies Source: Statistics Iceland
6,319.0 5,805.0 514.0 175.0 338.0 338.0
5,725.0 5,340.0 385.0 156.0 229.0 229.0
46.87 55.72 -16.63 -36.82 6.56 6.56
-9.40 -8.01 -25.10 -10.86 -32.25 -32.25
87.1 98.3 106.0 110.6 112.8 258.2 269.8 279.2 287.2 301.6
29.51 16.81
1.99 5.01
Figures include classified and inserts, exclude VAT. Figures are at rate card prices.
8.a

6.e

Publishing company Arvakur hf. 365 midlar ehf. DV ehf. Framtidarsyn ehf. Source: Statistics Iceland
1 2 3
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total circulation (000) 158 1 103 2 13 43
78.0
87.7
97.9
103.7 107.2
37.44
3.38

6.f

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
One paid-for daily and one free daily A free daily A paid-for business daily
Mobile cellular subscriptions 283.1 301.9 327.6 336.9 349.0 Source: International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
7.aa
23.28
3.59
8.ba

Founded (year) Language Publishing company Arvakur hf. Circulation (000) Icelandic 50 1 Tabloid 2 Format
Title

2005 (Icelandic krona, bln) 2006 2007 2008 2009 Morgunbladid
1 2
1913
GDP Source: Statistics Iceland

1
1,026.7 1,168.6 1,308.5 1,477.6 1,500.2 1
Source: Statistics Iceland Circulation in 2008; reach 32% between Nov 2009 and Jan 2010 42 cm x 28 cm
Preliminary data
8.bb

Founded (year) Language Publishing company 365 midlar ehf. Circulation (000) Icelandic 103 1 Tabloid 2 Format
7.ab

2005 (Icelandic krona, 000) 2006 2007 2008 3,798 4,148 4,627 2009 4,723 1
Title
GDP per capita Source: Statistics Iceland

1
3,424
Frettabladid 2002 (The Newspaper) Source: Statistics Iceland

1 2
Preliminary data
Circulation in 2008; reach 63% between Nov 2009 and Jan 2010 42 cm x 28 cm
7.ac
(%) 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 4-colour newspapers Tabloids 1 Source: Statistics Iceland
1
10.a

Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08 4 4 3 3 5 5 5 5 2 2 -50.00 -50.00 -60.00 -60.00
Ad expenditure
1.30
1.14
1.08
1.27
Source: IFS; Statistics Iceland; IM Gallup; ZenithOptimedia
42 cm x 28 cm
254
ICELAND
11.
Research (2009)
15.a
Circulation is audited by Circulation was audited by Iceland Chamber of Commerce, only for two dailies, the free Frettabladid and paid-for Morgunbladid, until early 2007. Readership is measured by Capacent (www.capacent.is) Methodology Sample of 1,300 1,600 respondents aged 12-80, six times a year; diary over a week
12.
Does any law exist governing publishing-house ownership, or the registration of shares in newspaper-publishing companies? No Is there any law prohibiting or restricting foreign companies or individuals from owning shares, and in particular, the majority of shares, of domestic daily newspapers? No restrictions on individuals or companies domiciled in the European Economic Area (EU + Iceland + Norway + Liechtenstein). Other foreign individuals and companies are subject to general regulations set for foreign capital investment. Is there any law prohibiting daily newspaper or periodical publishers from operating radio or television stations in the same locality? No So as to guarantee disclosure and transparency in the capital structure and to avoid silent partners, is there any law or rule permitting in any event the possibility of finding out who are the actual owners of a publishing company? No Is there an antitrust law limiting concentration in the daily press? No. There are no laws directed specifically at the daily press or any other mass medium. There are however, general anti-trust laws and a regulatory/surveillance body for the supervision of possible restrictive business practices. The laws do not provide an exact threshold of what is or should be conceived as an unlawful market barrier. Is further regulation of media concentration expected? No
Taxes (2009)
% 24.5 7 7 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 18 18 0
Tax Standard VAT VAT on: Single copy sales Subscription sales Advertising Newsprint Composition Plant Tax on profits standard rate Tax on profits for newspapers Tax concessions for newspaper companies (e.g. for reinvesting profits) Source: Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu; Distripress; Statistics Iceland
13.a
14.
Discounts (2009)
Discount on rates of Post Railroad Telephone Telegraph Telex Source: Statistics Iceland
255
ICELAND
15.b

Regional TVs National TVs Regional Newspapers National Newspapers Radio Commercial TV licence
Owners
Regional TV Licensees National TV Licensees Regional Newspaper Owners National Newspaper Owners Satellite TV Broadcasters Local Radio Licensees National Radio Licensees
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
Foreign Investors Source: Statistics Iceland
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
No restrictions
256
IRELAND
General economic situation Ireland is a small, modern, trade-dependent economy. GDP growth averaged 6% in 1995-2007, but economic activity dropped sharply in 2008 and Ireland entered into a recession for the first time in more than a decade with the onset of the world financial crisis and subsequent severe slowdown in the property and construction markets. Agriculture, once the most important sector, is now dwarfed by industry and services. The export sector, dominated by foreign multinationals, remains a key component of Irelands economy, with construction adding to recent economic growth. would have been higher but for the departure of around 50,000 foreign workers, mostly from eastern Europe, who had been working mainly in construction and retailing. The inflation rate was estimated at -3.9% (deflation) in 2009. Performance of newspapers vs. other media The independent print media were active and expressed a wide variety of views without government restriction.
Broadcasting remained mostly under state control, but private sector broadcasting continued to thrive. There The Irish economy endured a wrenching recession in were 57 independent radio stations and one national 2009, perhaps the biggest ever recorded by a developed independent television station. Access to cable and economy. The small size of the Irish economy, with satellite television was widespread. a workforce of just under two million people, make it volatile, but the vulnerability became much greater by Newspaper launches / closures a huge construction boom which, at its peak, accounted As of November 18, 2009, fluent Irish speakers can now read Foinse, the countrys biggest Irish language for round one eighth of economic activity. newspaper, for free with their Irish Independent every Construction came to a shuddering halt with the global Wednesday. The newly revitalised Foinse is distributed economic crisis. This accounted for almost half every Wednesday, ensuring it reaches more than 150,000 of the estimate 8.5% fall in GDP over the course of the people through the Irish Independent, the largest selling national quality daily in Ireland. Foinse, which is based year. in the Connemara Gaeltacht, was forced to cease The rest reflected an 8% drop in personal spending as publication in June 2009 after advertising income people reacted to job losses, a perilous banking crisis and plummeted 75 per cent. But the Foinse sa Rang section general uncertainty. Such a huge drop in economic has been extended to seven pages of attractively activity played havoc with government finances. From a presented learning tools and texts which include articles surplus of 3% of GDP in 2006, they swung to intended as a resource for primary school students. The refreshed Foinse publication will employ five full-time a massive deficit of almost 12% of GDP in 2009. staff and utilise a network of correspondents, The fiscal hole would have been even bigger but for two contributors and services. emergency budgets which raised taxes and cut government spending. The normal budget in December Advertising was highly controversial with cuts in both public wages A total of EUR208 million was spent across 18 member titles of the National Newspapers of and welfare payments. Ireland (NNI) for the period January - December 2009. These actions improved Irelands standing in financial EUR130.3 million was spent by agencies, which markets, especially as the economic problems in Greece represents a drop of 32% on the same period in 2008. emerged. But they are enough only to stabilise the Direct advertising grossed EUR77.8 million in 2009, deficit, not shrink it, with the economy expected to a decrease of 35%, which was attributed mainly to the show little or no growth in 2010, and a further small slump in property and recruitment advertising. contraction possible. Circulation The fall in activity, combined with a sharp rise in the Newspaper sales fell in the first half of 2009, continuing euros Irish trade-weighted value produced a large fall in the trend shown in audited figures published at the end consumer prices. A drop of almost 4% was one of only of 2008. three such deflations in the OECD, and more than Figures released on August 20, 2009, by the Audit twice the fall in Japanese prices. Bureau of Circulations (ABC) show that sales of all the There are hopes that lower prices may revive some main daily newspapers in the country fell in the six consumer spending, but car sales are down 60% from months to June 2009. The circulations of a number of their peak and unemployment has risen from a low of the leading titles in Ireland are dwarfed by sales of Irish 4% to 13% of the workforce. The unemployment rate editions of UK newspapers; however, the ABC does not
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include the Irish editions of London-based national newspapers in its Ireland circulation report. Average net circulation of The Irish Times each day was 114,488, a slight decline of 0.8 per cent on Decembers audited figure of 115,462. In the year since June 2008, sales of The Irish Times fell by 3.2 per cent. In the six months to June 2009, average net circulation of the Irish Independent fell by 1.6 per cent to 152,204. Sales of the Irish Independent fell by 4.5 per cent in the year since June 2008. The number of copies of The Irish Times that are actively purchased, which excludes bulk and discounted copies, was 92.9 per cent. The percentage of the Irish Independents sales that are actively purchased was 87.3 per cent. In Dublin sales of the Evening Herald fell by 5 per cent in the six months to 71,187, while the decline in that newspapers sales since June 2008 was 10.4 per cent. The Irish Examiners audited circulation for the six months to June 2009 fell by 4.2 per cent to 50,346. In the year since June 2008, the Irish Examiners sales declined by 7.1 per cent. Figures for Sunday newspapers show an increase in sales for the Sunday Business Post, which added 5.1 per cent in the six months to June 2009 to bring its circulation to 57,783. The newspaper has increased its circulation by 3.2 per cent year-on-year. The Sunday Independent increased its sales marginally by 0.7 per cent in the first six months of 2009 to 272,174. Between June 2008 and June 2009, however, sales of the Sunday Independent fell by 3.8 per cent. The Sunday Tribunes net circulation fell by 1.4 per cent to 65,727 in the six-month period to June 2009. Overall, sales of the Sunday Tribune remained flat when calculated over the 2008-09 since June 2008. Sales of the Sunday World fell by 2.7 per cent to 277,504 at the end of June 2009, and its circulation was down by 5 per cent year-on-year. In the North, sales of the Irish News were down 2.1 per cent to 47,819 in the first six-month period of 2009. In the year since June 2008, the newspapers sales were down 2.3 per cent. Circulation of the Newsletter remained static in the six months to June 2009 at 25,253, but was down by 3.6 per cent year-on-year. The Belfast Telegraphs circulation was down 2.1 per cent to 69,457 at the end of June 2009, while its sales
258
dropped overall by 10.5 per cent in the year since June 2008. According to figures from the Audit Bureau of Circulation published in February 2010, all of the daily and Sunday newspapers published only in Ireland saw circulation declines in the final six months of 2009. The Sunday Tribune saw the greatest percentage decline year-on-year of any of the Irish daily or Sunday newspapers. According to the Island of Ireland report published on February 18, 2010, the average circulation of the Sunday Tribune was 60,344, down 9.5% from the final six months of 2008 and down 8.2% from the first six months of 2009. Despite a fall in its circulation, tabloid The Sunday World remained the largest newspaper to be published solely in Ireland with an average circulation of 270,453. In the first six months of 2009 The Sunday Worlds circulation dropped for the first time since 2004 and its circulation in the second half of 2009 was down again, by 5.2% when compared with the same period in 2008, and by 2.5% when compared with the first six months of 2009. The circulation of broadsheet The Sunday Independent, the second largest paper in Ireland, remained steady in the second half of 2009. It reported an average circulation of 268,140 between July and December 2009, down just 0.8% year-on-year and down 1.5% period on period. Sunday Business Post was finally hit by the Irish economy and saw its year-on-year first decline in circulation since the first six months of 2008. The Sunday Business Posts circulation was 52,271, down 4.9% year-on-year and down 9.5% period on period. The circulation of The Irish Times was 106,926, down 7.4% year-on-year and 6.6% period on period. Readership For many years, Ireland has been one of the worlds foremost consumers of newspapers, and new readership statistics confirm that is still the case. According to the latest Joint National Readership Survey (JNRS) 2009, more than 3 million people, or 87% of the adult population in Ireland, are regular newspaper readers. Over 7,000 interviews were conducted by Millward Brown Lansdowne for the JNRS 2009 amongst a representative sample of the adult population by
IRELAND
personal in-home interview, using a combination of face-to-face and self-completion questionnaires. The latest figures underline again that in an era of unprecedented media choice, Irish consumers are still most likely to turn to their favourite newspaper for in-depth news and analysis. The JNRS report shows a total of 87.3% of adults who regularly read any newspaper, a slight increase over corresponding figures for previous year. While some of the other categories, including reading daily and Sunday titles, were fractionally down, the industry will point to the crucial reading any newspaper category as the true barometer of readership. Clearly there is a huge appetite amongst Irish people for detailed analysis of all the issues facing this country, says Frank Cullen of National Newspapers of Ireland and adds: That is what newspapers do best, its the main reason that people have such a strong relationship with their favourite newspaper, and its the key to our excellent readership levels. There are of course other issues affecting our industry but these are commercial issues that every business in every sector is having to deal with right now, Mr Cullen goes on. When it comes to readership, however, we are as strong as ever among the best in the world, in fact and we can be heartened by the latest JNRS data. Of particular interest to advertisers and the advertising community, the new JNRS report contains a variety of information about newspapers and those who read them. Some highlights of the latest report include the following: 83.4% of 15-24 year olds read the average issue of a newspaper; 54.3% of adults say they tend to try new products and services after seeing an advertisement; 62% of people are loyal to their newspaper and would not change; 73.6% of men regularly read the sports pages of the newspapers; 55.9% of women like to read about food and drink. Online / Digital Publishing There were no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitor e-mail or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail. According to a 2009 Joint National Internet Research (JNIR) report, 17 per cent of Irelands 1.9 million Internet users went online for business news in the last six months of 2008, a jump of 6 per cent from the last report, which covered the second half of 2007. Some 38
per cent of users are going online for general news and current affairs, a rise of 5 per cent. Social networking usage has also surged ahead, with 28 per cent of those online using them, or a rise of 9 per cent. The survey also showed increases in the number of people reading blogs (7 per cent) and watching TV online (10 per cent). On May 6, 2009, it was revealed an Irish students fake quote on the Wikipedia online encyclopaedia was used in newspaper obituaries around the world. The quote was attributed to French composer Maurice Jarre who died in March 2009. Shane Fitzgerald, 22, a final-year student studying sociology and economics at University College Dublin, said he placed the quote on the website as an experiment when doing research on globalisation. He quoted Oscar-winning composer Jarre as saying, One could say my life itself has been one long soundtrack. Music was my life, music brought me to life, and music is how I will be remembered long after I leave this life. When I die there will be a final waltz playing in my head, that only I can hear. The quote was posted on Wikipedia shortly after Jarres death and later appeared in obituaries in major British, Indian and Australian newspapers. Fitzgerald said the hoax remained undiscovered for weeks until he e-mailed the newspapers that had been deceived to tell them that they had published an inaccurate quote. Ownership In May 2009, Johnston Press, publisher of the Yorkshire Post and the Scotsman, risked breaching its banking covenants after it abandoned the planned sale of its titles in the Republic of Ireland. In a trading statement published on May 13, 2009, the company said that despite considerable interest from potential buyers of the Irish papers, which include the Leinster Leader series, the board had been unable to obtain a sufficiently high price. The company had seen the sell-off as a crucial way to raise funds and had previously stated that failure to sell its Irish titles would mean it had a strong likelihood of breaching its financial covenants for 2009. It then decided to enter discussions with its debt providers to seek a relaxation of existing terms. The company also said that from the start of 2009 to May 9, 2009, advertising revenue was down 34% compared with the same period in 2008. This was broadly in line with an announcement made in March 2009 when Johnston Press said ad revenue for the first nine weeks of 2009 was down 36%, contributing to the greatest fall in revenue in the companys history. In July 2009, Associated Newspapers, The Irish Times and Independent News & Media, owners of rival Irish free dailies Metro Ireland and Herald AM, announced their intention to merge into a new offering, Metro Herald. Irish Times and DMG Ireland own Fortunegreen, which publishes the Metro Ireland
259
IRELAND
newspaper. The merger would allow Independent Newspapers, owner of Herald AM, to acquire an equal stake in Fortunegreen. The three groups claimed the proposed new free newspaper would boast a 70,000-plus daily distribution across the greater Dublin area. Associated Newspapers said the merger, which will be subject to approval by the countrys Competition Authority, would be backed by shareholders increasing investment into the Metro Herald. A merger between Metro Ireland, launched in 2005, and Herald AM, also launched in 2005, had long been predicted. On August 28, 2009, Irelands Competition Authority launched an in-depth investigation into the merger of the free dailies. The authorities said it needed more time and information to examine whether the loss of one of the countrys free dailies would substantially lessen competition in markets for goods and services and the potential for coordination between the companys shareholders. The deadline for the investigation was set for November 16, 2009. On November 9, 2009, Irelands Competition Authority conditionally cleared the merger. To address the authorities concerns, the parties promised the Metro Herald would compete independently of the shareholders other newspapers and that Fortunegreens management would be able to make decisions without shareholders approval. In addition, directors nominated to Fortunegreens board would not have responsibility for advertising in any daily newspapers distributed in the greater Dublin area, and the shareholders and Fortunegreen will not exchange information about their business activities. Media / Press Laws The constitution provides for freedom of speech, and the government generally respected this right in practice. The constitution provides for freedom of the press with the qualification that it not undermine public order or morality or the authority of the state. The constitution prohibits the publication or utterance of blasphemous, seditious, or indecent material. In July 2009, the Irish defamation laws of 1961 were reformed. The new law allows for apologies to be made without an admission of liability whilst the statue of limitations has been reduced from six years to one year. The Defamation Act also includes clauses that create the offence of blasphemous libel. A person can be found guilty of blasphemy if he or she publishes or utters matter that is grossly abusive or insulting in relation to matters held sacred by any religion, thereby causing outrage among a substantial number of the adherents of that religion. Blasphemy is a crime punishable by a fine of up to EUR25,000. Thew new law is scheduled to go into effect in 2010. The law proscribes words or behaviors that are likely to generate hatred against persons in the country or
260
elsewhere because of their race, nationality, religion, national origins, or sexual orientation. There were no reports that authorities invoked these provisions during the year 2009. The law empowers the government to prohibit the stateowned radio and television network from broadcasting any material likely to promote or incite to crime or which would tend to undermine the authority of the state. Authorities did not invoke this prohibition during the year 2009. The Censorship of Publications Board has the authority to censor books and magazines it finds indecent or obscene. The board did not exercise this authority during the year 2009. On July 31, 2009, the Supreme Court overturned a lower court finding that two journalists had to reveal their sources and answer questions regarding their actions following their 2007 publication of details concerning then prime minister Bertie Aherns finances. The Irish Film Classification Office (IFCO) must classify films and videos before they can be shown or sold; it must cut or prohibit any film that is indecent, obscene, or blasphemous or which tends to inculcate principles contrary to public morality or subversive of public morality. During the year 2009 the IFCO did not prohibit any films or videos. Printing & Distribution On November 17, 2009, Independent News & Media (INM) announced the complete reorganisation of its print and production assets on the island of Ireland. The groups three leading print and production facilities, at Citywest in Dublin, Newry and Belfast are to be managed as a single, combined entity. INM is the largest commercial newspaper printer in Ireland, north and south. The new group printing operation will be managed centrally and will continue to provide print services to the publishing operations of the groups market-leading newspaper titles on the island of Ireland, as well as continuing to provide print services to the significant and long-term third-party customers in Newry and Belfast. Independent News & Media (INM) operates three state of the art print plants on the island of Ireland at locations in Dublin (Citywest), Newry and Belfast. The full output from these plants now covers approximately 40 titles, accounting for over 350 million copies each year. In September 2009, INM announced a 40 million print deal that made Northern Ireland one of the biggest producers of daily newspapers in Europe. Citywest is the largest newsprint facility in the country, printing the Irish Independent, Sunday Independent, Evening Herald and associated supplements as well as
IRELAND
regional titles, such as the Sligo Champion and selected People Newspaper titles. Newspapers printed in Newry, which was opened in 2007, include the Irish Daily Star, the Sunday World (Republic of Ireland edition), Sunday Life, selected INM regional newspapers (such as the Drogheda Independent) and, following a recent 15 year print agreement with the Daily Telegraph, all sections of the Sunday Telegraph and Daily Telegraph. Belfast now prints the Mirror titles (Daily Mirror and Daily Record) plus the Sun, News of the World, the Daily Express and Sunday Express, the Daily Star, the Sunday World (Northern Ireland edition), the Sunday Tribune, The Belfast Telegraph, the London Independent titles and a series of associated high quality magazines. Taxes In the December 2009 budget the Irish Government increased the standard rate of VAT from 21% to 21.5%. Environment There is no doubt that the outstanding environment achievement in 2009 was attaining agreement on the joint industry protocols. On September 18, 2009 the Minister for the Environment, Heritage & Local Government (DOEHLG) John Gormely launched two protocols, the Environment Standards for the Press Industry (ESPI) and the Code of Practice for the Press Industry (COPPI). The subsequent media coverage was widespread and very positive. These protocols were the culmination of many meetings and a year and a half of dialogue with industry partners. NNI played the lead role in this agreement, having instigated the discussions, and was responsible for creating up to 19 drafts prior to agreement on the final versions. The sub-committees responsible for drafting and implementing the protocols were chaired by Enda Buckley and the main joint industry committee meetings were chaired by Frank Cullen. NNI also co-ordinated the entire process which involved ten representative associations and the DOEHLG. The protocols are both historic and significant. Historic in that it is the first time retailers, wholesalers and publishers have come together on one forum to provide a transparent methodology for the press industry. The environment standards are the first of their kind in Europe and should lead to a much more efficient and environment-friendly supply chain. In 2009 NNI continued the research it conducted in 2007 and 2008 to determine the national rate of newspaper recycling. The study provided excellent news once more. The research results show that 75% of old newspapers and magazines were recycled in 2008, representing an increase of 47% since 2002. Also, more than 51% of paper used by Irish publishers is now made
up of recycled paper. This can be partly attributed to NNIs ongoing efforts to encourage publishers to buy more recycled newsprint. All of the findings were audited and validated by RPS Group. On the back of these results NNI developed an environmental ad campaign that has been published throughout the 18 member titles and has elicited a very positive response from the Irish public. In conjunction with the ads, NNI has updated the newspaper recycling logo and strapline which all NNI editions are now continuously displaying. Thanks to the 2007 NNI initiative, all affiliated publishers are now implementing a nationwide policy of whole copy returns. This will ensure that the maximum amount of retail unsold material is available for recycling. It is expected that up to 30,000 tonnes of newsprint will be diverted from landfill in 2009. This scheme ensures that the supply chain is more efficient with a substantial reduction to the carbon footprint. Such is the success of this scheme that the Environment Protection Agency (EPA) wants to use it as a case study in their National Waste report (2009). In tandem with the initiatives set out in the PRI document of 2009 and the recently agreed protocols, NNI is also spearheading the establishment of a voluntary industry environment program which will hopefully see all publishers financially contributing to the environment initiatives undertaken by NNI thus far. The main aim of the program will be to act as a platform for the producer responsibility initiatives specific to the requirements of newsprint waste. A comprehensive proposal has been issued to all of the potential members and a final decision is expected very shortly. The coming weeks and months will be a crucial period in the development of the environment program and the PRI. NNI has also embarked on developing a carbon and green procurement policy for the industry. These are very important instruments for the industry to undertake as bottom line savings and efficiencies can be identified and effectuated by both policy programs. As part of the programs it is envisaged that carbon footprint analysis will be conducted for publishers in 2010. Both frameworks will ensure that the industry is acting in a sustainable manner and providing good example to others. Other Factors In March 2009, the Irish Times asked its high-earning staff, including its editor, to take pay cuts as it forecast that advertising would drop year-on-year by EUR20m (GBP18.5m) in 2009. Under the proposal, Maeve Donovan, the managing director of the Irish Times, and editor Geraldine Kennedy would take a 20% pay cut. The deputy managing director and deputy editor would take a 15% cut. Staff earning more than EUR100,000
261
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would be subject to a 10% cut under the plan, while staff earning between EUR40,000 and EUR100,000 would see a 5% cut. Those earning less than EUR40,000 would not be subject to a reduction in salary. In May 2009, Celtic Media Group, the owner of five regional newspapers, announced it was going to cut staff by 10 per cent as it battles a steep drop in advertising revenue. Staff at the Meath Chronicle, the Anglo Celt, Westmeath Independent, Westmeath Examiner and Offaly Independent were informed at a series of meetings that their pay was to be cut by between 5 and 10 per cent. Anyone earning less than EUR40,000 annually, which is understood to include the majority of employees, will have pay cut by 5 per cent, while anyone earning more than EUR40,000 faces a 10 per cent cut. The company was also seeking eight voluntary redundancies, equating to a 10 per cent staff cut.
Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; Brand Republic; Irish Independent; FDN Newsletter; Global Competition Review; Media Week; The Guardian; The Post; Investigate; The Irish Times; Spero News; National Newspapers of Ireland
2.b

All adults 000 % 477 980 848 536 409 282 3,532 13.5 27.8 24.0 15.2 11.6 8.0 100 Male 000 252 432 465 258 175 162 1,744 % 14.5 24.8 26.7 14.8 10.0 9.3 100 Female 000 % 225 548 383 278 234 120 1,788 12.6 30.7 21.4 15.6 13.1 6.7 100
Social class A+B C1 C2 D E F Total
Source: Joint National Readership Survey 2008/09

2.ca
2.cb

Children Without children With children aged 0-3 aged 4-9 aged 10-15 aged 16+ Total Source: Census 2006 Households 000 % 304 750 225 130 107 228 750 29 71 30 17 14 35 100
Occupancy 1 person 2 people 3 people 4 people 5 or more people Total Source: Census 2006
2.d
Households 000 % 326 414 264 243 215 1,462 22 28 18 17 15 100

2.a

Age Housewives 000 % 25 215 256 219 168 129 1,012 2.5 21.3 25.3 21.6 16.6 12.8 100

All individuals 000 % 945.7 580.0 781.2 661.4 558.5 445.5 499.5 4,472.0 21.15 12.96 17.47 14.79 12.49 9.96 11.17 100 Male 000 484.3 288.7 388.7 333.1 279.8 223.8 224.3 2,222.8 % 21.79 12.99 17.49 14.99 12.59 10.07 10.09 100 Female 000 % 461.4 291.2 392.5 328.3 278.7 221.7 275.3 2,249.2 20.51 12.95 17.45 14.60 12.39 9.86 12.24 100
Age 0-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total
Under 25 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total Source: JNRS Base
Source: CSO QNHS QTR 3 2009
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3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
4.a

(mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies 11 Total paid-for dailies 8 National paid-for dailies 1 7 Regional and local 1 paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies 6 Evening and afternoon 2 paid-for dailies Total free dailies 3 Regional and local free dailies 3 Total non-dailies 150 Total paid-for non-dailies 111 National paid-for non-dailies 1 Regional and local 110 paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies 40 Regional and local 40 free non-dailies Total paid-for Sundays 10 National paid-for Sundays 2 10
12 9 8 1 7 2 3 3 151 111 1 110 40 40 10 10
11 9 8 1 7 2 2 2 151 94 1 93 57 57 9 9
11 9 8 1 7 2 2 2 151 94 1 93 57 57 9 9
11 9 8 1 7 2 2 2 151 94 1 93 57 57 9 9
0.00 12.50 14.29 0.00 16.67 0.00 -33.33 -33.33 0.67 -15.32 0.00 -15.45 42.50 42.50 -10.00 -10.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total dailies 267.0 Total paid-for dailies 235.0 National paid-for dailies 227.0 Regional and local 8.0 paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies 201.5 Evening and afternoon 33.0 paid-for dailies Total free dailies 31.0 Regional and local free dailies 31.0 Total non-dailies 56.0 Total paid-for non-dailies 46.5 National paid-for non-dailies 3.5 Regional and local 43.0 paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies 13 Regional and local 13 free non-dailies Total paid-for Sundays National paid-for Sundays 64.0
278.2 266.3 272.5 262.5 228.2 225.5 234.7 231.7 220.0 217.0 224.0 224.6 8.2 8.5 10.7 7.1 50.0 50.0 59.4 46.4 3.4 43.0 13 13 63.4 63.4 196.0 200.7 203.0 29.5 34.0 28.7 40.8 40.8 48.7 3.6 45.1 61.7 61.7 37.8 37.8 48.6 3.6 45.0 59.8 59.8 30.8 30.8 47.6 3.6 44.0 57.9 57.9
-1.69 -1.40 -1.06 -11.25 0.74 -13.03 -0.65 -0.65 2.37 2.86 2.33 -9.53
-3.67 -1.28 0.27 -33.64 1.15 -15.59 -18.52 -18.52 -2.06 0.00 -2.22 -3.18 -3.18
Source: 2005-2006 National Newspapers of Ireland; WAN assessment (free dailies); 2007-2009 National Newspapers of Ireland
1 2
Source: National Newspapers of Ireland

4.b
Including Irish editions of UK dailies Including Irish editions of UK Sundays
Sales revenues
(Ireland, euro, mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies 885 965 954 979 909 Total paid-for dailies 758 800 797 833 767 National paid-for dailies 731 774 771 799 744 Regional and local 27 26 26 34 23 paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies 645 691 689 724 675 Evening and afternoon 113 109 108 109 92 paid-for dailies Total free dailies 42 110 157 146 142 Regional and local free dailies 42 110 157 146 142 Total non-dailies 1,147 1,147 2,079 2,080 2,071 Total paid-for non-dailies 897 897 1,052 1,053 1,054 National paid-for non-dailies 67 67 68 69 70 Regional and local 830 830 984 984 984 paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies 250 250 1,027 1,027 1,017 Regional and local 250 250 1,027 1,027 1,017 free non-dailies Total paid-for Sundays 1,238 1,220 1,187 1,150 1,115 National paid-for Sundays 1,238 1,220 1,187 1,150 1,115
2.71 1.19 1.78 -14.81 4.65 -18.58 238.10 238.10 80.56 17.50 4.48 18.55 306.80 306.80 -9.94 -9.94
-7.15 -7.92 -6.88 -32.35 -6.77 -15.60 -2.74 -2.74 -0.43 0.09 1.45 0.00 -0.97 -0.97 -3.04 -3.04
Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Total paid-for non-dailies National paid-for non-dailies Regional and local paid-for non-dailies Total paid-for Sundays National paid-for Sundays
1
302.9 314.3 332.5 326.8 327.5 302.9 1 305.3 318.5 318.0 317.5 9.0 14.0 8.8 9.9 78.3 82.4 6.9 75.5 86.6 7.6 79.0 86.1 7.1 79.0 87.7 8.7 79.0
8.12 4.82 12.01 5.44 5.44
0.21 -0.16 12.50 1.86 22.54 0.00 5.80 5.80
119.4 118.0 126.0 119.0 125.9 119.4 1 118.0 126.0 119.0 125.9
Source: National Newspapers of Ireland Includes Irish editions of UK titles
4.c

2005 2006 91 8 1 100 (%) 2007 91 8 1 100 2008 91 8 1 100 2009 91 8 1 100
Single copy sales Home deliveries Postal deliveries Total
91 8 1 100

4.d
Source: 2005-2006 National Newspapers of Ireland; WAN assessment (free dailies); 2007-2008 National Newspapers of Ireland; 2009 National Newspapers of Ireland; WAN-IFRA assessment (free dailies)
Cover prices (2009)

(Ireland, euro) min max
5.a

(%) Reached
Single copy
0.90
2.50
All adults Men Women
56.4 58.7 58.7
Source: Joint National Readership Survey (JNRS) 2009
263
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5.b Age structure of readership (2009) 7.ab

2004 (Ireland, euro, 000) 2005 2006 2007 39.3 41.2 43.7 2008 41.1
Age
GDP per capita
36.6
15-18 19-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total
Source: 2004 ZenithOptimedia; 2005-2009 CSO National Accounts

7.ac
(%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 0.86 0.90 0.97 1.00
Ad expenditure
0.90
0.95
0.97
0.97
7.ba
Source: Joint National Readership Survey (JNRS)

5.d

(Ireland, euro, mln) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Number of readers
2005 2006 1,883 1,883 (000) 2007 1,934 1,934 2008 1,967 1,967 41 2009 2,062 2,017 154 Press Newspapers Magazines Television Radio Cinema Outdoor Internet Total
1,856 1,856 -
Source: Joint National Readership Survey (JNRS)

6.a
Online editions
Change (%) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2007/03 2007/06
943 1,078 1,123 1,120 903 1,038 1,082 1,079 40 40 41 41 287 326 374 363 106 124 140 148 9 10 11 10 117 134 183 196 4 13 22 24 1,466 1,685 1,853 1,861
903 907 997 1,047 866 870 957 1,005 37 37 40 42 300 300 330 350 137 140 154 170 8 8 8 9 142 145 160 176 25 28 30 35 1,515 1,528 1,679 1,787
Source: Advertising Statistics of Ireland; IAPI Scope; BASE; ZenithOptimedia Excludes production costs; includes agency commission of 15%; includes classified display advertising, but not linage; before discounts; newspaper data includes UK titles in Ireland; TV includes satellite from 2006; radio data includes independent local radio; Internet includes display only; Internet figures are NetBehaviour estimates
7.c
Dailies Non-dailies Sundays
3 1
3 0 1
3 2
3 2
4 2
33.33 100.00
33.33 0.00

6.c

Publishing company Website Unique visitors per month (000) 2,314 1 2,301 2
(Ireland, euro, mln) Change (%) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008/04 2008/07
Newspaper
The Irish Times The Irish Independent Source: ABCe UK

1
The Irish Times Limited Independent News and Media PLC
irishtimes.com independent.ie
Nov 2009 2 Oct 2009

6.d

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total paid-for dailies 448.2 National paid-for dailies 372.2 Regional and local 76.0 paid-for dailies Total paid-for non-dailies 183.1 National paid-for non-dailies 10.9 Regional and local 172.2 paid-for non-dailies Total paid-for Sundays 167.5 National paid-for Sundays 167.5 Source: IAPI Adspend
7.d
540.3 605.9 589.2 607.8 456.4 512.4 493.6 514.5 83.9 93.5 95.6 93.3 161.9 186.0 189.2 220.1 20.4 29.7 26.5 36.2 141.5 156.3 162.7 183.9 195.3 218.6 232.2 246.6 195.3 218.6 232.2 246.6
35.61 38.23 22.76 20.21 232.11 6.79 47.22 47.22
3.16 4.23 -2.41 16.33 36.60 13.03 6.20 6.20
925.5 1,036.8 1,085.6 1,128.8 1,104.1 1,742.3 2,341.4 2,636.9 2,899.1 3,042.6
19.3 74.63
-2.19 4.95


6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
In colour Total Source: IAPI Adspend Total volume sold for print
8,507,392 13,264,001 14,054,673 18,840,348 21,186,888 20,801,539 31,756,036 26,941,759 32,214,580 32,837,997
322.5 518.1 758.7 891.3 976.4
202.76
9.55

6.f

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
2004 Display Classified Total Source: IAPI Adspend 51.0 49.0 100
2005 52.0 48.0 100
(%) 2006 79.6 20.4 100
2007 72.7 27.3 100
2008 72.0 28.0 100
Mobile cellular subscriptions 4,270.0 4,690.1
5,048.1 4,871.1
14.08
-3.51

7.aa

2004 (Ireland, euro, bln) 2005 2006 2007 162.1 176.8 189.8 2008 181.8
GDP Source: CSO National Accounts
147.6
264
IRELAND

Total circulation (000) 95,800 33,300 33,300 41,500 25,100 14,000 21,800 21,700 3,600 3,100 Total revenue (Ireland, euro, 000) 161,000 60,000 48,700 48,900 44,300 32,300 28,100 21,900 8,700 7,800
Publishing company Independent Newspapers The Irish Times Limited The Star Newspaper Group News International Thomas Crosbie Holdings Sunday Newspapers Associated Newspapers Mirror Group Newspapers The Agricultural Trust Tribune Newspapers
Advertising sector Classified advertising Retail outlets Construction/property Entertainment Telecommunications Motor sales Tourism Banks and financial houses Recruitment Media Source: IAPI Adspend
Advertiser
Expenditure (Ireland, euro, 000) 19,868.7 16,774.1 13,827.2 12,066.8 9,063.3 9,018.7 7,829.1 7,536.9 6,950.3 6,830.9
MCD Tesco Supervalu Aiken Promotions Xtra-Vision Dunnes Stores Vodaphone Dell Computer Corporatiion Sherry Fitzgerald Savills Hamilton Osborne King Source: IAPI Adspend
Source: National Newspapers of Ireland (NNI)
8.ba

Language Publishing company Circulation Readership Cover price usual (000) (000) 581 369 420 295 289 142 208 211 (Ireland, euro) 1.80 1.80 1.40 0.90 1.20 1.00 1.80 1.00 Broadsheet / Compact Broadsheet Compact Compact Compact Compact Compact Compact Format Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Ireland, euro) 29,425 24,670 17,690 9,240 10,430 11,550 16,750 8,925 36,955 27,000 20,330 11,700 12,365 15,960 6,664
Title
The Irish Independent The Irish Times Irish Daily Star The Irish Sun Evening Herald Irish Daily Mail Irish Examiner Irish Daily Mirror
English English English English English English English English
Independent News and Media PLC The Irish Times Limited Independent Star Limited News International Independent News and Media PLC Associated Newspapers Thomas Crosbie Holdings Mirror Group Newspapers
150 107 98 92 69 50 49 63
Source: National Newspapers of Ireland (NNI); Audit Bureau of Circulations (ABC)

8.bb

Founded (year) Language Publishing company Circulation (000) English English Independent Newspapers Fortune Green Ltd 1 72 70 Readership (000) 100 90 Compact Compact Format Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Ireland, euro) 4,455 6,200 5,515 7,700
Title
Herald AM Metro
2005 2005
Source: Audit Bureau of Circulations; The Guardian; National Newspapers of Ireland (NNI) The Metro Herald, the daily Dublin newspaper created through the merger of Herald AM and Metro Ireland, launched January 7, 2010 as a morning freesheet. The title is jointly owned by Associated Newspapers, the Daily Mail & General Trust subsidiary, the Irish Times and Independent News & Media. Sweden's Metro International, which previously held about a 10% share in Metro Ireland, has sold its stake in the venture.
1
Owned by Associated Newspapers and the Irish Times Ltd
10.a

Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
11.
Research (2009)
4-colour newspapers Broadsheets Tabloids National newspapers only

10.c
18 7 11
19 7 12
18 6 12
18 6 12
18 6 12
0.00 -14.29 9.09
0.00 0.00 0.00
Circulation is audited by Audit Bureau of Circulations Readership is measured by Joint National Readership Survey (JNRS) Methodology A random probability survey based on a sample of 7,000 using a moving annual total, published twice yearly. Interviewers choose interviewees from the GEO Directory and then visit them at their homes address. More information is available at www.jnrs.ie
Newsprint costs
2005 (Ireland, euro) 2006 2007 2008 510 525 500 2009 480
Average per ton
510
265
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12.
Taxes (2009)
% 21.5 13.5 13.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 12.5 12.5 0.0
15.a
Tax Standard VAT VAT on: Single copy sales Subscription sales Advertising Newsprint Composition Plant Tax on profits standard rate Tax on profits for newspapers Tax concessions for newspaper companies (e.g. for reinvesting profits) Source: National Newspapers of Ireland
13.a
14.
Discounts (2009)
Discount on rates of Post Railroad Telephone Telegraph Telex Other Source: National Newspapers of Ireland
15.b

National TVs Regional Newspapers National Newspapers Radio
Owners
Only one private licence
No
No
State broadcaster only
Only one private licence; limited investment allowed Only one private licence; limited investment allowed No cases to date. Subject to IRTC and ministerial approval No cases to date. Subject to IRTC approval
No limit
Up to 25% of maximum 2 licences
Subject to ministerial approval
Subject to IRTC approval
No cases to date. Subject to IRTC and ministerial approval
No cases to date. Subject to IRTC approval No cases to date. Subject to ministerial approval Yes, but subject to ministerial approval
No cases to date. Subject to IRTC approval No cases to date. Subject to ministerial approval Yes, but subject to ministerial approval
State only
State and independents restricted to one local licence
Foreign Investors
One case to date. Yes, but subject to IRTC approval
Yes, but subject to IRTC approval
266
ITALY
General economic situation The Italian economy is driven in large part by the manufacture of high-quality consumer goods produced by small and medium-sized enterprises. Italy also has a sizable underground economy, which by some estimates accounts for as much as 15% of GDP. These activities are most common within the agriculture, construction, and service sectors. The Italian government faces a severe economic constraint with Italys official debt remains above 100% of GDP. The inflation rate was estimated at 0.6% in 2009. The world recession triggered by the financial crisis has had a strong impact on economic activity in Italy. It has been estimated that the events prompted by the financial turmoil subtracted 6.5 percentage points from the economic activity over the period 2008-2010. Specifically, crisis factors curtailed GDP growth by 5% in 2009. Even though the effects of the crisis were mostly imported from abroad, the worsening of domestic financing terms and business and household economic situation played a non-negligible role in deepening such effects. In 2009 household consumption decreased by 1.7% and gross fixed investments by 11.7%. The latest figures on industrial production and the findings of business opinion surveys indicate a more lively recovery in the first few months of 2010. However, consumer confidence has weakened, reflecting increasing worries over the economic picture and the labour market outlook. The contraction of employment, by 1.7% in 2009, continued in the early months of 2010. Companies propensity to invest is curtailed by a drop in profits and low capacity utilization. Furthermore, the industrial sector still reports difficulties in access to credit. In short, the factors responsible for the slackness of internal demand could weigh on the speed and strength of the recovery. Performance of different types of newspapers The crisis left an evident mark on the press sector, which is highly sensitive to the economic cycle. In 2009, daily newspapers as a whole showed a drop by 5.9% in the number of copies sold on an average day, compared to previous year. The most sensible drop, however, was that of advertising revenues, which decreased by 16.4% in the same period. The cut in advertising and sales revenues hit severely the profitability of publishing companies. In 2009, revenues were 9% lower compared to 2008, reflecting also a 30% drop of add-on sales. In the same period, production costs decreased by 5%, not enough to avoid a sharp fall in earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA) by 89.7%.
If the pressures on newspaper revenues continue in 2010, publishers will be forced to gain some positive impact mainly by applying cost reduction plans. In April 2009, free daily City, owned by the RCS Media Group (Corriere della Sera and La Gazzetta dello Sport), moved into paid print products. The free daily began selling cooking books priced at EUR2 with their newspapers. On February 3, 2010, newspaper Il Secolo XIX of Genoa introduced a new compact format. Newspaper launches / closures On September 23, 2009, a new national general information daily called Il Fatto Quotidiano (The Daily Fact) was launched. Published by Editoriale Il Fatto SpA, Il Fatto is a full colour newspaper printed in compact format. Il Fattos backers said the newspaper aimed to counter pressure from Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi against press criticism. The newspaper, which comes out six days a week and costs EUR1.20 (USD1.77), is being financed without any state funding. According to the company articles, 70% shares can be owned by entrepreneurs, and each of them can hold up to 16%. The remaining 30% shares are owned by newspaper journalists, who hold a blocking minority in the venture. Almost a half (43%) of Il Fatto circulation of about 100,000 copies is sold by subscription. According to executives prior to the launch, the newspaper already had 27,000 subscribers. Free afternoon daily 24 Minuti, published by business newspaper Il Sole 24 Ore, closed on April 1, 2009. According to the company, the closure is due to the collapse in advertising revenue due to the global financial crisis. The newspaper was launched in October 2006 with total circulation of 450,000. The nine staff journalists who worked for the newspaper were also employed by media group 24 Ores financial news agency Radiocor, and therefore did not lose their jobs. Advertising In 2009, advertising expenditure in all media plummeted by 13.2%. The only segment to grow was online advertising, with the Internet turnover increased by 5.1% year-on-year. The press advertising expenditure declined by 21.4%, which is more negative than the result of the overall ad market. Advertising expenditure in magazines showed a severe downward trend (-29.3%), while in daily newspapers it decreased by 16.4%. Advertising expenditure in free dailies fell by 28.6%, and in paid-for dailies by 15.8%.
267
ITALY
As for other media, TV suffered a decline by 10.2%, radio by 7.7%, outdoor by 10.2%, and cinema by 7.7%. In the first three months of 2010 advertising expenditures as a whole recorded an increase of 3.5% compared to the same period in previous year. The press confirmed a downward trend (-0.5%). Within this trend, paid-for dailies showed a slight recovery (+3.5%), while free dailies (-12%) and magazines (-7%) were still declining. Circulation Circulation of daily newspapers was affected by the continued slump in consumption. In 2009, paid circulation reported a 5.9% drop year-on-year. The decline was particularly sharp for national dailies (-9.0%); a critical factor was a decision of many publishing companies to reduce distribution through low-margin promotional channels. Sports dailies, a large segment of the Italian newspaper market, have also suffered an 8% drop over the period, reflecting the general contraction in consumption. More resistant, although also declining (-2%), was paid circulation of local newspapers. During 2009 the add-on market of daily newspapers confirmed a negative trend with an 18% slowdown of the overall turnover. The two main players, RCS and Gruppo LEspresso, kept on increasing their own market shares to the disadvantage of other minor players, even though the two recorded a slowdown of their turnover and the average sales of each collection kept on decreasing. Readership Changes in readership auditing methods make the last figures of Audipress incomparable with those of previous surveys. However, the last Audipress survey shows high levels of newspaper readership in 2009. The number of adult readers aged 14 years and over represented 24,108 individuals on an average day in 2009, an increase of 3.6% over 2008. Since 2000, daily readership has been steadily growing. In ten years, newspaper reach increased from 39.3% of all adult population to 46.2% The analysis found that free dailies have strongly contributed to this increase, at least in the last four years, with about 6 million readers in 2009. Online / Digital Publishing The daily net reach of printed newspapers and websites combined exceeds by far 50% of adult population. On an average day in 2009, newspaper websites were visited by 4.2 million unique users. This represents more than 8% of the universe of people aged 14 years and over. Newspapers are successfully leveraging their websites to grow their audiences, especially among young readers.
268
About 40% of all website unique users per day are newspaper readers. During 2009 the audiences of major Internet news websites grew continuously. According to Audiweb, the two major players, Repubblica and Corriere della Sera, continued to increase their unique audience. All daily newspapers are present on the Internet, providing a selection of text, video and audio contents developed in a multimedia and interactive way. The participation of users is strongly increasing as it has been pointed out above (4.2 million users per day in 2009). The evolution of the newspaper industry has demanded a different and more concentrated approach on how the print and the Internet interact. In addition to their own websites, the leading publishing groups are trying to get revenues by supplying value added services to private individuals and to telephone and Internet operators. There were no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitored e-mail or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail. A special unit of the police monitored websites for crimes involving child pornography online. The government could request other governments to block foreign-based Internet websites if they contravened national laws. As an anti-terrorism measure, authorities required that Internet cafe operators obtain licenses. In August 2009, Italys antitrust regulator launched a probe into Google Inc.s Italian unit for alleged abuse of its dominant position, thus following a complaint from the Italian Federation of Newspaper Publishers (FIEG). FIEG claims that the Google News Italias content aggregating lacks transparency and leaves publishers with no control over distribution and presentation on the Web of the news they produce. News and information analysis that cost a lot are at risk of being thinned out in the digital world, where premium content publishers compete not only with other content producers, but also with completely different businesses and products, including some that thrive on distributing and aggregating the publishers own content and on exploiting the relationship between publishers and their customers. The issue in this case is abuse, rather than dominant position. Publishers are faced with two options only: granting Google a full access to their Web content, or walling it off completely and thus blocking potential Web traffic coming from Googles search engine, which control about 90% of the national search market, according to Italys Antitrust Authority. The lack of
ITALY
transparency could damage the companies that compete with Google in the online advertising market. Newspaper publishers are not alone in complaining about Google. Fedeweb, the Italian Federation of Online Publishers, have lodged a complaint with the Antitrust Authority about Googles Ad Planner. Formerly, on May 2009, the European Newspaper Publishers Association (ENPA), published a statement on Google news and other news aggregators which urged Google to respect the copyright protection of newspapers content, the fair competition regarding editorial content and advertising, and balanced partnerships with newspaper publishers in Europe. In February 2010, Carlo de Benedetti, president of Gruppo Editoriale LEspresso, whose publications include the daily newspaper La Repubblica and weekly magazine LEspresso, outlined his support for paid online content and his belief that both Google and Internet providers should be pushed to share income with content producers. De Benedetti argued consumers need to pay for news. Without the readers who were paying EUR1 each day for the print copy of La Repubblica, the newspaper would not have been able to carry out its ten questions to Berlusconi campaign, to which the prime minister eventually responded in November 2009. News that is free is worth nothing, De Benedetti said, If you want your content to be valued you have to charge for it. He also suggested publishers should take a strong stance against search engines. Google cannot exploit the content created by others without giving anything in return, he argued. Aggregators do not respect the rules which protect intellectual property rights. Ownership Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconis family holding company, Fininvest, held a controlling share in the countrys largest private television company, Mediaset, its largest magazine publisher, Mondadori, and its largest advertising company, Publitalia. His brother owned one of the countrys nationwide dailies, Il Giornale. Prime Minister Berlusconi also controls three of Italys seven main terrestrial television channels; another three, operated by the state-owned RAI, answer to a parliament dominated by his supporters; and he or his family own a weekly news magazine and the countrys biggest publishing house. Italys leading magazines and book publisher, Arnoldo Mondadori posted a near 14 per cent fall in 2008 net profit, leading it to propose to scrap its dividend payment. Mondadori, owned by the family of Prime Minister Berlusconi, and with operations in France and Greece, said it expected its business to perform less well in 2009 than it did in 2008 because of the uncertainty over consumer and advertising spending. At the release
of its results in March 2009, Mondadori proposed to allocate profits to an extraordinary reserve instead of paying them out as a dividend. Chief Executive Maurizio Costa said the money could be used to finance possible acquisitions, though there was nothing on the table at present. Media / Press Laws The constitution provides for the freedoms of speech and of the press, and the government generally respected these rights in practice. An independent press, an effective judiciary, and a functioning democratic political system combined to ensure freedom of speech and the press. On July 17, 2009, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) determined that the country had violated freedom of expression in a case in which a journalist had been convicted for defamation of a local politician. During the year 2009 public officials continued to bring cases against journalists under the countrys libel laws. On August 28, 2009, Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi filed a libel suit against the daily La Repubblica for the publication of a list of leading questions over a period of months. Some of the provocative questions played off personal issues that became public as Berlusconis wife asked for a divorce. Ezio Mauro, editor-in-chief of La Repubblica, said, It is not only an attack on La Repubblica but on freedom of the press. In September 2009, Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi said charges that press freedom in Italy was under threat were a joke but the right to privacy was in real danger. Allegations about lack of press freedom were a joke put out by a minority of communists and Catholiccommunists who control 90 percent of the newspapers, Berlusconi said in an interview with his own television network. The wealthy media magnate accused newspapers of acting as if freedom of the press was freedom to mystify, insult and slander by publishing reports linking him to prostitutes and under-age girls. On September 2, 2009, Prime Minister Berlusconi sued the daily LUnita for libel for printing two unfavorable articles on his private life in July and August of 2009. Berlusconi sought three million euros (USD4.3 million) in damages. He also demanded EUR200,000 apiece from five named journalists for its articles, including one saying he abused his control of the media. LUnita risks closure if it loses against the prime minister. On October 3, 2009, Milans civil court ruled that Compagnie Industriali Riunite was entitled to EUR750 million (USD1 billion) in compensation from Fininvest, which wrested control of the leading Mondadori publishing house from CIR in 1991. Judge Raimondo Mesianos ruling published on October 5, 2009, said
269
ITALY
Berlusconi was co-responsible for the bribery of a judge who decided in favour of Fininvest during the takeover battle. CIR, whose honorary president is Berlusconis rival Carlo de Benedetti, controls the newsweekly LEspresso and the left-leaning daily newspaper La Repubblica, both avid chroniclers of the sex scandals that have been dogging Berlusconi since April 2009. Marina Berlusconi, the head of Fininvest and the daughter of the prime minister, announced the company would appeal against the court decision. On October 21, 2009, the European Parliament rejected a resolution denouncing the lack of press freedom in Italy. Parliamentarians rejected a European Commission proposal for EU legislation to protect media pluralism in Europe by the narrowest of margins, with 338 votes against and 335 in favour amid 13 abstentions. The motion would have seen the Parliament condemn political interference with the media and call for EU legislation to ban media monopolies in Europe. Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi avoided official condemnation by the European Parliament, highlighting divisions among member countries over what some see as a purely national issue. In January 2010, Internet companies and civil liberty groups voiced alarm over a proposed Italian law which would make online service providers responsible for their audiovisual content and copyright infringements by users. The draft, due to be approved in February 2010, would make Internet Service Providers (ISPs) like Fastweb and Telecom Italia, along with websites like Googles YouTube, responsible for monitoring TV content on their pages. The proposed law comes after Googles YouTube unit became engaged in a legal battle with Mediaset, controlled by Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi. Mediaset wanted 500 million euros in damages from YouTube for copyright infringement. The proposed regulations would make Internet websites as liable as television stations for their content and subject to hefty fines by the Italian Communications Regulatory Authority (AGCOM). Italys parliament, which held consultations with civil groups and Internet associations, was due to present a non-binding opinion to Silvio Berlusconis government in February 2010. The draft decree only requires presidential approval. Postal Issues The financial law valid for 2010 has reduced to EUR10 million the allocation of funds for the reduction of postal tariffs for daily newspapers. The funds have been already dried up and the newspapers will benefit only a quarter of the amount allocated in the former budget. This leads to the conclusion that distribution costs will rise sharply and eliminate any attempt to increase subscriptions that represent only 9% of total sales in Italy. State Support EUR180 million have been set aside in 2009 and 2010 to subsidize newspapers and periodicals which are official organs of political parties acting in the Parliament, or published by cooperatives of journalists. According to the government financial forecast, this amount will be cut by half in 2011.
Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; Italian Federation of Newspaper Publishers (FIEG); WAN-IFRA Editors Weblog; Garcia Media; FDN Newsletter; AFP; Reuters; Radio Netherlands Worldwide; WAN-IFRA from public sources; EurActiv
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Age Total Source: Istat

3.a
Housewives 000 % 7,480 100
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies 94 Total paid-for dailies 89 National paid-for dailies 21 Regional and local 68 paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies 89 Total free dailies 5 National free dailies 5 Regional and local free dailies Total paid-for non-dailies National paid-for non-dailies Regional and local paid-for non-dailies
96 86 21 65 86 10 5 5 5 2 3
94 85 23 62 85 9 5 4 -
93 84 23 61 84 9 5 4 -
94 85 24 61 85 9 5 4 -
0.00 -4.49 14.29 -10,29 -4.49 80.00 0.00 -
1.08 1.19 4.35 0.00 1.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 -

2.a
Source: 2005-2007 FIEG; 2008 FIEG; WAN assessment (free dailies); 2009 FIEG; WAN-IFRA assessment (free dailies)
3.b

All individuals 000 % 8,429 6,096 7,918 9,794 8,453 7,271 12,085 60,045 14.0 10.2 13.2 16.3 14.1 12.1 20.1 100 Male 000 4,334 3,123 3,995 4,921 4,176 3,531 5,072 29,152 % 14.9 10.7 13.7 16.9 14.3 12.1 17.4 100 Female 000 % 4,095 2,973 3,923 4,872 4,277 3,740 7,013 30,893 13.3 9.6 12.7 15.8 13.8 12.1 22.7 100

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Age 0-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total Source: Istat
2.b
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Total free dailies National free dailies Regional and local free dailies
8,582 5,462 3,512 1,950
9,484 5,510 3,595 1,915
9,453 5,494 3,577 1,917
9,676 5,291 3,440 1,851
8,865 4,842 3,050 1,792
3.30 -11.35 -13.15 -8.10 28.94 0.00 74.02
-8.38 -8.49 -11.34 -3.19 -8.26 0.00 -14.57
3,120 3,974 3,959 4,385 4,023 1,900 1,900 1,850 1,900 1,900 1,220 2,074 2,109 2,485 2,123
Source: 2005-2007 FIEG; 2008 FIEG; WAN assessment (free dailies); 2009 FIEG; WAN-IFRA assessment (free dailies) Paid-for dailies circulation figures are based only on information from FIEG members
4.a

All adults 000 % 888 6,000 33,916 9,340 2,035 52,179 1.7 11.5 65.0 17.9 3.9 100 Male 000 527 3,163 16,445 4,117 828 25,107 % 2.1 12.6 65.5 16.4 3.3 100 Female 000 % 361 2,837 17,471 5,223 1,207 27,072 1.3 10.5 64.5 19.3 4.4 100
Social class A B C D E Total

(mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Source: Audipress 2009

2.ca
2.cb

Children Without children With children aged 0-5 aged 6-13 aged 14-17 aged 18+ Total Source: Istat Households 000 % 11,538 11,679 3,095 2,698 1,985 3,901 23,217 49.7 50.3 26.5 23.1 17.0 33.4 100
Occupancy 1 person 2 people 3 people 4 people 5 or more people Total Source: Istat
Households 000 % 7,273 6,794 4,443 374 85 21,916 33.2 31.0 20.3 1.7 0.4 100
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies Total free dailies National free dailies Regional and local free dailies Source: FIEG estimates
2,714 2,945 2,935 2,965 2,650 1,903 1,908 1,902 1,864 1,658 1,217 1,238 1,230 1,205 1,050 686 670 672 659 608 1,903 1,908 1,902 1,864 1,658 811 1,037 1,033 1,101 992 811 861 887 918 176 146 183 -
-2.36 -12.87 -13.72 -11.37 -12.87 22.32 -
-10.62 -11.05 -12.86 -7.74 -11.05 -9.90 -
Paid-for dailies circulation figures are based only on information from FIEG members
271
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4.b
Sales revenues
(Italy, euro, mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
6.a
Online editions
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Source: FIEG estimates Excluding VAT
4.c
1,654 1,683 1,575 1,560 1,400 1,166 1,174 1,115 1,105 914 488 509 460 455 486
-15.36 -21.61 -0.41
-10.26 -17.29 6.81
Dailies Source: FIEG

6.b
96
96
107
106
108
12.50
1.89
Online readership

2005 2006 91.0 9.0 9.0 100 (%) 2007 91.5 8.5 8.5 100 2008 91.0 9.0 0.4 8.6 100 2009 91.0 9.0 0.4 8.6 100
Total dailies Source: FIEG
45,000 65,000 80,000 86,000
7.50
There were 3,604,000 unique visitors on an average day of the month in 2008
6.c
Single copy sales Subscriptions Home deliveries Postal deliveries Total Source: FIEG Estimate
4.d
90.7 9.3 9.3 100

Publishing company Website Unique visitors per month (000) 6,700 6,100 3,900 3,100 1,800 1,200 1,100 690
Newspaper
Cover prices (2009)

(Italy, euro) min max
5.a

(%) Reached
Single copy Subscription Source: FIEG
1.00 0.67
1.50 0.87
All adults Source: Audipress
46.2
La Repubblica Corriere Della Sera Il Sole 24 Ore La Gazzette Dello Sport La Stampa Corriere Dello Sport Il Giornale Il Messaggero
Gruppo Edit. L'Espresso RCS Media Group Il Sole 24 Ore S.P.A. RCS Media Group Editrice La Stampa S.P.A. Corriere Sport S.R.L. Europea Edizioni S.P.A. Il Messaggero S.P.A.
repubblica.it corriere.it ilsole24ore.com gazzetta.it lastampa.it corrieredellosport.it ilgiornale.it ilmessaggero.it
6.d

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Age
14-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total
17,700.0 11,778.4 12,199.1 20,500.0 20,500.0 20,736.8 22,407.2 24,190.4 26,541.5 29,235.9
15.82 40.99
0.00 10.15

6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
6,821.9 8,497.4 10,122.1 11,283.0 11,800.0
72.97
4.58
Source: Audipress

6.f
5.c
Media consumption
2005 (minutes per day) 2006 2007 2008 43.9 12.5 55.1 90.1 28.5 79.0 40.3 77.7 96.4 45.3 86.4 2009 64.0 26.0 81.0 98.0 47.0 85.0

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
All newspapers Magazines Radio Television Internet Mobile phones
7.aa
26.73
0.30

2005 (Italy, euro, bln) 2006 2007 2008 2009
Source: 2006 Audipress; 2007, 2009 Censis Weekly regular frequency: readers, viewers, listeners, Internet users who make use of media at least once a week; percentages of all population
5.d
GDP Source: Istat via FIEG

7.ab
1,428.4 1,480.0 1,535.5 1,572.2 1,493.6
Number of readers
2005 2006 (000) 2007 2008 2009 24,108 18,103 6,005

2005 (Italy, euro, 000) 2006 2007 2008 25.2 25.8 26.3 2009 24.9
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies Total free dailies Source: Audipress
GDP per capita Source: Istat via FIEG
24.2
272
ITALY
7.ac
(%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 0.50 0.49 0.50 0.51
7.d

Ad expenditure
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.55
7.ba
In colour Total Source: Osservatorio FCP-FIEG
474,883 527,349 585,412 601,456 597,161 158,172 237,774 358,529 422,170 420,170

(Italy, euro, mln) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
2,756.0 1,623 1,133 4,776 484 70 315 143 8,544
2,828.0 1,627 1,201 4,704 522 64 312 206 8,637
2,912.0 1,681 1,231 4,761 563 59 318 294 8,907
2,690.2 1,549 1,141 4,704 575 49 309 335 8,663
2,112.9 1,260 853 4,205 517 45 232 357 7,468
1,983.5 1,190 793 4,302 528 43 225 401 7,482
2,018.0 1,217 801 4,409 546 45 230 473 7,722
2,045.5 1,240 806 4,542 577 47 241 568 8,019
2005 Display Classified Total Source: Osservatorio FCP-FIEG 92.6 7.4 100
2006 92.8 7.2 100
(%) 2007 92.7 7.3 100
2008 92.0 8.0 100
2009 92.4 7.6 100
Source: Media Key; AC Nielsen; ZenithOptimedia Includes agency commission; excludes production costs; includes some classified advertising; after discounts; Magazines includes newspaper supplements; Internet includes display, classified, search
7.c

7.f
Advertising sector
Advertiser Toyota Fiat Media Market Vodafone Telecom It. Mobile Eni Roma Peugeot Poltrone E Sofa Volkswagen Citizen It. Source: AC Nielsen
Expenditure (Italy, euro, 000) 20,200 17,400 13,800 13,000 12,200 11,700 11,400 11,100 10,700 10,200
Total dailies 1,601.0 Total paid-for dailies 1,537 National paid-for dailies 1,001 Regional and local 536 paid-for dailies Total free dailies 64.0 Total online newspapers 1 -
1,633.0 1,563 1,035 528 70.0 49.0
1,711.4 1,605.8 1,357.6 1,623 1,525 1,300 1,085 1,035 856 538 490 444 88.4 59.9 80.8 73.9 57.6 78.0
-15.20 -15.42 -14.49 -17.16 -10.00 -
-15.46 -14.75 -17.29 -9.39 -28.71 5.55
Automotive Fashion and clothing Finance and insurance Retail Legal and professional services Home furnishings and supplies Media/publishing Tourism and travel Building industry Personal objects Source: AC Nielsen
Source: FIEG; Osservatorio FCP-FIEG; Nielsen 2005-2006 Typical discount to ratecard is around 50%. VAT not included. The above figures include classifieds and inserts
1
FIEG estimate
8.ba

Founded (year) Language Publishing company Circulation (000) Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian RCS Media Group Gruppo Edit. LEspresso RCS Media Group Editrice La Stampa Spa Il Sole 24 Ore Spa Corriere dello Sport Srl Il Messaggero Spa Soc. Europea Ed. Spa Poligrafici Editoriale Poligrafici Editoriale 540 499 351 300 283 205 202 185 151 123 Readership (000) 2,870 3,209 3,995 1,693 1,032 1,677 1,293 767 1,330 926 Cover price usual (Italy, euro) 1.20 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.50 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.20 1.20 Rheinish Berliner Belgian Berliner Nordic Belgian Rheinish Rheinish Tabloid Tabloid Format Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Italy, euro) 78,000 129,248 150,000 150,000 175,800 158,000 95,000 228,660 234,290 78,000 193,872 100,800 210,000 210,000
Title
Corriere della Sera La Repubblica La Gazzetta dello Sport La Stampa Il Sole 24 Ore Corriere dello Sport Il Messaggero Il Giornale Il Resto del Carlino La Nazione Source: FIEG; Audipress
1876 1976 1896 1867 1865 1924 1878 1974 1885 1859
273
ITALY
8.bb

Founded Language Publishing company (year) Circulation (000) Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Italian Leggo S.P.A. Edizioni Metro S.R.L. RCS Freepress S.R.L. Mag Editoriale S.R.L. Il Sole 24 Ore E Polis S.P.A. 1,050 850 840 500 500 6 488 Readership (000) 2,201 1,771 2,033 1,445 Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Format Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Italy, euro) 148,560 100,000 144,000 148,560 166,792 100,000 44,000 180,000
Title
Leggo Metro 2 City 3 DNews 4 24 Minuti 5 E Polis 7

1 2
2001 2000 2001 2008 2007 2006
Source: ADS; Audipress; FIEG from public sources 15 local editions in 2009 Seven editions published at the beginning of 2009; Bergamo edition launched in 2006 was closed down in 2008 3 First launched in Milan and Rome; present in nine markets at the beginning of 2009 4 Formerly four editions launched in Rome, Milan, Verona and Bergamo; distributed in public transport, bars, coffee shops, bakeries and pastry shops 5 Available from 4 p.m.; the newspaper ceased publishing in April 2009 6 WAN-IFRA estimate 7 The E Polis concept started in 2004 with Il Cagliari, followed by Il Venezia, Il Mestre, Il Padova, Il Treviso, Il Verona, Il Vicenza, Il Bergamo, and Il Brescia, with 35,000 to 40,000 copies for each edition. In June 2006, Il Firenze (60,000) followed; Milan and Rome from August 2006; Napoli by the end 2006, when E Polis run 13 editions. The 14th edition in Bologna launched in January 2007 with a circulation of 50,000; the 15th edition Il Napoli was launched the same day. Less than 10% circulation is sold in newsstands at 50 cents, majority of copies distributed for free in coffee houses, restaurants, bars and other public places. The company formerly aimed at 30 titles with a combined circulation of one million at the end of 2008; the 15 editions were said to have a combined circulation of 650,000 to 750,000 in 2007, although the readership was 515,000 in 2006/2007. Local editions are distributed for free, although the official cover price is EUR0.50.
9.a
Employment
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
10.c
Newsprint costs
2005 2006 526 (Italy, euro) 2007 2008 533 527 2009 541
Total number of journalists 6,469 6,660 6,731 6,723 6,491 Number of part-time journalists 752 890 900 Total number of employees 13,764 13,857 13,726 13,375 12,971 Source: INPGI; Fondo Casella
9.b
0.34 -5.76
-3.45 -3.02
Average per ton Source: FIEG Imported newsprint
495
Salaries
11.
Research (2009)
Total salary costs
935
948
954
985
980
4.81
-0.51
Circulation is audited by ADS (Accertamento Diffusione Stampa) Readership is measured by Audipress Methodology ADS Audits the circulation of daily newspapers via external auditing companies. Readership is measured by Audipress: interviews with a sample of 20,000 individuals, reported yearly, in two waves: autumn and spring; universe size 51,397,000 adults (14+); surveying method: CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing).
Source: FIEG
12.
Source: FIEG/Publishing companies balance sheets

10.a

Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
4-colour newspapers Broadsheets Tabloids Source: FIEG

10.ba
96 53 43
101 53 48
103 50 53
103 45 58
104 40 64
8.33 -24.53 48.84
0.97 -11.11 10.34

2005 2006 26 14 (%) 2007 26 14 2008 26 14 2009 26 14
Single copy sales Postal deliveries Source: FIEG

10.bb
26 14
Taxes (2009)
% 20 4 4 20 4 4 4 33 33 0
Tax

2005 2006 0.26 0.13 (Italy, euro) 2007 2008 0.24 0.14 0.24 0.14 2009 0.24 0.14
Single copy Subscription Source: FIEG
0.22 0.13
Standard VAT VAT on: Single copy sales Subscription sales Advertising Newsprint Composition Plant Tax on profits standard rate Tax on profits for newspapers Tax concessions for newspaper companies (e.g. for reinvesting profits) Source: FIEG
274
ITALY
13.a
15.a
Are there subsidies for the purchase of newsprint? No Are loans granted at low rates for re-equipment or improving existing equipment? No Are there any direct subsidies? Yes. Subsidies are granted only to newspapers and periodicals published by political parties or by cooperatives of journalists.
Source: FIEG
13.b
Does any law exist governing publishing-house ownership, or the registration of shares in newspaper-publishing companies? Yes, individuals and corporations have to register their newspaper interests. Magazines with five or more fulltime journalists and more than 12 issues a year count as newspapers for these purposes. Is there any law prohibiting or restricting foreign companies or individuals from owning shares, and in particular, the majority of shares, of domestic daily newspapers? No restriction on EU countries. Reciprocal arrangements apply to some other countries. Is there any law prohibiting daily newspaper or periodical publishers from operating radio or television stations in the same locality? Previous restrictions have been lifted. However, for a period up to 31 st December 2010, TV station owners may not own daily newspaper publishing companies. So as to guarantee disclosure and transparency in the capital structure and to avoid silent partners, is there any law or rule permitting in any event the possibility of finding out who are the actual owners of a publishing company? Law 416 (Article 1) provides that daily newspapers must be owned only by individuals, private unlimited partnerships, limited partnerships (non-stock corporations) and public corporations. Voting shares or partnership of a publishing house may be registered under the name of another company only if the majority of the voting shares of this other company are registered under the name of individuals or companies quoted on the stock exchange, whose identity is thus a matter of public record. Is there an antitrust law limiting concentration in the daily press? Law 416 (Article 4) specifically limits daily press concentration to 20% of all circulation, or 50% in one of Italys four large (macro) regions, or half of titles in one of the 21 smaller regions. (The latter rule obviously does not apply if there is only one title.) Any purchase (or equivalent) which breaches these limits is liable to be declared void in court, but the limits may be exceeded in the normal course of organic business growth. Is further regulation of media concentration expected? No
Source: FIEG
Direct subsidies
Total amount Source: FIEG
150
150
150
150
150
0.00
0.00
Direct subsides are available only for newspapers and periodicals which are official organs of political parties acting in the Parliament, or published by cooperatives of journalists
14.
Discounts (2009)
Discount rate (%) 40 1 0 50 0 0 0
Discount on rates of Post Railroad Telephone Telegraph Telex Other Source: FIEG
1
At the beginning of 2010, the fund set aside by the government for the post discounts to newspapers and periodicals was short of resources. The benefit for the press has been actually reduced by 25%.
275
ITALY
15.b
Owners
Regional TVs
National TVs
Regional Newspapers
National Newspapers
Radio
One licence per micro region and three licences in all
Not allowed
Max 50% of circ. in any macro region/max half of titles in any micro region 1 channel=max 16% of all daily circ. 2 channels=8%, 3 channels=0% Max 50% of circ. in any macro region/max half of titles in any micro region Max 50% of circ. in any macro region/max half of titles in any micro region Max 50% of circ. in any macro region/max half of titles in any micro region Max 50% of circ. in any macro region/max half of titles in any micro region No limit inside EU. Reciprocal arrangements with some other countries
Max 20% of all circulation
No national stations, but regional stations allowed
Not allowed
Max 20% of national stations (i.e. 2 of 12)
1 channel=max 16% of all daily circ. 2 channels=8%, 3 channels=0%
Not allowed
One licence per micro region and three licences in all One licence per micro region and three licences in all
1 channel=max 16% of all daily circ. 2 channels=8%, 3 channels=0% 1 channel=max 16% of all daily circ. 2 channels=8%, 3 channels=0%
No limit
No limit
Allowed
Not allowed
No nat. stations, but further regional stations allowed
Not allowed
Not allowed
Max 25% of national stations
Foreign Investors
No limit inside EU. Reciprocal arrangements with some other countries
Source: FIEG There are four macro-regions and 21 micro-regions. No-one may control more than 20% of total newspaper circulation, regional plus national.
276
KOSOVO
General economic situation Over the past few years Kosovos economy has shown significant progress in transitioning to a market-based system and maintaining macroeconomic stability. Nevertheless, it is still highly dependent on the international community and the diaspora for financial and technical assistance. Remittances from the diaspora, located mainly in Germany and Switzerland, are estimated to account for about 15% of GDP, and donorfinanced activities and aid for another 15%. Kosovos citizens are the poorest in Europe with an average annual per capita income of only USD2,300. Unemployment, at around 40% of the population, is a significant problem that encourages outward migration and black market activity. Most of Kosovos population lives in rural towns outside of the capital, Pristina. Inefficient, near-subsistence farming is common - the result of small plots, limited mechanization, and lack of technical expertise. Kosovos tie to the euro has helped keep core inflation low. The inflation rate was estimated at 5.3% in 2007. Performance of newspapers vs. other media As of August 2009, the country had 110 licensed broadcasters, 42 of which broadcast in minority languages. The broadcasters expressed a wide variety of views. Of the 68 broadcasters whose primary language was Albanian, the three entities of the publicly funded Radio Television Kosovo (RTK) group (RTK TV, Radio Kosova, and Radio Blue Sky) also broadcast daily in minority languages. There were 22 television stations. Right before the local elections in November 2009, the general director of Radio Television Kosovo (RTK) submitted his resignation after eight years in the position, citing political pressure even from the prime minister. unrestricted access to foreign news agencies, websites, and newspapers. Performance of different types of newspapers There are nine daily newspapers. A few newspapers were financially self-sufficient and thus were able to develop editorial policies independent of business and political interests. However, other newspapers relied on funding from businesses and political interest groups, including the government, which provided financial support in exchange for positive coverage or absence of critical coverage. Newspaper launches / closures In the second half of 2009, a ninth daily newspaper was launched. Advertising The print media have no advertising space limit. Electronic media are allowed by law to air 12 minutes of advertising per broadcasting hour, that is 20 percent of broadcasting time. The Independent Media Commission (IMC), the body in charge of media monitoring, occasionally allows the advertising time to be increased. One month, during an election campaign, the media requested that IMC grant an expansion of advertising time, since political parties required their ads be aired during prime time. This request was approved by the IMC, said Ardita Zejnullahu, executive director of Association of Kosova Independent Electronic Media in Prishtina. Act 40.3 of Law no. 2003/17 on public procurement stipulates that government advertisements and announcements should be given to the media with the highest circulation in Albanian and Serbian languages. However, government institutions do not follow this rule.
According to editors, government agencies and The number of news agencies did not change between corporations withdrew regular advertising from 2008 and 2009. Kosovo has only two existing newspapers that had published critical coverage of them. subscription-based news agencies: Kosovalive and Kosovapress. Larger businesses, such as banks, mobile telephone companies, and insurance companies very seldom elect The majority of national media reserve space for to advertise in local media. Small businesses in general international news and subscribe to international news rarely use media to advertise. agencies such as Reuters, AP, and AFP. Subscription news agencies have continued to decline in importance, Readership however, given the free news available to the public The media has seen no improvement in 2009 on the through news agencies that publish their news online. availability of market research data, and no promising Media outlets still subscribe to agencies because Kosovo initiatives to improve the situation are in development. needs news sources that can provide unbiased reporting. Online / Digital Publishing The government does not restrict the issuance of licenses There were no government restrictions on access to the and does not hamper the flow of information from Internet or reports that the government monitored abroad. Regarding international media, journalists have e-mail or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups
KOSOVO
could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Zeri is owned by Blerim Shala, Aleanca per Ardhmerine Internet, including by e-mail. e Kosoves (AAK) vice president. AAK is the party or Ramush Haradinaj, who resigned as Kosovos In Kosovo, blogs are not used commonly for news or Prime Minister in March 2005 after his indictment information, although individuals and organizations use by the International Criminal Tribunal for the blogs to express their opinions and exchange comments former Yugoslavia, for 37 counts of war crimes. on individual articles. He was acquitted on April 3, 2008, returned to Kosovo and immediately resumed his duties as president of the Social networking sites such as Facebook and YouTube party. are used widely, especially by the younger generation. Twitter is gaining popularity in Kosovo very rapidly. The tight weave among politicians, media and business interests in Kosovo plays a significant role on the tough Ownership struggle for power undergoing in the newborn republic. Every medium registered in Kosovo is obliged to declare Local elections will take place in November 2010. There its owners, and information on ownership is open to the is a lot of activity going on, with media playing public, but Kosovo has no specific law or regulation on a significant role in promoting various politicians, but media ownership. also legitimizing a widely devaluated political process, according to Mr Ymeri: It started by getting each others Veton Surroi, a politician who is currently critical of the members, and it is continuing by accusing each other on government, owns a TV station and Koha Ditore, the who is the most corrupted. This shows that the daily newspaper with the biggest circulation. legitimacy of all the parties is in crises. In the last Kosovo elections held in 2007, only 37% legible voters Other daily newspapers in Kosovo are also owned or voted. influenced by politicians: Media / Press Laws Kosova Sot, the second largest daily newspaper is owned The constitution and law provide for freedom of speech by Ruzhdi Kadriu, owner of large supermarkets in and of the press, and the government generally respected these rights in practice. However, there were reports that Pristina. reporters were intimidated by public officials, Gazeta Express is owned by IPKO, who also controls the politicians, and businesses. The media also encountered biggest cable TV and Internet network and is the second difficulties and obstructions in obtaining information biggest mobile network provider in Kosovo. In 2009, from the government and public institutions. The law one of the most successful businesspeople in the country, on broadcast media prohibits hate speech and speech Remzi Ejupi, bought Gazeta Express and expressed that incites ethnic violence. interest in buying another newspaper as well. According to Visar Ymeri, member of the anti-establishment Individuals generally could criticize authorities publicly political organisation Vetevendosje (Self- or privately without reprisal. Determination), IPKOs close links to the Partia Demokratike e Kosoves (PDK) makes it a characteristic There was no direct censorship of print or broadcast case of the complex between political and business media; however, journalists reported pressure from interests. Dino Hasanaj, the head of Privatisation politicians and organized crime, which frequently Agency Board, responsible for overseeing a long term resulted in indirect forms of censorship. privatization process of multiple public assets, appointed there by PDK, is said to own shares in IPKO, while there The assembly passed a law defining libel as a civil crime. have been talks that IPKOs CEO Akan Ismaili is going The government is not enforcing the law, however, and there still seems to be confusion on whether libel is part to run for Pristina Mayor on the PDK list, he says. of the civil or penal code. So far, however, the court has Infopress is published by Rexhep Hoti, a close associate not seen a single libel case, nor has any journalist been of Hashim Thaci, who publicly declares that he supports sentenced to prison on libel charges. Thaci regardless of his policies; his newspaper ran the Print media self-regulated through a code of conduct campaign against Jeta Xharra. adopted by the Press Council, an organization composed Epoka e Re is under PDK influence, as Epoka e Re and of print editors and publishers, and led by an Infopress get the most of governments advertisements, international member elected by the council. The Councils complaint board may impose fines for while being the least sold newspapers. breaches of the code of conduct, including penalties of Lajm is owned by Behxhet Pacolli, a businessman turned up to 2,000 euros (USD2,860) for serious violations, politician, heading the third strongest party Aleanca such as hate speech or defamation. Kosova e Re (AKR).
KOSOVO
The Independent Media Commission (IMC) implemented regulations and enforced codes of conduct governing broadcast media. The commission is a permanent body overseen by a six-member governing council. The Radio Television Kosovo (RTK) board of directors is responsible for overseeing RTK, the countrys public broadcaster, and the Ministry of Finance controlled its budget. The law provides for regulation of RTK program content and requires that at least 15 percent of RTK program time, including prime time, be dedicated to minority communities in their respective languages on a proportional basis. On October 9, 2009, the Assembly selected the nine members of the RTK Board of Directors and the Board selected its chairman on October 27, 2009. The RTK board actually functioned with an expired mandate for nearly three years, and the Assembly of Kosovo was negligent in selecting and appointing the new board until it appointed the new board in October 2009. There were no reports of censorship or harassment for the publication of books, and publishing houses expressed a wide variety of views without restriction. Printing & Distribution Printing houses are in the hand of private individuals, and the state has never tried to control them. Print houses are increasing in number and advancing their output. The newspaper distribution network remains under a monopoly, claims Bardh Hamzaj, former editor-in-chief of the daily newspaper Zeri. State Support Until the end of 2009, the state did not give any subsidies to the public media, although the Law on Radio Television of Kosovo is neutral as to whether the public media could be financed from the state budget. Based on the law that regulates its operation, Radio Television Kosovo (RTK) is financed primarily through subscriptions and advertisements, and from the state budget. The subscription fee for RTK has been collected through the bills of the Kosovo Energy Corporation in the amount of EUR3.5 (USD5) per month from each bill. On October 16, 2009, the Constitutional Court suspended RTKs principal funding mechanism, the EUR3.5 monthly fee that had been added to all electrical bills. The suspension of the fee caused the European Broadcast Union to issue a public letter noting that this decision endangered the broadcasters independence, as it would increase the likelihood that RTK would have to engage in the political process of going to the Assembly for funding. Authorities continued to search for a funding mechanism that would preserve RTKs independence and operations.
On May 3, 2009, local daily newspaper Express reported that a police security detail detained photographer Fisnik Dobreci while he was taking photos of President Sejdiu at lunch with the family of former president Rugova. Express reported that police detained Dobreci in a police vehicle until the end of the lunch and threatened him with five years in prison. The paper filed a lawsuit against the police, without effect. An internal police Under the Minority and Multiethnic Media Fund, the review concluded that the police had acted government has allocated EUR180,120 to 17 media stations in 2009. appropriately. On June 18, 2009, the Committee to Protect Journalists asked Prime Minister Thaci to publicly condemn and investigate a recent wave of threats against television journalist Jeta Xharra. Xharra, the director of the Balkans Investigative Reporting Network (BIRN), had aired a video report on May 28, 2009, showing a BIRN news team being expelled from Skenderaj/Srbica municipalitys public information office and being forced to leave town by an armed individual who confiscated some of the film crews footage. Following the release of the video, a series of letters threatening Xharra appeared in Infopress, a local newspaper supportive of the Democratic Party of Kosovo (PDK) party. On June 22, 2009, the Press Council, responding to a complaint filed by Xharra, concluded that the opinions published by Infopress constituted hate speech and fined the newspaper 1,000 euros (USD1,430). Private media do not receive any state subsidies, except for some allowances to multi-ethnic and minority media in order to promote and support minority programming.
Other Factors Some journalists refrained from critical investigative reporting out of fear for their personal security. Journalists were occasionally offered financial benefits in exchange for positive reporting or for abandoning an investigation; some were verbally threatened by government officials and suspected criminals for perceived negative reporting. During the year 2009 the Association of Professional Journalists of Kosovo (APJK) reported 20 instances of press freedom abuse by government officials, business interest groups, and media owners including verbal threats to journalists and their agencies by individuals
279
KOSOVO
affected by negative media coverage, pressure not to During the year 2009 there were several incidents of publish certain materials and articles, and obstruction of violence or harassment directed at the media. their work. Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; IREX Media Sustainability Index 2010; The Short Story Made Long A space for undermined journalistic work (blog)
6.a
Online editions
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Dailies
1
41
0.00
Source: 2008 WAN assessment; 2009 WAN-IFRA assessment Including websites of Koha Ditore, Gazeta Express, Bota Sot, and Lajm
7.aa

2004 (Kosovo, euro, bln) 2005 2006 2007 2.9 2008 3.8
GDP
Source: 2007 CIA The World Factbook; 2008 Government of Kosovo via The Economist
7.ab

2004 (Kosovo, euro, 000) 2005 2006 2007 1.3 2008 1.8
GDP per capita
Source: 2007 CIA The World Factbook via Index Mundi; 2008 Government of Kosovo via The Economist
8.ba

Founded Language Publishing company (year) 1997 2005 2004 1998 Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Albanian Koha Group MediaWorks Mabetex Group Format
Title Map: CIA The World Factbook

2.a

All individuals 000 % 501 1,186 118 1,805 28 66 7 100 Male 000 261 618 50 929 % 28 67 5 100 Female 000 % 240 568 68 876 27 65 8 100
Age 0-14 15-64 65 + Total

3.a
Koha Ditore (Daily Time) Gazeta Express (Express Newspaper) Epoka e Re (The New Epoch) Lajm (News) Zri (The Voice) Kosova Sot (Kosovo Today) Bota Sot (World Today) Infopress
Broadsheet Broadsheet -
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Source: Wikipedia; BBC News; Kosovo Institute of Journalism and Communication (KIJAC); WAN-IFRA from public sources
12.5

3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
30
30
32
6.67
Source: 2007 Kosovo Institute of Journalism and Communication; WAN estimate; 2008 WAN estimate; 2009 WAN-IFRA estimate
4.d
Cover prices (2008)

(Kosovo, euro) min
Single copy Source: Wikipedia
0.20
280
LATVIA
General economic situation Latvias economy experienced GDP growth of more than 10% per year during 2006-07, but entered a severe recession in 2008 as a result of an unsustainable current account deficit and large debt exposure amid the softening world economy. The International Monetary Fund, European Union, and other donors provided assistance to Latvia as part of an agreement to defend the currencys peg to the euro and reduce the fiscal deficit to about 5% of GDP. The majority of companies, banks, and real estate have been privatized, although the state still holds sizable stakes in a few large enterprises. The inflation rate was estimated at 3.3% in 2009. TV5. The British-based Swedish company Modern Times Group (MTG) controls TV3 and the Russianlanguage 3+, as well as several radio stations, including Star FM. The major newspaper Diena was owned by the Bonnier Group, a multinational Swedish company. This company also controled about one-third of local newspapers and the Baltic News Service.
The newspapers Neatkariga Rita Avize and Vakara Zinas have been controlled by the owners of Ventspils Nafta, an oil concern, but it appears that the ownership has also moved offshore. Another leading newspaper, Latvijas Avize, is controlled through Ventbunkers, which in turn is under the direction of a foreign-owned corporation Performance of newspapers vs. other media based in the Netherlands. The most watched and used The country has one state owned television station, Internet news source and interaction Web site, Del, was Latvian National Television (LTV), and one radio purchased by the Estonian Ekspress Grupp on August 2, station, Latvian National Radio. Privately owned 2007. television and radio outlets also operated in the country. Independent media were active and expressed a wide The Russian-language First Baltic Channel, a Balticvariety of views without government restriction. wide television network based in Riga, and the leading Russian newspapers Vesti Segodnya, Chas, and Telegraf Russian language print and electronic media were also appear to be locally owned. Their limited audiences and prevalent and active. Extensive Russian-language prot margins have not yet enticed foreign rms to buy programming was available on both traditional channels them out. Telegraf, however, was sold, and Janis Jurkans, and cable networks. a former Latvian minister of foreign affairs, is one of the new owners. Performance of different types of newspapers There was one government-owned newspaper, which In July 2009, Bonnier Business Press, a subsidiary of primarily published official records of government Swedish media giant Bonnier, sold Latvian media group actions and decisions. Other newspapers were widely AS Diena to Nedela S.A., a company led by former CEO believed to be associated with political or economic of newspaper Diena, Aleksandrs Tralmaks. AS Diena interests. publishes the largest-circulation newspaper, Diena, and the business daily Dienas Bizness. Daily newspaper Diena which has the biggest circulation, is published by Diena media group. The Tralmaks is the sole owner of Nedela S.A., but the deal company publishes both national and regional press, was financed 100% by Luxembourg Financial Services as well as magazines and books. (LSF). According to a statement, made by Bonnier Business Press, LSF is owned by a group of wealthy Dienas Bizness, also published by Diena media group, is Estonian entrepreneurs, headed by Kalle Norberg, one Latvias largest business newspaper, which also operates of LFS founders. two business information websites. Dienas Bizness organizes conferences and publishes handbooks for Tralmaks pointed out that Nedela S.A. plans include business. further investments to enhance development of the companies. However, in the near future, no major Online / Digital Publishing changes are expected in the work of both enterprises, as There were no government restrictions on access to the the former owners have already taken significant action Internet or reports that the government monitored e- to adjust the organizations to the prevailing economical mail or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups environment. Tralamks also underlined that, in the long could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the term, the companies will focus on developing the Internet, including by e-mail. Internet versions of Diena and Dienas Bizness. Ownership By 2007, almost all private Latvian-language media in the country had become foreign owned. Rupert Murdochs company News Corp Europe has purchased the leading Latvian TV station, LNT, and 70 percent of
Estonian business website Aripaev.ee estimates that the value of the deal could be around EEK0.5 billion (LVL44.9 million); the parties, which concluded the deal, abstain from revealing the actual figure. Aripaev.ee estimated also that the Estonian investment in Latvia
281
LATVIA
might even reach nearly a billion Estonian kroons, the broadcasts are required to have Latvian subtitles. highest amount ever invested from Estonia to Latvia. However, these laws only apply to terrestrial broadcasts, as opposed to satellite or cable television. Media / Press Laws The constitution and law provide for freedom of speech In December 2009 a court postponed until February and of the press, and the government generally respected 2010 its hearing of the governments appeal of a 100,000 these rights in practice. lat (USD200,000) civil award for invading the privacy of LTV journalist Ilze Jaunalksne. The case included In contrast with 2008, there were no reports of police a review of possible criminal conduct by financial police detaining persons for publically suggesting that the involved in the case. countrys banking system or currency were unstable. Postal Issues The law criminalizes incitement to racial or ethnic In June 2009, Latvian Post reported it was considering reducing newspaper delivery days to just five a week to hatred. combat a fall in subscribers and a worsening economic The law governing broadcast media contains a number crisis. Latvian Post said that the six-day delivery service of restrictive provisions regulating the content and was proving expensive. It noted that it was already in the language of broadcasts. Primary broadcast radio and process of cost-saving measures for mail delivery but was television stations are required to use the state language now asking publishers whether or not a five-day (Latvian), and secondary broadcasters are allotted up to newspaper service is necessary given subscribed press 20 percent of total broadcast time for non-Latvian volume. It said a decision had not been made but if language programming. Non-Latvian television approved would be submitted to ministerial advisors. Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; Press Business; Hell Mail; Baltic Media News; Freedom House
2.b

All adults 000 % 93.1 169.0 154.7 50.9 131.9 44.1 120.8 91.2 126.9 986.7 9.4 17.1 15.7 5.2 13.4 4.5 12.2 9.2 12.9 100 Male 000 53.1 57.9 54.4 9.0 36.8 25.9 97.2 81.1 61.7 480.3 % 11.1 12.0 11.3 1.9 7.7 5.4 20.2 16.9 12.9 100 Female 000 % 40.0 111.1 100.3 41.9 95.1 18.2 23.6 10.1 65.2 506.4 7.9 21.9 19.8 8.3 18.8 3.6 4.7 2.0 12.9 100
Social class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total Map: CIA The World Factbook

2.a
Source: Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia (CSB), Labour Force survey Employed population by occupation in the main job, persons aged 15-74 years 1 legislators, managers, and senior officials 2 professionals 3 technicians and associate professionals 4 clerks 5 service workers and shop and market sales workers 6 skilled agriculture and fishery workers 7 craft and related trades workers 8 plant and machine operators and assemblers 9 elementary occupations
2.d

All individuals 000 % 310.3 341.3 325.6 313.4 328.2 251.6 390.9 2,261.3 13.7 15.1 14.4 13.9 14.5 11.1 17.3 100 Male 000 158.7 173.8 165.4 154.9 154.3 108.3 127.7 1,043.1 % 15.2 16.7 15.9 14.8 14.8 10.4 12.2 100 Female 000 % 151.6 167.5 160.2 158.5 173.9 143.3 263.2 1,218.2 12.4 13.7 13.2 13.0 14.3 11.8 21.6 100
Age 0-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total
Source: Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia

Age 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 Total Housewives 000 % 7.4 15.4 9.7 12.4 9.1 54.2 13.6 28.5 18.0 22.8 16.9 100
Source: CSB Labour Force survey 2009
282
LATVIA
3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
5.c
Media consumption
2005 (minutes per day) 2006 2007 2008 280 206 268 298 2009 282 311
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Total free dailies Regional and local free dailies Total non-dailies Total paid-for non-dailies National paid-for non-dailies Regional and local paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies National free non-dailies Regional and local free non-dailies
23 22 14 8 1 1 71 64 29 35 7 1 6
22 21 13 8 1 1 89 81 36 45 8 2 6
20 18 10 8 2 2 104 98 44 54 6 4 2
19 17 10 7 2 2 104 98 44 54 6 4 2
19 17 10 7 2 2 88 74 34 40 14 2 12
-17.39 -22.73 -28.57 -12.50 100.00 100.00 23.94 15.63 17.24 14.29 100.00 100.00 100.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -15.38 -24.49 -22.73 -25.93 133.33 -50.00 500.00
Radio Television 2
297 204
Source: 2005 TNS Latvia Radio: National Readership Survey: radio, SummerAutumn 2005 (09.05.2005-23.10.2005); Television: TAM, 01.01.2005-31.12.2005; 2006 TNS Latvia; 2008 TNS Latvia; radio: National Readership Survey, SummerAutumn 2008; 2009 TNS Latvia, Radio Diary Survey, Summer-Autumn 2009
1 2
Respondents aged 12-74 Aged 4+
5.d
Number of readers
2005 2006 849 701 287 (000) 2007 802 640 299 2008 721 562 272 2009 612 517 156
818 818 -
Source: Latvian Press Publishers Association

3.b
Source: TNS Latvia, National Readership Survey Target base: population aged 15-74 Average number of readers in target group for one issue of print edition
6.a

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Online editions
Change (%) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008/04 2008/07
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Total free dailies Regional and local free dailies Total non-dailies Total paid-for non-dailies National paid-for non-dailies Regional and local paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies National free non-dailies Regional and local free non-dailies
448 348 297 51 42 42
424 321 273 48 103 103
436 236 187 49 200 200
370 230 188 42 140 140
340 220 180 40 120 120 -
-24.11 -36.78 -39.39 -21.57 185.71 185.71 -
-8.11 -4.35 -4.26 -4.76 -14.29 -14.29 -
Dailies Non-dailies
14 15
16 25
16 38
18 72
18 66
28.57 340.00
0.00 -8.33

6.c

Publishing company Dienas Mediji Dienas Bizness Dienas Mediji Petits Website Unique visitors per month (000) 108 95 33 20
940 1,161 1,818 1,762 538 729 1,285 1,062 331 432 940 761 207 402 115 287 220 412 112 300 345 533 420 113 301 700 213 487
Newspaper Diena Dienas Bizness Zemgales Zinas Chas
diena.lv db.lv zz.lv chas-daily.com
Source: Gemius SA gemiusAudience 2008 Not all dailies included in the survey
6.d
Source: 2005-2008 Latvian Press Publishers Association; 2009 WAN-IFRA estimate (paid-for dailies); WAN-IFRA assessment (free dailies)
4.d

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Cover prices (2008)

(Latvian lat) min max
5.a

(%) Reached 1
73.1 116.1 145.9 145.9 145.9 1,060.3 1,222.7 1,342.5 1,432.3 1,503.4
99.59 41.79
0.00 4.96

6.e
Single copy Source: Preses Serviss
0.35
0.99

5.b
34 34 34 35
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Age
% % daily reach of readership within age group 1 16 16 17 20 15 14 100 27 30 31 33 37 38 37 -
Source: TNS Latvia, National Readership Survey 2009; ages 15-74

1
60.8
109.7 146.1 200.0 259.0
325.99
29.50
Average % of readers in target group for one issue of print edition

6.f
less than 16 16-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
19.84
0.40
Source: TNS Latvia, National Readership Survey 2009; ages 15-74
283
LATVIA
7.aa

2005 (Latvian lat, bln) 2006 2007 2008 11.2 14.0 16.2 2009 13.2
7.d

2005 (pages & page equivalents) 2006 2007 2008 2009 16,386,755 16,310,000 11,047,563 6,368
GDP
9.1
Total Source: TNS Latvia, Adex
Source: 2005-2007 ZenithOptimedia; 2008-2009 Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia via TNS Latvia
7.ab
2006-2008 Square cm; 2009 Full pages; measurement only introduced in 2009, no comparison to earlier data available

2005 (Latvian lat, 000) 2006 2007 2008 4.9 6.1 7.2 2009 5.9
GDP per capita
3.9
Advertising sector
Source: 2005-2007 ZenithOptimedia; 2008-2009 Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia via TNS Latvia
7.ac
% of display ad revenue
Advertiser Maxima Bite Tele2 LMT PTA DNB Nord Studio Moderna Swedbank Parex Lattelecom Source: TNS Latvia
1
Expenditure 1 (Latvian lat, 000) 379.7 289.8 287.6 218.4 178.8 124.5 110.0 100.5 98.1 76.6
2005 2006 2007 2008 (%) 2009 2010 2011 2012 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.40
Ad expenditure
0.66
0.68
0.64
0.59
7.ba

(Latvian lat, mln) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Retail 10.2 Financial institutions, services 9.7 Mobile communication 7.4 Ready-made constructions 5.0 Travel 4.9 Cars 3.9 Household equipment other 3.5 Training 3.4 Passenger transport 3.3 Remedies 2.6 Source: TNS Latvia
8.a
Gross figures
25.4 17.5 7.9 21.7 7.0 0.4 3.7 1.5 59.7
30.1 18.9 11.2 27.1 8.5 0.5 6.5 3.3 76.0
37.0 20.7 16.3 32.8 9.8 0.6 8.1 5.9 94.2
32.0 16.2 15.8 34.8 10.6 0.6 9.5 8.3 95.8
13.0 6.8 6.3 21.6 6.7 0.4 5.5 6.1 53.4
13.0 6.9 6.0 22.1 6.5 0.4 5.6 6.2 53.7
14.0 7.1 6.4 24.5 6.7 0.5 5.6 7.0 57.8
14.0 7.1 6.5 25.1 6.6 0.5 5.8 7.6 59.2

Source: TNS BMF Gallup Media; ZenithOptimedia Includes classified; excludes agency commission; after discounts; excludes production costs; Internet includes all forms of advertising on the main domains; Internet includes banner advertisements on main portals
7.c
Diena IN Fenster IN Petits Lauku Avize Mediju Nams Izdevnieciba LAMA grupa Regionala prese Diena Kurzemes Vards B&B Redakcija Izdevnieciba Dienas Bizness
(Latvian lat, mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Total free dailies Regional and local free dailies Total non-dailies Total paid-for non-dailies National paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies Regional and local free non-dailies Source: TNS Latvia, Adex
14.0 13.9 13.9 0.1 0.1 7.0 7.0 7.0 -
15.7 14.6 14.6 1.1 1.1 7.7 7.5 7.5 0.2 0.2
15.6 14.3 14.3 1.3 1.3 7.7 7.7 7.7 -
13.6 11.9 11.9 1.7 1.7 7.1 7.1 7.1 -
7.8 7.2 7.2 0.6 0.6 4.8 4.8 4.8 -
-44.29 -48.20 -48.20 500.00 500.00 -31.43 -31.43 -31.43 -
-42.65 -39.50 -39.50 -64.71 -64.71 -32.39 -32.39 -32.39 -
284
LATVIA
8.ba

Founded (year) Language Publishing company Circulation (000) Latvian Latvian Russian Latvian Russian Russian Latvian Russian Latvian Latvian Lauku Avize Dienas Mediji Fenster Mediju Nams Petits Bizness & Baltija Kurzemes Vards Telegraf Izdevnieciba Dienas Bizness Imanta Info 36 31 26 24 13 12 11 9 8 7 Readership (000) 138 157 135 62 69 29 37 34 40 31 Cover price usual (Latvian lat) 0.45 0.45 0.40 0.50 0.35 0.99 0.35 0.39 0.75 0.34 (USD) 1 0.86 0.86 0.76 0.95 0.67 1.89 0.67 0.74 1.43 0.65 Tabloid Tabloid Broadsheet Tabloid Broadsheet Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Format
Title
Latvijas Avize Diena Vesti Segodna Neatkariga Rita Avize Chas Biznes & Baltija Kurzemes Vards Telegraf Dienas Bizness Liesma
1
1988 1990 1999 1904 1997 1992 1918 2001 1992 1991
Source: Latvian Press Publishers Association Exchange rate used: USD1 = LVL0.524 (Bank of Latvia, 1 April 2010)
8.bb

Founded (year) Language Publishing company Circulation (000) Latvian Russian Dienas Mediji Dienas Mediji 60 60 Readership (000) 137 137 Tabloid Tabloid Format Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Latvian lat) 1,548 1,548 1,548 1,548
Title
5 min 1 5 min 1
1
2005 2005
Source: Latvian Press Publishers' Association; TNS Latvia via ZenithOptimedia; ZenithOptimedia Distributed in Riga; from 2007, both Latvian and Russian editions are considered as two different titles
9.a
Employment
Change (%) 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2006/02 2006/05
11.
Research (2009)
Total number of employees
1,275
Circulation is audited by Circulation is not audited Readership is measured by TNS Latvia

9.b
Salaries
(Latvian lat, mln) Change (%) 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2006/02 2006/05
Total salary costs
7,271

10.a
Methodology National Readership survey, face-to-face, nationally representative sample aged 15-74, quarterly
12.

Change (%) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008/04 2008/07
Taxes (2009)
% 18 5 18 18 18 18 18 15 15
Tax Standard VAT VAT on: Single copy sales Subscription sales Advertising Newsprint Composition Plant Tax on profits standard rate Tax on profits for newspapers Source: Latvian Press Publishers Association
24 7 76 12
27 7 80 7
31 7 97 8
31 6 98 8
31 6 97 8
29.17 -14.29 27.63 -33.33
0.00 0.00 -1.02 0.00

10.c
Newsprint costs
2003 2004 303 (Latvian lat) 2005 2006 327 2007 370
Average per ton
297
Source: 2003-2005 Latvian Press Publishers Association; 2007 Latvian Association of Polygraphy Companies
285
LATVIA
13.a
15.a
14.
Discounts (2009)
Discount on rates of Post Railroad Telephone Telegraph Telex Other Source: Latvian Press Publishers Association
286
LIECHTENSTEIN
General economic situation Despite its small size and limited natural resources, Liechtenstein has developed into a prosperous, highly industrialized, free-enterprise economy with a vital financial service sector and the highest per capita income in the world. The Liechtenstein economy is widely diversified with a large number of small businesses. Low business taxes, with the maximum tax rate of 20%, and easy incorporation rules have induced many holding companies to establish nominal offices in Liechtenstein, providing 30% of state revenues. The country participates in a customs union with Switzerland and uses the Swiss franc as its national currency. It imports more than 90% of its energy requirements. In 2008 Liechtenstein came under renewed international pressure, particularly from Germany, to improve transparency in its banking and tax systems. The inflation rate was estimated at 1% in 2001. Vaterland with a circulation of over 10,000 copies; a large Tuesday edition has a circulation of 18,000. The Liechtensteiner Vaterland is published by the Vaduzer Medienhaus AG, a public company that publishes and markets both print and electronic media. Online / Digital Publishing There were no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitored e-mail or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail.
Media / Press Laws The constitution and law provide for freedom of speech and of the press, and the government generally respected these rights in practice. However, the law prohibits public insult directed against a race, people, or ethnic group, with a possible prison sentence of up to two years. Performance of different types of newspapers During the year 2009 no one was charged under the law. Two daily newspapers are published; each openly sides Independent press, an effective judiciary, and with one of the two major political parties. The largest a functioning democratic political system combined to Liechtenstein daily newspaper is the Liechtensteiner ensure freedom of speech and of the press. Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department
2.a

Age 0-14 15-64 65 + Total

3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
20 20
20 20
20 20
20 20
20 20
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
Source: 2005-2008 WAN estimate; 2009 WAN-IFRA estimate
287
LIECHTENSTEIN
6.d

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
7.aa

2004 (Swiss franc, bln) 2005 2006 2007 1.0 2.2 2.1 2008 1.9
15.7 22.0
15.8 22.5
16.7 23.0
16.7 23.0
16.7 23.0
6.37 4.55
0.00 0.00
GDP
1.0

7.ab

2004 (Swiss franc, 000) 2005 2006 2007 31.3 31.3 30.0 2008 27.0
6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08 GDP per capita 31.0
8.6
14.0
19.6
27.0
213.95
37.76

8.ba

Publishing company Vaduzer Medienhaus AG Circulation (000) 11 -
6.f

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Title Liechtensteiner Vaterland Liechtensteiner Volksblatt
28.8
32.0
34.0
35.0
27.27
2.94
Source: WAN-IFRA from public sources
288
LITHUANIA
General economic situation Lithuanias economy grew on average 8% per year for the four years prior to 2008, driven by exports and domestic consumer demand. Unemployment stood at 4.8% in 2008, while wages grew at double digit rates. The current account deficit rose to roughly 15% of GDP in 2007-08. Privatization of the large, state-owned utilities is nearly complete. The inflation rate was estimated at 4.7% in 2009. 2009 were Tele2, Procter&Gamble, Bite, Danone Group, Henkel, Omnitel, Reckitt-Benckiser, Maxima LT, Palink, LOreal.
The owners of the largest media planning agencies and media channels who took part in a TNS Lithuania survey of media experts in February-March 2010 expressed pessimistic expectations. They forecast that in 2010 the Lithuanian advertising market will shrink 14 percent, TV advertising 10 percent, radio 13 percent, Performance of newspapers vs. other media newspaper 18 percent, magazine 16 percent, outdoor 12 Lithuanias private TVs have eroded the public percent, cinema 13 percent. According to media experts, broadcasters audiences. The radio market is similarly only Internet advertising will grow in 2010 and the competitive, with dozens of stations competing for growth may reach 15 percent. listeners and advertisers. TNS Lithuania conducted the survey of the Lithuanian Public Lithuanian National Radio and Television (LRT) advertising market based on the 2009 advertising operates national networks. monitoring data, in cooperation with the Lithuanian Radio and Television Commission, media planning The media are free and operate independently of the agencies, national commercial televisions, the state. Nonetheless, the national broadcaster has Lithuanian National Radio and Television, the largest sometimes encountered attempts by politicians to Internet service providers, and cinema, outdoor and influence its editorial policy. indoor advertisers. The data represents 95-100% of TV, 95-100% of radio, 90-100% of print, 90-100% of International media generally operated without outdoor, 95-100% of cinema, 80-100% of Internet, restriction. 100% of fillboard and 95-100% of indoor TV advertising market. Performance of different types of newspapers Online / Digital Publishing There are no government-owned newspapers. There were no government restrictions on access to the Advertising Internet or reports that the government monitored The market research and consulting company TNS e-mail or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups Lithuania reported that media advertising in Lithuania could generally engage in the peaceful expression of fell 39.2 percent in 2009. Media advertising spending views via the Internet, including by e-mail; however, made up LTL329.6 mln in 2009 including advertising authorities initiated criminal prosecutions against volume discounts and other discounts. persons posting material they deemed incitement to hatred. In 2009, the slump of the Lithuanian advertising market was worse than expected; the advertising market Media / Press Laws The constitution provides for freedom of speech and of returned to the level of early 2004. the press, and the government generally respected these As in previous years, the largest share of advertising rights in practice. revenue in 2009 came from TV and newspaper advertising, 44 percent and 21.8 percent, respectively. Incitement to hatred and discriminatory speech are Compared with 2008, adverting spending decreased in crimes punishable by up to two years imprisonment. As all media channels in 2009. Advertising revenue of of December 1, 2009, the Prosecutors Office had magazines fell 48.6 percent, newspapers 46.7 percent, opened 39 investigations of incitement to hatred (most TV 37.2 percent, outdoor medium (outdoor video of them over the Internet). There were no new screens and fillboards) 36.1 percent, radio 28.2 percent, investigations involving discriminatory speech. In the Internet 33.3 percent and cinema 8.3 percent. same period the Prosecutors Office forwarded 10 cases Advertising spending per capita in 2009 fell from to the courts for trial. Courts completed seven of these and convicted six persons, imposing fines of 650 to LTL161.25 to LTL98.39, year-on-year. 5,000 litas (USD271 to USD2,085). Another 37 The most active advertisers in 2009 were shopping investigations (including some from previous years) were chains, mobile communication operators, food terminated during the year for lack of evidence. producers, pharmacies, pharmaceutical companies, state A number of investigations and court cases (including institutions, events organizers. The biggest advertisers in some from previous years) were ongoing. Most of the
LITHUANIA
allegations of incitement to hatred involved racist, anti- The law prohibits the dissemination of information Semitic, or homophobic expression. that is both untrue and damaging to an individuals honor and dignity. Libel is punishable by a fine or In July 2009 the parliament passed, over the presidents imprisonment of up to one year, or up to two veto, amendments to the Law on the Protection of years for dissemination of libelous material through the Minors against the Detrimental Effect of Public mass media. No cases were reported during the year Information. The amendments, which were to take 2009. effect in March 2010, would prohibit the dissemination of information that promoted hypnosis, bad eating Taxes habits, paranormal phenomena, gambling, lotteries, In April 2010, it has been proposed to apply the reduced physical passivity, and other subjects considered value-added tax (VAT) rate on periodic press in detrimental to minors bodies or thought processes, or Lithuania starting from July 1, 2010. According to three which would promote homosexual, bisexual, and members of the Seimas (parliament) who have registered polygamous relations. The law specifically stated that it such amendment to the Law on Value-Added Tax at the was to apply to movies and websites. Following Secretariat of the Seimas Sittings, having reduced VAT complaints from human-rights organizations and the rate from 21% to 9%, the costs of periodic press would European Union, the parliament in December 2009 decrease, the prices of newspapers and magazines would passed another set of amendments to the law, which go down. replaced the prohibition on promoting homosexual, bisexual and polygamous relations with a ban on Member of the Homeland Union Lithuanian information which promotes sexual abuse and Christian Democrats political party Vaidotas Bacevicius harassment of minors and sexual relations by minors as noted that due to the higher VAT rate periodic press well as information which promotes sexual relations in became more expensive and thus less available in those general. Human rights organizations remained sceptical, regions, where the press has a very important noting that the amendment bars the promotion of any educational and cognitive function. concept of the family other than that set down in the constitution, which stipulates that marriage is between a man and a woman. Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; Baltic Media News; BBC News; LETA/ELTA via The Baltic Course
2.a

All individuals 000 % 505 526 456 488 490 349 536 3,350 15 16 14 15 15 10 16 100 Male 000 259 268 231 239 230 151 182 1,559 % 17 17 15 15 15 10 12 100 Female 000 % 246 258 225 249 260 199 354 1,791 14 14 13 14 15 11 20 100
Age 0-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total
Source: Lithuanian Statistic Department

2.b

All adults 000 % 679 273 1,075 181 406 2,613 26.0 10.4 41.1 6.9 15.5 100 Male 000 304 125 525 68 198 1,219 % 24.9 10.2 43.0 5.5 16.3 100 Female 000 % 375 148 550 113 208 1,394 26.9 10.6 39.4 8.1 14.9 100
Source: TNS LT National Readership Survey 2009
290
LITHUANIA
2.ca Households (occupancy) (2009) 2.cb

Children Without persons below 20 With persons below 20 aged 0-3 aged 4-11 aged 12-19 Total Households 000 % 1,089 1,524 622 394 230 2,613 42 58 24 15 9 100
4.d
Cover prices (2009)

(Lithuania, litas) min max
5.a

(%) Reached
Households 000 % 487 873 617 459 178 2,613 18.6 33.4 23.6 17.6 6.8 100
Single copy
10.00
59.00
Source: WAN-IFRA assessment, based on top paid-for dailies

49.3 48.6 49.9 49.8

2.d
Age

Age Under 25 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total Housewives 000 % 13 44 21 16 3 0 98 13.3 44.8 21.8 16.6 3.6 0.0 100
15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total

5.c
Media consumption
2005 (minutes per day) 2006 2007 2008 16 7 179 202 2009 24 19 181 212 78

3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
All newspapers Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies Total free dailies Total paid-for non-dailies
325 1 334 2 328 22 22 24 21 21 23 11 11 12 10 10 11 21 1 21 1 23 1 304
327 25 24 24 1 302
298 23 22 22 1 275
-8.31 4.55 4.76 4.76 0.00 -
-8.87 -8.00 -8.33 -8.33 0.00 -8.94
Source: TV Audience Survey; Radio Audience Survey; National Readership Survey 2009; Computer and Internet Users Survey; TNS LT Population aged 15-74
6.d

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Source: 2005-2006 Statistics Lithuania (all newspapers); WAN assessment; WAN from public sources (free dailies); 2007 Statistics Lithuania; 2008 Statistics Lithuania; WAN assessment (free dailies); 2009 Statistics Lithuania; WAN-IFRA assessment (free dailies)
1 2
257.4 380.1 513.4 593.9 636.0 882.9 1,487.6 1,674.7 1,833.8 1,963.9
147.09 122.44
7.09 7.09

6.e
Also published 543 magazines and other periodicals, including 434 magazines Also published 566 magazines and other periodicals, including 449 magazines
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
234.1 368.7 507.6 590.1 633.8
170.74
7.41

6.f
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies Total free dailies Total non-dailies
577 527 527 17 1,563
636 535 535 101 1,940
654 741 641 11.09 554 641 574 8.92 554 641 574 8.92 100 100 67 294.12 1,820 1,870 1,575 0.77
-13.50 -10.45 -10.45 -33.00 -15.78

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
7.aa
13.97
-1.22
Source: 2005 Statistics Lithuania (2,140,000 all newspapers = total paid-for and free dailies + total paid-for and free non-dailies); WAN assessment (paid-for and free dailies); 2006 Statistics Lithuania (2,576,000 all newspapers = total paid-for and free dailies + total paid-for and free non-dailies); WAN assessment (paid-for and free dailies); 2007 Statistics Lithuania (2,474,000 all newspapers = total paid-for and free dailies + total paid-for and free non-dailies); WAN assessment (free dailies); 2008 Statistics Lithuania; WAN assessment (free dailies); 2009 Statistics Lithuania; WAN-IFRA assessment (free dailies)
4.a

2005 (Lithuania, litas, bln) 2006 2007 2008 82.8 98.7 111.2 2009 92.4
GDP
72.1
Source: 2005-2006 ZenithOptimedia; 2007-2009 IMF via TNS LT

(mln) Change (%) 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2006/02 2006/05
All newspapers Source: Statistics Lithuania
208.2 215.5 215.9 218.2 258.3
24.06
18.38
291
LITHUANIA
7.ab

2005 (Lithuania, litas, 000) 2006 2007 2008 24.4 29.1 33.0 2009 27.6
7.d

2005 (pages & page equivalents) 2006 2007 2008 2009 11.0 28.0 14.0 30.0 15.3 28.7 11.3 20.6
GDP per capita
21.1
Source: 2005-2006 ZenithOptimedia; 2007-2009 IMF via TNS LT

7.ac
In colour Total Source: TNS LT
10.0 26.0
(%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 1.68 1.68 1.74 1.81 Display Classified Inserts Total Source: TNS LT All newspapers; gross advertising expenditure
7.f Top newspaper advertising categories (2009) 7.g Top newspaper advertisers (2009) 7.e Contribution of display, classified, insert and online advertising to total advertising revenue
Ad expenditure
1.49
1.50
1.58
1.64
7.ba
2005 82.5 6.0 11.5 100
2006 90.1 6.2 3.7 100
(%) 2007 77.3 7.0 15.7 100
2008 74.5 6.6 19.0 100
2009 66.6 8.5 24.9 100

(Lithuania, litas, mln) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
222.0 159.0 63.0 777.0 24.0 0.1 40.0 10.0 1,073.1
257.0 177.0 80.0 907.0 22.0 0.7 41.0 16.0 1,243.7
283.0 184.0 99.0 1,145.0 35.0 0.7 50.0 35.0 1,548.7
331.1 196.2 134.9 1,339.7 48.4 1.1 56.6 51.0 1,827.9
245.3 137.4 107.9 1,205.7 36.3 1.3 45.3 43.5 1,577.3
208.5 116.8 91.8 1,145.5 30.9 1.3 40.8 44.5 1,471.4
229.4 128.5 100.9 1,205.8 34.0 1.6 46.9 57.9 1,575.3
245.9 134.9 111.0 1,326.4 37.4 1.8 51.6 63.6 1,726.5
Advertising sector
Advertiser
Expenditure (Lithuania, litas, 000) 6,403
Source: TNS Gallup; Agency estimates; ZenithOptimedia Excludes agency commission; excludes production costs; before discounts; print includes classified from 2005; Internet includes banners and other display; excludes classified and paid-search; TV figures do not include cable/satellite channels
7.c
(Lithuania, litas, mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Government institutons Retail Mobile communications Financial institutions, services Gambling Alcoholic beverages Medical services, institutions Remedies Concerts, festivals, shows Job offers Source: TNS LT
Total dailies 134.3 Total paid-for dailies 134.3 National paid-for dailies 93.5 Regional and local 40.8 paid-for dailies Total free dailies Regional and local free dailies Total paid-for non-dailies 24.8 National paid-for non-dailies 24 Regional and local 0.8 paid-for non-dailies Source: TNS LT
146.8 142 98.9 43.1 4.8 4.8 30.4 29.5 0.9
150.5 169.5 107.5 143.9 159.2 107.5 95.8 90 53.6 48.1 69.2 53.9 6.6 6.6 33.7 32.4 1.3 10.2 10.2 49.9 48.4 1.5 38.2 36.8 1.4
-19.96 -19.96 -42.67 32.11 54.03 53.33 75.00
-36.58 -32.47 -40.44 -22.11 -23.45 -23.97 -6.67
All newspapers; gross advertising expenditure
Nacionaline mokejimo agentura prie zemes ukiokio ministerijos Bite Olifeja Lietuvos respublikos zemes ukio ministerija Tele2 Maxima lt Akropolis Palink Bankas snoras Rimi Source: TNS LT
3,280 3,163 3,129 2,918 2,471 2,122 1,603 1,480 1,393

Owner Revenue (Lithuania, litas, 000) 103,185 68,881 49,695 23,002 13,739 10,336 9,084 7,331 6,693 5,839
Respublika Lietuvos Rytas Kauno Diena Verslo Zinios 15 Minuciu Siauliu Krastas Valstieciu Laikrastis Lietuvos Zinios Ukininko Patarejas Sekunde Source: TNS Gallup via ZenithOptimedia
292
LITHUANIA
8.ba

Founded (year) Language Publishing company Circulation (000) Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Lithuanian Russian Naujasis aitvaras Lietuvos rytas Respublikos leidiniai Diena Media News Lietuvos zinios Siauliu krastas Vakaru ekspresas Diena Media News Verslo zinios Respublikos leidiniai 67 60 26 23 20 14 12 12 9 9 Readership (000) 540 486 230 127 70 112 87 70 79 64 Cover price usual (Lithuania, litas) (USD) 36.00 59.03 26.00 26.94 20.00 24.00 20.00 22.28 20.24 10.00 15.00 24.50 10.80 11.20 8.30 10.00 8.30 9.30 8.40 4.20 Format (cm x cm) 39.5x25.8 42x28.2 39.5x25.8 39x25.7 39.5x25.8 39.5x25.8 38x26.5 39.5x25.8 Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Lithuania, litas) 15,796 16,065 12,229 11,169 9,021 8,764 7,134 9,308 12,006 7,134 20,535 19,278 15,898 11,169 11,727 11,832 9,274 9,308 16,810 9,274
Title
Vakaro zinios Lietuvos rytas Respublika Kauno diena Lietuvos zinios Siauliu krastas Vakaru ekspresas Klaipeda Verslo zinios Respublika Source: TNS LT
8.bb
2000 1990 1989 1945 1909 1990 1991 1945 1995 1991

Founded (year) 2005 Language Lithuanian Publishing company 15 minuciu 2 Circulation (000) 100 Readership (000) 390 Format 38cm x 26.5cm Full page ad rate Colour (Lithuania, litas) 16,432
Title 15 minuciu 1
1
Source: TNS Gallup via ZenithOptimedia; FDN Newsletter Launched in Vilnius in September 2005; Kaunas edition in February 2006; Klaipeda edition in September 2006; from September 2009 only published as a non-daily, three times a week. 2 Acquired by Schibsted in 2006; publishing company of the paid-for morning daily Lietuvos Rytas sold its share of 34% in 15 minuciu to Schibsted at the end of 2008.
11.
Research (2007)
Circulation is audited by There is no independent circulation audit organization in Lithuania. Readership is measured by TNS Gallup carries out the National Readership Survey (NRS) every month from 1998. Methodology NRS results are presented four times a year. A multiple stage probability sampling is used for surveys. At least 1,400 permanent residents of Lithuania aged 15-74 are questioned each season (quarter). CAPI (computer assisted personal interview) at the respondents living place is used as survey method. Data for 2007 cover period between December 4, 2006 and November 25, 2007. Survey was conducted among 6,296 respondents aged 15-74. Data about 207 Lithuanian newspapers and magazines were collected. Coverage and Maximum Coverage are the main parameters used in press audience analyses. Cover (% and 000) is an average number or a percentage of people who have read or looked through one edition. Cover Maximum (% and 000) is a total number or a percentage of people who read or look through at least one edition during a certain period of time.
TNS Gallup conducts Advertising Expenditure Survey (Advertising Monitoring) from 1998. The survey covers advertising in various types of media, including TV, newspapers, magazines, radio, outdoor, cinema, and the Internet. All advertisements from magazines and newspapers are registered manually, including measuring dimensions of advertisements. From January 1, 2007, 27 newspapers and 37 magazines are in the list.
Source: TNS Gallup
12.
Taxes (2009)
% 21 21 21 15
Tax Standard VAT VAT on: Single copy sales Subscription sales Tax on profits standard rate Source: Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu; Distripress
293
LUXEMBOURG
General economic situation This stable, high-income economy that benefits from its proximity to France, Belgium, and Germany, has historically featured solid growth, low inflation, and low unemployment. The industrial sector, initially dominated by steel, has become increasingly diversified to include chemicals, rubber, and other products. Growth in the financial sector, which now accounts for about 28% of GDP, has more than compensated for the decline in steel. Most banks are foreign owned and have extensive foreign dealings. Agriculture is based on small family-owned farms. The economy depends on foreign and cross-border workers for about 60% of its labour force. GDP per capita ranks third in the world, after Liechtenstein and Qatar. After two years of strong economic growth in 2006-07, turmoil in the world financial markets slowed Luxembourgs economy in 2008, but growth remained above the European average. The inflation rate was estimated at 0.5% in 2009. Performance of newspapers vs. other media Luxembourg exerts immense media clout and has a long tradition of operating radio and TV services for panEuropean audiences, including those in France, Germany and the United Kingdom. newspapers do not display any cover price or subscription price and they include the titles Contacto, a Portuguese-language weekly newspaper sent for free to Portuguese households, Luxpost, a free weekly, and Fraie Bauer, a free regional title distributed in the East. In 2006, some free newspaper titles changed their layout to become magazines of size A4, edited completely in full color and printed on a quality paper. These magazines, which are no longer taken into account in reports on newspaper press, include: Peitenger Wand (distributed in the South), Sauer Zeitung (East), Musel Zeitung (East), Ardennes Express, Minett Express, and Lokal Express. Newspaper launches / closures The major event in the media world of Luxembourg over last two years has been a launch of two free daily newspapers in late 2007.
Advertising In 2009, Prodialog, the Luxembourg company conducting the advertising expenditure research, has associated with its Belgian counterpart Mediaxim that conducts the research for the Belgian CIM, under the name Mediaxim Luxembourg (the name of the product The Luxembourg-based media group RTL is behind remains as LAR). much of this activity. RTLs radio stations have been a part of the broadcasting landscape in France and In Luxembourg, the advertising survey records not only Germany for decades. commercial advertisements, but also a host of ads from individuals, including family ads, obituaries, classifieds, Generations of British listeners grew up with Radio or institutional announcements exempt from traditional Luxembourg, which beamed pop music programmes advertising, such as announcements published into the UK on the legendary 208 wavelength. The by investment funds, legal advertisements, notices of Great 208 is no more, but RTLs TV and radio stations companies, job offers etc. Therefore it is necessary to remain key players in media markets across Europe. distinguish (1) commercial advertising market (or display) which is comparable to other countries, and (2) Luxembourgs media empire extends to the skies. The total advertising market, that is commercial advertising country is home to Europes largest satellite operator, plus other announcements, the latter being mainly active Societe Europeenne des Satellites (SES), which operates in the daily press. the Astra satellite fleet. In addition, while most countries measure advertising RTL and other privately-owned radio and TV stations expenditure in five traditional media (press, radio, TV, broadcast to domestic audiences. outdoor and cinema), in Luxembourg there are also advertising leaflets distributed directly to homes (not to Due to the audiovisual law of 1988, which established a be confused with newspaper inserts) which are special tax regime for audiovisual investment, the film measured. and co-production in Luxembourg has grown steadily. The worldwide economic crisis that started in summer Performance of different types of newspapers 2008 has not had such an impact on the media in Print media are privately owned and reflect diverse Luxembourg as in its three neighboring countries. viewpoints. In 2009, total advertising expenditure in Luxembourg From 2008, media research experts in Luxembourg media (five traditional media plus advertising leaflets) distinguish truly free newspapers from announcement represented EUR144 million, or 7.4% more compared newspapers (Lux-Bazaar and Bingo), the latter belonging to 2008. Such performance puts Luxembourg relatively to the category of national paid-for newspapers. Free higher compared to its three neighboring countries:
LUXEMBOURG
France (+1.4% Kantar adspend), Belgium (+0.2% ICD), Readership and Germany (+0.9% Nielsen S&P). The daily press as a whole has undoubtedly benefited from the contribution of new free daily newspapers, as Advertising expenditure in almost all media has been total readership of the daily press as a whole has growing, with the exception of leaflets (-6.4%) and increased by 23% between October 2008 and May magazines (-4.3%). 2009, according to a TNS Plurimdia 2009 survey conducted among population aged 15+. While The most positive dynamics of advertising expenditure readership of paid-for dailies declined by 3%, readership have been recorded in cinema (+27%) and the daily of free dailies rose by 18%. The Internet enjoyed press (+14.5%), the latter also due to addition of two a significant growth of its audience by 12%. free dailies. It is therefore appropriate to highlight the good health of the daily press which attracted EUR59.9 The free daily newspapers have managed to mobilize million in 2009, that is EUR7.6 million more compared a new segment of the resident population: young people, to 2008. certain active groups, and it also tries to seduce the mostly French-speaking residents near to the France TV advertising expenditure grew 9.0% and radio 4.4% border. in 2009 compared to 2008. Traditional media in Luxembourg, usually in German or In terms of ad market share, daily newspapers remain by Luxembourgish, are almost all in decline of readership or far number one with a share of 42%, followed by radio audience. By contrast, niche media, including the newly (19%), weeklies and TV. Leaflets remain an important measured media (Internet) or newly established media communication tool: two distribution networks account (two free daily newspapers) have generally witnessed for 6% of advertising expenditure, while periodicals are a growth. only slightly better with 8% share, however, there are 39 titles contributing to make this score. Cinema and Online / Digital Publishing There were no government restrictions on access to the outdoor share the remaining 5%. Internet or reports that the government monitored eAdvertising market has been very well maintained in mail or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups Luxembourg compared to its neighboring countries could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the because of its dependence on advertising categories of Internet, including by e-mail. A majority of the the basic needs (including food, clothing, beverages, population had connections to the Internet. home furnishings etc.), and less on brands. Classified ads and other types of communication to individuals, Media / Press Laws however, had to face a severe regression by -32% to The constitution and law provide for freedom of speech and of the press, and the government generally respected EUR19 million. these rights in practice. An independent press, an effective judiciary, and a functioning democratic political system combined to ensure freedom of speech and of the press. Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; Saint-Paul Luxembourg; BBC News; Wikipedia
295
LUXEMBOURG
3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies Total free dailies Total non-dailies Total paid-for non-dailies National paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies National free non-dailies Regional and local free non-dailies
6 6 6 6 16 9 9 7 4 3
6 6 6 6 15 9 9 6 3 3
8 6 6 6 2 15 -
8 6 6 6 2 14 12 12 2 2 -
8 6 6 6 2 14 12 12 2 2 -
33.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 -12.50 33.33 33.33 -71.43 -50.00 -
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -
Source: 2005-2006 ALEJ; 2007 WAN assessment; 2008-2009 ALEJ research The size of the Grand Dutchy (2,560 square km) leaves little opportunity for publishing profitable regional and local paid-for newspapers; all newspapers are therefore national except the free advertising newspapers.
3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08

2.a

Age 0-14 15-64 65 + Total
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies Total free dailies National free dailies Total non-dailies 1 Total paid-for non-dailies National paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies National free non-dailies Regional and local free non-dailies
115 115 115 115 337 80 80 257 187 70
114 114 114 114 259 87 87 172 172 -
134 114 114 114 20 20 257 87 87 170 170 -
247 120 120 120 127 127 253 88 88 165 165 -
250 113 113 113 137 137 252 87 87 165 165 -
117.39 -1.74 -1.74 -1.74 -25.22 8.75 8.75 -35.80 -11.76 -
1.21 -5.83 -5.83 -5.83 7.87 7.87 -0.40 -1.14 -1.14 0.00 0.00 -

2.b
Source: 2005-2006 ALEJ; 2007-2008 WAN-IFRA assessment; 2009 CIM; ALEJ For daily newspapers, circulation means paid circulation. For other categories, circulation refers to print-run, due to the imprecision and lack of homogeneity of available information. % 29.6 23.9 22.8 18.0 5.7 100 Female 000 % 50.9 44.0 47.7 51.6 12.1 206.3 24.7 21.3 23.1 25.0 5.9 100
1

All adults 000 % 109.7 91.5 93.0 87.4 23.3 404.9 27.1 22.6 23.0 21.6 5.8 100 Male 000 58.8 47.5 45.3 35.8 11.2 198.6
Social class Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 No response Total
Print run figures
4.a

(mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Source: TNS Plurimedia 2009

2.ca

Occupancy 1 person 2 people 3 people 4 people 5 or more people Total Households 000 % 62 108 76 105 54 405 15 27 19 26 13 100
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies Total free dailies National free dailies Source: ALEJ
34.2 34.2 34.2 34.2 -
33.7 33.7 33.7 33.7 -
48.8 35.7 35.7 35.7 13.1 13.1
65.5 34.5 34.5 34.5 31.0 31.0
91.52 0.88 0.88 0.88 -
34.22 -3.36 -3.36 -3.36 136.64 136.64
Declared circulation multiplied by the number of publishing days

4.b
Sales revenues
(Luxembourg, euro, mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Source: ALEJ
20.1 20.1
20.9 20.9
21.1 21.1
22.0 22.0
9.45 9.45
4.27 4.27
Source: TNS Plurimedia 2009
296
LUXEMBOURG
4.c

2005 2006 9.9 70.2 100 (%) 2007 2008 6.0 42.9 51.1 100 2009 4.4 38.6 57.0 100
6.c

Publishing company Website Unique visitors per month (000) 171 98 39 19 18
Newspaper
Single copy sales Postal deliveries Free distribution Total
9.8 68.8 100
Source: CIM and publishers declarations 2006 Data relevant to six dailies; 2008-2009 Based on eight dailies, including six paid-for and two free dailies
4.d
Luxemburger Wort LEssentiel 1 Tageblatt Le Quotidien Point 24 1

1
Saint-Paul Luxembourg Edita Editpress Lumedia Saint-Paul Luxembourg
wort.lu lessentiel.lu tageblatt.lu lequotidien.lu point24.lu
Source: CIM Metriweb 2009 Free daily
Cover prices (2009)

(Luxembourg, euro) min max average
5.a

(%) Reached
6.d

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Single copy 0.70 Subscription 0.41
1.29 0.75
1.11 0.58
Source: Publishers declarations

All adults Men Women Main household shopper Source: TNS Plurimedia 2009
77.6 79.3 75.9 77.2
119.0 130.5 138.7 156.1 156.1 326.8 340.4 374.9 395.2 424.5
31.18 29.90
0.00 7.41

6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Age
% % daily reach of readership within age group 13.9 15.3 28.9 22.5 19.3 100 75.4 67.7 75.2 81.7 88.5 77.6
70.1
98.8
128.5 143.2 160.0
128.25
11.73
15-24 25-34 35-49 50-64 65 + Total

6.f

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Source: TNS 2009

5.c
Mobile cellular subscriptions 510.0 713.0 684.5
707.0 719.0
40.98
1.70
Media consumption
2005 (minutes per day) 2006 2007 2008 217 209 190 200
7.aa

2005 (Luxembourg, euro, bln) 2006 2007 2008 33.1 36.1 36.7 2009 37.8
2009 203 208 GDP Source: STATEC

7.ab
Radio Television Source: TNS Plurimedia
193 203
29.3
Population aged 15+, yesterday audience, average time Monday-Sunday

2005 (Luxembourg, euro, 000) 2006 2007 2008 71.9 74.7 75.8 2009 76.5
5.d
Number of readers
2005 2006 (000) 2007 2008 250 109 2009 314 250 131 GDP per capita Source: STATEC
7.ac
64.4
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies Total free dailies Source: TNS Plurimedia
6.a
(%) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 -
Online editions
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Ad expenditure Source: STATEC

7.ba
0.31
0.33
0.34
0.36
Dailies Non-dailies Source: ALEJ research

6.b
6 6
6 6
8 6
8 8
33.33 33.33
0.00 33.33

(Luxembourg, euro, mln) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Online readership
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies Total free dailies Source: CIM Metriweb Based on six dailies
228 154 75
345 228 117
51.32 48.05 56.00
Press Newspapers Magazines Television Radio Cinema Outdoor Others Total
94.9 69.3 25.6 10.6 20.5 1.2 3.6 8.0 138.8
106.4 79.9 26.6 13.8 26.2 1.5 4.2 9.3 161.5
105.6 78.6 27.0 14.9 27.3 1.8 4.9 8.9 163.4
Source: Lux Ad Report, Mediaxim 2009
297
LUXEMBOURG
7.c
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies Total free dailies National free dailies Total non-dailies Total paid-for non-dailies National paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies National free non-dailies
71.8 71.8 71.8 71.8 14.0 9.4 9.4 4.6 4.6
69.3 69.3 69.3 69.3 9.7 5.4 5.4 4.3 4.3
79.9 72.9 72.9 72.9 7.0 7.0 9.7 5.7 5.7 4.0 4.0
78.6 68.9 68.9 68.9 9.7 9.7 9.5 5.9 5.9 3.6 3.6
9.47 -4.04 -4.04 -4.04 -32.14 -37.23 -37.23 -21.74 -21.74
-1.63 -5.49 -5.49 -5.49 38.57 38.57 -2.06 3.51 3.51 -10.00 -10.00
Advertising sector Expenditure (Luxembourg, euro, 000) Services Culture, tourism, hobbies Supermarkets Public and legal announcements Home furnishing, refurbishing Transport Classified announcements, family announcements Job announcements Clothes, accessories Telecommunications Source: LAR-Mediaxim 2009
1
Advertiser
Expenditure (Luxembourg, euro, 000)
17,104 1 14,111 2 9,580 3 78,726 4 6,978 5 6,440 6 6,402 7 4,227 8 2,508 9 1,390 10
Source: 2005-2006 Luxembourg Ad Report; 2008-2009 LAR-Mediaxim 2009 (LAR stands for Lux Ad Report)
Cactus (supermarket) 2,942 Mobel Martin (furniture) 1,093 Autosdiffusion Losch 1,056 (automobile) De Miwwel & Kichechef 922 (furniture) BCEE (bank) 688 Schlecker (supermarket) 567 Saturn (specialized 551 supermarket) Auchan (supermarket) 469 BGL BNP Paribas (bank) 454 Mercedes-Benz (automobile) 440 Source: LAR-Mediaxim 2009 Based on daily press only; total ad expenditure EUR59,947,123
Contribution of display, classified, insert and online advertising to total advertising revenue
7.e
2005 Display Classified 59.2 40.8
2006 61.5 38.5
(%) 2007 -
2008 65.6 34.4
2009 76.3 23.7
Source: 2005-2006 Publinvest; 2008-2009 LAR-Mediaxim 2009 Based on total daily press ad market; inserts distributed through newspapers are considered their integral parts, therefore they are included in the volume of display or classifieds, hence 0% inserts; advertisements on employment, family communication, public, legal and financial announcements, including those by investment funds, have been aggregated with the classifieds.
Including 99.9% advertising announcements 2 Including 98.7% advertising announcements 3 Including 99.2% advertising announcements 4 Including 0.0% advertising announcements 5 Including 98.3% advertising announcements 6 Including 99.0% advertising announcements 7 Including 0.0% advertising announcements 8 Including 0.0% advertising announcements 9 Including 97.6% advertising announcements 10 Including 100.0% advertising announcements
8.a

Total circulation 1 (000) 129 85 18 7 7 5 Total revenue 2 (Luxembourg, euro, 000) 15,132 3,855 1,248 619 1,131
Publishing company Saint-Paul Luxembourg SA Edita 3 Editpress SA Lumedia SA Editions du Letzeburger Journal Zeitung SA Source: CIM 2009
1
Based on average quarterly declarations of publishers; paid-for and regular free circulation 2 Sales revenue (single copy sales and subscription) 3 Publishing company of free daily LEssentiel
8.ba

Founded (year) Language Publishing company Circulation Readership 1 (000) German German German French French German Saint-Paul Luxembourg SA Editpress SA Editions du Letzeburger Journal Lumedia SA Saint-Paul Luxembourg SA Zeitung SA 71 18 7 7 6 5 (000) (%) 176 56 12 28 26 2 44 14 3 7 7 1 Cover price usual (Luxembourg, euro) (USD) 2 1.29 1.20 0.70 1.20 1,14 0.80 1.67 1.55 0.90 1.55 1.30 0.64 Nordic Berliner Compact Berliner Nordic Compact Format Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Luxembourg, euro) 7,096 4,884 2,400 2,409 2,579 1,950 9,980 6,542 4,320 3,647 4,032 3,500
Title
Luxemburger Wort Tageblatt Letzebuerger Journal Le Quotidien La Voix du Luxembourg Zeitung vum Letzebuerger Vollek
1 2
1848 1913 1948 2000 1998 -
Source: CIM 2009; TNS Plurimedia 2009; Wikipedia Yesterday readers Exchange rate used EUR1 = USD1.2924
298
LUXEMBOURG
8.bb

Founded (year) Language Publishing company Circulation (000) French French Edita Saint-Paul Luxembourg SA
1
Title
Readership (000) (%) 108 60 26.7 14.9
Format
Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Luxembourg, euro) 3,660 2,450 3,660 2,450
LEssentiel Point 24 2
1
2007 2007
85 52
Berliner Nordique
Source: CIM 2009 (circulation); TNS Plurimedia 2009 (readership); Saint-Paul Luxembourg A joint venture 50:50 between Swiss publisher Tamedia (20 Minuten) and the Luxembourg publisher Editpress (Das Tageblatt); L'Essentiel is distributed in public transport, retail chains and companies 2 Distributed Sunday-Thursday via more than 270 distribution points and some 20 bars and restaurants; in April 2009, the first biligual version was published; the blue German version can be read when the paper is turned over; the French version is lila; the content of the two sections is different
9.a
Employment
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
11.
Research (2009)
Total number of journalists 302 Source: Press Council
308
464
470
55.63
1.29
Circulation is audited by CIM (Centre dInformation sur les Mdias, Brussels) Readership is measured by TNS Plurimedia (Taylor-Nelson/Sofres) Methodology 3,077 CATI interviews from Octobre 9, 2008 to May 24, 2009; population aged 15+
Source: ALEJ
12.
2006 As of 05/12/2006, there were 419 journalists in all media who were registered at the press council, including working journalists (329), trainees (52), and retirees (38). Out of the total of 419, 308 journalists worked for print media, including retirees and trainees. It is impossible to distinguish between full-time and part-time journalists. 2009 As of 31/12/2009, there were 470 journalists in all media who were registered at the press council, including working journalists (368), trainees (57), and retirees (45). Out of the total of 470, 318 journalists worked for print media, including retirees and trainees. It is impossible to distinguish between full-time and part-time journalists.
10.a

Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Taxes (2009)
% 15 3 3 15 15 15 31 30 30 0
Tax Standard VAT VAT on: Single copy sales Subscription sales Advertising Newsprint Composition Plant Tax on profits standard rate Tax on profits for newspapers Tax concessions for newspaper companies (e.g. for reinvesting profits) Source: ALEJ
1
4-colour newspapers Broadsheets Other formats Berliner Nordic Source: ALEJ

10.ba
5 2 4 2 2
5 2 4 2 2
7 2 6 3 3
7 2 6 3 3
40.00 0.00 50.00 50.00 50.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

2005 2006 38 16.55 (%) 2007 2008 38 16.55 2009 38 16.55
Single copy sales Home deliveries Postal deliveries Source: ALEJ
38 26 15.00
VAT rate 3% for brochures, books, newspapers and periodical publications; 12% for commercial catalogues and advertising prints; 15% for business cards
13.a
10.bb

2005 (Luxembourg, euro) 2006 2007 2008 0.36 0.09 0.39 0.09 2009 0.42 0.10
Single copy Subscription Source: ALEJ

10.c
0.35 0.09
Are there subsidies for the purchase of newsprint? There is no specific aid for newsprint purchases; all aid is included in the direct press subsidy. Are loans granted at low rates for re-equipment or improving existing equipment? There are no specific low-rate loans available to the printing or publishing sectors; only industrial and commercial companies are eligible for low-rate loans, which are granted by the SNCI (Socit Nationale de Crdit et dInvestissement). Are there any direct subsidies? Yes. The law of August 3, 1998 promoting print media provides for subsidies, the amount of which is decided each year.
Source: ALEJ
Newsprint costs
2005 (Luxembourg, euro) 2006 2007 2008 565 563 2009 583
Average per ton
520
Source: Service des Mdias et des Communications
299
LUXEMBOURG
13.b
Direct subsidies
14.
Discounts (2009)
Discount on rates of Post 1 Railroad Telephone Telegraph Telex Other Source: ALEJ
1
Total amount
6.6
7.1
7.7
7.8
18.18
1.30
Source: SMC Service des Medias et des Communications 2006 Subsidies to nine newspapers and two magazines, including EUR6.442 million for nine newspapers (dailies, weeklies and others); six dailies received EUR5.701 million 2008 Subsidies to nine newspapers and two magazines, including EUR7.037 million for nine newspapers (dailies and weeklies); six dailies received EUR6.187 million 2009 Subsidies to nine newspapers and two magazines, including EUR7.056 million for nine newspapers (dailies and weeklies); six dailies received EUR6.208 million
Fixed special rate. Tariff on distribution by the P&T is EUR12.10 per 75 grams plus a one-off fixed tax of 0.25%.
15.a
radio station may not exceed 25% of the stations capital. So as to guarantee disclosure and transparency in the capital structure and to avoid silent partners, is there any law or rule permitting in any event the possibility of finding out who are the actual owners of a publishing company? No Is there an antitrust law limiting concentration in the daily press? No Is further regulation of media concentration expected? No
Source: ALEJ
Does any law exist governing publishing-house ownership, or the registration of shares in newspaper-publishing companies? No Is there any law prohibiting or restricting foreign companies or individuals from owning shares, and in particular, the majority of shares, of domestic daily newspapers? No Is there any law prohibiting daily newspaper or periodical publishers from operating radio or television stations in the same locality? The participation of a newspaper business in a regional
15.b

Regional TVs National TVs Regional Newspapers National Newspapers Radio
Owners Regional TV Licensees National TV Licensees Regional Newspaper Owners National Newspaper Owners Satellite TV Broadcasters Local Radio Licensees National Radio Licensees Foreign Investors Source: ALEJ
No restriction
No restriction
No restriction
No restriction
Up to 25% of share capital
No restriction
No restriction
No restriction
No restriction
No restriction
No restriction
No restriction
No restriction
No restriction
No restriction
No restriction
No restriction
No restriction
No restriction
No restriction
No restriction
No restriction
No restriction
No restriction
No restriction
No restriction
No restriction
No restriction
No restriction
No restriction
No restriction
No restriction
No restriction
300
MACEDONIA
General economic situation Macedonias small, open economy makes it vulnerable to economic developments in Europe and dependent on regional integration and progress toward EU membership for continued economic growth. Growth averaged 4% per year during 2003-06 and more than 5% per year during 2007-08. Macedonia has maintained macroeconomic stability with low inflation, but it has so far lagged the region in attracting foreign investment and creating jobs, despite making extensive fiscal and business sector reforms. Official unemployment remains high at nearly 35%, but may be overstated based on the existence of an extensive gray market, estimated to be more than 20% of GDP, that is not captured by official statistics. The inflation rate was estimated at 0.3% in 2009. Dnevnik is a daily newspaper with the largest circulation. Nova Makedonija is the oldest daily newspaper in the Republic of Macedonia. It was established by ASNOM, the supreme legislative and executive peoples representative body of the Macedonian state from 1944 until the end of World War II. Nova Makedonija is a state-owned newspaper. Skopje Diem provides daily news from Macedonia in English. The newspaper provides daily information about Macedonian matters for almost all embassies, international organisations and foreign media. The major newspapers have established regular supplements on health, vehicles, and entertainment, as well as material geared toward teenagers.
Performance of newspapers vs. other media Macedonian Radio and Television (MRTV), which generally favored the governments views on political Macedonia has several new specialized magazines on issues, was the countrys sole public broadcaster. vehicles, interior decoration, celebrities, health, and womens issues. There were five private television broadcasters with national coverage, 16 national television stations International newspapers and magazines were available broadcasting via satellite, and 57 private local and throughout the country. regional television stations. Most of them broadcast Newspaper launches / closures news programs and reflected a variety of viewpoints. Sport Press, a daily sports newspaper was launched on November 18, 2009. It is published every day except There were 70 independent radio stations. Sunday. Its cover price is 15 denaris. There are three news agencies in Macedonia. The Macedonian Information Agency is state-owned; Advertising The government was one of the largest advertising MakFax and NetPress are privately held. buyers in the country and favored outlets and journalists Macedonia has minority-language media in print and in it perceived as friendly. On January 26, 2009, the head broadcast format, as well as a specialized public of the NGO Transparency Macedonia criticized the broadcasting channel that broadcasts in a variety of government for nontransparent expenditures and for minority languages. The minority media face unusual advertising in selected media. challenges achieving economic sustainability, as their audiences are drawn from a limited segment of the The legal limit for broadcast advertising is 20 percent of the total air time. This is typically entirely filled; if there public. is lack of advertisements, the time is used to promote Media institutions and reporting were divided along other business interests of the outlets owner. ethnic and political lines, with the most striking divisions visible in reporting on controversial political In print, the usual share of advertising pages is between issues. There were complaints and allegations of 15 and 25 percent, depending on the newspaper and the government pressure and even threats against media issue. outlets that did not report favorably on the government. Circulation Performance of different types of newspapers Correct circulation data are generally not known. There were approximately 600 print media outlets, Newspapers tend to hide their copy sales from each including daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, and other and present inflated circulation figures to their periodical editions. advertisers. The press sector has no rating system; media simply claim circulation based on the number of printed There were six major private daily newspapers in copies. However, some agencies and newspapers are Macedonian and three in Albanian. Most dailies are negotiating how to establish a mutual, credible published every day, except Sunday. measurement system.
MACEDONIA
Newspapers have seen a substantial fall in circulation. Media experts in the country point to the growing number of Internet users and the financial crises as major causes for the drop. An additional factor is the medias underestimation of new technologies and their usage. All media sectors were surprised by the sudden shift of audiences away from print and towards Internet use. The print sector was simply unprepared for the change and has been hurt badly. Online / Digital Publishing There were no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitored e-mail or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail. The government tried to increase Internet use and operated Internet cafes throughout the country that provided free Internet access to persons under the age of 27 and to senior citizens. In October 2009 the State Statistical Office released data on Internet penetration indicating that 41.8 percent of homes had Internet access and that a full half of the population had used the Internet during the first quarter of the year, up 8.5 percent over the first quarter of 2008. All major broadcast and print media offered up-to-date web editions. The major newspapers have established regular supplements on health, vehicles, and entertainment, as well as material geared toward teenagers. Internet fees for broadband connections have fallen substantially, however, large portions of the population still cannot afford bundled service packages of IPTV, ADSL Internet, and telephone, but they can subscribe to lower-cost cable packages. The problem is the low availability of cable service in rural areas. Blogs and Internet-based social networks also contributed to developing freedom of speech. Macedonians host a few specialized blogs on new technology, archeology, and other very narrowly targeted topics. Social networking has become the number one media phenomenon; Macedonians have 400,000 profiles on Facebook alone. The major publishing outlet, Media Print Macedonia (MPM), announced that it is working on a new strategy based on the full utilization of new media. Media observers expect that new business models in these media will be introduced in 2010. Ownership Macedonia laws regulate media ownership, but the
302
situation on the ground does not reflect this fact. A couple of large media groups are what is known as paper clear, that is showing no proof of ownership in official documents. The problem surrounding transparency is the law implementation. Media / Press Laws The constitution provides for freedom of speech and of the press, and the government generally respected these rights in practice. However, the law prohibits speech that incites national, religious, or ethnic hatred, and the law provides penalties for broadcasters who violate these laws. Individuals could criticize the government publicly or privately without reprisal, and the government did not attempt to impede criticism. In December 2008, following criticism from the media, the ruling political party, VMRO-DPMNE, announced that it was dropping slander charges that were then pending against 12 journalists in connection with their political reporting. On June 28, 2009, the Association of Macedonian Journalists stated at a news conference that the government had actually changed the criminal charges into civil charges, instead of dropping them entirely as suggested by the original VMRO-DPMNE announcement. Defamation is still part of the criminal code. In 2009, changes in the criminal code eliminated journalists liability for publishing the statements of third persons given in front of the general public or at press conferences. The Association of the Journalists of Macedonia helped lobby for this change. On May 4, 2009, the Association of Macedonian Journalists announced that there were more than 160 ongoing defamation, libel, and slander suits. The law allows only fines as penalties in such cases. The association stated that courts had ordered journalists to pay over 250,000 euros (USD358,000) for cases that were filed in 2007 and 2008. In several cases, the court did not fine accused offenders who apologized before the court. In October 2008 the appellate court granted the appeal of a journalist of a Bitola court decision to fine the journalist 720,000 denars (USD14,400) for publishing a report on a judge being fined by police for driving under the influence of alcohol. The appellate court returned the case to the basic court for retrial. The retrial was ongoing at the end of 2009. On May 28, 2009, the Skopje Appellate Court rejected Ljubomir Frckoskis appeal of a December 2008 judgment against him for slandering Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski in a 2007 column he published. Subsequently, Frckoski requested the prosecutors office
MACEDONIA
file a special motion for protection of legality before the Supreme Court on his behalf. At years end, the prosecutors office had not responded to his request, although the 30-day deadline for such a motion had expired. NGO Reporters without Borders criticized the decision as harmful to freedom of the press. The European Court of Human Rights has accepted Frckoskis application to hear the case. Copyright Legislators have initiated work on a copyright law in order to align Macedonias domestic legislation with European legal norms. The law is still being drafted, and the procedure remains closed. Printing & Distribution Newspaper companies own Macedonias printing facilities and distribution systems. Generally, distribution systems, including those for broadcast, are privately owned. The same is true for Internet and telecom providers. The government is a lesser partner in the major telecommunication company. Taxes Aside from the 5 percent VAT that print media pay (instead of the standard 18 percent), business regulations and the tax code do not differentiate between media and other types of businesses. Media are subject to additional taxation when they buy programs from countries that do not have agreements with Macedonia to avoid double taxation. Other Factors Formal education opportunities for journalists include university-level courses on journalism and public relations offered by the Macedonian Institute for Media (MIM). State universities also provide journalism courses. In addition, several privately owned universities offer journalism and communications studies. The Association of Private Print Media and Association of Private Electronic Media of Macedonia are no longer active. They collapsed due to the divergent interests of media owners. There is no new initiative for re-establishing either association. Macedonia has no active trade union that represents the rights of media industry workers. The Association of Journalists of Macedonia (AJM) is undergoing a troublesome restructuring, initiated by a group of journalists who were unsatisfied with the associations efforts related to media ownerships and labour issues. The association has drafted new statutes that await adoption.
Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; Wikitravel; IREX Media Sustainability Index 2010
2.a

All individuals 000 % 397 1,434 236 2,067 19 69 11 100 Male 000 206 723 102 1,031 % 20 70 10 100 Female 000 % 191 711 134 1,036 18 69 13 100
Age 0-14 15-64 65 + Total

3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Total free dailies
10 10 10 -
11 10 10 1
12 10 10 2
12 11 11 1 1
13 12 12 2 1
30.00 20.00 20.00 -
8.33 9.09 9.09 0.00
Source: 2005 Association of Printed Media Macedonia; WAN assessment; 20062007 WAN assessment; 2008 WAN from public sources; 2009 WAN-IFRA assessment
1 2
Eight titles in Macedonian and three in Albanian Nine titles in Macedonian and three in Albanian
3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Total free dailies
160 160 160 -
190 140 140 50
230 140 140 90
295 170 170 125
280 160 160 120
75.00 0.00 0.00 -
-5.08 -5.88 -5.88 -4.00
Source: 2005 Association of Printed Media Macedonia; WAN assessment; 20062008 WAN assessment; 2009 WAN-IFRA assessment
303
MACEDONIA
4.d
Cover prices (2006)

(Macedonia, denar) min max
7.aa

2005 (Macedonian denar, bln) 2006 2007 2008 850.7 807.2 850.0 2009 829.5
5.00 5.00
20.00 20.00
GDP
810.3
Source: Association of Printed Media

6.d
Source: 2005-2006 CIA - The World Factbook; OANDA (exchange rate); 2007-2009 CIA The World Factbook 2005 Exchange rate used: 1 USD = 52.11 MKD 2006 Exchange rate used: 1 USD = 50.31 MKD
7.ab

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08

2005 (Macedonian denar, 000) 2006 2007 2008 412.5 392.7 410.5 2009 401.6
107.8 130.1 273.6 288.4 290.1 169.02 538.3 583.2 740.5 939.8 1,057.4 96.43
0.55 12.51 GDP per capita

6.e
362.0
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
7.f Top newspaper advertising categories (2006) 7.g

Advertiser T-Mobile Cosmofon Macedonian Telecommunications Skopsko Beer Coca Cola Germanos Alkaloid ProCredit Bank T-Mobile QB Macedonia Citroen Source: Association of Printed Media
12.4
36.5
100.5 181.0 216.3 1,644.35
19.50
Advertising sector Telecommunications Auto Banks Beverages Computers Electronics Hygiene Cosmetics Travel Agencies Real-estate Agencies Source: Association of Printed Media

6.f

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
54.06
-0.18
8.ba

Founded 1996 2004 2000 1999 1963 2009 Language Macedonian Macedonian Macedonian Macedonian Macedonian Macedonian Macedonian Macedonian Albanian Macedonian Publishing company Krug 2 Plus Produkcija Ogledalo 2 NIK Nova Print Most 2 Vecer Unika M Media-Koha Circulation 1 (000) 50 30 25 22 20 14 10 Cover price usual (Macedonia, denar) 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 20.00 10.00 15.00 Format Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Berliner Tabloid Tabloid -
Title Dnevnik Vreme Vest Nova Makedonija Utrinski Vesnik Vecer Makedonski Sport Makedonija Denes Koha Sport Press
1 2
Source: WAZ Mediengruppe; Wikipedia; Publishers; WAN-IFRA records Publishers' claims (print run) Media Print Macedonia (MPM), established by WAZ Mediengruppe
8.bb

Founded (year) 2006 Language Publishing company Circulation (000) 120 1 Format Tabloid
12.
Taxes (2009)
% 18 5 5
Title Shpic
1
Tax Standard VAT VAT on: Single copy sales Subscription sales Source: Distripress; IREX Media Sustainability Index 2010
Macedonian Vreme
Source: WAN-IFRA from public sources; WAN-IFRA estimate (circulation) Publisher's claim
11.
Research (2006)
Circulation is audited by Circulation is not audited. Readership is measured by No readership research was conducted in 2006.
Source: Association of Printed Media
304
MACEDONIA
13.a
15.a
Are there subsidies for the purchase of newsprint? No Are loans granted at low rates for re-equipment or improving existing equipment? No Are there any direct subsidies? The goverment decided to cease newspaper subsidies from 2004.
Source: WAN-IFRA assesment
14.
Does any law exist governing publishing-house ownership, or the registration of shares in newspaper-publishing companies? No Is there any law prohibiting or restricting foreign companies or individuals from owning shares, and in particular, the majority of shares, of domestic daily newspapers? No Is there any law prohibiting daily newspaper or periodical publishers from operating radio or television stations in the same locality? Newspaper publishers cannot operate radio or TV stations. So as to guarantee disclosure and transparency in the capital structure and to avoid silent partners, is there any law or rule permitting in any event the possibility of finding out who are the actual owners of a publishing company? Joint Stock companies must register their shares at the Central Registry. However, most publishing companies are registered as Limited, so they are not under this rule. Is there an antitrust law limiting concentration in the daily press? There are no special rules for newspapers, but normal anti-monopoly laws apply. Is further regulation of media concentration expected? No
Source: WAN-IFRA records
Discounts (2009)
Discount on rates of Post Railroad Telephone Telegraph Telex Other Source: WAN-IFRA assessment
305
MALTA
General economic situation Malta produces only about 20% of its food needs, has limited fresh water supplies, and has few domestic energy sources. Maltas geographic position between the EU and Africa makes it a recipient of illegal immigration, which has strained Maltas political and economic resources. The financial services industry has grown in recent years, but is not fully modernized. Maltas economy is dependent on foreign trade, manufacturing; especially electronics and pharmaceuticals; and tourism, all of which have been negatively affected by the global economic downturn. Malta adopted the euro on 1 January 2008. The inflation rate was estimated at 2.7% in 2009. Performance of newspapers vs. other media National Public Broadcasting (PBS) receives revenue from TV licences. Such a privilege, however, obliges them to provide programming that is educational and informative, as well as being entertaining. The first privately owned newspaper in Maltese in years, Illum, was launched in 2006. For three decades, Malta has had newspapers in Maltese run by political parties or the Church. The new Sunday newspaper is published by MediaToday, adding another newspaper to the MediaToday publishing house which also includes MaltaToday, Business Today and MaltaNow. Online / Digital Publishing There were no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitored e-mail or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail. Internet use was widespread; an estimated 59 percent of households and 90 percent of schools (state, church, and private) had Internet access. Numerous Internet cafes and many blogs operated freely throughout the islands.
Media / Press Laws Performance of different types of newspapers The constitution and law generally provide for freedom Malta has four daily newspapers, two written in Maltese of speech and of the press; however, there are restrictions and two in English. on vilification of, or giving offense to, the Roman Catholic Apostolic Religion, the countrys official There are also three Sunday newspapers in Maltese and church. Also illegal, but carrying a lesser punishment, is three published in English: The Malta Independent On vilification of, or giving offense to, any cult tolerated by Sunday, MaltaToday, The Sunday Times, Il-Mument law. It is an offense to publicly utter any obscene or (Moment), It-Torca (The Torch), and Kullhadd indecent words or make obscene acts or gestures, or in (Everyone). any other way offend public morality, propriety, or decency. Additionally, there are three Maltese non-daily newspapers, Il-Gens, Lehen is-Sewwa (The Voice of According to the Times of Malta, the home affairs Truth), and Illum (Today); and four English ones, minister told parliament in October 2009 that in the including The Malta Business Weekly, Business Today, first three months of the year, authorities initiated MaltaToday and MaltaToday Mid-Week. criminal proceedings against 162 persons for blaspheming in public; they began similar proceedings against 621 persons during 2008. Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; Wikipedia
306
MALTA
3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
95
100
102
102
100
5.26
-1.96
Source: 2005-2008 WAN estimate; 2009 WAN-IFRA estimate

6.d

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
88.8 95.2 100.0 102.9 111.4 166.0 163.5 190.5 204.1 240.6
25.45 44.94
8.26 17.88

6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
51.4
52.9
82.1
95.6
99.8
94.16
4.39

6.f

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08

2.a
Mobile cellular subscriptions 324.0 346.8 368.5
385.6 422.1
30.28
9.47


7.aa
Age 0-14 15-64 65 + Total

2005 (Malta, euro, bln) 2006 2007 2008 10.7 7.1 7.2 2009 6.9
GDP
2.5

3.a
7.ab
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08

2005 (Malta, euro, 000) 2006 2007 2008 26.70 17.57 17.90 2009 17.10
Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Total paid-for non-dailies National paid-for non-dailies Total paid-for Sundays National paid-for Sundays
4 4 6 6 6 6
4 4 7 7 6 6
4 4 7 7 6 6
4 4 7 7 6 6
4 4 7 7 6 6
0.00 0.00 16.67 16.67 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
GDP per capita
6.40
8.ba

Founded (year) Language Publishing company Circulation (000) English Maltese Maltese English Allied Newspapers Ltd. Media Link Communications 2 Union Press 3 Standard Publications Ltd. 22 20 Readership (000) 72 Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Malta, euro) 675 1,230 -
Title
The Times of Malta In-Nazzjon (The Nation) L-Orizzont (The Horizon) The Malta Independent
1 2
1935 1962 -
Source: The Times of Malta; Wikipedia; WAN-IFRA from public sources The oldest newspaper in Malta still in circulation; The Sunday Times has circulation 40,000, readership 119,000 and cover price EUR0.80 Owned by the Maltese National Party Partit Nazzjonalista 3 Owned by the General Workers Union
12.
Taxes (2009)
% 18 5 35
Tax Standard VAT VAT on: Single copy sales Tax on profits standard rate Source: Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu; Distripress
307
MAN, ISLE OF
General economic situation Offshore banking, manufacturing, and tourism are key sectors of the economy. The government offers incentives to high-technology companies and financial institutions to locate on the island. This has paid off in expanding employment opportunities in high-income industries. As a result, agriculture and fishing, once the mainstays of the economy, have declined in their contributions to GDP. The Isle of Man also attracts online gambling sites and the film industry. Trade is mostly with the UK. The inflation rate was estimated at 3.1% in 2006. media group Johnston Press, publishes three weeklies: Isle of Man Examiner, Manx Independent, and the free-of-charge weekly Isle of Man Courier. The company was formerly called the Isle of Man Courier Group. The Isle of Man Examiner is a broadsheet newspaper published every Tuesday. The Examiner began in the 1880s and was the islands most popular newspaper for most of the 20th century.
The Manx Independent is a tabloid weekly, published every Friday. It was founded as a broadsheet in 1987 after a strike that closed the Isle of Man Examiner, the Performance of newspapers vs. other media Isle of Man Times, the Isle of Man Gazette and the National public radio station Manx Radio (Radio Manx Star. It became a twice-weekly tabloid and was Vannin, in Manx) is funded by advertising and owned by Mercantile Press and then Morton a government grant. Newspapers from Northern Ireland in the early 1992. It closed and was bought by Isle of Man Newspapers in The Isle of Man was a pioneer of commercial radio in 1993, which revived it in its current weekly format. the British Isles, thanks to its local laws. Manx Radio launched in 1964, long before the UK authorities gave The Isle of Man Courier is a free weekly that can trace it the green light to commercial radio. The station carries roots back to the Ramsey Courier, which began in the some programmes in the Manx language. 19th century. The Isle of Man Courier became a free delivered newspaper in 1981. Plans for a Manx TV station have yet to reach fruition. Services from the UKs national TV and radio Media / Press Laws broadcasters, including the BBC, are available via local The island's Communications Commission licenses and regulates radio and TV, although the United Kingdoms relays. Office of Communications (Ofcom) oversees frequency Performance of different types of newspapers use. Isle of Man Newspapers, owned by United Kingdom Source: CIA The World Factbook; BBC News
2.a

Age 0-14 15-64 65 + Total

3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total non-dailies 3 Total paid-for non-dailies 2 Total free non-dailies 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
308
MOLDOVA
General economic situation Moldova remains one of the poorest countries in Europe despite recent progress from its small economic base. It enjoys a favourable climate and good farmland but has no major mineral deposits. As a result, the economy depends heavily on agriculture, featuring fruits, vegetables, wine, and tobacco. Moldova must import almost all of its energy supplies. Moldovas dependence on Russian energy was underscored at the end of 2005, when a Russian-owned electrical station in Moldovas separatist Transnistria region cut off power to Moldova and Russias Gazprom cut off natural gas in disputes over pricing, and again in January 2009, during a similar dispute. Russias decision to ban Moldovan wine and agricultural products, coupled with its decision to double the price Moldova paid for Russian natural gas, slowed GDP growth in 2006-07. However, in 2008 growth exceeded the 6% level Moldova had achieved in 2000-05, boosted by Russias partial removal of the bans, solid fixed capital investment, and strong domestic demand driven by remittances from abroad. The inflation rate was estimated at 0% in 2009. sources of information and were used and quoted extensively by other media. The government owned the Moldpress News Agency. Performance of different types of newspapers There were approximately 260 newspapers and magazines in the country. The print media expressed diverse political views and commentary. Local and city governments subsidized approximately 25 newspapers. Political parties and professional organizations also published newspapers. Formerly government-owned newspapers, Moldova Suverana and Nezavisimaya Moldova, continued to favor the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova (PCRM) in their coverage. These newspapers often used inflammatory language and photo-edited portrayals of opponents as Nazis in articles criticizing the opposition.
The newspaper Flux, a mouthpiece for the Christian Democratic Party, published articles in favor of the party Performance of newspapers vs. other media and against its opponents, but sometimes critical of The government continued to influence the media both. through its role in distributing broadcast licenses and its financial support for privatized media outlets, including Newspapers such as Timpul, Jurnal de Chisinau, Ziarul the public radio and television broadcaster Teleradio de Garda, and Moldavskye Vedomosti published more Moldova (TRM), which covered most of the country. diverse views and articles critical of the PCRM government and its policies. At times these outlets According to the Audiovisual Coordinating Council sensationalized coverage, including by using graphic (ACC), 46 radio stations, 38 television stations, and 166 images to denigrate opponents, such as photo-editing cable providers operated in the country. Most stations heads of public figures onto naked bodies and rebroadcast programs from Romania, Russia, and superimposing images with photos of Nazis. Ukraine and offered limited locally produced programming. Other foreign programs, including a Both of Transnistrias major newspapers, Pridnestrovie range of international news broadcasts, were available by and Dnestrovskaya Pravda, were official publications of subscription from private cable television operators. the separatist administration. Separatist authorities Some local governments, including that of Gagauzia, harassed independent newspapers for critical reporting operated television and radio stations and newspapers. of the regime. Independent newspapers such as Novaya Gazeta and Chelovek i Yevo Prava were published, but It is difficult to register, maintain, and financially sustain had a limited circulation of about 3,000. independent newspapers, radio stations, or television stations in Transnistria, although several exist. Most One independent weekly newspaper was published in newspapers from government-controlled areas did not Bender and another in the northern city of Ribnita. circulate widely in Transnistria, although they were According to a study by a western academic researcher, available in Tiraspol. Foreign publications, including the Ribnita-based Dobryi Den newspaper did not publications edited in Chisinau, were difficult to obtain, publish any articles critical of Transnistria or separatist as separatist authorities imposed a 100 percent customs authorities. duty. Other Transnistrian media that printed reports critical of Moldova has several news agencies. In addition to print secessionist authorities also had small circulations and news services, some agencies provide photo and audio appeared either weekly or monthly. There were few services (Info-prim Neo) and online services (Novosti- Romanian and Ukrainian language publications Moldova). Initially, news agencies in Moldova available to the ethnic Ukrainians and Moldovans in the established themselves as independent and non-partisan region. Apart from the publicly financed Gomin bodies. News outlets considered them trustworthy (Ukrainian), Adevarul Nistrean (Romanian in Cyrillic
MOLDOVA
script), and the political party-controlled newspaper commission such studies. These outlets use the market Drujba (Romanian in Cyrillic script), most publications study results in order to tailor their products to audience were in the Russian language. preferences. The government did not restrict foreign publications, but most were not widely circulated because of high cost. Newspapers from Russia were available; some published special weekly local editions. According to reports provided by AGB Nielsen Media Research, audiences prefer mainly foreign movies and entertainment programs, especially from Russia, rather than local news programs. Some media outlets carry out audience measurements on their own, mainly by means Newspaper launches / closures of telephone polls. For instance, Jurnal de Chisinau In December 2009, the print publication Economist newspaper cannot afford to commission studies but and the online Business Expert merged to establish publishes annual reader questionnaires. a new newspaper, Economist, with 16 pages and Online / Digital Publishing a circulation of 6,500 copies. According to the National Regulatory Agency for Advertising Electronic Communications and Information About 50 percent of advertising in Moldova goes into Technology (ANRCETI), broadband Internet reached television, and is estimated at EUR16 million annually, a penetration of 4.63 percent (compared to 23 percent which the director of the National Agency for in the EU) in September 2009 in Moldova. The vast Competition Protection announced at a November majority of Internet users are concentrated in cities. For 2009 government meeting. The amount of advertising instance, broadband Internet has reached a penetration going into newspapers was estimated at about EUR5 of more than 30 percent in Chisinau, and more than 10 million, whereas the amount going to magazines was percent in Balti. estimated at EUR1 million. Radio broadcasters received about EUR1.5 million. More than 40 operators provide Internet access, with Moldtelecom holding a 67.2 percent market share and The fast-growing online advertising market represents Starnet and Orange Moldova with 10.4 percent and 5.3 about 2 percent of the total share of the advertising percent, respectively (www.anrceti.md). Based on the market in Moldova, and was estimated at USD800,000 November 2009 Public Opinion Barometer, 8.6 percent in 2009. Experts forecast 50 percent growth in online of the respondents consider the Internet their primary advertising in 2010, based in part on the growing source for information. Cell phone operators provide number of Internet users (numbers climbed to about 1.4 SMS news feed service for a fee, but this means of million in 2009). information has not become popular. The government is an insignificant source of advertising for Moldovan media compared to foreign or local private companies. However, distribution of what little state advertising exists is unfair and lacks transparency, and this generated public debates in 2009. Circulation Print media circulation figures in Moldova are random and are usually stated higher than the reality. In 2009, after a number of attempts over several years, the Audit Bureau of Circulation in Moldova (ABCM) was established. It aims to provide a real picture for the advertising market in the country. While most citizens could not afford computers and private access to the Internet, public access at cafes in major cities was readily available. In August 2009 a local ISP created public Wi-Fi hot spots in several public parks in Chisinau. In Transnistria Internet connections were available in most parts of the region, and most residents accessed the Internet through publicly available computers at cafes. One company, Sherriff Enterprises, was the sole ISP in the region.
During and after the April 2009 protests, the government restricted use of the Internet. Internet users Readership complained that state-owned Moldtelecom blocked Because placement of private and government access to the most popular news portals and social advertising is in part politically motivated, market networking websites on April 9 and 10, 2009. studies are not in demand, let alone the fact that they are very expensive, said Constantin Marin, dean of On April 9, 2009, Facebook and the social networking Journalism Department at Moldova State University in website Odnoklassniki.ru became inaccessible to users in Chisinau. Although there are professional, international Moldova. On April 8, 2009, the administrators of the companies that do independent audience measurements Unimedia information portal reported that their server and provide complex data (including audience had been attacked several times. demographic characteristics and preferences), only a limited number of media outlets can afford to
MOLDOVA
Ownership Moldovan media law generally uses the terms founders/co-founders rather than the term owner. This is one reason why citizens do not have access to information about the ownership of media outlets, although readers generally can deduce ownership based on the publications content. According to the press law, in January and July each year, periodical publications and news agencies are required to report sources and value of donations, including the non-financial donations, from local and foreign individuals and legal entities. However, this provision has not been observed. does not live up to European Convention on Human Rights standards. On the other hand, a 2000 Supreme Court of Justice decision on protection of honor, dignity, and professional reputation contributes to free expression by establishing that no one may be punished for criticizing or insulting the nation, the state, or its symbols, unless the criticism or insult was intended and likely to incite imminent violence.
Journalists and NGOs reported that the government denied independent media access to various official events. On May 26 and August 18 of 2009, the interior ministry prevented journalists from Internet-based Jurnal TV from covering its press conferences. On July 14, 2009, police in Donduseni expelled two journalists There is no record of financial corporations purchasing from the Moldavskie Vedomosti newspaper from a hall media outlets in Moldova. Officially, the media sector where the prime minister had been meeting with local has no monopolies. The broadcasting code stipulates residents. that an individual or a legal entity may own up to two broadcasting licenses for the same area and that an Moldova has laws facilitating access to information. The individual or a legal entity, local or foreign, may be law mandates that the government provide requested a direct or indirect investor or major shareholder of up information immediately, in verbal or written form, if it to two different types of broadcasters. is available. However, journalists are asked to send written requests that will be answered within 15 days. In No major foreign investments were in Moldovan media September 2009, the Supreme Court of Justice ruled in at the end of 2009, although Romanian and Russian favour of the Investigative Journalism Centre and programming has a heavy presence on Moldovan obliged the government to provide requested television. At the end of 2009, it was announced that information concerning how funds were spent for the two newly established satellite television stations, Jurnal reconstruction of a monastery. During the last five years, TV and TV Publika, will receive investments from the centre has won 17 lawsuits against state institutions Germany and Romania. for restricting access to public information. Media / Press Laws The law provides for freedom of speech and of the press; however, the government did not respect these rights in practice. Individuals could criticize the government publicly and privately without reprisal, although authorities attempted to impede criticism by limiting the access of some media to government information and events and by repressing media outlets deemed nonloyal during and after the April 2009 parliamentary elections. In addition, individuals and organizations critical of the government risked being monitored and subjected to abusive tax and registration inspections. The Constitution of Moldova, the press law, and the broadcasting code guarantee freedom of expression, but some provisions can be used as pretexts to limit this right. The constitution forbids defamation of the state and the nation as well as other actions attempting to overthrow the constitutional regime. The criminal code has not been adjusted to the European Convention standards, and provides for fines, community work, or imprisonment for libel against judges and prosecutors. Other criminal offenses include dissemination of certain information that is protected by law and concerning private life. The administrative code, which provides for up to 30 days of imprisonment for libel and insult, also
During and after the protests following the April 5, 2009 elections, law enforcement bodies launched a campaign of intimidation and aggression against the media. Police and security forces illegally detained and interrogated many journalists. On April 7-8, 2009, more than 20 Romanian journalists were denied entry to the country, as the government publicly accused Romania of playing a role in organizing the April 7-8 violence. On April 8, 2009, several plainclothes police officers severely beat a cameraman from Jurnal TV, who was filming in public and also seized and destroyed his video equipment. On April 10, 2009, several plainclothes police abducted the editor in chief of the Jurnal de Chisinau newspaper on the street and took her to an unknown destination. She told the media that, after several hours of detention, she was taken to the Special Mission Department of the Interior Ministry and was accused of assessing and collecting information to help attack the government buildings. Although libel is not a criminal offense, and the law limits the amount of fines that can be claimed for slander, some newspapers continued to practice selfcensorship and avoid controversial issues out of concern that government officials and other public figures could use civil defamation laws to retaliate against critical news coverage.
311
MOLDOVA
Under Moldovan law regarding defamation cases, the The press distribution network, including kiosks, is rights of the plaintiffs are prioritized over those of the managed mainly by the state. Burdeinii noted that even media. though Moldova has a private network of kiosks, distribution is extremely expensive for the media. In In a case that reached the European Court of Human June 2009, a new press distribution network was Rights, Flux newspaper was sued by a Communist established, managed by the Moldo-Romanian company parliament member who said his honour and dignity Megapress. The company announced that it would sell were harmed by an article. Moldovan courts ruled newspapers and magazines in Romanian and Russian against the newspaper, but the European court published in Moldova, and plans to include condemned Moldova in November 2009 for violating international press in the network. Megapress also said it the newspapers right of free expression and ordered the will not discriminate on any ground, political affiliation, government to pay Flux EUR5,000, including language, or country of origin in particular. EUR3,000 for moral damages. State Support In April 2008 a district court in Chisinau froze the bank The government subsidizes a certain number of media account of the Jurnal de Chisinau newspaper to outlets, but lack of transparency about the criteria for sequester funds in a libel case. The case was filed against fund distribution makes outlets more dependent on the the newspaper by a former prosecutor, who sued for authorities, affecting their editorial policies. The alleged damages inflicted on him by articles published in independent Jurnal de Chisinau reported in 2009 about 2003 and 2004. The newspaper appealed, and in May the pressure that authorities applied on businesses to 2008 the Court of Appeals unblocked the bank account. withdraw their advertising from non-state media. At the end of 2009 the case was before the Chisinau In the countryside, the publications loyal to local Court of Appeals for reconsideration. administrations receive funding from local budgets and In June 2008 parliament passed amendments to the have more access to information than independent editing law, making it illegal to edit and publish publications. For example, the publication Farul literature that contains denial and defamation of the Nistrean in the city of Rezina, which strongly promotes state and the people; calls to war or aggression, to ethnic, the Communists, received 120,000 Moldovan lei from racial or religious hatred; [or] incitement of the Rezina budget for the last quarter of 2009. discrimination, territorial separatism, or public violence. Several private publishing houses opposed the Other Factors In October 2009, six NGOs operating in the field of new law, claiming that it imposed censorship. media, human rights, and public policy founded the Printing & Distribution Press Council of Moldova. This self-regulatory body Authorities controlled all printing houses and, at times, declared itself independent and stated that its major task threatened to stop the printing of independent was to examine complaints concerning the editorial newspapers. activity of newspapers, magazines, news agencies, as well as web portals. The lions share of distribution is controlled by the state company Posta Moldovei. Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; IREX Media Sustainability Index 2010
312
MOLDOVA
3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
All newspapers Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Total non-dailies Total paid-for non-dailies National paid-for non-dailies Regional and local paid-for non-dailies
7 6 1 120 79 41
8 7 1 -
253 9 8 1 244 -
247 7 7 240 -
248 7 7 241 -
0.00 16.67 -
0.40 0.00 0.00 0.42 -
Source: 2005 Association of Independent Press from Moldova; 2006 WAN assessment; 2007 Independent Journalism Centre Mass Media Guide in Moldova (all newspapers); WAN assessment (dailies); 2008 Association of Independent Press, Moldova; 2009 WAN-IFRA assessment
4.d
Cover prices (2008)

(Moldovan leu) average
5.a

Reached 1 (%)
1.50 200.00
All adults
84
Source: Association of Independent Press, Moldova

Source: ZenithOptimedia Group records

1
Monthly
Age Map: CIA The World Factbook

2.a
% daily reach within age group 7.6 15.5 19.4 21.9 22.7 9.0 4.0 100

Age 0-14 15-64 65 + Total
less than 16 16-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total

2.b
Source: Marketing Media Index poll for Association of Independent Press

6.a

All adults 000 62 272 373 686 1,793 3,186 Male 000 49 86 108 372 906 1,521 Female 000 13 186 265 314 888 1,665
Online editions
Change (%) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2007/03 2007/06
Dailies Non-dailies
12 63
12 -
Source: Association of Independent Press

6.d

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Source: AGB Moldova 2008 Internet subscribers Internet users
61.1 93.7 110.2 155.8 203.5 233.06 550.0 727.7 750.0 850.0 1,295.0 135.45
30.62 52.35

6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
10.4
21.8
47.2
115.1 187.0 1,698.08
62.47
313
MOLDOVA
6.f

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
7.ba

(Moldovan leu, mln) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
7.aa
155.53
14.91

2004 (Moldovan leu, bln) 2005 2006 2007 37.7 44.8 53.4 2008 64.6

7.ab
32.0
18.9 12.3 6.6 41.0 16.2 1.0 21.6 0.0 98.7
27.0 17.6 9.5 61.8 23.0 1.2 27.0 1.4 141.5
33.8 22.0 11.8 85.2 24.3 1.5 60.9 1.4 207.0
37.0 23.7 12.8 150.1 27.0 3.7 108.2 2.0 327.6
36.0 36.0 39.0 40.0 23.7 24.0 26.0 26.5 12.8 12.0 13.1 13.4 146.0 185.9 205.0 220.0 24.8 25.0 26.0 27.3 4.6 4.0 4.3 4.5 108.2 110.0 115.5 120.0 3.4 3.7 3.9 4.2 323.4 364.6 393.8 415.9
Source: AGB Moldova; TNS Moldova; ZenithOptimedia

2004 (Moldovan leu, 000) 2005 2006 2007 10.0 12.1 14.5 2008 17.8
Excludes agency commission; excludes production costs; after discounts

7.c
(Moldovan leu, mln) Change (%) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008/04 2008/07

7.ac
8.4
All newspapers
43.2
50.4
61.2
62.1
64.0
48.15
3.06
(%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 0.54 0.57 0.57 0.54

Owners Revenue (Moldovan leu, 000) 5,833 4,964 2,599 2,443 1,177 1,140 1,062 858 627 609
Ad expenditure
0.26
0.32
0.39
0.51
Komsomolyskaya Pravda Antenna Makler Arguments and Facts SUN TV Logos Press TV Programe SP Saptamina Chisinau News
Source: ZenithOptimedia Group records

8.ba

Language Russian Romanian Romanian Romanian Russian Russian Russian Publishing company Komsomolskaya Pravda Basarabia Ltd Timpul de Dimineata Ltd Jurnal de Chisinau Ltd Moldova Suverana Ltd Nezavisimaya Moldova Ltd Sport Curier Ltd Sport Meredian Ltd Circulation (000) 50 28 28 18 17 17 15 Readership Cover price usual (000) (Moldovan leu) (USD) 200 112 112 72 68 68 60 5.00 4.00 4.00 1.50 4.00 3.00 3.00 0.56 0.45 0.45 0.25 0.45 0.35 0.35 Format A3 A3 A3 A2 A3 A3 A3
Title Komsomolskaya Pravda v Moldove Timpul de Dimineata Jurnal de Chisinau Moldova Suverana Nezavisimaya Moldova Sport Curier Sport Meredian 2008 data
11.
Research (2009)
13.a
Circulation is audited by Audit Bureau of Circulations Moldova (ABCM)

Source: IREX Media Sustainability Index 2010
12.
Are there any direct subsidies? Yes, but they are only provided for several newspapers which are close to government.
Taxes (2008)
% 20
314
MOLDOVA
14.
Discounts (2009)
15.a
Discount on rates of Post Railroad Telephone Telegraph Telex Other Source: Association of Independent Press, Moldova
Does any law exist governing publishing-house ownership, or the registration of shares in newspaper-publishing companies? No Is there any law prohibiting or restricting foreign companies or individuals from owning shares, and in particular, the majority of shares, of domestic daily newspapers? Article 12 of the Press Law allows newspapers to accept donations from abroad, but forbids them to accept any other form of funding from foreign governments, except from countries with which Moldova has reached a bilateral agreement. Foreign natural persons and legal entities can own no more than 49% of the capital of a periodical or press agency. Is there any law prohibiting daily newspaper or periodical publishers from operating radio or television stations in the same locality? No So as to guarantee disclosure and transparency in the capital structure and to avoid silent partners, is there any law or rule permitting in any event the possibility of finding out who are the actual owners of a publishing company? No Is there an antitrust law limiting concentration in the daily press? No Is further regulation of media concentration expected? No
Source: WAN records
315
MONACO
Commentary
General economic situation Monaco, bordering France on the Mediterranean coast, is a popular resort, attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate. The principality also is a major banking centre and has successfully sought to diversify into services and small, high-value-added, non-polluting industries. The state has no income tax and low business taxes and thrives as a tax haven both for individuals who have established residence and for foreign companies that have set up businesses and offices. The state retains monopolies in a number of sectors, including tobacco, the telephone network, and the postal service. Living standards are high, roughly comparable to those in prosperous French metropolitan areas. The inflation rate was estimated at 1.9% in 2000. Performance of newspapers vs. other media The influence of Monacos broadcast media extends far beyond the borders of the tiny state. From the 1960s Radio Monte-Carlo used powerful transmitters to reach listeners across much of France, and in the 1970s broadcasts to Italy began. Radio Monte-Carlo now has extensive FM networks in both countries. Monte-Carlo Doualiya, a service for the Arab world set up in 1972, is now operated by Radio France Internationale. Televisions great and good gather in Monaco every year for the Monte-Carlo Television Festival, set up in 1961 by Prince Rainier. Online / Digital Publishing There were no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitored e-mail or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail. Media / Press Laws The constitution and law provide for freedom of speech and of the press, and the government generally respected these rights. Articles 58 and 60 of the Penal Code prohibit public denunciations of the ruling family, provisions that the media followed in practice. The law provides for imprisonment of between six months to five years for violation of Articles 58 and 60. No one was charged with violation of these statutes during the year 2009. On November 5, 2009, several hundred people (900 according to the police, 1,200 according to organizers) demonstrated in Monaco for, among other things, the freedom of the press. An official of the Union of Unions in Monaco (USM) denounced a colorless, odorless and good thinking press. The consensus at any price, the culture of secrecy, the predilection for the rumor govern at the expense of information, said Betty Tambuscio, denouncing a press center and sanitized press closing an eye. The press center is the organ of the Monaco government communication. Its director Francis Chantra told AFP that he has no power of censorship. He said: The press is free in this country.
Performance of different types of newspapers Monaco has no domestically published daily newspaper, Prince Albert II, under the Constitution of Monaco, has but French newspapers cover news from the country. real power in Monaco and he is immune to criticism from the press. The Monegasque law provides that local There are two state weeklies: Journal de Monaco, media companies undertake not to harm the person of published by the government, and Monaco Hebdo. Prince or his family. Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; BBC News
316
MONACO
6.d

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
9.8 18
11.2 20
12.5 21
12.5 22
12.5 23
27.55 27.78
0.00 4.55

6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
9.5
11.0
12.3
13.7
15.0
57.89
9.49

6.f

(000) Change (%) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008/04 2008/07
18.3
20.4
22.0
23.0
33.72
4.55

7.aa

GDP Map: CIA The World Factbook
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
Source: CIA The World Factbook via Index Mundi Monaco does not publish national income figures; the estimates are extremely rough
2.a

7.ab
Age 0-14 15-64 65 + Total

GDP per capita
21.9
21.6
21.6
21.9
20.4

12.

3.a
Taxes (2007)
% 19.6
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total paid-for non-dailies 2 National paid-for non-dailies 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
317
MONTENEGRO
General economic situation The dissolution of the loose political union between Serbia and Montenegro in 2006 led to separate membership in several international financial institutions. Severe unemployment remains a key political and economic problem for this entire region. Montenegro has privatized its large aluminium complex, the dominant industry, as well as most of its financial sector, and has begun to attract foreign direct investment in the tourism sector. The inflation rate was estimated at 3.4% in 2007. Performance of newspapers vs. other media A wide variety of public and private broadcast media included a national public radio and a television broadcaster; 14 local public radio and four local public television stations; and 41 private radio and 19 private television stations. Montenegro has a plurality of news sources with more than 150 local and national print and electronic media outlets. In fact, Montenegros media market is oversaturated, with one media outlet per 4,000 residents. The government did not restrict the distribution of foreign publications. Advertising Advertising revenues generally flow to national media with headquarters in Podgorica, while the rest of Montenegro gets crumbs when it comes to advertising. However, the advertising market in Montenegro is limited in its potential of about EUR12 million annually. Readership Montenegro has few media market surveys. Media outlets cannot afford to pay public opinion agencies, so NGOs conduct a majority of surveys. Some also conduct ratings surveys. However, even these surveys are sporadic and insufficient for drafting business plans or development strategies. Online / Digital Publishing There were no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitored e-mail or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail.
There were 38 radio stations, including five operating Ownership nationwide. In the last few years, media ownership transparency has There were 37 television stations, including nine improved as the government has introduced legal regulations. The public is now informed about the operating nationwide. ownership structure of media, although suspicions linger The only news agency, Mina News Agency, is privately regarding the authenticity of formal owners. All media companies are registered in the commercial court, so held. their reported ownership structure is readily available The independent media were active and generally and confirmable. Regarding the threat of monopolies, expressed a wide variety of political and social views the phenomenon is visible in print media, and sporadically in electronic media. without government restriction. The movement toward more entertainment and less news continued in 2009. This is especially true of electronic media, which enjoy the most influence in Montenegro. The ratio is about 80 percent entertainment to 20 percent news, except in state public service television, which is near 50:50. Entertainment programs are often tasteless and promote immoral messages and questionable values, according to the panelists. In print media, news still dominates, but these outlets are facing tough times in the Montenegrin market. Foreign investment interest in the media sector has not picked up. Montenegrin media have just a few foreign investors (for TV IN, PRO TV, and Vijesti newspaper) at the moment. Problems in the media sector deter foreign investors. For example, Fox TV withdrew from Montenegro; and after several attempts, WAZ gave up trying to buy Pobjeda.
A 2008 attempt by Montenegrin government to sell off 51 percent of its shares in the public company that publishes the daily newspaper Pobjeda failed. The only Performance of different types of newspapers bidder withdrew after lengthy negotiations. A previous There were four dailies, four weeklies, and 40 monthlies. tender in 2007 also failed when no company placed a bid. No tender was offered during 2009, leaving the Pobjeda is the oldest Montenegrin newspaper still in legal requirement to privatize the state-owned newspaper circulation. Until September 1997 it was the only daily unfulfilled at years end. newspaper in Montenegro. Following several unsuccessful privatization attempts, it is the only daily In November 2007, the government announced its newspaper in Montenegro that is state-owned. intention to sell 51% of its stake in Pobjeda, thus
MONTENEGRO
keeping the remaining 25.7% for itself in order to be able to influence strategic decision of the new owner, and opened a tender for qualifying offers to do so. By the tenders closing on March 4, 2008 no offers came in. In early May 2008, the government announced that it will open another tender by the end of May 2008. It also let it be known on the same occasion that in order to make the entity more appealing to potential buyers, its considering writing-off Pobjedas EUR2.2 million debt to the State through personal income taxes and contributions. In late June 2008, Pobjeda posted a loss of EUR3.75 million for the calendar year 2007. The Vijesti daily is published and managed by an entity called Daily Press d.o.o., a limited liability company based in Podgorica. The companys ownership is currently split between Montenegrin partners (59%), Austrian Styria Medien AG (25%), and American fund MDLF started by George Soros. The legal and financial entity behind the paper, Daily Press d.o.o. company, was founded on November 25, 1996 and registered on December 16, 1996. The companys founding capital of USD5,000 was provided by three entities: Miodrag Perovics company Montenegropublic, journalist Milka Tadic, and Slavica Popovic acting on the behalf of Podgorica Tobacco Factory director Dragoljub Mico Dautovic. The Vijesti newspaper was started on September 1, 1997 as only the second daily newspaper in Montenegro at that point with the long running state-owned Pobjeda being their only competition. Listed as the newspapers owners were four individuals: Miodrag Perovic, Ljubisa Mitrovic, Slavoljub Scekic, and Zeljko Ivanovic. During May 2002, Vijesti announced a strategic partnership with German media concern WAZ, which bought a 50% stake in Vijesti. The amount paid was not disclosed. In early October 2007, after four-and-a-half years of co-ownership, German media concern WAZ sold its stake in Vijesti to the other ownership party (four individuals). In a vague public statement following the sudden decision, WAZs representative Andreas Rudas said: The weight of the past was too strong, and this had to be done. In mid-March 2009, Styria Medien AG bought 25% in the Daily Press company that oversees the publishing of Vijesti. The partnership contract was signed by Vijesti director Zeljko Ivanovic. Currently, Styria is the largest media publisher in Southeast Europe. Styria Medien AG was founded in 1869 and is the third largest media concern in Austria. It is the sole proprietor of the leading Croatian dailies Vecernji List and 24 Sata. The Austrian group also announced future investments into Serbia. Media / Press Laws The constitution and law provide for freedom of speech and of the press; however, there were some restrictions of freedom of the press in practice. In 2009, the government was drafting a new law on electronic media. According to a law on electronic communications that took effect in August 2008, a new Agency for Electronic Communication and Postal Activity (AECPA) was authorized to take responsibility for issuing licenses to broadcasters. AECPA published its first tender for 20 television frequencies on November 26. It blamed the delay on gaps in the law. On December 28, the bids received for the new television frequencies were opened publicly. AECPA promised to announce its decision within 30 days. The private television broadcaster Vijesti, often seen as a strong critic of the government and the prime minister, had accused the government of blocking its access to a wider market for political reasons by delaying the tender process. Although Montenegro has a freedom of information act, journalists attempting to collect public information face serious obstacles. Government and public institutions often refuse to submit the requested information within the legally prescribed deadline. various court disputes have been initiated because of this issue; more than 100 ongoing cases of violations of the freedom of information act are currently before the court. Officials frequently brought, or threatened to bring, libel suits against media organizations that accused them of wrongdoing. Some NGOs warned that criminal libel charges against journalists could deter them from reporting candidly on events. Criminal libel charges could carry fines of up to 14,000 euros (USD20,000) or imprisonment if fines are not paid. On June 28, 2009, the Podgorica Basic Court fined the daily newspaper Dan 30,000 euros (USD42,900) for defaming Veselin Barovic, Branko Vujosevic, and Danilo Mitrovic, by reprinting articles that originally appeared in the Croatian newspaper Nacional in 2001, in which the three were named as members of the countrys tobacco mafia. The court found that Dan caused mental pain and damaged the dignity of the plaintiffs. Although libel is criminally punishable, a libel sentence could include initiation of civil proceedings. The courts have a very imbalanced penal policy; fines for mental injury range from symbolic to EUR40,000. The inconsistency is especially problematic because of the number of libel cases related to politicians and government officials. Courts have shown reluctance to implement the principle that public officials should face a greater level of public criticism.
319
MONTENEGRO
On September 7, 2009, the Podgorica Basic Court fined Vijesti, along with Nebojsa Medojevic, the leader of the opposition Movement for Change political party, 33,000 euros (USD47,290) for tarnishing the reputation of the firm MNSS BV, owner of the Niksic Steelworks. The case involved an opinion piece, written by Medojevic and published in February 2008, warning of the potential for money laundering following MNSS BVs purchase of the steelworks. The court dismissed Vijestis argument that, since the article in question was published as an opinion piece by a presidential candidate (Medojevic was running for president at the time) the newspaper could not be held accountable for any damage the article may have caused. On September 8, 2009, the Supreme Court upheld a 2008 superior court ruling ordering the weekly newspaper Monitor and its journalist, Andrej Nikolaidis, to pay 12,000 euros (USD17,000) in libel damages to Serbian movie director Emir Kusturica. In a 2004 commentary entitled Hangmans Apprentice, Nikolaidis claimed that Kusturica was a supporter of former Serbian/Yugoslav president Slobodan Milosevic in the 1990s. The OSCE voiced concerns over the judgment against Monitor and Nikolaidis, noting among other things that public figures should demonstrate a greater degree of tolerance of criticism than ordinary citizens and that fines for libel cases should be proportionate to the economic power of the media company and the damage caused. On October 7, 2009, the Podgorica Basic Court fined Petar Komnenic, a journalist for the weekly newspaper Monitor, 3,000 euros (USD4,200) for libeling the then president of the Podgorica Superior Court, Ivica Stankovic, in a 2007 article. The article claimed police secretly had wiretapped Stankovic at the request of the special prosecutor for organized crime because of Stankovics alleged connections with criminals. A former judge of the court, Radovan Mandic, testified during the trial that he and a majority of the other Podgorica Superior Court judges were illegally wiretapped for more than two months in 2005. At years end a defamation lawsuit Stankovic brought against the Vijesti editor in chief was pending. He sued over an article alleging that in a closed session of the Assemblys security committee, the director of police named Stankovic as one of the judges who obstructed several police investigations. On October 21, 2009, the Podgorica Superior Court fined Vijestis director Zeljko Ivanovic and the newspapers publisher, Daily Press, 10,000 euros (USD14,300) for defaming Prime Minister Milo Djukanovic. Djukanovic sued in 2007 after Ivanovic told reporters he thought Djukanovic had arranged a physical attack on him in retaliation for press coverage of alleged corruption and mafia influence in the government. The Podgorica Basic Court ruled in 2008
320
that Ivanovic and Daily Press were guilty of defaming Djukanovic and fined them 20,000 euros (USD28,600). Vijestis owners claimed that the conviction and the lawsuit represented an attempt to suppress freedom of expression. Printing & Distribution Printing shops are mostly privately owned and linked to the media business of their respective companies (Vijesti, Dan), except for the state-owned printing shop linked to Pobjeda. Distribution companies are privately owned, but they are also suffering economic hardship. A couple of years ago, the state-owned distribution network went bankrupt, while the remaining companies are operating with difficulties. Montenegro is facing the danger of monopolization of this particular market, which could have a negative impact on the business of print media and the free press. Taxes Media companies are treated the same way as other companies, although printed media enjoy certain tax benefits: dailies and periodicals pay a lower value-added tax (VAT) rate of 7 percent. State Support Private media depend heavily on circulation and noncommercial support from donors and local owners, while public and state media are dependent upon the government and ruling parties. The public media are dominantly financed by the state and local councils, although they also earn money from advertising. Government opponents continued to criticize the Assemblys 2008 passage of legal amendments regulating the functioning of the countrys public radio and television broadcaster, Radio and Television of Montenegro (RTCG). They alleged that the change in the method of funding of the public broadcaster, substituting government subsidies for user fees, made it more dependent on the government. They also criticized changes in the method of selection of the members of the governing board of the public outlets, increasing the role of the Assembly at the expense of civil society. Other Factors Media business is hardly profitable, and as a result, journalists are among the lowest paid professionals in Montenegro. A beginning journalist cannot expect to make more than EUR300 per month, while more experienced journalists might bring in EUR500-600. Salaries above EUR1,000 are extremely rare. Montenegro has an ethical code for journalists, composed in line with international standards. The Journalists Self-Regulatory Body, which aims to
MONTENEGRO
promote responsible journalism, often reacts to violations of the ethical code with public statements. However, many journalists fail to follow professional standards.
Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; IREX Media Sustainability Index 2010; Wikipedia; SEEbiz
3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
55 55
50 50
46 46
46 46
62 62
12.73 12.73
34.78 34.78
Source: 2005-2006 WAN estimate; 2007 IREX - Media Sustainability Index 2008; 2008 WAN estimate; 2009 WAN-IFRA assessment partly based on IREX Media Sustainability Index 2010
6.d

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
81.0 180
88.7 200
88.7 230
88.7 255
88.7 280
9.51 55.56
0.00 9.80

6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
7.7
25.8
44.0
62.2
88.0
1,042.86
41.48

6.f

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08

2.a
Mobile cellular subscriptions 543.2 643.7 703.0 735.0 752.0
38.44
2.31


7.aa
Age 0-14 15-64 65 + Total

2005 (Montenegro, euro, bln) 2006 2007 2008 2.1 4.6 5.0 2009 4.8
GDP Source: CIA The World Factbook

7.ab

3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08

2005 (Montenegro, euro, 000) 2006 2007 2008 6.8 7.3 2009 7.1
Total paid-for dailies 4 National paid-for dailies 4 Total paid-for non-dailies 20
4 4 20
4 4 42 1
4 4 42 1
4 4 44 2
0.00 0.00 120.00
0.00 0.00 4.76
GDP per capita Source: CIA The World Factbook
3.0
Source: 2005-2006 WAN from public sources; 2007 IREX - Media Sustainability Index 2008; 2008 WAN assessment; 2009 IREX Media Sustainability Index 2010; WAN-IFRA assessment
1 2
Including 2 weeklies and 40 monthlies Including 4 weeklies and 40 monthlies
321
MONTENEGRO
8.ba

Founded Language 1 (year) Publishing company Circulation (000) Montenegrin (Latin) Serbian Montenegrin (Cyrillic) Daily Press d.o.o. 2 Jumedia Mont D.O.O. 3 Pobjeda Cooperative (Novinsko izdavacko i graficko akcionarsko drustvo Pobjeda) Company Millenium Ltd. 26 25 8 Cover price usual (Montenegro, euro) 0.50 Berliner Berliner Berliner Format Full page ad rate Mono Color (Montenegro, euro) 460.00 420.00 358.00 690.00 -
Title
VVijesti (The News) Dan (The Day) Pobjeda (The Victory)
1997 1998 1944 4
Daily Press Republika 5

1
2004
Montenegrin (Latin)
0.50
Berliner
299.00
499.00
Source: Wikipedia; Daily Press Republika; IREX Media Sustainability Index 2010 (circulation); WAN-IFRA from public sources Montenegrin language is the name given to the Ijekavian-Shtokavian dialect, spoken in Montenegro. Generally it is recognized as a variant of the Serbian language, but some Montenegrins refer to their specific dialect as a language on its own. Unlike in Serbia, Cyrillic and Latin alphabets are deemed to be equal. 2 Owned by four individuals who founded the newspaper (59%), Styria Medien AG (25%), and MDLF (16%) 3 The group also owns the weekly Revija D and radio stations Radio D and Radio D plus 4 In October 2007, the Daily Press d.o.o. (WAZ Media Group) sold 100% shares to the four individuals: Miodrag Perovic, Ljubisa Mitrovic, Slavoljub Scekic, and Zeljko Ivanovic 5 Founded as a weekly in 1944; it became a daily in 1975 6 Established as a continuance of the Daily Press Publika
12.
Taxes (2009)
% 7
322
NETHERLANDS, THE
General economic situation The Netherlands has a prosperous and open economy, which depends heavily on foreign trade. The economy is noted for stable industrial relations, moderate unemployment and inflation, a sizable current account surplus, and an important role as a European transportation hub. Industrial activity is predominantly in food processing, chemicals, petroleum refining, and electrical machinery. A highly mechanized agricultural sector employs no more than 3% of the labour force but provides large surpluses for the food-processing industry and for exports. The pace of job growth reached 10-year highs in 2007, but economic growth fell sharply in 2008 as fallout from the world financial crisis constricted demand and raised the spectre of a recession in 2009. Internet, including by e-mail. More than 90 percent of the population had access to the Internet. During the year 2009 the government took legal action against four right-wing websites. On February 2, 2009, a judge convicted the former leader of the National Alliance for not removing discriminatory texts deemed offensive to Jews and Muslims from the organizations website. In 2009 authorities took measures to deal more effectively with incitement to discrimination on the Internet. Despite the priority given to such cases, there were only three convictions in 2007, the latest year for which data were available.
The police maintained a list of websites they have judged to be purveyors of child pornography and reviewed the In 2009 the economy shrank on all fronts. Consumption list periodically. All major Internet service providers in in households, investments and exports fell sharply in the Netherlands have agreed not to permit access to 2009 and contributed to the 4 percent shrink of gross those websites. domestic product. Only government expenses showed an increase. The credit crisis caused the greatest post-war Ownership In 2009 the Belgian Press Group (De Persgroep) took shrinkage. over PCM Uitgevers (PCM Publishers), the third-largest However, in October 2009 the Central Bureau of newspaper and magazine publisher in the Netherlands statistics reported a marginal growth in the third quarter. after Wegener, 87 percent owned by Mecom Group, and The revival of the economy in the fourth quarter was Telegraaf Media Group. due to the recovery of export. Despite this development, Dutch unemployment continued to rise. The inflation In March 2009, the Press Group acquired a 51 percent interest in PCM Uitgevers (PCM Publishers). PCM rate was estimated at 0.7% in 2009. announced De Persgroep would pay 100 million euros The effects of the credit crisis on government finances (USD126 million) for the 51 percent stake. De will still be felt for a long time. Households and pension Persgroep, which publishes Belgian newspaper funds have significantly smaller power than before and De Morgen, said it would combine its Dutch radio unemployment will remain high for a long time. The station, Q-Music, as well as Amsterdam newspaper, Het Central Planning bureau foresees a 1.5 percent growth in Parool, with PCM at a later stage. 2010 for the Euro area. In April 2009, Wegener, the Dutch subsidiary of David Performance of different types of newspapers Montgomerys Mecom Group, announced it would sell In 2009 there were 11 newspaper publishing companies, its 37% stake in newspaper group AD NieuwsMedia to which altogether published 29 independent paid-for PCM Uitgevers for 42.3 million euros (USD60 million). daily newspapers in the Netherlands. The total turnover PCM Uitgevers already owned the remaining 63% of in the newspaper industry decreased by 10 percent AD NieuwsMedia. In turn, Wegener planned to expand compared to the previous year. in the Dutch market by buying PCMs subsidiary, centred in Rotterdam, which publishes 27 free local Circulation newspapers with a combined distribution of 1.1 million Some 50% of Dutch households had a newspaper copies. As part of the deal, PCM Uitgevers was also buy subscription, compared with 62% in 1997, according to the Wegener printing plant in The Hague. At the end of the national statistics office CBS. City dwellers and April 2009 Mecom had debts of almost GBP500 the 25 to 45 age group are least likely to subscribe to million, almost nine times its market value, and had sold a newspaper. Subscriptions account for almost 90% of some of its German and Norwegian newspapers to ease Dutch newspaper sales. the situation. Online / Digital Publishing There were no governmental restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitored e-mail or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the
In July 2009, Mecom, owner of Wegener, sold its interest in AD news media to PCM/The Press Group. The titles Het Parool (already owned by the Press Group), Het AD, de Volkskrant and Trouw were merged into the enterprise.
323
NETHERLANDS, THE
In order to prevent a too-dominant position in the advertising industry, the Press Group was obliged to sell NRC Handelsblad, along with NRC Next and nrc.nl. On March 12, 2010, the sale of NRC to the Investment Corporation Egeria and to the shareholders of Het Gesprek was completed. In September 2009 the Dutch competition authority, the NMa, carried out inspections at the offices of regional newspapers de Provinciale Zeeuwse Courant (PZC) and BN/De Stem in Middleburg, Terneuzen and Breda. The NMa is following up whether parent company Wegener is still fulfilling its obligation to maintain BN/De Stem and PZC editorially independent, which was a condition imposed by the NMa in 2000 when Wegener acquired VNU Dagbladen. speech. Convictions for these offences were rare because courts were reluctant to restrict freedom of expression, especially when it took place within the context of a public debate. However, on January 21, 2009, the Amsterdam Court of Appeals ordered the Amsterdam Prosecutors Office to prosecute politician and Islam critic Geert Wilders for incitement. The prosecutor earlier declined to indict despite dozens of complaints filed by several organizations and private persons about his anti-Islamic statements in the press and his Fitna movie, which many considered offensive to Muslims. The appeals court found that his anti-Islamic statements yielded a reasonable suspicion of guilt, thus requiring review by a criminal judge. The court recognized the paramount importance of the right to freedom of opinion, but noted that this right was not unlimited. It also stated that such a prosecution would serve the general interest in drawing a clear boundary as to what was permissible in public debate.
In November 2009 it was reported Mecom had postponed the merger of Dutch subsidiaries Koninklijke Wegener and Limburg Media Groep. The merger was postponed because of tax considerations. The deal was originally scheduled for early January 2010. On August 18, 2009, the Amsterdam Prosecutors Office dismissed complaints over the dissemination of a series of In December 2009 the works council at the NRC controversial cartoons, including those of a Danish artist newspaper backed a takeover by a investment fund depicting the Prophet Mohammed, determining that Egeria and television company Het Gesprek. Egeria is an they were not offensive to Muslims as a group, nor that investment arm of the wealthy Brenninkmeijer family, they incited hatred, discrimination, or violence against which owns the C&A clothing retail group. Het Gesprek Muslims. The prosecutors office found one cartoon, is partly owned by Derek Sauer, who founded the which the Arabic European League (AEL) had put on its Moscow Times. The takeover bid is in line with NMas website in reaction to the Danish cartoons, punishable order that Persgroep Nederland sell NRC. because it offended Jews as a group on grounds of their race or religion. The cartoon expressed the idea that Jews In 2009, the Temporary Commission on the Future of deliberately invented or exaggerated the Holocaust. the Press recommended to abolish the Temporary Media Concentrations Act. This would make it easier for The Amsterdam Prosecutors Office did not decide by newspaper concerns to merge and take over one years end whether to prosecute Gregorius Nekschot for anothers newspaper titles. The present law bars some cartoons that the prosecutor believed violated the newspaper concerns from controlling more than 35 law on intentional discrimination and incitement to percent of the newspaper market. hatred. Media / Press Laws The law provides for freedom of speech and of the press, and the government generally respected these freedoms in practice. Individuals could criticize the government publicly or privately without reprisals. It is a crime to engage in public speech that incites hatred, discrimination, or violence against persons because of their race, religion, convictions, gender, sexual orientation, or disability. During the year the government successfully prosecuted several cases, notably cases in which judges considered the language in question to be unnecessarily offensive. The government urged prosecutors and police to give proper attention to incidents of discrimination, which in the countrys jurisprudence includes racially offensive
324
In January 2010 before the European Court of Human Rights, the Dutch government affirmed journalists should not guarantee anonymity to sources as the wider interests of society could mean they have to reveal them. Roeland Bocker, on behalf of the Dutch government, said Dutch journal Autoweek was wrong to promise total anonymity to the organisers of an illegal street race. Dutch police in February 2002 forced the weekly publication to hand over a CD-Rom showing participants of the race. Bocker said the general interest which supposes the prevention of crime and the maintenance of order can take precedence over the protection of journalists sources. State Support In May 2009 Media Minister Ronald Plasterk introduced a subsidy scheme with which 60 young journalists can build up work experience at commercial
NETHERLANDS, THE
daily newspapers. They receive their salary from the government for a period of two years. The Labour (PvdA) minister reserved more than 4 million euros for the project. During this period, the journalists will be able to start writing for the approximately 30 national and regional daily newspapers that are published in the Netherlands. This means each newspaper can use two government journalists. On June 23, 2009, the Temporary Commission on the Future of the Press recommended Media Minister Ronald Plasterk introduce an Internet tax and give the proceeds to the newspapers. The commission was set up by Plasterk to propose ways to preserve the traditional quality media from collapsing and is headed by former Christian democratic (CDA) politician Elco Brinkman. Minister Ronald Plasterk has already made 8 million euros available for a press innovation fund. The Brinkman commission also advised setting up a joint distribution company for all newspapers. of its workforce or 185 out of 700 jobs. The company said the jobs were to go as part of a reorganisation necessitated by sharply falling advertising revenues. Another cause was the sale of AD and its mother company PCM to Belgian publisher De Persgroep. Most of the job cuts affect the editorial staff of the paper. Dozens of journalists will not see their short-term contracts renewed. On December 7, 2009, Belgian newspaper group Persgroep reported it planned to cut 131 jobs at the Volkskrant and Trouw newspapers. Persgroep took over the PCM newspaper group in March 2009 and now owns all of the Dutch national dailies apart from the Telegraaf and the Financieele Dagblad. The NRC was up for sale to meet competition authority objections.
The Limburg Media Groep, owned by British newspaper publisher Mecom, also announced on December 7, 2009, its plans to scrap 48 jobs. The group Other Factors lost 8% of its subscribers and advertising income went On May 20, 2009, AD News Media, the publisher down by 25% over the past two years. of AD newspaper, announced it was scrapping a quarter Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; Reuters; European Journalism Centre; Dutch News; Netherlands Info Services (NIS); The Guardian; Dutch Newspaper Publishers Association
2.a

All individuals 000 % 2,923 2,007 2,000 2,532 2,429 2,122 2,472 16,486 17.7 12.2 12.1 15.4 14.7 12.9 15.0 100 Male 000 1,496 1,021 1,003 1,276 1,223 1,066 1,072 8,156 % 18.3 12.5 12.3 15.6 15.0 13.1 13.1 100 Female 000 % 1,427 987 997 1,256 1,207 1,055 1,400 8,329 17.1 11.8 12.0 15.1 14.5 12.7 16.8 100
Age 0-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total
Source: CBS (Statistics Netherlands, January 1, 2009)

2.b

All adults 000 % 3,272 2,373 2,902 3,816 1,302 13,665 23.9 17.4 21.2 27.9 9.5 100 Male 000 1,780 1,309 1,339 1,725 583 6,736 % 26.4 19.4 19.9 25.6 8.7 100 Female 000 % 1,492 1,063 1,563 2,091 719 6,929 21.5 15.3 22.6 30.2 10.4 100
Social class W1 (High) W2 W3 W4 W5 (Low) Total
Source: NOM Print Monitor July 2008 June 2009
325
NETHERLANDS, THE
2.ca

Occupancy 1 person 2 people 3 people 4 people 5 or more people Total Households 000 % 2,590 2,318 843 1,033 453 7,237 35.8 32.0 11.7 14.3 6.3 100
2.d

Age Under 25 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total Housewives 000 % 431 1,322 1,673 1,477 1,243 1,624 7,769 6 17 22 19 16 21 100
4.a

(mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Total free dailies Total paid-for Sundays National paid-for Sundays Regional and local paid-for Sundays Source: Cebuco
1
1,307 1,296 1,568 1,567 1,397 1,189 1,164 1,130 1,117 1,084 546 641 615 615 595 643 523 1 515 502 489 118 35.8 33.3 2.5 132 37.6 35.0 2.6 438 37.6 34.9 2.7 450 38.0 35.6 2.4 313 33.2 33.2 -
6.89 -8.83 8.97 -23.95 165.25 -7.26 -0.30 -
-10.85 -2.95 -3.25 -2.59 -30.44 -12.63 -6.74 -
3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Year-on-year decline due to a merger between seven regional and one national newspaper
4.b
Sales revenues
(Netherlands, euro, mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Total free dailies National free dailies Regional and local free dailies Total paid-for Sundays National paid-for Sundays Regional and local paid-for Sundays Source: Cebuco
1
37 35 9 26 2 2 2 1 1
32 29 1 10 19 3 3 2 1 1
35 29 10 19 6 4 2 2 1 1
35 29 10 19 6 4 2 2 1 1
34 29 10 19 5 3 2 1 1 -
-8.11 -17.14 11.11 -26.92 150.00 50.00 -50.00 0.00 -
-2.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 -16.67 -25.00 0.00 -50.00 0.00 -

1
763
783
878
874
890 1
16.64
1.83
Source: Nielsen Media Research; Cebuco Gross figure
4.c

2005 2006 8.0 90.1 0.1 1.8 100 (%) 2007 8.0 90.1 0.1 1.8 100 2008 7.8 90.1 0.1 2.0 100 2009 7.0 90.1 0.1 2.8 100
A new national daily newspaper resulting from a merger between seven regional and one national newspaper
Single copy sales Home deliveries Postal deliveries Other Total Source: Cebuco
8.0 90.1 0.1 1.8 100
3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
4.d
Cover prices (2009)

(Netherlands, euro) min max
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Total free dailies National free dailies Regional and local free dailies Total paid-for Sundays National paid-for Sundays Regional and local paid-for Sundays
5,021 3,912 1,814 2,099
4,769 5,517 3,831 3,719 2,125 2,038 1,706 1 1,681
5,309 3,638 2,002 1,636
4,847 3,530 1,938 1,592
-3.47 -9.76 6.84 -24.15 18.76 10.55 -13.30 -7.12 -
-8.70 -2.97 -3.20 -2.69 -21.18 -22.41 0.00 -12.70 -6.58 -
Age
Single copy Subscription Source: Cebuco

5.a
1.00 0.70
2.00 1.50
% % daily reach of readership within age group 3 11 12 17 19 18 20 100 48 60 54 62 75 81 81 68
1,109 889 1,798 1,671 1,317 1,109 865 1,708 1,580 1,226 24 90 91 91 737 688 49 723 2 723 673 671 50 52 732 684 47 639 639 -

(%) Reached
Source: 2005 Cebuco, HOI; WAN assessment; 2006 Cebuco; 2007-2008 Cebuco; WAN assessment (free dailies); 2009 Cebuco; WAN-IFRA assessment (regional and local free dailies)
1
All adults Men Women Main household shopper Source: NOM Print Monitor
5.c
68.1 71.5 64.9 66.6
less than 16 16-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total
Year-on-year decline due to a merger between seven regional and one national newspaper 2 Based on 3Q 2006 data
Media consumption
2005 (minutes per day) 2006 2007 2008 43.9 192.0 201.0 67.0 31.3 31.1 31.9 31.2 31.0 32.1 59.1 2009 31.1 30.6 32.4 150.0 126.0 60.0
All newspapers 1 National newspapers Regional and local newspapers Radio Television Internet
1
43.1 192.0 194.0 59.0
Source: NOM Print Monitor/STIR Establishment Survey Daily newspapers, including free dailies Metro and Sp!ts; all respondents 13+
326
NETHERLANDS, THE
5.d
Number of readers
2005 2006 9,602 8,546 (000) 2007 9,663 8,516 3,074 2008 9,369 8,245 2,924 2009 9,312 8,171 2,871
7.aa

2004 (Netherlands, euro, bln) 2005 2006 2007 513.4 539.9 567.1 2008 594.6
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies Total free dailies Source: NOM Print Monitor
9,517 8,462 -

7.ab
491.2

2004 (Netherlands, euro, 000) 2005 2006 2007 31.4 33.0 34.5 2008 36.0
6.a
Online editions
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08 GDP per capita Source: ZenithOptimedia
7.ac
30.2
Dailies Sundays Source: Cebuco
35 2
29 -
31 -
33 -
33 -
-5.71 -
0.00 -
(%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 0.56 0.53 0.53 0.53
6.b
Online readership
Ad expenditure
0.68
0.68
0.68
0.63
7.ba
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies Source: Cebuco

6.c
4,910 6,419 6,811 4,802 6,088 6,542
6.11 7.46

(Netherlands, euro, mln) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Publishing company Website Unique visitors per month (000) 3,545 2,162 1,697 1,065 893 746 607 529 515 493
Newspaper
De Telegraaf AD de Volkskrant NRC Trouw Sp!ts De Stentor De Gelderlander BN/DeStem Brabants Dagblad Source: Cebuco
6.d
Uitgeversmaatschappij De Telegraaf bv Persgroep Persgroep Persgroep Persgroep Uitgeversmaatschappij De Telegraaf bv Wegener NieuwsMedia Wegener NieuwsMedia Wegener NieuwsMedia Wegener NieuwsMedia
telegraaf.nl ad.nl volkskrant.nl nrc.nl trouw.nl spitsnieuws.nl destentor.nl gelderlander.nl bndestem.nl brabantsdagblad.nl
2,212 2,273 2,338 2,238 1,432 1,473 1,531 1,482 780 800 807 756 779 810 863 867 253 262 274 278 7 5 5 5 151 165 165 164 97 137 190 210 3,499 3,652 3,835 3,763
1,855 1,753 1,741 1,760 1,243 1,179 1,172 1,179 613 574 569 582 789 773 797 829 242 230 235 242 5 4 4 4 146 149 153 165 208 216 231 250 3,245 3,126 3,161 3,250
Source: VEA; BBC; ZenithOptimedia Excludes production costs; includes agency commission; after discounts; includes classified; magazines include consumer and business titles; includes expenditure by regional advertisers in regional media; outdoor includes transport and ambient media; Internet includes display only; television and radio: spot only
7.c
(Netherlands, euro, mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
5,600 5,970 5,618 5,618 5,618 13,182.0 13,539.2 14,125.8 14,448.5 14,872.2
0.32 12.82
0.00 2.93

6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Total free dailies National free dailies Total paid-for non-dailies Regional and local paid-for non-dailies
736 636 362 274 100 100 7 7
748 634 409 225 114 114 8 8
785 665 429 236 120 120 9 9
727 617 398 219 110 110 8 8
561 489 314 175 72 72 6 6
-23.78 -23.11 -13.26 -36.13 -28.00 -28.00 -14.29 -14.29
-22.83 -20.75 -21.11 -20.09 -34.55 -34.55 -25.00 -25.00
Source: Nielsen Media Research

7.d
4,100.0 5,192.2 5,507.0 5,807.0 5,902.0
43.95
1.64


6.f

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
In colour Total Source: Nielsen Media Research

1
28,692 35,578 34,832 34,599 30,842 1 43,833 46,901 45,918 44,654 38,805
33.78
2.69
Estimate
327
NETHERLANDS, THE
2005 Display Classified Total Source: Nielsen Media Research 84.6 15.4 100
2006 86.5 13.5 100
(%) 2007 90.1 9.9 100
2008 90.8 9.2 100
2009 92.1 7.9 100

7.f
7.g

Advertiser Expenditure (Netherlands, euro, 000) 40,200 35,174 27,695 16,487 15,801 14,223 12,167 11,995 9,196 9,079
8.a

Publishing company Total circulation (000) 1,197 921 1 817 238 179 66 55 31 16 11
Advertising sector Retail Automotive Tour operators Mobile services Lotteries Charity Telecommunication Cosmetics Internet providers Services
Kras Ammerzoden Lidl Nederland Huizen KPN S-Gravenhage Prominent Comfort Producten Nunspeet Unilever Nederland Rotterdam Seats & Sofas Sliedrecht BBI Amsterdam Lijnden Media Markt Saturn Nederland Rotterdam Telfort Amsterdam ZO De Nederlandse Energie Mij Rotterdam
De Persgroep nv Holdingmij De Telegraaf Wegener nv Noordelijke Dagblad Combinatie bv Media Groep Limburg Het Financieele Dagblad bv Reformatorisch Dagblad bv Nederlands Dagblad bv Friesch Dagblad bv Barneveldse Krant bv Source: Cebuco
1

8.ba
Free newspapers not included

Founded (year) Language Publishing company Circulation Readership Cover price usual (000) Dutch Dutch Dutch Dutch Dutch Dutch Dutch Dutch Dutch Dutch Telegraaf Media Groep AD Nieuwsmedia PCM Uitgevers PCM Uitgevers Media Groep Limburg Wegener Noordelijke Dagblad Combinatie bv Telegraaf Media Groep Wegener Wegener 677 447 260 209 179 153 143 141 134 132 (000) 2,074 1,546 825 541 496 502 416 427 412 395 (Netherlands, euro) 1.45 1.20 1.30 1.75 1.45 1.45 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.45 Broadsheet Tabloid Tabloid Broadsheet Tabloid Tabloid Broadsheet Broadsheet Tabloid Tabloid Format Full page ad rate Mono Mono Colour (Netherlands, euro) 50,540 44,148 29,352 29,571 28,155 17,685 15,380 12,250 15,206 13,698 75,809 66,222 44,028 44,357 42,233 26,528 23,070 18,375 22,809 20,547
Title
De Telegraaf AD de Volkskrant NRC Handelsblad Dagblad De Limburger/ Limburgs Dagblad De Gelderlander Dagblad van het Noorden Noordhollands Dagblad de Stentor Brabants Dagblad Source: Cebuco
8.bb
1893 1946 1921 1970 1918 1848 2001 1799 2003 1959

Founded Language Publishing company Circulation (year) (000) Dutch Dutch Dutch Dutch Dutch Metro Holland B.V. Telegraaf Media Groep Ben Rogmans 3 Telegraaf Media Groep Wegener 514 426 286 76 15 Readership (000) 1,875 1,682 875 Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Format Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Netherlands, euro) 29,600 19,975 19,000 38,480 26,966 24,700 -
Title
Metro Sp!ts De Pers (The Press) 2 Almere Vandaag 4 (Almere Today) Barneveld Vandaag 5 (Barneveld Today)
1 2
1999 1 1999 2007 2006 2006
Source: Cebuco; FDN Newsletter; Almere Vandaag; WAN-IFRA estimate (circulation Almere Vandaag and Barneveld Vandaag) Metro Rotterdam launched in October 2004; Metro Amsterdam in April 2005 The only free daily in the country with a Saturday edition 3 The previous publishing company was Mountain Media B.V., Joint venture Marcel Boekhoorn / PCM (51:49) 4 Almere Today is published four times a week (Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Saturday); it is distributed in door-to-door in the municipality of Almere. 5 Published four days a week, to compete with the local tabloid Barneveldse Krant, which is published six days a week.
328
NETHERLANDS, THE
9.a
Employment
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
13.a
Total number of journalists 3,983 3,757 3,654 3,529 3,248 Total number of employees 11,575 10,709 10,077 9,168 7,962
-18.45 -31.21
-7.96 -13.15
Are there subsidies for the purchase of newsprint? No Are loans granted at low rates for re-equipment or improving existing equipment? No
Source: 2005-2007 Nederlands Uitgeversverbond (NUV); 2008-2009 Cebuco

10.a

Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
4-colour newspapers Broadsheets Tabloids Source: Cebuco

10.bb
36 32 4
30 25 5
29 12 17
33 16 17
32 13 19
-11.11 -59.38 375.00
-3.03 -18.75 11.76

2004 (Netherlands, euro) 2005 2006 2007 0.80 0.80 0.78 0.78 2008 0.80 0.80
Single copy Subscription Source: Cebuco
Are there any direct subsidies? There are no direct subsidies. However, newspapers and magazines may apply to the Press Fund for subsidies: the Dutch Press Fund (Stimuleringsfonds voor de Pers) provides loans and subsidies to print media (dailies, non-dailies and magazines) and for research related to the press industry. The Fund is financed by the Dutch government, but it is an independent authority which aims at maintaining and increasing the diversity of the press by financially strengthening the position of print media. More information at http://www.presssupport.org/purpose/ Innovation Arrangement for Press and Journalism As from January 2010, it is possible to apply to the Dutch Press Fund for subsidies based on the so called Innovatieregeling voor pers en journalistiek (a subsidy arrangement for press and journalism innovation). This subsidy arrangement came into force in 2010, and is open for projects stimulating and promoting innovation in journalism and media. The subsidy is mainly intended for (publishers of ) printed media, but projects may also refer to audiovisual media, Internet products, mobile carriers or cross-media projects. The Press Fund gives priority to projects involving one or more publishers of print media. Applications may be submitted in two rounds a year. For each round, a subsidy amount of EUR4 million (at most) is available. The arrangement will exist for a three-year period. Stimulating Arrangement for Young Journalists The Dutch Press Fund grants subsidies to a joint project appointment of young journalists to editorial departments of newspapers and opinion magazines. This project was announced by the former minister of Education, Culture and Science in 2009. The project should create new jobs for recently qualified journalists. The arrangement provides work for more than sixty young journalists for a period of two years in joining the editorial boards of newspapers (paid, free and specialist) and opinion magazines. An amount of EUR4 million is available to implement this project.
Source: Cebuco
11.
Research (2009)
Circulation is audited by HOI, Instituut voor Media auditing Readership is measured by NOM Nationaal Onderzoek Multimedia STIR Stichting Internetreclame
Source: Cebuco
12.
Taxes (2009)
% 19 6 6 19 19 19 19 33
Tax Standard VAT VAT on: Single copy sales Subscription sales Advertising Newsprint Composition Plant Tax on profits for newspapers Source: Cebuco
329
NETHERLANDS, THE
14.
Discounts (2009)
15.a
Discount on rates of Post Railroad Telephone Telegraph Telex Other Source: Cebuco
Does any law exist governing publishing-house ownership, or the registration of shares in newspaper-publishing companies? Since 1 January 1998 general Competition Legislation has applied to ownership and market behaviour. Is there any law prohibiting or restricting foreign companies or individuals from owning shares, and in particular, the majority of shares, of domestic daily newspapers? No Is there any law prohibiting daily newspaper or periodical publishers from operating radio or television stations in the same locality? Publishers are free to invest in commercial radio and TV at the regional or local level, provided that frequencies or cable channels are available. So as to guarantee disclosure and transparency in the capital structure and to avoid silent partners, is there any law or rule permitting in any event the possibility of finding out who are the actual owners of a publishing company? Owners of more than 5% of the capital stock must declare their shares. Is there an antitrust law limiting concentration in the daily press? Since 1 January 1998 the general Competition Law has made the sectors self-regulation code redundant. The Competition Authority must be notified of any merger in which participating companies have a combined turnover of over EUR113.5 million and at least two of them have a turnover within The Netherlands of minimum EUR30 million. Is further regulation of media concentration expected? On June 13, 2007 the Temporary Law on Media Concentrations (Twm) became effective. The new law implies a mitigation of existing restrictions concerning cross-ownerships. This temporary law allows companies to acquire up to 100% of company shares in newspaper, radio and television markets, provided that the total market share in those three markets does not surpass 90% (of a maximum of 300%; 100% per market). For the newspaper market an additional maximum market share restriction of 35% is set. Publishing companies are allowed to gain market shares beyond the restrictions as mentioned, i.e. autonomous growth. In case of mergers and acquisitions the legal maximum market shares have to be respected. In 2009 the Twm was evaluated and prolongued. Possible adjustments are subject of the political debate in 2010.
Source: Cebuco
330
NETHERLANDS, THE
15.b

Regional Newspapers National Newspapers Commercial TV licence
Owners
Regional TVs
National TVs
Radio
Newspapers
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Foreign Investors
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Twm
Source: Cebuco Twm = the Temporary Law on Media Concentrations, effective as of June 13, 2007; for more details, see Table 15.a, the answer to the last question.
331
NORWAY
General economic situation The government controls key areas, such as the vital petroleum sector, through large-scale state enterprises. The country is richly endowed with natural resources; petroleum, hydropower, fish, forests, and minerals; and is highly dependent on the petroleum sector, which accounts for nearly half of exports and over 30% of state revenue. Norway is the worlds third-largest gas exporter; its position as an oil exporter has slipped to seventh largest as production has begun to decline. After lacklustre growth of less than 1.5% in 2002-03, GDP growth picked up to 2.5-6.2% in 2004-07, partly due to higher oil prices. Growth fell to 2.6% in 2008 as a result of the slowing world economy and the drop in oil prices. Norway has weathered the financial crisis better than most countries. The economic downturn in Norway proved to be mild. Norway has not experienced a pronounced downturn since the crisis around 1990, when a cost crisis, an employment crisis with a sharp increase in unemployment and a decline in output, a currency crisis, a fall in property prices and a banking crisis all occurred at the same time. A long upturn followed from 1992 to 2008. rate was estimated at 2.3% in 2009. The overall outlook for the Norwegian economy is very good compared to most countries. In 2010, GDP is predicted to grow by 2 percent. Performance of newspapers vs. other media Norways public broadcaster, NRK, monopolised the airwaves until 1981, when the first local radio and TV stations opened. Since then, private local and national stations have built up substantial audiences, competing with NRK for listeners and viewers. Digital television via cable and satellite offers a wide range of specialist channels. Digital terrestrial TV is set to replace analogue networks by the end of 2009. The countrys Schibsted group, publisher of the Aftenposten daily and the mass-circulation VG, is one of Scandinavias largest media concerns. Schibsted has organized its business in three main business areas: Norway, Sweden and International. The most important market for the company revenue wise is still Norway (NOK5.9 billion, 43 percent), Sweden comes second (NOK5.3 billion, 38 percent) and International is third (NOK2.6 billion, 19 percent). However, 3,590 employees work for Schibsteds International division (44 percent), only 2,677 in Norway (33 percent) and 1,807 in Sweden (22 percent). All the groups operations outside Norway and Sweden, both editorial and advertisement-based services, are organized in Schibsted International, which has operations in 20 countries.
In 2008, the expansionary period was drawing to a close, but instead of a gradual slowdown, economic growth came to an abrupt halt in autumn 2008 when the global financial crisis peaked. Norway entered a downturn in early 2009. The downturn was milder than expected, partly because oil prices proved to be higher than expected and partly because the policy measures taken by the government were more effective than most had Performance of different types of newspapers dared to assume. Cost saving and efficiency programmes were adopted by The decline appears to have ended in the second quarter most publishers when the financial crisis hit; some had of 2009. Activity has been underpinned by substantial begun earlier. These measures have proved efficient, as interest rate cuts combined with higher public spending seen from the 2009 preliminary results. Newspapers and high oil investment. Government fiscal policy was have been able, to a large extent, to offset by cost cutting the reduced revenue from falling circulation and lower very expansionary in 2009. advertising. Newspapers have thus maintained their Employment stopped falling in the fourth quarter of profitability, be it on a low level. 2009, and activity in the economy picked up again towards the end of 2009. Growth in private The two largest newspapers in Norway are the popular consumption increased through 2009 and growth is tabloid, Verdens Gang or VG, and Aftenposten Morgen, expected to continue. However, measured by relative a subscribed newspaper. Both are owned by Schibsted. labour costs, Norwegian labour has never been as costly Third largest is another popular tabloid, Dagbladet, as it is now. As a result, the Norwegian export industry owned by the Berner group. Among the ten largest there may lose market shares ahead. The uncertainty facing are also regional newspapers Bergens Tidende, Stavanger exposed industries is still considerable and wage growth Aftenblad, Faedrelandsvennen (Kristiansand), Adresseamong trading partners is low. A reserve of foreign avisen (Trondheim) and the business daily Dagens labour and persons who have temporarily exited the Naeringsliv. labour force, and who may rapidly return, is probably There are no free dailies in Norway, a circumstance that pulling down wage growth. may be attributed to the very strong market position of In 2009, GDP decreased by 1.5 percent and the the paid-for press and a highly dispersed population, unemployment rate achieved 3.3 percent. The inflation which makes distribution rather costly.
NORWAY
Most free newspapers are weeklies and are distributed by mail. In 2006 there were 26 free newspapers in total. Edda Media is the largest actor in this branch, with thirteen titles, all in southern Norway, nine of which in metropolitan Oslo. Schibsted has entered the competition by distributing Aftenposten Aften free of charge one day a week in the Oslo area. A-pressen publishes free newspapers in two small towns. Advertising In 2009, total advertising market in Norway fell by 14.9 percent year-on-year. Newspapers were among the worst hit advertising carriers, having lost 19.7 percent of advertising revenue compared to 2008. Newspapers share of advertising market was 35.3 percent, down from 37.3 percent in 2008. Readership In 2009, web editions of ten largest newspapers enjoyed an average readership (unique visitors) increase by 12 percent year-on-year. Online / Digital Publishing There were no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitored email or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail. In recent years web-based operations represent a steadily increasing share of Schibsteds revenue, not least thanks to classified ad sites: Finn.no (Norway), Blocket/BytBil (Sweden) and several similar sites in other European countries.
Internet advertising decreased by 8.1 percent year-onyear and accounted for 11 percent of total advertising Schibsteds digital initiatives were responsible for a market in 2009. whopping 81 percent of the companys operating profit in 2008, after a remarkable 2007 in which digital The economic downturn had a negative impact on accounted for 45 percent of the companys operating Schibsteds advertising revenues in 2008. Aftenposten, profit. which obtains a significant proportion of its advertising revenues from the recruitment and real estate markets, Schibsteds overall revenue in 2008 was NOK13.74 and InfoJobs, with advertising revenues from the billion (USD2.1 billion), the profit (EBITA) NOK822 recruitment market, were particularly affected. The million (USD126 million), equivalent to an operating downturn has continued into 2009. The advertising margin of 6 percent (compared with 9 percent in 2007). revenues of Schibsted declined by 0.4 percent in the fourth quarter of 2009 compared with the same period Ownership in 2008, indicating a lower decline rate than earlier in Nearly all the larger newspapers in Norway belong to, or 2009. Schibsteds revenues from online activities grew in are otherwise associated with, Schibsted, A-pressen the fourth quarter of 2009 with revenues from online or Edda Media. Schibsted, which is by far the largest of the three, publishes thirteen newspapers, which include classifieds increasing by 14 percent. Norways largest national and regional newspapers, Circulation accounting for roughly one-third of total newspaper The underlying total circulation trend has been negative circulation. A-pressen is the second-largest actor, with since 1998. Worst hit are the single copy sales of national some 50 local newspapers of varying size; together they newspapers. Eight of ten Norwegian newspapers are sold amount to 17 percent of total circulation. Edda Media by subscription, with VG and Dagbladet accounting for owns 29 local newspapers and controls 12.5 percent of nearly all single-copy sales. circulation. Best off are the small local newspapers, which have been very stable. Some niche newspapers have also performed very well and seen increased circulation, such as business dailies and some daily and weekly newspapers covering niche topics. In 2009, total newspaper circulation was down by 3.7 percent year-on-year. Subscription was down by 2 percent, whereas single copy sales fell by 10 percent. In April 2009, Verdens Gang AS decided to increase the cover price of the VG newspaper edition from NOK11 to NOK12 for the Monday to Thursday editions. The price change took effect on July 1, 2009. The change is to have a positive effect on EBITA for 2009 of NOK20 million (half year effect). Schibsted is Norways largest media group with holdings chiefly in newspaper publishing, film distribution and Internet. It is the largest newspaper publisher in Norway measured in circulation, with about one-third of the combined total. The company also invested extensively in film and television in the Nordic and Baltic countries, and in the Swedish newspaper market. Schibsted withdrew from television in Norway and Sweden in 2006, and sold its film and TV production company Metronome Film & Television in 2009. Through its ownership of Aftonbladet and Svenska Dagbladet, Schibsted is one of Swedens principal newspaper publishers. The company also owns Eesti Media Group, a newspaper and magazine publishing house in Estonia that publishes one of the largest newspapers in the country.
333
NORWAY
In 2008 Schibsted acquired 35 percent of Metro Sverige AB, which publishes free newspapers in a number of Swedish towns and cities. At the same time, Schibsted discontinued its Punkt.se, which was produced by Aftonbladet. structure is as follows: the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions and affiliated unions (44.5 percent), Telenor Broadcast (44.1 percent), the Freedom of Expression Foundation (9.9 percent). The remaining 1.5 percent is owned by the groups employees. As a consequence of the recession, A-pressen has announced In June 2009 Schibsted bought 41% of Swedish budget cuts and the discontinuation of two local Aftonbladet, and now holds 91% of Aftonbladet. newspapers and a number of local television stations. Schibsteds share of total combined circulation in Norway derives from only 13 titles, but several of them are among the largest newspapers in the country: VG, a nationally distributed tabloid, Aftenposten (Oslo), the countrys largest subscribed newspaper, and Aftenposten Aften, a newspaper serving greater Oslo. In addition to these wholly owned newspapers, Schibsted has significant holdings (25-80%) in Norways largest provincial newspapers. In 2006 a decision was taken to group Aftenposten and Aftenposten Aften and three regional newspapers in the framework of a new company, Media Norge, in which Schibsted holds a majority interest. On June 25, 2009, Media Norge ASA was formally established as a company. The group consists of the media houses Aftenposten, Bergens Tidende, Faedrelandsvennen and Stavanger Aftenblad, in addition to Finn.no (88.3% owned by Media Norge). The shareholders of the media companies that comprise Media Norge will now be direct shareholders of the new company. The largest shareholder of Media Norge is Schibsted ASA, holding 80.2%. Edda Medias owner, Mecom, is the only active foreign owner on the Norwegian newspaper market aside from the Swedish Nya Wermlands-Tidningen AB, which owns a share in Bergens Tidende, a regional newspaper. In 2006, after a much-discussed divestment process, Orkla Media was bought by Mecom Group Plc., a British investment company, specializing in the newspaper industry. The new owners reorganized the companys operations into geographical divisions, all managed from London. Orkla Medias Norwegian operations were gathered together in Edda Media, now Norways third-largest newspaper publisher, with 29 local newspapers and 12.5 percent of total newspaper circulation. The largest of Eddas newspapers are Drammens Tidende (41 000 copies) and Haugesunds Avis (33,000). Edda Media is the principal publisher of free newspapers in Norway, with nine free newspapers in the Oslo area and four newspapers in smaller towns. In addition to its newspapers web editions, the group also controls a miscellaneous portfolio of web operations, which include a classified ads site, Tinde.no. The sale of Orkla Media marked the start of a new epoch in Norwegian media history. Never before had a foreign owner assumed such a presence in the newspaper market. Shortly after the take-over Mecom introduced comprehensive economizing regimes and slimmed staff, meanwhile collecting sizable profits from the newspapers. The company sold Orklas holdings in the Swedish newspaper, Norrlndska Socialdemokraten as well as its shares in Bergens Tidende (28.5%) and Adresseavisen (18.7%) in Norway.
One group of newspapers that is not controlled by the big three came about as a response to Schibsteds planned Media Norge merger. Two principal actors in central and northern Norway, the regional Adresseavisen and a local newspaper owner, Harstad Tidende Gruppen, elected to form a new group, Polaris Media. Schibsteds plans made it possible, and also advisable, for the companies to form an alliance to meet heightened competition on the regional market. Schibsted owns 43 percent of the new group, but, due to Norwegian In 2009, Mecom sold two of Edda Medias largest ownership regulations, must reduce it share before newspapers to Polaris Media. Should the whole group be carrying out its plans for Media Norge. put up for sale, A-pressen has expressed an interest in buying the company. However, Norwegian media Other newspapers not controlled by large Norweigan ownership regulations stand in the way of such a companies are Dagbladet, a popular tabloid, Dagens solution. Naeringsliv, a business and finance newspaper, Vart Land, a Christian newspaper, and several local Media / Press Laws The constitution and law provide for freedom of speech newspapers of varying size. and of the press, and the government generally respected A-pressen is Norways second-largest newspaper these rights in practice. An independent press, an publisher in terms of circulation, with 17 percent of the effective judiciary, and a functioning democratic combined total. It is the countrys principal publisher of political system combined to ensure freedom of speech local newspapers, with fifty titles in all. The group and of the press. originally consisted of newspapers affiliated with the Labour Party, which joined together to get back on their On April 16, 2009, the European Court of Human feet after the second world war. A-pressens ownership Rights rejected an appeal by John Olav Egeland of the
NORWAY
Dagbladet newspaper and Einar Hanseid of the Aftenposten daily who were fined for publishing photographs of a woman sentenced for murder, photographs that showed the woman leaving the court in tears. They were each fined EUR1,139 (USD1,502) for the photographs of the woman leaving court after she was sentenced to 21 years for a triple murder. The court had ruled the newspapers were guilty of violating the right to privacy. Under Norwegian law, an accused cannot be filmed without consent. The court said that while the case was in public domain, the photographs were extremely indiscreet and showed the woman in an extremely vulnerable psychological state.
Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; World of Print; Reuters; AFP; Hugin; Garcia Media; Paid Content; Nordicom; Advanced Interactive Media Group LLC; Norwegian Media Businesses Association Mediebedriftenes Landsforening (MBL); BBC News
3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Total paid-for non-dailies National paid-for non-dailies Regional and local paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies
77 8 69 86 11 75 -
77 8 69 142 11 131 26
74 8 66 151 11 140 -
74 8 66 151 11 140 -
75 8 67 154 12 142 -
-2.60 0.00 -2.90 79.07 9.09 89.33 -
1.35 0.00 1.52 1.99 9.09 1.43 -
Source: 2005 Mediebedriftenes Landsforening; 2006 Norwegian Media Business Association (MBL); Norwegian Association of Local Newspapers (LLA); Iceland, Institute of Journalism/Volda University College Norway via Nordicom (free non-dailies); 2007-2009 Norwegian Media Business Association (MBL); Norwegian Association of Local Newspapers (LLA)
3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total paid-for dailies 2,338 2,270 2,222 2,185 2,061 National paid-for dailies 666 625 614 580 537 Regional and local 1,672 1,645 1,608 1,569 1,525 paid-for dailies Total paid-for non-dailies 444 590 623 621 National paid-for non-dailies 82 85 85 94 Regional and local 362 505 538 527 paid-for non-dailies Total paid-for dailies 2,338 2,270 2,222 2,185 2,061
-11.85 -19.37 -8.79 39.86 14.63 45.58 -11.85
-5.68 -7.41 -2.80 -5.68

2.a

All individuals 000 % 907 600 618 713 635 570 693 4,737 19 13 13 15 13 12 15 100 Male 000 465 307 313 365 324 289 297 2,360 % 20 13 13 15 14 12 13 100 Female 000 % 443 293 305 348 311 281 396 2,377 19 12 13 15 13 12 17 100
Source: 2005 Mediebedriftenes Landsforening; 2006 Norwegian Media Business Association (MBL); Norwegian Association of Local Newspapers (LLA); Iceland, Institute of Journalism/Volda University College Norway via Nordicom (free non-dailies); 2007-2009 Norwegian Media Business Association (MBL); Norwegian Association of Local Newspapers (LLA) As of 2006, the statistics cover all newspapers that are members either of the Norwegian Media Businesses Association (MBL) or the Norwegian Association of Local Newspapers (LLA); in previous years only newspapers that were members of MBL were included
4.a
Age 0-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total

(mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Source: Statistics Norway

2.ca
Occupancy Total
Households 000 % 2,105 100
Total paid-for dailies 696 National paid-for dailies 202 Regional and local 495 paid-for dailies Total paid-for non-dailies 54 National paid-for non-dailies 6 Regional and local 48 paid-for non-dailies
670 191 482 62 6 56
668 188 480 67 6 61
645 180 466 64 6 58
-7.33 -10.89 -5.86 18.52 0.00 20.83
Source: Norwegian Media Businesses Association (MBL); Norwegian Association of Local Newspapers (LLA)Landsforening
Source: Statistics Norway via Nordicom
335
NORWAY
4.b
Sales revenues
(Norwegian krone, mln) Change (%) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2007/03 2007/06
6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
All paid-for newspapers 7,000 7,000 6,139 Source: Mediebedriftenes Landsforening
5,748
-17.89
991.3 1,244.5 1,436.0 1,586.0 1,795.0
81.08
13.18

6.f
Estimates; excludes VAT; before discounts; typical discount 19%; Including only newspapers that were members of The Norwegian Media Business Association (MBL)
4.c

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08

2005 2006 23 77 100 (%) 2007 22 78 100 2008 22 78 100 2009 22 78 100
7.aa
12.23
1.62
Single copy sales Postal deliveries Total
24 76 100

2004 (Norwegian krone, bln) 2005 2006 2007 1,946 2,160 2,277 2008 2,538
Source: 2005-2006 Mediebedriftenes Landsforening; 2007-2009 MBL; LLA GDP

4.d
1,743
Cover prices (2009)

(Norwegian krone) min max
5.a

(%) Reached
7.ab

2004 (Norwegian krone, 000) 2005 2006 2007 419.3 461.4 482.4 2008 532.0
10.00 25.00 490.00 3,850.00
Source: MBL based on data from aviskatalogen.no

82 82 81

7.ac
378.9
Source: TNS Gallup Forbruker & Media
(%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 0.49 0.47 0.45 0.44
Age
% daily reach within age group 71 75 86 90
Ad expenditure
1.08
1.07
0.63
0.57
13-19 20-39 40-59 60 +
7.ba

(Norwegian krone, mln) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Source: TNS Gallup Forbruker & Media

6.a
Online editions
Change (%) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008/04 2008/07
Dailies Non-dailies 1 Source: MBL; LLA

1
78 50
77 60
78 -
74 130
74 135
-5.13 170.00
0.00 3.85
Estimate
11,104 9,102 2,002 5,696 1,141 162 759 2,100 20,962
11,922 8,304 8,016 9,836 7,655 7,374 2,086 649 642 5,923 3,050 3,175 1,124 547 596 173 127 143 894 494 547 3,119 1,756 1,869 23,155 14,278 14,346
6,794 6,268 526 2,858 536 122 492 1,722 12,524
6,455 5,955 500 2,915 520 115 478 1,795 12,278
6,271 5,776 495 3,002 546 115 501 1,898 12,333
6,213 5,718 495 3,152 574 120 526 2,055 12,640
Source: AC Nielsen; IRM; ZenithOptimedia

6.c

Publishing company Verdens Gang Dagbladet Aftenposten Bergens Tidende NHST Adresseavisen Website Unique visitors per month 1 (000) 3,710 2,157 1,081 397 390 388
Newspaper
VG Dagbladet Aftenposten Bergens Tidende Dagens Naeringsliv Adresseavisen Source: TNS Gallup
1
vg.no dagbladet.no aftenposten.no bt.no dn.no adressa.no
Excludes agency commission; excludes production costs; excludes classified advertising to 2006; includes from 2007; before discounts to 2006; after discounts from 2007; Magazines includes business magazines; Internet includes display, classified and search to 2006 (classified and search figures are ZenithOptimedia estimates), excludes search from 2007
7.c
All newspapers
7,010 7,400 6,138 6,5011 7,696 1
9.79
18.38
Source: 2003-2004 Mediebedriftenes Landsforening; 2005-2007 IRM Norge Before discounts. Typical discount is 19%
1
Unique visitors per week; week 50/2009
All paid-for newspapers, excluding online newspapers
6.d

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
1,420.8 1,512.4 1,602.0 1,710.0 1,710.0 3,800.6 3,860.1 4,103.4 4,317.1 4,431.1
20.35 16.59
0.00 2.64
336
NORWAY
Advertising sector
Advertiser
Expenditure (Norwegian krone, 000) 330,619 282,587 255,187 243,574 239,780 221,223 210,182 207,492 205,913 203,385
Information/National lottery/Services Entertainment Cars Car accessories Travel/Transport Office/Computers/ Office Equipment Books/Magazines/Education Food Building/Construction Sound and vision Furniture/Homes
Lilleborg AS Elkjop Tine BA Expert Rema 1000 Coop OBS! LOral Norge AS Spar Stabburet AS Norsk Tipping AS

8.a

Publishing company Total circulation (000)
8.ba

Founded (year) 1945 1860 1869 1868 1890 1767 1893 1875 1832 1902 Language Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Norwegian Publishing company Schibsted MediaNorge Bernergruppen MediaNorge NHST Polaris MediaNorge MediaNorge Edda Media A-Pressen Circulation (000) 262 243 105 83 80 76 65 39 38 36 Format Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid
Title VG Aftenposten Morgen Dagbladet Bergens Tidende Dagens Naeringsliv Adresseavisen Stavanger Aftenblad Faedrelandsvennen Drammens Tidende Romerikes Blad
Aftenposten 355 (Aftenposten Morgen og Aften) VG 262 Dagbladet 105 Bergens Tidende 83 Dagens Nringsliv 80 Adresseavisen 76 Stavanger Aftenblad 65 Fdrelandsvennen 39 Drammens Tidende 38 Romerikes Blad 36 Source: MBL
9.a
Source: MBL; Aviskatalogen
Employment
Change (%) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2007/03 2007/06
12.
Taxes (2009)
% 25 0 0 25 25 25 25 28 28
Tax Standard VAT VAT on: Single copy sales Subscription sales Advertising Newsprint Composition Plant Tax on profits standard rate Tax on profits for newspapers Source: Norwegian Media Businesses Association
Total number of journalists 3,000 3,200 3,100 3,000 3,000 Total number of employees 9,000 9,000 8,800 9,000 8,800 Source: Mediebedriftenes Landsforening Dailies
0.00 -2.22
0.00 -2.22
11.
Research (2009)
Circulation is audited by Norsk Opplagskontroll Readership is measured by TNS Gallup Methodology CATI, 30,000 interviews per year
Source: Norwegian Media Businesses Association
13.a
337
NORWAY
13.b
Direct subsidies
15.a
Total amount
240.0 251.8
4.92

14.
Does any law exist governing publishing-house ownership, or the registration of shares in newspaper-publishing companies? No Is there any law prohibiting or restricting foreign companies or individuals from owning shares, and in particular, the majority of shares, of domestic daily newspapers? No Is there any law prohibiting daily newspaper or periodical publishers from operating radio or television stations in the same locality? Not as such, but there is a limited number of frequencies available and publishers have to apply to the media authority, which is a government body, to get a licence. So as to guarantee disclosure and transparency in the capital structure and to avoid silent partners, is there any law or rule permitting in any event the possibility of finding out who are the actual owners of a publishing company? No. The media authority does however publish a register of ownership in the media sector. Is there an antitrust law limiting concentration in the daily press? Yes. Dominant position at national level is 40% if the owner owns newspapers only, or national TV or radio stations only. If there is ownership in more than one media type, the limits for two media types is 30% and 20% respectively. For three media types the limits are 20%, 20% and 20%. If an owner owns more than 10% of the national market in newspapers, TV or radio, they cannot own anything in another owner with the more than 10% of the said markets. At regional level, the dominant position is 60%. There is no regulation of TV or radio ownership at the regional level. There is no local regulation whatsoever. Is further regulation of media concentration expected? Media regions are to be set this spring. This will complete the overhaul of The Acquisition of Newspaper and Broadcasting Enterprises Act.
Discounts (2009)
Discount on rates of Post Railroad Telephone Telegraph Telex Other Source: Norwegian Media Businesses Association
338
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General economic situation In 2009, Poland as the only country in the European Union recorded 1.8 percent growth of the real GDP. Poland was portrayed as the only green island on the map of Europe spared from the economic crisis. However, the growth rate had been declining from 6.8 percent in 2007 and 5.0 percent in 2008 to 1.8 percent in 2009. Since 2004, EU membership and access to EU structural funds have provided a major boost to the economy. Unemployment is falling rapidly, though at roughly 9.7% in 2008, it remained above the EU average. While publishers advertising revenues related to their online presence were growing, they were not enough to secure sufficient repayment of incurred expenditures. So, the truth is that the traditional publishing (printing) business finances not only publishers web investments, but also raises significantly the attractiveness of the network as a source of attractive and high quality content material. Indeed, the Internet has not yet revealed its entire potential, so it cannot and should not be underestimated today. While investing in the network presence, it is, however, worth answering at least two questions:
The aftermath of the crisis has been reflected in the drop 1) Are the publishers in a position to provide a supply of all major indicators, including industry and that will generate a large enough traffic and enable the construction manufacturing, internal and foreign trade monetization? turnover, the growth of employment, wage rise and others. 2) Does not the policy of editorial cost reduction mean that publishers, following the loss of readers of The good news is that the downward trend in the specific titles, have less and less to offer not only to economic growth dynamics, lasting from early 2008, has advertisers, but also to readers themselves? reversed. In the last quarter of 2009, the GDP grew 2.8 percent year-on-year. Still, it is unclear whether this In 2009, a significant majority of newspapers and trend is sustainable. magazines witnessed a circulation decline. Interpreting this decline as a crisis of readership, and even more so The GDP growth recorded in Poland in 2009 had very as the end of the printed press, however, is definitely frail and unstable foundations. The annual volume of too farfetched and not substantiated. For although the domestic demand decreased by 0.9 percent compared to numbers of readers of particular titles do actually shrink, the previous year. Private and public consumption reading a carefully edited and content-complete demonstrated some growth, due to which a production newspaper, perceived as ones own, is still the most increase was maintained. However, in the context of the effective way for the majority of Poles to achieve the decrease in overall level of domestic demand, the only status of well informed. factor that enabled the GDP growth and saved the country from recession in 2009, was the import Of course, the policy and practice of cutting editorial reduction by 26 percent, associated with a drop in costs is not neutral and it does have impact on both the domestic production and demand. The import diligence in editing and integrity of an offer, reduction, however, has its limits and it cannot be whatever this would mean for the reader and what is perceived as a solution for sustained production growth. definitely worth exploring. Therefore, approaching readers as ordinary customers of consumer goods must The inflation rate was estimated at 3.4% in 2009. result in the ultimate destruction of ties and mutual bonds connecting the reader with the title, and in the Performance of newspapers vs. other media progressive erosion of the titles circle of regular Newspapers, both in their print and digital editions, customers. So, perhaps instead of announcing the end having been generally perceived as old-time media, are of the era of traditional print, it would be better to look forced to compete fiercely with other channels providing carefully at the processes and their determinants, information and entertainment, in order to get their governing the use of contemporary newspapers. share of interest, time and resources, allocated for the purchase of goods. This competition has become Nonetheless, the future of newspapers, whether in paper stronger with the expansion of electronic media or electronic form, or both, shall always depend on including, in particular, the Internet. This rivalry is content, its quality and superiority over the competing taking place just right on the Internet. subscription services and offers. The entire year 2009 was marked by announcements of investment in the presence on the Internet, that have resulted in a significant increase in the number of visitors and the amount of their time spent on the Internet.
Performance of different types of newspapers The segment of daily newspapers represents 96% of newspaper titles with audited circulation. A high number of dailies associated with the ZKDP (Audit
339
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Bureau of Circulation in Poland) confirms that for most advertising revenues of the group Polskapresse show that of daily newspaper publishers the transparency is a value even after reductions, this project had a great advertising in itself and it is essential in dealing with advertisers. potential. In 2009, number of copies of daily newspapers sold and General news weekly Wprost, a conservative publication distributed generally declined compared to 2008 by defending free-market and Christian values, launched an 10% and 14%, respectively. entertainment and gossip news version called Wprost Light on May 28, 2009. Wprost Light has a print-run of At the same time, the segment of non-dailies about 260,000. The original title, which claims to be the (newspapers published 2-3 times a week), recorded most important opinion forming weekly in Poland, sells much better results: the number of sold copies declined about half as many copies as its mother title. Its new 68by 1.5% while the number of distributed copies rose by page affiliate includes movie and television, health and more than 17%. beauty, and food pages. Wprost Light is largely aimed at women, intending to attract advertisers for cosmetic The proportions of dailies and non-dailies on the products in particular, while its original sibling is bread newspaper market in Poland leaves no doubt, however, mostly by men. The new weekly is often made of short that the latter perform a complementary role. reprints from other newspapers. In 2009, the share of nationwide dailies (57% distributed copies and 54% sold copies) continued to grow at the expense of regional dailies (28.75% and 28.13%, respectively); and the share of dailies (85.64% distributed copies and 81.70% sold copies) grew over non-dailies (2.18% and 1.82%, respectively). In the middle of 2009, a new title Futbol News was launched. Its publisher, SportLive 24 SA, might assume that such an early debut would allow for establishing the title on the market before the advertising harvest during the Euro 2012 championship. For the time being, however, the future of the project remains highly uncertain.
In 2009, free dailies circulation declined by nearly 8.5% year-on-year. Dziennik Polska Europa Swiat, published by Axel Springer Poland, merged with Gazeta Prawna, published Agora SA, Polands largest publisher, returned to profit by Grupa Infor. The new daily Dziennik. Gazeta in the fourth quarter of 2009 after earnings in 2008 were Prawna, published by a new company Infor Business cut by a takeover writedown. Costs fell 25 percent in the Ltd., appeared on the market on September 14, 2009. quarter to PLN271.6 million (USD94 million) after it The former Dziennik Polska Europa Swiat was cut employment by 15 percent and promotion expenses originally supposed to become a competition of another by a third. major daily, Gazeta Wyborcza. The assumption that the new daily Dziennik. Gazeta Prawna would keep readers Newspaper launches / closures of both previously published newspapers and attract new In 2009, 10 daily newspapers left the market. The results ones, was definitely an overstatement. of the remaining sixty titles do not encourage thinking about new projects. In December 2009, Trybuna, the only left-wing newspaper in Poland ceased publishing. The title was As soon as in January 2009, Polskapresse Group, the suffering significant financial problems for a long time, publisher and organizer of the editorial project Poland. yet the real problem was the loss of readers interest and The Times announced that it would suspend eight out lack of institutional support from leftist groups. of 10 regional editions of the daily. All of the eight editions were published in the regions, where the Advertising Polskapresse Group did not have regional dailies before It is not publishers of newspapers, but television and the Poland. The Times was launched in the local increasingly more often the Internet that dictate markets. In September, the ninth edition, Mazowsze, advertising market terms in Poland. The calculations was added to the reduction list. Thus the project, are strongly supported by Expert Monitor, as they originally planned to be nationwide, has been narrowed are based on results of monitoring the advertising down to seven regions and the capital city. The official space, or advertisement exposure time in the electronic reason for suspending editions was their unsatisfactory media. results, which was actually true, however, the root cause of the poor results was a relatively poor quality of the In 2009, newspaper publishers failed to earn more than locally-related content, which could not meet the in the previous year. These poor results did not affect all interest of potential readers. The elimination of the vast the publishers. Apart from those who reported heavy majority of local editions, however, did not put an end losses, there were some, such as Przeglad Sportowy, to the controversy about whether Poland. The Times which succeeded to increase both their circulation and newspaper is nationwide or regional. At the same time, advertising revenues. It proves that the downward trend
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is not the rule, and press publishers can effectively proving the continued attractiveness and value of print defend against it. as an effective channel of communication and information. Declining advertising revenues in 2009, according to Expert Monitor data, did not affect television and the In 2009, the total average daily circulation declined by Internet. The dynamically growing Internet advertising 13.7% year-on-year. Circulation of nationwide revenues are indeed one of the reasons why so many newspapers decreased more (-16.6%) than circulation of press publishers get involved in presenting their local and regional newspapers (-9.4%). The declining publishing products on the Internet. trend also affected free newspapers; their circulation decreased by more than 10%. It should be noted, however, that reports and analyses sponsored by the Interactive Advertising Bureau (IAB) A major part of the decline can be surely attributed to and ZenithOptimedia Group highlight materials economic reasons (lower circulation means lower costs), according to which the Internet advertising in 2009 but it cannot be excluded that a monopolistic position of reached a higher level than advertising in newspapers. publishers on specific markets (in the segment of They do not reveal, however, neither methodology of regional and free newspapers) is responsible for at least such calculations, nor source of data they are based on. a part of the cuts. Such results can be justifiable in the countries with a widespread Internet access. In Poland, such an Publishers should be also aware of the fact that cutting outcome can be feasible once the limitations not only circulation although it may temporarily improve to broadband, but to any Internet connection are financial results also restricts the access of readers to removed. Due to the above reasons, The Chamber of newspapers. In 2008, the total daily circulation allowed Press Publishers (Izba Wydawcow Prasy) in Poland do about a third of Polish families for the contact with not perceive these results as reliable and suggest to a daily newspaper. In 2009, the volume of newspapers doublecheck them next year, after a careful analysis of published on the market gave such a chance only to one methodology used by the IAB and ZenithOptimedia. out of four families. It is not difficult to cut the circulation volume; the trick is to publish such a daily While struggling for higher advertising revenue, newspaper, which people want to buy and read. newspaper publishers continue to emphasize as their main asset the numbers of copies sold and distributed, On April 10, 2009 Gazeta Wyborcza, Polands largest and the size and value of their readership groups. This non-tabloid newspaper, incurred a price increase. The strategy, however, works rather poorly, as the press shares newspaper now costs PLN2 (USD0.70) on Monday to in the advertising cake fall steadily. This was the case in Thursday, PLN2.5 (USD0.90) on Friday and Saturday, 2009, too. The press share of advertising budgets shrank and PLN1.6 (USD0.55) in subscription. Since from 25.9% in 2008 to 22.3% in 2009. Newspaper decreasing the cover price in 2006, Gazeta Wyborcza publishers continue to lose more (from 13.2% in 2008 had the lowest price among national quality dailies. Now to 11.1% in 2009) than magazine publishers (12.7% it will still cost less than Rzeczpospolita, which costs and 11.1%, respectively). It is at the expense of the press, PLN3.4, and will have the same price as Dziennik, said mainly newspapers, that other media gain advertising. Stanislaw Turnau, Publisher of Gazeta Wyborcza and Director of Newspaper Operations. We increase the Nevertheless, the press, including newspapers and cover price of Gazeta to sustain its quality and enable its magazines, still retains its second rank in advertising further growth, said Mr. Turnau. revenues after television, which dominated the advertising market in Poland in 2009. Agora, the publisher of Gazeta Wyborcza, reported sales of the flagship daily in 2009 rose 2.2 percent to Agora recorded the biggest fall among dailies in Poland PLN37.4 million, as a price increase cushioned an with advertising sales at its flagship daily dropping by 20 average drop of 15 percent in copy sales. percent in 2009. Sales of advertising space in Agoras Gazeta Wyborcza, Polands top non-tabloid daily which Readership draws a third of the sectors advertising revenues, fell to It is significant that readership surveys do not confirm, or confirm rather poorly, downward trends in sales of PLN806 million (USD277.4 million). newspapers and journals. Such results may come from Axel Springers Polish tabloid daily Fakt, Polands largest the philosophy of using the press for advertisers needs, daily newspaper, saw its advertising revenues rise 5 proclaimed officially and supported financially by the percent last year to PLN200 million (USD69 million). largest newspaper publishers. Circulation The PBCs studies fetish is still the evidence of the size of Circulation of daily newspapers has been generally the group of persons in contact with a journal title rather declining from 2006, although there are exceptions than their assets (socio-professional status, experience,
POLAND
reading, reading motivations behind the specific titles, readiness to continue reading particular titles, rationalization of benefits resulting from reading the newspaper, etc .), or readers relationship with the read title (readership history, regular reaching for next copy, identification of editorial suggestions, etc.). Shortfalls in measuring reading interests and preferences, and the changes they are subject to, are probably one of the reasons of publishers helplessness in the struggle for winning the reader, especially a younger one. However, the PBC research suggests the interest in this category of readers very timidly. A PBC survey shows that in 2009 compared to 2008, there was a growing interest in the reading of daily newspapers amongst young people aged up to 16, while in other age categories the number of readers slightly decreased. It is also intriguing that the interest in reading newspapers differs little in particular age groups, which is quite unlikely when considering different reading experience, professional activity, leisure time etc. Increasingly, the findings appear that emphasize the fact that even very active Internet users confirm the use of newspapers and magazines more often than the average population. So instead of burying newspapers alive, it is better to focus on all the advantages they give to readers. A large population of newspaper readers is the best proof thereof. have exclusive rights to sales and development of advertisement offer of all Polish Internet products of Microsoft. Agora is also responsible for the development and delivery of content to the jointly created portal MSN.gazeta.pl, which will replace MSN.pl. Ownership In 2009, the publishing group Agora managed to regain leadership in the segment of dailies after five years, being slightly ahead of the previous leader, Axel Springer Poland. To a large extent, this change is the result of a new ranking methodology, in which the basis for calculating is the state of ownership as of December 31, 2009; consequently, Dziennik Polska Europa Swiat was moved from Axel Springer to the Group Infor, publisher of Gazeta Prawna. The list of newspapers publishers still counts as many as 30 publishing houses which demonstrate different potential. The concentration rate in the segment of dailies is quite high, since eight largest newspaper publishers account for nearly 92% of the entire newspaper market of distributed copies, or 93% of sold copies. The decrease in the number of sold copies and advertising revenue has not changed substantially the balance of power and influence on the daily newspaper market. Big publishers have defended their positions, however, they have to pay high price for that; small publishers have remained small, generally achieving less favorable results and discarding their reserves. This situation does not create incentives for the emergence of new players in this market segment.
Online / Digital Publishing There were no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitored e-mail or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups In June 2009 Axel Springer Poland and Polish business could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the publisher Infor PL established a joint venture. Axel Internet, including by e-mail. Springer Poland acquired 49 percent of shares in Infor Biznes, a subsidiary of Infor PL, which publishes Gazeta In 2009, virtually all newspaper publishers invested in Prawna, the leading Polish business newspaper. Axel websites and web portals. There has been a significant Springer brought the title Dziennik and the online portal increase in the numbers of customers/users. Burdening dziennik.pl into the joint venture. The goal of the joint the traditional editorial staff with preparation of venture is to amalgamate both titles into a new quality electronic publication, as well as offering on the Internet daily newspaper as of autumn 2009. This newspaper will complete (and identical) editions of traditional offer a broader spectrum of content and unite the publications, proves to be a strategy that is not only editorial strengths of Dziennik (politics, culture, sport) expensive and extremely risky, but also ineffective in and Gazeta Prawna (business, law). The transaction was terms of attracting large numbers of users. While subject to approval by competition authorities. newspaper publishers are still willing to boast the increase in the number of users of their web projects, this On June 24, 2009, European newspaper group Mecom enthusiasm translates poorly in effective defense of the abandoned plans to sell its 51 per cent stake in Polish market position held by paper editions; it is the paper newspaper group Presspublica. The group said it had editions that are still the primary source of revenue for terminated all sale discussions because the offers did not publishers of newspapers and magazines. come close to reflecting the value of the titles. In 2009 Agora SA and Microsoft Inc. signed an agreement which provides for the development of common products and grants Agora exclusive rights to the sales of advertising spaces in those products. Agora will run a common portal of both companies in Poland through Msn.gazeta.pl, and the sales team of Gazeta.pl
342
In July 2009 Agora SA became the 50.27% owner of AdTaily Ltd, a Krakow-based provider of Internet services. In August 2009 Edipresse Polska, a subsidiary of the Swiss media and communications company Edipresse
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Group, acquired 65 percent of top Polish women portal critics asserted that the council continued to be wizaz.pl. The joint venture is now be called Edipresse politicized. The president selects two members, Wizaz Sp. z o.o. the Sejm two members, and the Senate selects one member. Media / Press Laws The constitution provides for freedom of speech and of Content restrictions on the media include a law that the press; however, in practice there were laws that prohibits the promotion of activities that are against restricted these freedoms. Since the collapse of the government policy, morality, or the common good and Communist government in 1989, the government and requires that all broadcasts respect the religious feelings courts have either upheld or instituted laws that of the audiences and, in particular, respect the Christian criminalize defamation by individuals and the media, system of values. The government enforced this and limit editorial independence. provision in practice, levying fines on programs deemed offensive. The press code also places some limits on Individuals could not publicly criticize government editorial independence, for example, by specifying that officials without risk of reprisal. journalists must verify quotes and statements with the person who made them before publication. Defamation is a criminal offense punishable by up to two years imprisonment and includes publicly insulting, On June 18, 2009, the Bielsko Biala District Court defaming, or libeling members of parliament, ordered Krzysztof Oremus, former editor in chief of government ministers, and other public officials. For local newspaper Super-Nowa, to apologize to Mayor publicly insulting the president, the maximum sentence Jacek Krywult for publishing his photo alongside is three years imprisonment. Maximum penalties were a photo of the president of Belarus, thus suggesting rarely applied; persons found guilty of defamation were a similarity in Krywults manner of governing. The court generally only fined. The law also prohibits hate speech, also ordered Oremus to pay a 5,000 zloty (USD1,750) including dissemination of anti-Semitic literature. fine to the Polish Red Cross. On September 15, 2009, the Lublin Regional Court overturned the prosecutors decision not to pursue charges against Sejm deputy Janusz Palikot, who in his Internet blog referred to the president as a dwarf. The court ruling was in response to the presidents July 16, 2009, appeal of the prosecutors decision." On June 30, 2009, the Zielona Gora district court upheld a lower court decision to fine former Gazeta Wyborcza journalist, Robert Rewinski, for his 2004 article accusing a local businessman of collusion with the state-owned Environment Protection Fund. The court ordered Rewinski to pay a 3,000 zloty (USD1,050) fine and a donation of 1,000 zloty (USD350) to the Polish On November 27, 2009, the president signed a revision Red Cross. to the criminal code lowering the penalties for defamation. Under the revised law, which will take effect Copyright in June 2010, defamation will carry a maximum penalty In 2009, a copyright law amendment was being prepared, aimed at adapting the existing legal status to of one-year imprisonment. the situation in todays media market. The law also prohibits hate speech, including dissemination of anti-Semitic literature and the public Printing & Distribution promotion of fascist or other totalitarian systems. On While printing is being increasingly controlled by November 27, 2009, the president signed into law publishers due to their subsequent new investments, a revision to the criminal code adding communist distribution has been stagnating, if not regressing, following the exclusion of the consortium of newspaper systems to the prohibited list. publishers from privatization of the major distribution The KRRiTV or National Radio and Television company Ruch SA. Services of the largest distributors, in Broadcasting Council, is a five-member body appointed particular Ruch SA, have been less attractive and by the National Assembly and the president. The rewarding for publishers; a dispute between publishers KRRiTV is responsible for protecting freedom of and Ruch SA regarding distribution margins at the end speech, has broad power to monitor and regulate of 2009 has been resolved, however, only temporarily. programming, allocate broadcasting frequencies and licenses, apportion subscription revenues to public Taxes media, and impose financial penalties on broadcasters. The period of reduced VAT (tax grace period) for special While council members are required to suspend their interest magazines and those with low circulation comes membership in political parties or public associations, to its end in 2010. Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; Bloomberg; Finanz Nachrichten; WAN-IFRA Editors Weblog; Agora; WAN-IFRA SFN Weblog; Axel Springer; The Chamber of Press Publishers (Izba Wydawcow Prasy)
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3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies Total free dailies National free dailies Total non-dailies Total paid-for non-dailies National paid-for non-dailies Regional and local paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies Regional and local free non-dailies
45 43 11 32 43 2 2 20 15 4 11 5 5
46 44 12 32 44 2 2 20 18 6 12 2 2
50 49 11 38 49 1 1 20 18 6 12 2 2
50 49 11 38 49 1 1 20 18 6 12 2 2
39 38 10 28 38 1 1 21 19 7 12 2 2
-13.33 -11.63 -9.09 -12.50 -11.63 -50.00 -50.00 5.00 26.67 75.00 9.09 -60.00 -60.00
-22.00 -22.45 -9.09 -26.32 -22.45 0.00 0.00 5.00 5.56 16.67 0.00 0.00 0.00
Source: 2005 Polish Media Catalogue; OBP UJ; 2006 Polish Media Catalogue; OBP UJ; Ruch SA; Kolporter SA; 2007-2008 Ruch SA; Kolporter SA; Publishers data; 2009 ZKDP; OBP UJ (estimate for non-members of ZKDP)
3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08

2.a

All individuals 000 % 5,829.4 5,697.0 5,146.3 6,215.1 4,898.1 5,670.9 4,687.9 5,146.3 38,144.7 15.3 14.9 13.5 16.3 12.8 14.9 12.3 13.5 100 Male 000 2,989.9 2,904.2 1,940.2 3,148.3 2,469.1 2,777.0 2,186.3 1,940.2 18,415.0 % 16.2 15.8 10.5 17.1 13.4 15.1 11.9 10.5 100 Female 000 % 2,839.5 2,792.8 3,206.1 3,066.8 2,429.0 2,893.9 2,501.6 3,206.1 19,729.7 14.4 14.2 16.3 15.5 12.3 14.7 12.7 16.3 100
Age 0-14 15-24 65 + 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total
Total dailies 4,966 Total paid-for dailies 4,369 National paid-for dailies 2,978 Regional and local 1,391 paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies 4,404 Total free dailies 597 Total non-dailies 1,599 Total paid-for non-dailies 280 National paid-for non-dailies 173 Regional and local 107 paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies 1,319 Regional and local 1,319 free non-dailies
5,562 4,462 3,131 1,331 4,477 800 817 298 175 123 519 519
4,451 3,946 2,574 1,372
4,186 3,690 2,441 1,249
3,613 3,168 2,037 1,131
-27.25 -27.49 -31.60 -18.69 -28.07 -25.46 -57.41 19.64 37.57 -9.35 -73.77 -73.77
-13.69 -14.15 -16.55 -9.45 -14.15 -10.28 17.41 31.37 68.79 -14.90 6.46 6.46
3,959 3,690 3,168 505 496 445 708 580 681 280 255 335 154 141 238 126 114 97 428 428 325 325 346 346
Source: Concise Statistical Yearbook of Poland 2009

2.b
Source: ZKDP; OBP UJ (estimate for non-members of ZKDP)

4.a

All adults 000 % 4,897.0 7,303.0 3,329.0 8,005.0 7,848.0 932.3 32,315.3 15.2 22.6 10.3 24.8 24.3 2.9 100 Male 000 2,025.0 3,504.0 1,131.0 4,833.0 3,370.0 562.1 15,425.1 % 13.1 22.7 7.3 31.3 21.8 3.6 100 Female 000 % 2,872.0 3,799.0 2,198.0 3,172.0 4,479.0 370.2 16,890.2 17.0 22.5 13.0 18.8 26.5 2.2 100

(mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Social class A B C D E F Total
Source: Concise Statistical Yearbook of Poland 2009
Total dailies 971.0 Total paid-for dailies 807.0 National paid-for dailies 502.4 Regional and local 304.6 paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies 807.7 Total free dailies 164.0 Total non-dailies 88.9 Total paid-for non-dailies 20.0 National paid-for non-dailies 7.6 Regional and local 12.4 paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies 68.9 Regional and local 68.9 free non-dailies
1,014.6 944.1 818.0 821.7 528.1 544.0 290.0 277.7 818.0 196.6 70.9 20.2 9.5 10.7 50.7 50.7 821.7 122.4 62.5 20.3 9.7 10.6 42.4 42.4
900.8 778.0 510.2 267.8 778.0 122.8 51.5 17.4 8.5 8.8 34.1 34.1
814.1 701.7 450.3 251.4 701.7 112.4 50.7 16.7 9.5 7.2 34.0 34.0
-16.16 -13.05 -10.37 -17.47 -13.12 -31.46 -42.97 -16.50 25.00 -41.94 -50.65 -50.65
-9.62 -9.81 -11.74 -6.12 -9.81 -8.47 -1.55 -4.02 11.76 -18.18 -0.29 -0.29
Source: ZKDP; OBP UJ (estimate for non-members of ZKDP)
344
POLAND
4.c

2005 2006 78.4 18.7 5.7 13.0 1.8 0.2 0.8 0.2 100 (%) 2007 78.2 18.9 6.8 12.3 1.6 0.3 0.8 0.2 100 2008 75.6 19.6 7.0 12.6 1.5 2.3 0.7 0.2 100 2009 74.5 19.8 7.6 12.2 1.6 2.9 0.7 0.5 100
5.d
Number of readers
2005 2006 (000) 2007 2008 2009
Single copy sales Subscriptions Home deliveries Postal deliveries Office deliveries Bulk Free distribution Other Total Source: ZKDP
81.7 15.5 2.4 13.1 1.8 0.8 0.2 100
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies Total free dailies Source: PBC (Polish Readership Survey)
17,143 16,109 16,550 15,454 2,209 2,197
Data based on 36 paid-for dailies and 1 free daily; January-December; CCS (Season Cycle Readership), N=48,848 people
6.a
Online editions
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Data for ZKDP members and estimates for dailies outside of ZKDP; paid-for dailies and paid-for Sunday editions
4.d
Cover prices (2009)

(Poland, zloty) min max
5.a

(%) Reached
Dailies Non-dailies Sundays
42 11 -
45 16 1
50 20 1
50 20 -
39 21 -
-7.14 90.91 -
-22.00 5.00 -
Source: 2005-2007 Polish Media Catalogue; OBP UJ; 2008-2009 IWP based on data available on the Internet
6.c
1.20 0.70
3.40 3.40
Source: Pricelist of distributor Ruch SA
55.3 59.0 50.9 54.2

Publishing company Agora SA Axel Springer Mecom/Prespublica Axel Springer Infor Biznes Murator SA Media Regionalne Media Regionalne Media Regionalne Media Regionalne Website wyborcza.pl dziennik.pl rzeczpospolita.pl efakt.pl gazetaprawna.pl se.pl echodnia.eu nowiny24.pl dziennikwschodni.pl pomorska.pl Unique visitors per month (000) 6,089 1,470 1,065 971 907 805 417 377 363 352
Website Gazeta Wyborcza Dziennik PES Rzeczpospolita Fakt Gazeta Prawna Super Express Echo Dnia Nowiny Dziennik Wschodni Gazeta Pomorska

5.b
Source: PBC (Polish Readership Survey)
Age
less than 16 16-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total
Source: Megapanel PBI; Gemius Data for November 2009

6.d
Source: PBC (Polish Readership Survey)

5.c

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Media consumption
2004 (minutes per day) 2005 2006 2007 20 25 15 25 115 215 45 20 25 15 30 105 195 56 73 2008 280 232 88 Internet subscribers Internet users
2,686.4 3,244.2 4,091.0 4,819.9 5,575.9 14,824.8 17,012.9 18,532.2 20,244.7 22,450.6
107.56 51.44
15.68 10.90
15 18 102 205 33

6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
945.2 2,911.2 4,174.0 4,440.8 5,165.7
446.52
16.32
Source: 2004 Osrodek Badan Prasoznawczych, based on AGB and SMG/KRC data; Starkom. Badania StarTreck; Research of PBI/Gemius (Internet); 2005 Research of PBI/Gemius (Internet); AGB (television), SMG/KRC (newspapers/Internet), OBP UJ (national and regional newspapers); 2006-2008 Research of PBI/Gemius (Internet); Radio Track SMG/KRC (Radio); AGB Nielsen Media Research (TV) Estimates based on partial data made available by research companies AGB, TNS, Startrack, SMG/KRC, surveying specific media; due to the large number of sources, data do not originate from a comprehensive research on daily time budget and time use, and result from unverified declarations on the average use time by specific media channels; as a result, the data tend to be considerably overestimated; therefore OBP UJ applies a downward correction.

6.f

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
7.aa
52.75
1.43

2005 (Poland, zloty, bln) 2006 2007 2008 2009
GDP
1
983.3
1,060.2 1,175.3 1,272.8 1,304.7 1
Source: Concise Statistical Yearbook of Poland Estimate
345
POLAND
7.ab

2005 (Poland, zloty, 000) 2006 2007 2008 27.8 30.9 33.4 2009 34.2
1
Advertising sector
GDP per capita

1
25.8
Advertiser
Expenditure (Poland, zloty, 000) 78,120.6 62,131.8 42,397.5 25,703.2 20,587.7 17,590.5 16,977.4 16,807.9 16,601.6 15,410.0
Source: Concise Statistical Yearbook of Poland Estimate
7.ac
(%) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 -
Ad expenditure
1.51
1.57
1.62
Source: IWP based on research of PBI Monitor Expert and Concise Statistical Yearbook of National Acocunts
7.ba
Others Retail Automotive Financial Telecoms Leisure Travel, tourism, hotels and restaurants Media, books, CDs and DVDs Pharmaceutical products, medicine Hygene and beauty care Source: Expert Monitor Net prices, excluding VAT and discounts
Euro-Net Warszawa Metro Group Polska Telefonia Cyfrowa PTK Centertel Polkomtel Toyota Motor Poland PKO BP Fiat Auto Poland Citroen Polska P4 Source: Expert Monitor
8.a

(Poland, zloty, mln) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Publishing company Total circulation (000) 261,896.8 231,019.7 181,277.0 176,439.9 96,358.1 69,061.5 27,450.0 19,864.5 18,385.9 11,212.3
1,543 1,593 1,653 1,670 710 738 760 753 833 855 893 916 2,603 3,010 3,528 4,015 435 482 499 528 53 60 72 95 474 523 670 707 148 215 593 738 5,256 5,884 7,015 7,753
1,384 1,276 1,242 1,267 599 550 527 542 785 726 715 725 3,638 3,695 4,000 4,330 461 467 489 515 93 96 101 107 624 630 660 693 801 910 1,050 1,230 7,001 7,074 7,542 8,142
Source: Expert Monitor; Media Watch; IAB (Internet); ZenithOptimedia After discounts; excludes agency commission; excludes production costs; excludes classified; excludes self-promotion; from 2007, Internet includes search, display and e-mail marketing
7.d
Agora SA Axel Springer Polska sp. z.o.o. Grupa Polskapresse Grupa Media Regionalne Murator SA Infor Biznes sp. z.o.o. SPES Express Media sp. z.o.o. Wydawnictwo Jagiellonia SA Edytor sp. z.o.o. Source: ZKDP

Total Source: Expert Monitor
215,083 249,074 247,261 254,306 207,094
Number of advertising columns in newspapers monitored by Expert Monitor

8.ba

Founded Language Publishing company (year) Circulation (000) Polish Polish Polish Polish Polish Polish Polish Polish Polish Polish Axel Springer Polska sp. z o.o. Agora SA Murator SA Presspublica sp. z o.o. Infor Biznes sp. z o.o. SportLive24 SA Axel Springer Polska sp. z o.o. Polskapresse sp. z o.o. SPES Media Regionalne sp. z o.o. 634 490 316 187 151 110 105 104 90 87 Readership (000) 4,276 4,216 1,986 1,224 890 157 1,142 959 618 597 Cover price usual max (Poland, zloty) 1.40 2.00 1.40 3.40 2.60 1.50 2.10 1.60 1.50 1.50 1.80 2.50 1.70 2.90 2.00 2.50 1.80 2.00 2.00 Format Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Poland, zloty) 91,000 85,170 50,295 40,000 10,082 91,000 102,480 71,850 40,000 12,600
Title
Fakt Gazeta Codzienna Gazeta Wyborcza Super Express Rzeczpospolita Dziennik Gazeta Prawna Futbol News Przeglad Sportowy Polska Dziennik Zachodni Nasz Dziennik Gazeta Pomorska
2003 1989 1991 1982 2009 2009 1921 1945 1998 1948
Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid 35cm x 29cm Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Berliner
Source: ZKDP (circulation); PBC (readership)

8.bb

Founded Language Publishing company Circulation (year) (000) Polish Agora SA 445 Readership (000) 2,049 Tabloid Format Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Poland, zloty) 84,000 84,000
Title
Metro
2000
Source: ZKDP (circulation); PBC (readership)
346
POLAND
10.a

Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
13.a
59 1 54 10
60 1 55 10
70 60 10
70 60 10
60 49 10
1.69 -9.26 0.00
-14.29 -18.33 0.00
Source: IWP
14.
Source: IWP based on data from distributors

10.c
Newsprint costs
2005 (Poland, zloty) 2006 2007 2008 2,162 1,937 2009 2,169
Average per ton Source: IWP
1,850
2007 Exchange rate used EUR1 = PLN3.79250 2008 Exchange rate used EUR1 = PLN3.52259 2009 Exchange rate used EUR1 = PLN4.33733
Discounts (2009)
Discount on rates of Post Railroad Telephone Telegraph Telex Other Source: IWP
11.
Research (2009)
Circulation is audited by ZKDP (Audit Bureau of Circulations Poland) Readership is measured by PBC (Polskie Badania Czytelnictwa); the latest survey was done by Millward Brown SMG/KRC Methodology Direct questionnaire-interview supported by computer device (CAPI), national address randomly picked up by personal identification number (PESEL) on 48,000 persons (per year); interviewed persons were presented only the vignettes of newspapers and magazines of publishers belonging to the Polish Readership Research (PBC) and to ZKDP (Audit Bureau of Circulations Poland)
Source: IWP
12.
15.a
Does any law exist governing publishing-house ownership, or the registration of shares in newspaper-publishing companies? In Poland, the basic legal act guaranteeing ownership rights is the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, and also the Civil Code and the Code of Commercial Companies. The latter also applies to the publishing activity. Is there any law prohibiting or restricting foreign companies or individuals from owning shares, and in particular, the majority of shares, of domestic daily newspapers? The Polish legal system does not limit foreign entities as to their possession of shares/stocks in publishing companies established either in the form of share companies (limited liability and joint stock company) or other legal and organizational forms (e.g. partnerships). The shareholders may also be natural persons who are nationals of other states. Is there any law prohibiting daily newspaper or periodical publishers from operating radio or television stations in the same locality? Generally, there is no such a prohibition. However, pursuant to provisions of the Law on the Radio and Television Broadcasting dated of December 29, 1992, a concession may be withdrawn from a broadcaster, if dissemination of the program will result in the broadcasters achieving of dominant position in the area of mass media in the given relevant market within the meaning of provisions of the Law on Protection of Competition and Consumers.
Taxes (2009)
% 22 7 7 22 22 22 19
Tax Standard VAT VAT on: Single copy sales Subscription sales Advertising Newsprint Composition Tax on profits standard rate Source: IWP
347
POLAND
The Law on Protection of Competition and Consumers dated of February 16, 2007, provides that an entity holding a dominant position is a business entity which may act independently from the behavior of competitors, counterparties, and consumers in the given market; concurrently, it is assumed that an entity has a dominant position, if its share in the given relevant market exceeds 40%. The media market is too broad in order to be recognized as the relevant market within the meaning of the above law. Therefore, publication of newspapers or magazines while concurrently running a radio or television station will not by itself lead to the achieving of a dominant position in any relevant market So as to guarantee disclosure and transparency in the capital structure and to avoid silent partners, is there any law or rule permitting in any event the possibility of finding out who are the actual owners of a publishing company? In Poland there are legal norms enabling identification of an owner of a press publisher. The owner may be identified pursuant to provisions regulating the system and organization of the Central Records of the National Court Register and the principles of provision of information from the register (the National Court Register), and, if the publishing activity is conducted by natural persons or civil law companies the Register of Business Activity (Ewidencja Dzialalnosci Gospodarczej EDG). The Polish law contains no provisions that would refer to business activity (including the publishing activity) conducted in the form of a dormant company. By the same, the typology of companies is governed by the rule of numerus clausus. However, in accordance with the rule of freedom of contract applicable to the Polish civil law, one may establish a structure containing elements of dormant company. The Polish law also permits a possible incorporation of a dormant company within the meaning of a foreign law, in particular, where the law to which an entity refers provides for a possible functioning of such a company in the territory of the state in which the entity has its seat. In addition to legal and natural persons and organizational units without legal personality (whose owners may be identified in the National Court Register and the Register of Business Activity), or public companies (the ones listed on the stock exchange, whose shares have been dematerialized), the publishers of press may be political organizations, trade unions, cooperatives, local self-government organizations, other public organizations, the Catholic Church and other religious organizations; it is impossible to identify the shareholders of such bodies because of the character of their organization. Is there an antitrust law limiting concentration in the daily press? There are no provisions of law that explicitly limit
348
concentration of the daily press market, since limitations contained in the antimonopoly law are of general nature and do not refer to the press market only. Under the Law on Protection of Competition and Consumers, the intention of concentration of business entities whose: 1) total global turnover of the business entities participating in the concentration exceeds the equivalent of EUR1,000,000,000 in the financial year preceding the year of notification; or 2) total turnover of the business entities participating in the concentration exceeds the equivalent of EUR50,000,000 in the territory of the Republic of Poland in the financial year preceding the year of notification; or 3) acquisition by a business entity of a portion of property of another business entity (the whole or a portion of the enterprise), if the turnover generated by the property exceeded EUR10,000,000 in the territory of the Republic of Poland in any of two financial years preceding the notification, is subject to notification to the President of the Office for Protection of Competition and Consumers, who assesses whether as a result of the concentration, competition will not be significantly limited in the market, in particular through the arising or reinforcement of the dominant position in the market. Whether an entity holds a dominant position is examined in particular on the basis of determination of the product and geographical markets, in which the given entity operates. The antimonopoly law does not introduce different criteria for a local, regional or the national market. The size and scope of the business conducted by the given entity is decisive. To hold a dominant position is not yet prohibited. However, it is non-permissible to abuse the said position (in particular through imposition of unfair prices, limitation of production or sale, or technical progress to the detriment of the counterparties or consumers, application of arduous or inconsistent terms in similar agreements with third party , thus creating different conditions of competition for the said people, etc.). Is further regulation of media concentration expected? The Chamber of Press Publishers is not aware of any initiatives that might change the rules of media concentration.
Source: Legal acts applicable on the territory of the Republic of Poland, including: 1) The Constitution of the Republic of Poland dated April 2, 1997; 2) The Act dated July 2, 2004 the Law on Freedom of Business Activity; 3) The Act dated April 23, 1964 the Civil Code; 4) The Act dated September 15, 2000 the Code of Commercial Companies; 5) The Act dated January 26, 1984 the Press Law; 6) The Act dated December 29, 1992 the Law on the Radio and Television Broadcasting; 7) The Act dated February 16, 2007 the Law on Protection of Competition and Consumers; and 8) The Act dated August 20, 1997 the Law on the National Court Register
POLAND
15.b

Regional TVs No restriction No restriction No restriction No restriction No restriction No restriction No restriction Acquisition/takeover of shares/stocks by a foreign person in a company, which holds a concession for dissemination of a program, requires a permit from the President of the National Board of Radio and Television Broadcasting. The foregoing does not apply to foreign persons or their subsidiaries, whose seats are in the member states of the European Economic Area. Additionally, the intention of concentration of business entities, whose turnover exceeds the thresholds indicated in the law on protection of competition and consumers is subject to notification to the President of the Office for Protection of Competition and Consumers. The President assesses the impact of the concentration on the competition. National TVs No restriction No restriction No restriction No restriction No restriction No restriction No restriction Acquisition/takeover of shares/stocks by a foreign person in a company, which holds a concession for dissemination of a program, requires a permit from the President of the National Board of Radio and Television Broadcasting. The foregoing does not apply to foreign persons or their subsidiaries, whose seats are in the member states of the European Economic Area. Additionally, the intention of concentration of business entities, whose turnover exceeds the thresholds indicated in the law on protection of competition and consumers is subject to notification to the President of the Office for Protection of Competition and Consumers. The President assesses the impact of the concentration on the competition. Regional Newspapers No restriction No restriction No restriction No restriction No restriction No restriction No restriction National Newspapers No restriction No restriction No limit No limit No restriction No restriction No restriction Radio No restriction No restriction No restriction No restriction No restriction No restriction No restriction Acquisition/takeover of shares/stocks by a foreign person in a company, which holds a concession for dissemination of a program, requires a permit from the President of the National Board of Radio and Television Broadcasting. The foregoing does not apply to foreign persons or their subsidiaries, whose seats are in the member states of the European Economic Area. Additionally, the intention of concentration of business entities, whose turnover exceeds the thresholds indicated in the law on protection of competition and consumers is subject to notification to the President of the Office for Protection of Competition and Consumers. The President assesses the impact of the concentration on the competition.
Owners Regional TV Licensees 1 National TV Licensees 1 Regional Newspaper Owners National Newspaper Owners Satellite TV Broadcasters Local Radio Licensees National Radio Licensees
Foreign Investors
The only limitations result The only limitations result from the antimonopoly from the antimonopoly law, and pertain to the law, and pertain to the obligation of notification obligation of notification of the concentration to the of the concentration to the President of the Office for President of the Office for Protection of Competition Protection of Competition and Consumers. and Consumers. The President assesses the The President assesses the impact of the concentration impact of the concentration on the competition. on the competition.
Source: Izba Wydawcow Prasy

1
A concession may be withdrawn from a broadcaster, if another person takes over the direct or indirect control of the activity of the broadcaster, irrespectively of the type of business conducted by such a person.
349
PORTUGAL
General economic situation Economic growth had been above the EU average for much of the 1990s, but fell back in 2001-08. GDP per capita stands at roughly two-thirds of the EU-27 average. A poor educational system, in particular, has been an obstacle to greater productivity and growth. Portugal has been increasingly overshadowed by lowercost producers in Central Europe and Asia as a target for foreign direct investment. The budget deficit surged to an all-time high of 6% of GDP in 2005, but the government reduced the deficit to 2.6% in 2007, a year ahead of Portugals targeted schedule. Nonetheless, the government faces tough choices in its attempts to boost the economy, which declined 0.1% in 2008, while keeping the budget deficit within the euro-zone 3%-ofGDP ceiling. The inflation rate was estimated at -0.9% (deflation) in 2009. Group is committed to the newspaper for the long term and expects it to break even within five years and to fully pay off as an investment in eight years. Lena, which invested EUR10 million (USD14.8 million) in i, said it was satisfied with the results so far. Online / Digital Publishing There were no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitored e-mail or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including e-mail.
Ownership In May 2009 free newspaper publisher Metro International reported it was in advanced negotiations for possible sales or partial sales of its newspapers in Italy and Portugal. The step is part of the Swedish groups Newspaper launches / closures rationalisation strategy in Europe. In Portugal, Metros Portugals newest daily newspaper, i, was launched in turnover in the first quarter of 2009 fell by 48%. Like so early May 2009. The 56- to 64-page paper is tabloid size many publishers, Metro is suffering from the collapse of and stapled, so looks as much like a magazine as the advertising market in the global economic crisis. a newspaper. Is circulation in August 2009 was over 16,000 copies, up from just under 11,000 in its first As of June 2009, SGPS, S.A, a company controlled by month. I has a team design team of seven, two info Alberto do Rosrio, formerly of Lusomundo Media graphic artists and a group of photographers. The (now Controlinveste Group) is the new owner of Metro company hired staff through an I want to be Portugal. Holdimdia bought 80% of the shares of the a journalist.com website, starting with 1,350 candidates company. Before the transaction, Metro International and choosing and training 18 to join a seasoned staff of bought the remaining shares from minority shareholder 55 journalists. It sends teams of distributors around Meglo Mdia Global, SGPS, S.A. Metro News restaurant districts at lunchtime hawking the newspaper, Publicaes S.A will hold a minority share in the and is building distribution machines that will use Portuguese edition that will be published as a Metro prepaid cards. franchise. I also has an increasingly significant web presence at www.ionline.pt: online editor-in-chief Mnica Bello said that the site passed 900,000 uniques per month. Forty per cent of content from the paper goes online, with the other 60% being exclusive to the print product. Is website is an aggregator as well as displaying original content. According to editor-in-chief Martim Avillez Figueiredo, who holds a 5 percent stake, Is specialised focus on politics and economics attracts educated, ambitious readers: 69% of readers have a university degree, 39% are in top management. Publisher Lena Media / Press Laws The constitution and law provide for freedom of speech and of the press, and the government generally respected these rights in practice. An independent press, an effective judiciary, and a functioning democratic political system combined to ensure freedom of speech and of the press. According to the European Federation of Journalists, the Journalist Statute requires journalists to hand over confidential information and disclose sources in criminal cases. Thus far, however, the statute has not been invoked and tested.
Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; L'Echo; WAN-IFRA Editors Weblog; FDN Newsletter; The New York Times
350
PORTUGAL
3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies 17 Total paid-for dailies 15 National paid-for dailies 9 Regional and local 6 paid-for dailies Total free dailies 2 Regional and local 2 free dailies Total non-dailies 27 Total paid-for non-dailies 18 National paid-for non-dailies 11 Regional and local 7 paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies 9 National free non-dailies 1 Regional and local 8 free non-dailies
18 16 10 6 2 2 32 29 13 16 3 1 2
25 19 10 9 6 6 39 33 14 19 6 2 4
24 19 10 9 5 5 35 29 13 16 6 2 4
25 20 11 9 5 5 35 29 13 16 6 2 4
47.06 33.33 22.22 50.00 150.00 150.00 29.63 61.11 18.18 128.57 -33.33 100.00 -50.00
4.17 5.26 10.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Source: 2005 Obercom/APCT (Portuguese Association for Circulation Auditing); 2006-2007 APCT (Portuguese Association for Circulation Auditing); 2008 API; L. Landerset Cardoso, Ph.D; Amavel Santos, MA (Sociology); APCT (Portuguese Association for Circulation Auditing); 2009 APCT; WAN-IFRA assessment (non-dailies)
3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Total free dailies Regional and local free dailies Map: CIA The World Factbook
2.a
751 530 221 221
862 1,065 1,170 878 536 544 558 533 500 505 481 44 53 52 326 326 521 521 612 612 345 345
16.91 0.57 56.11 56.11
-24.96 -4.48 -4.75 -1.89 -43.63 -43.63
Source: 2005 WAN assessment; 2006-2008 WAN assessment, based on APCT circulation data of respective titles; 2009 WAN-IFRA based on APCT circulation data of respective titles Female 000 % 835 3,555 1,108 5,498 15 65 20 100
4.a

All individuals 000 % 1,747 7,081 1,880 10,708 16 66 18 100 Male 000 912 3,526 772 5,210 % 18 68 15 100
Age 0-14 15-64 65 + Total

(mln) Change (%) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008/04 2008/07
Total dailies 176.0 Total paid-for dailies 155.0 National paid-for dailies 144.0 Regional and local 11.0 paid-for dailies Total free dailies 21.0 Regional and local 21.0 free dailies Total non-dailies 980.0 Total paid-for non-dailies 12.0 National paid-for non-dailies 9.0 Regional and local 3.0 paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies 968.0 National free non-dailies 783.0 Regional and local 185.0 free non-dailies
253.5 198.4 182.5 15.9 55.1 55.1
262.1 189.9 173.8 16.1
298.2 190.8 172.3 18.5
295.6 158.3 140.2 18.1
67.95 2.13 -2.64 64.55
-0.87 -17.03 -18.63 -2.16 27.84 27.84 2.27 -10.17 -13.50 -2.74 4.09 11.42 -83.20
72.2 107.4 137.3 553.81 72.2 107.4 137.3 553.81 -80.70 76.67 56.67 136,67 -82.65 -78.83 -98.86
177.8 168.6 184.9 189.1 18.2 20.6 23.6 21.2 13.0 14.5 16.3 14.1 5.2 6.1 7.3 7.1 159.6 148.0 161.3 167.9 149.6 137.0 148.8 165.8 10.0 11.0 12.5 2.1
Source: 2004 Obercom/APCT; 2005-2007 APCT (Portuguese Association for Circulation Auditing); 2008 API; L. Landerset Cardoso, Ph.D; Amavel Santos, MA (Sociology); APCT 2004 January-September 2004; 2005 Only titles audited by APCT; copies distributed, including free distribution; 2006 Only titles audited by APCT; data January-September 2006; copies distributed, including free distribution; 2007 Titles audited by APCT, exclusively; 2008 Titles audited by APCT, exclusively; copies distributed, including free distribution
351
PORTUGAL
4.b
Sales revenues
(Portugal, euro, mln) Change (%) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008/04 2008/07
6.c

Publishing company Website Unique visitors per month (000) 840 570 570
Newspaper
Total paid-for dailies 114.0 National paid-for dailies 106.0 Regional and local 8.0 paid-for dailies Total paid-for non-dailies 24.0 National paid-for non-dailies 22.0 Regional and local 2.0 paid-for non-dailies
113.9 125.0 163.4 132.6 108.5 123.1 160.5 129.7 5.4 1.9 2.9 2.9 22.5 21.1 1.4 21.4 21.0 0.4 29.2 28.6 0.6 27.9 27.1 0.8
16.32 22.36 -63.75 16.25 23.18 -60.00
-18.85 -19.19 0.00 -4.45 -5.24 33.33
Record
Edisport Sociedade de Publicaes Desportivas, S.A. Correio da Manh Presselivre Imprensa Livre, S.A. Jornal de Notcias Global Notcias Publicaes, S.A. Source: Google Ad Planner
record.xl.pt cmjornal.xl.pt jn.sapo.pt
Data as of March 2010; all traffic statistics are estimates

6.d
Source: 2004-2005 Obercom/APCT; 2006-2007 APCT; 2008 API; L. Landerset Cardoso, Ph.D; Amavel Santos, MA (Sociology); APCT
4.c

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08

2004 2005 88.0 7.0 5.0 100 (%) 2006 41.9 4.5 53.6 100 2007 35.0 5.0 2.0 58.0 100 2008 33.0 4.0 3.0 60.0 100 Internet subscribers Internet users
1,436.5 1,580.0 1,611.8 1,675.4 1,898.0 3,690.3 4,028.2 4,478.8 4,711.8 5,168.8
32.13 40.06
13.29 9.70
Single copy sales Subscriptions Bulk (sponsored) deliveries Free distribution Total

6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Source: 2005 Obercom/APCT; 2006 APCT; 2007-2008 API; L. Landerset Cardoso, Ph.D; Amavel Santos, MA (Sociology); APCT 2005-2006 Titles audited by APCT exclusively, data from January to September; 2007-2008 Titles audited by APCT, exclusively
4.d
1,165.4 1,423.7 1,512.4 1,634.4 1,865.1
60.04
14.12

6.f

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Cover prices (2008)

(Portugal, euro) min max
5.a

(%) Reached
7.aa
32.59
1.80
1.00 0.81
1.30 -
Source: API; L. Landerset Cardoso, Ph.D; Amavel Santos, MA (Sociology)
84.5 89.3 80.0

2004 (Portugal, euro, bln) 2005 2006 2007 149.1 155.4 163.2 2008 166.1
Source: API; L. Landerset Cardoso, Ph.D; Amavel Santos, MA (Sociology); Marktest GDP
144.1
5.b

% of readership 4.6 14.8 22.2 20.2 14.2 12.0 11.8 100 % daily reach within age group 93.2 96.7 96.6 92.2 88.6 80.4 56.2 -
7.ab
Age 15-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total

2004 (Portugal, euro, 000) 2005 2006 2007 14.1 14.7 15.3 2008 15.6

7.ac
13.8
Source: API; L. Landerset Cardoso, Ph.D; Amavel Santos, MA (Sociology); Marktest

6.a
(%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 0.50 0.50 0.52 0.54
Online editions
Change (%) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008/04 2008/07
Ad expenditure
0.61
0.58
0.58
0.56
7.ba
Dailies Non-dailies
12 11
32 67
16 22
22 32
16 21
33.33 90.91
-27.27 -34.38

(Portugal, euro, mln) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Source: 2004 Obercom/ICS; 2005 Obercom/API (Portuguese Press Association); 2006-2007 API (Portuguese Press Association); 2008 API; L. Landerset Cardoso, Ph.D; Amavel Santos, MA (Sociology)
218 70 148 517 56 7 114 5 916
215 67 148 512 52 6 114 7 906
217 67 150 533 51 6 120 13 939
209 66 143 529 47 5 119 19 928
173 56 117 466 42 4 101 21 808
168 57 111 478 42 4 101 26 819
175 58 117 497 42 4 108 29 856
183 60 123 543 42 4 112 34 918
Source: ZenithOptimedia After discounts; excludes production costs; includes agency commission; excludes classified advertising; Internet includes all advertising formats (banners, pop-ups, interstitials etc.)
352
PORTUGAL

Publishing company Total circulation (000)

Owner Revenue (Portugal, euro, 000) 140,458 65,369 59,362 54,883 31,340 31,142 26,187 20,939 14,751 12,890
Advertising sector Entertaining and cultural industry Vehicles industry Banks and other financial institutions Paper, graphic art and publishing industry Home hygiene Commerce Community services Telecoms Tourism Jewellery, watches and goldsmith industry
Advertiser
Expenditure (Portugal, euro, 000)
Source: API; L. Landerset Cardoso, Ph.D; Amavel Santos, MA (Sociology); Mediamonitor Data for print media
Impala-Soc. Editorial LDA 15,938 LOral Portugal LDA 15,276 Cofidis SA 12,397 Grupo Caixa Geral 9,905 de Depositos Grupo Banco Espirito Santo 9,192 Global Noticias 8,578 Publicacoes SA Vodafone Telecel-Commun. 7,784 Pessoais SA Telecommunicacoes Moveis 7,452 Nacionais Siva-Soc.Importadora 7,080 Veiculos Automoveis Modelo Continente 6,919 Hipermercados SA Source: API; L. Landerset Cardoso, Ph.D; Amavel Santos, MA (Sociology); Mediamonitor Data for print media
Lidl & Cia 1,550,041.0 Globam Notcias 112,099.0 Publicaes, S.A. Metro News Publicaes, Ld 48,322.7 Presselivre Imprensa 44,483.5 Livre, S.A. Transjornal Edio 38,318.3 de Publicaes, S.A. Edisport Sociedade de 26,913.9 Publicaes Desportivas, S.A. Pblico - Comunicao 15,724.4 Social, S.A. Vipu ACE 13,688.2 Jornalinveste 12,002.6 Comunica, S.A. Sojornal-Sociedade 6,165.1 Jornalstica e Editorial, S.A. Source: API; L. Landerset Cardoso, Ph.D; Amavel Santos, MA (Sociology); APCT Titles audited exclusively by APCT; total circulation per year, including free and paid-for distribution
Global Noticias Publicacoes Presselivre Imprensa Livre Sojornal Sociedade Jor. E Edit. Metro News Publicacoes Publico Comunicacao Social Transjornal-Edicoes De Publ. St & Sf Sociedade De Publ. A Tipografica Das Beiras Edisport Soc. Publ. Desport. O Sol E Essencial Source: Mediamonitor via ZenithOptimedia
8.ba

Language Publishing company Circulation (000) Readership (000) 943 909 660 366 305 434 212 172 135 Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Berliner Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Format Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Portugal, euro) 8,000 9,000 5,670 6,630 6,900 2,970 4,735 3,335 12,000 12,600 8,500 7,800 9,660 4,130 6,185 5,000 -
Title
Correio da Manh Jornal de Notcias Record Pblico Dirio de Notcias O Jogo 24 Horas OJE Dirio Econmico I Informao Dirio de Notcias da Madeira Dirio de Coimbra Jornal de Negcios Dirio As Beiras Dirio do Sul Dirio do Minho Aoriano Oriental Dirio de Aveiro Dirio de Leiria Dirio de Viseu
Portuguese Portuguese Portuguese Portuguese Portuguese Portuguese Portuguese Portuguese Portuguese Portuguese Portuguese Portuguese Portuguese Portuguese Portuguese Portuguese Portuguese Portuguese Portuguese Portuguese
Presselivre Imprensa Livre, S.A. Global Notcias Publicaes, S.A. Edisport Sociedade de Publicaes Desportivas, S.A. Pblico Comunicao Social, S.A. Global Notcias Publicaes, S.A. Jornalinveste Comunicao, S.A. Global Notcias Publicaes, S.A. Megafin Sociedade Editora, S.A. S.T. & S.F. Sociedade de Publicaes, Ld. Lena Group Empresa do Dirio de Notcias da Madeira, Ld. A Tipogrfica das Beiras, Ld. Canal de Negcios Edio de Publicaes, Ld. Beirastexto Sociedade Editora, S.A. Piarra & Companhia, Ld. Empresa Dirio do Minho, Ld. Aormedia, S.A. A Tipogrfica das Beiras, Ld. A Tipogrfica das Beiras, Ld. A Tipogrfica das Beiras, Ld.
122 91 72 37 34 30 29 27 15 13 13 10 11 7 5 5 4 4 2 2
Source: APCT; Marktest via ZenithOptimedia; ZenithOptimedia

8.bb

Founded (year) Language Publishing company Circulation (000) Portuguese Portuguese Portuguese Portuguese Portuguese Global Notcias - Publicaes, S.A. Transjornal Edio de Publicaes, S.A. 1 Metro News Publicaes, Ld. Metro News Publicaes, Ld. O Liberal, Empresa de Artes Grficas, Ld. 105 105 99 26 23 Readership (000) 639 623 Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Format Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Portugal, euro) 9,240 6,900 11,550 11,500 -
Title
Global Notcias Metro Portugal Jornal Destak 2 Meia Hora (Half an Hour) 3 Dirio Cidade
1
2007 2004 2004 2007 2007
Source: APCT; Marktest via ZenithOptimedia; ZenithOptimedia; FDN Newsletter Holdimdia - SGPS, S.A, a company controlled by Alberto do Rosrio, formerly of Lusomundo Media (now Controlinveste Group) became the new owner of Metro Portugal in 2009, holding 80% of the shares of the publishing company. Before the transaction, Metro International bought the remaining shares from minority shareholder Meglo Mdia Global, SGPS, S.A. Metro News Publicaes S.A will hold a minority share in the company, now publishing the Portuguese edition as a Metro franchise. 2 Launched as a free weekly in September 2001; converted into a free daily in November 2004; two editions in Lisbon and Porto; Porto edition launched in 2005; 80% distributed in public transport, 15% handed out at traffic lights 3 Meia Hora ceased publishing in July 2009
353
PORTUGAL
9.a
Employment
Change (%) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2007/03 2007/06
Comisso da Carteira de Jornalistas (Journalists Professional Commission). To be able to face the need for systematic data, API, L. Landerset Cardoso, Ph.D, and Amavel Santos, MA (Sociology) have consulted different national sources, then crossing data with their own database. The database has been developed for six years now and in respect to the press sector it is divided into national and regional press. In order to provide the requested data crossings, API, L. Landerset Cardoso, Ph.D, and Amavel Santos, MA (Sociology) have collected data from the above mentioned entities and have built a specific matrix (using SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) to treat and obtain data that match the questionnaire, using data from APCT, the auditing association. INE for national population data, APCT for circulation and printing verification and Marktest for audiences are the main data suppliers for this questionnaire and they all have different methodologies: INE The basis of the national data is a census, applied every ten years to all Portuguese residents. Data has been used from the last census in 2001. APCT APCT has been a Member of the International Federation of Audit Bureaux of Circulations (IFABC) since 1989. As an association, APCT only audits titles that have been inscribed by its associates. These can be editors of periodic publications, advertising agencies, media purchasing centrals and advertisers. Data are presented only to associates and they are not crossed. In 2008, APCT audited 59 newspaper titles. For each publication, several items are audited per month, namely: circulation (average per issue), printed copies, free distribution, and sales. Marktest For the press sector, in terms of audiences and shares crossed with demographic variables, Marktest publishes Bareme-Imprensa. The universe of this study contains all individuals of 15+, living in Portugal (continent). The used sample has been weighed. It is proportional in terms of Sex and Day of the Week, but not in terms of Age and Region. The last two non-proportionalities derive from the fact that Census 2001 (INE) revealed that the Portuguese population is growing old and therefore the weight of older segments was increased in the sample; for the same reason, in urban areas, namely Lisbon and Oporto, there is an oversampling.
Total number of journalists Number of part-time journalists Total number of employees -
2,037 2,294 265 299 5,942 6,199
12.62 12.83 4.33
Source: 2006 API; L. Landerset Cardoso, Ph.D; Amavel Santos, MA (Sociology); Comisso da Carteira de Jornalistas; Ministry of Social Security and Employment Statistical Bulletin 2006; 2007 API; L. Landerset Cardoso, Ph.D; Amavel Santos, MA (Sociology); Comisso da Carteira de Jornalistas
9.b
Salaries
Total salary costs
77
Source: Ministry of Social Security and Employment Statistical Bulletin 2006

10.a

2004 200 43 1 42 Change (%) 2006 2007 2008 2008/04 2008/07 50 1 49 62 2 60 2 15 37 3 -61.54 -2.63 -75.81 -38.33 50.00
39 1 38 -
Source: 2004-2007 Obercom/APCT/API; 2008 API; L. Landerset Cardoso, Ph.D; Amavel Santos, MA (Sociology); APCT Titles audited exclusively by APCT; data from January to September
11.
Research (2008)
Circulation is audited by APCT Readership is measured by Marktest Methodology API, L. Landerset Cardoso, Ph.D, and Amavel Santos, MA (Sociology) have been approaching the press sector in the most comprehensive way, in order to cover as many areas as possible. Apart from specific sites and publications (like the Code of Law), we personally contacted the following entities: GMCS Gabinete para os Meios de Comunicao Social (Cabinet for the Media); INE Instituto Nacional de Estatstica (Institute for National Statistics); APCT Associao Portuguesa de Controlo de Tiragens (Portuguese Association for Circulation Auditing); Marktest (audience measuring company); API Associao Portuguesa de Imprensa (Portuguese Press Association); Ministrio do Trabalho e Segurana Social (Labour and Social Security Ministery);
354
PORTUGAL
The sample is distributed in three applications (that is every three months) of 5,040 interviews each, evenly distributed by weekdays. The questionnaire is structured, with different types of questions, closed, semi-closed and open. Thus data are collected daily and continuously, between 17:00 and 22:00, using CATI (Computer Assisted Telephonic Interviews). There is a random selection of homes from a phone number database. The choice of the person to interview is based upon sex and age criteria. Interviews are conducted by a team of 50 specially trained people. All the collected data are submitted to quality control by supervision and for consistency validation.
Source: API, L. Landerset Cardoso, Ph.D, and Amavel Santos, MA (Sociology)
12.
Taxes (2009)
% 20 5 5 20 5 20 20 25 25
Tax Standard VAT VAT on: Single copy sales Subscription sales Advertising Newsprint Composition Plant Tax on profits standard rate Tax on profits for newspapers
13.a
Are there subsidies for the purchase of newsprint? Yes, incentive to Readership. Are loans granted at low rates for re-equipment or improving existing equipment? No Are there any direct subsidies? Yes, incentive for Multimedia Development and Entrepreneurship.
13.b
Direct subsidies
Total amount
0.97
0.34
0.27
0.34
0.31
-68.04
-8.82
2006-2007 ICS (Institute for Social Communication); 2008 API; L. Landerset Cardoso, Ph.D; Amavel Santos, MA (Sociology); Cabinet for Media and Communication (GMCS)
14.
Discounts (2009)
Discount rate (%) 0
Discount on rates of Post
355
PORTUGAL
15.a
the Institute for the Media (Instituto da Comunicao Social) was the public body in charge. Periodical publications shall also contain, on a page predominantly filled with news reports, the registration number of the title, the name, trade or company name of the owner, the legal person registration number, the names of the directors or similar officers and shareholders with more than 10% of the companys capital, the domicile or head office of the publisher, printer and editorial office, and print run. [Paragraph 2 of Article 15] In journalistic companies owning periodical publications incorporated in the form of a limited liability corporation, the shares shall be nominative. A list of the shareholders indicating their respective holdings, together with a list of the publications owned by such companies, or by other organizations belonging to the same group, shall be disclosed in all periodical publications owned by such companies during the month of April, and also forwarded to the Media Regulator. Journalistic companies are required to include, in the periodical publication which they own with the largest print run, and until the end of the first semester of each year, their annual report and accounts, indicating the source of financial movements derived from equity or loan capital. [Article 16] Competition regulation Law No. 18/2003, of 11 June, approving the legal framework for competition [in particular Chapter I (The rules of competition), Section III (Concentrations between undertakings). Is there any law prohibiting or restricting foreign companies or individuals from owning shares, and in particular, the majority of shares, of domestic daily newspapers? No Is there any law prohibiting daily newspaper or periodical publishers from operating radio or television stations in the same locality? No. There is no media cross ownership regulation. A merger of daily newspaper or periodical publishers with a radio or television operators in the same locality shall be analysed according to the rules of Law No. 18/2003, of 11 June (legal framework for competition), without prejudice of the general protection of the pluralism and diversity as foreseen in the Constitution of the Portuguese Republic [Article 38, Freedom of the press and mass media, Paragraph 4]. So as to guarantee disclosure and transparency in the capital structure and to avoid silent partners, is there any law or rule permitting in any event the possibility of finding out who are the actual owners of a publishing company?
Does any law exist governing publishing-house ownership, or the registration of shares in newspaper-publishing companies? Yes. A brief overview of the legal framework applicable to media concentration (currently under revision) follows: Constitution of the Portuguese Republic According to Article 38 (Freedom of the press and mass media), Paragraph 4, the State shall guarantee the freedom and independence of the mass media from political and economic powers; it shall impose the principle of speciality upon companies that own general information media; it shall treat and support those companies in a non-discriminatory manner and shall prevent their concentration, in particular through multiple or inter-locking financial interests. Media Regulator The new Media Regulator (Law No. 53/2005 of 8 November 2005), called ERC - Entidade Reguladora para a Comunicao Social (unofficial translation Regulatory Entity for the Mass Media), in substitution of the previous High Authority for the Mass Media, shall guarantee the right of information and the freedom of the press (in a broad concept). The Media Regulator shall prevent the media concentration (by media shall be understood the entities engaged in media activities), with regard to the safeguard of pluralism and diversity, without prejudice of specific competences of Competition Regulator. Press Act According to the Press Act (Law no. 2/99 of 13 January 1999, amended by Declaration of Rectification no. 9/99, of 4 March 1999) the general law on the defence and promotion of competition shall apply to newspaper or press companies, namely with regard to prohibited practices, in particular abuse of dominant position and mergers [Paragraph 3 of Article 4]. The State is obliged to arrange for prior and compulsory registration, with public access, of portuguese periodical publications, national journalistic companies (indicating the shareholders) and national news companies [Article 5 Freedom of the press ]. The registers referred to in the preceding paragraph are ruled by the Executive Decree (Decreto Regulamentar) No. 8/99, of 9th June, amended by Declaration of Rectification No. 10BC/99, of 30th June. The new Media Regulator ERC Entidade Reguladora para a Comunicao Social, is now the public entity in charge of the media register; until now
356
PORTUGAL
Yes, regarding Portuguese periodical publications, national journalistic companies and national news companies. As mentioned in the answer to the question No. 1, the Portuguese State is obliged to arrange for prior and compulsory registration, with public access, of Portuguese periodical publications, national journalistic companies (indicating the shareholders) and national news companies [Article 5, Press Act]. The public register is managed by the Media Regulator ERC Entidade Reguladora para a Comunicao Social. Periodical publications shall contain, on a page predominantly filled with news reports, the registration number of the title, the name, trade or company name of the owner, the legal person registration number, the names of the directors or similar officers and shareholders with more than 10% of the companys capital, the domicile or head office of the publisher, printer and editorial office, and print run. [Paragraph 2 of Article 15, Press Act] In journalistic companies owning periodical publications incorporated in the form of a limited liability corporation, the shares shall be nominative. A list of the shareholders indicating their respective holdings, together with a list of the publications owned by such companies, or by other organizations belonging to the same group, shall be disclosed in all periodical publications owned by such companies during the month of April, and also forwarded to the Media Regulator ERC Entidade Reguladora para a Comunicao Social. Journalistic companies are required to include, in the periodical publication which they own with the largest print run, and until the end of the first semester of each year, their annual report and accounts, indicating the source of financial movements derived from equity or loan capital. [Article 16, Press Act] Is there an antitrust law limiting concentration in the daily press? There is no specific antitrust law for the press sector in Portugal. A concentration in the daily press shall be analysed according to the rules of Law No. 18/2003, of 11 June (legal framework for competition), without prejudice of the general protection of the pluralism and diversity as foreseen in the Constitution of the Portuguese Republic [Article 38, Freedom of the press and mass media, Paragraph 4], and the legal competences of the Media Regulator. Is further regulation of media concentration expected? Yes. A proposal onf a Media Concentration Law has been under parliamentary discussion.
357
ROMANIA
General economic situation Romania, which joined the European Union on January 1, 2007, began the transition from Communism in 1989 with a largely obsolete industrial base and a pattern of output unsuited to the countrys needs. Domestic consumption and investment have fuelled strong GDP growth in recent years, but have led to large current account imbalances. Romanias macroeconomic gains have only recently started to spur creation of a middle class and address the countrys widespread poverty. Corruption and red tape continue to handicap its business environment. Inflation rose in 2007-08, driven in part by strong consumer demand and high wage growth, rising energy costs, a nation-wide drought affecting food prices, and a relaxation of fiscal discipline. Romanias strong GDP growth moderated markedly in the last quarter of 2008 as the country began to feel the effects of a global downturn in financial markets and trade, and was much weaker in 2009. Romania hopes to adopt the euro by 2014. The inflation rate was estimated at 5% in 2009. Performance of newspapers vs. other media The independent media was active and expressed a wide variety of views without restriction. However, politicians and others with close ties to various politicians and political groups either owned or indirectly controlled numerous media outlets outside of the capital, and the news and editorial tone of these outlets frequently reflected the views of the owners. The tendency towards the concentration of national news outlets in the hands of a few wealthy individuals continued. Public media include Romanian Television TVR, with four channels, public radio (four channels), and the public news agency, AgerPres. A multitude of private broadcasters, including all-news channels, have established themselves. Urban areas receive a variety of television stations via cable, and in recent years, more cable firms have penetrated the rural areas. vehicles, women, fashion, and pets are strongly marketoriented and flourish. Economic reporting has actually suffered during the financial crisis. Newspaper launches / closures In 2009, 18 new editions of the free daily Adevarul de Seara were launched between February and September: Craiova, Targu Jiu, Brasov, Sibiu, Bistrita, Constanta, Ramnicu Valcea, Drobeta Tr. Severin, Alba Iulia, Braila, Buzau, Focsani, Galati, Piatra Neamt, Pitesti, Satu Mare, Slatina, and Targoviste. Adevarul de Seara has thus been publishing 32 local editions. Each local edition has its own staff and also has its own frontpage. Newspaper managers say this has jeopardized the market positions of already weakened local publications. Adevarul de Seara started with seven editions in October 2008: Bucharest, Arad, Timisoara, Iasi, Cluj-Napoca, Bacau, and Oradea. In December 2008 seven more editions were added: Ploiesti, Resita, Deva-Hunedoara, Suceava, Botosani, Targu Mures, and Baia Mare. Adevarul de Seara is the free evening spin-off from Romanian paid-for morning newspaper Adevarul which was acquired several years ago by Dinu Patriciu, a wealthy Romanian businessman. Adevarul de Seara is published seven days a week and counts 16 pages in full color. Total (BRAT) audited circulation of the paper was 465,000 at the end of 2009. The Hunedoara edition of free daily newspaper Expres closed in February 2009. The last Hunedoara edition was published on February 15, 2009. In Bucharest, free daily Compact, owned by Swiss publisher Ringier, closed on February 26, 2009. Advertising The economic crisis powerfully hit the media industry in Romania, with drops in advertising revenues evaluated between 10 percent and 25 percent. AnAn ARBOmedia evaluation shows that the ad market reverted in 2009 to the levels of 2005-2006 for broadcasting and of 20032004 for print media.
Parliament formally controls the state-owned news agency, but its market position is rather poor. The most important news agency is the privately owned Mediafax, which has been the only relevant player on the market for the past decade. NewsIn entered the market in 2006 and challenged Mediafax. However, owner Sorin Ovidiu Vantu has said that he will no longer support NewsIn, In previous years, the IREX Media Sustainability Index had identified state advertising as a form of hidden calling into question its survival. subsidy. After the 2004 elections, the new government Performance of different types of newspapers quickly passed a law to establish a more transparent and More than 17 Bucharest-based daily newspapers are on competitive mechanism to allot and pay for state the market, and a reader can buy three to four local daily advertising. State advertising was not considered to be a newspapers in the main cities. threat to media freedom in 2006 through 2008, but it returned in 2009. A scandal occurred in 2009 when Romania has a developed market for niche publications a newspaper accused the Minister for Sport and Youth, and it continues to grow. Specialized magazines for IT, Monica Iacob Ridzi, of allocating preferentially some
ROMANIA
contracts that included clauses for reporting on ministry events. While she resigned after the scandal broke, not one of the television stations that had received these contracts (Realitatea TV, Antena 3, Pro TV) gave an official explanation about the story. Circulation The Romanian media industry has developed professional forms of measuring audience and circulation for nearly all segments, including print, television, radio, and Internet. The Romanian Audit Bureau of Circulation (BRAT) was founded in 1998 as an independent, not-for-profit organization to bring together the media outlets, ad agencies, and clients playing for advertisements. The advertising agencies have set the existence of a BRAT certificate as a precondition for allocating any advertising contract. BRAT later developed the National Readership Survey (SNA), which approximates the total number of readers for publications and establishes the demographic data. Online / Digital Publishing There were no reported government restrictions on access to the Internet or substantiated reports that the government monitored e-mail or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail. The Internet was widely available in the country, and costs decreased due to competition. Internet cafes were widely available nationwide. Ownership Media outlets tend to be concentrated in several big companies. Romania has five big conglomerates. One such conglomerate is linked to Sorin Ovidiu Vantu, a highly controversial business owner that built his fortune through a fraudulent investment fund. Vantu controls 11 print outlets, three television stations, including the leading news channel, a radio network, and Romanias second largest news agency. Media owner Dinu Patriciu is a highly controversial businessperson and former politician. He had an aggressive investment approach but he surprisingly limited himself to print media in a country where television stations are the most influential. Patriciu owns the leading quality newspaper and one leading yellow newspaper, along with five quality magazines; among others, the local editions of Forbes and Foreign Policy. Adrian Sarbu controls five television stations, among them the most popular commercial station, Pro Tv, six Bucharest-based publications, two radio networks, and a network of local newspapers that was largely dismantled in 2009 due to the crisis, and the main news agency. The Voiculescu family owns five television stations, six Bucharest-based publications, and a number of radio
stations. Dan Voiculescu is the informal leader of a small party which is allied with the Social Democrat Party. The party is insignificant, but enters the parliament regularly because its alliance with big parties offers positive coverage in voiculescus media outlets. A foreign company based in Switzerland, Ringier is the biggest foreign investor in Romanian media, with three newspapers, among them the most circulated Romanian newspaper, the tabloid Libertatea, an economic weekly, and several magazines. According to a report prepared by the Center for Independent Journalism, in 2007-2008, the big five conglomerates controlled 45 percent of the television market (in terms of audience), with TVR controlling another 22 percent, and 90 percent of national newspapers (in terms of circulation). Media / Press Laws The law provides for freedom of speech and of the press, and the government generally respected these rights in practice. Journalists and private citizens could criticize government authorities, including those at senior levels. There were isolated cases of authorities intimidating or censoring the press or attacking journalists. Laws restricting freedom of speech continued to cause concern among the media and NGOs. Insulting state insignia (the coat of arms, national flag, or national anthem) is also an offense punishable by imprisonment; however, there were no reports of prosecutions or convictions under these provisions during the year 2009. The religion law includes a provision that forbids acts of religious defamation and public offense to religious symbols; there were no reports of prosecutions or convictions under this laws provisions during the year. The Romanian parliament passed a law in 2006 that eliminated prison terms for libel. However, the Constitutional Court reversed this decision on the grounds that the honor of a person cannot be defended only with monetary awards. The courts decision cannot be overruled, and makes it compulsory for the parliament to maintain libel in the penal code. To date, however, the parliament has not taken any action to reintroduce libel into the penal code. The situation creates endless problems in practice, with judges taking inconsistent views on whether libel is within their jurisdiction. Romania adopted a Freedom of Information Act in 2001. In 2006, the government made a significant improvement to the law by including all national companies and state-owned firms. A comprehensive report by the Public Policy Institute and Center for Independent Journalism, published in 2009, showed that 39% of citizens had heard of the law, and one out of five used it to get public information. As for
359
ROMANIA
journalists, the reports showed that all 68 journalists interviewed know the law and 60% use it frequently. In February 2009 the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) ruled that the country should pay Petre Mihai Bacanu, the honorary director of the newspaper Romania Libera, 8,000 euros (USD11,000) because his rights to freedom of speech and to a fair trial were violated. Domestic courts had ordered in 2003 that Bacanu and Romania Libera pay compensation to a former prime minister following Romania Liberas publication of several articles critical of a contract he negotiated with a controversial businessman to set up the Romanian Investment Bank. In 2009, the Romanian government assumed the responsibility for new penal and civil codes, essentially a way to fast-track legislation. This method gives parliament limited possibility to change drafts, but grants it some power to stop laws from being adopted. After media NGOs protested, the government allowed the parliament to comment. The initial drafts were not favorable to freedom of expression, but parliament improved them partially following the NGO intervention. Printing & Distribution Most of the newspapers own a printing house in order to reduce their costs. Romania has one newsprint factory, but its power to influence the market is limited due to the easily available imports. In principle, kiosks for media distribution are independent and free. The largest print media distribution company, the formerly stateowned Rodipet, is still inefficient, and quite often it generates financial problems for media outlets. The government privatized Rodipet with a controversial company that failed to relaunch it and did not respect the terms of the privatization contract. As a result, there are discussions now regarding renationalizing. Starting April 6, 2009, the press distribution company owned by the mayor of Constanta, Radu Mazare, and the local president of the County Council, Nicusor Constantinescu, blocked the distribution of Ziua de Constanta newspaper, which had criticized local authorities. State Support There are no direct subsidies for media outlets in Romania. Other Factors The internal crisis of the Romanian media, with an investment bubble as well, was sealed by the general crisis of the economy. Media corporations dealt differently with the problem. At the beginning of 2010, Intact corporation announced a general decrease in its employees salaries of 20 percent, while Realitatea corporation made the unfortunate choice to publicly announce that its salaries will remain the same. But this was for a short period, and that announcement came back to haunt the company. Later it announced a sharp decrease in salaries of 50 percent for senior editorial positions, and journalists working for its newspaper, Cotidianul, were reduced to minimum wage.
Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; IREX Media Sustainability Index 2010; FDN Newsletter
2.a

All individuals 000 % 3,454 15,495 3,266 22,215 16 70 15 100 Male 000 1,773 7,711 1,332 10,816 % 16 71 12 100 Female 000 % 1,681 7,784 1,934 11,399 15 68 17 100
Age 0-14 15-64 65 + Total

2.b

All adults 000 % 2,256 635 2,933 1,875 1,252 8,951 25.2 7.1 32.8 21.0 14.0 100 Male 000 1,040 305 1,377 1,005 609 4,336 % 24.0 7.0 31.8 23.2 14.0 100 Female 000 % 1,215 330 1,556 871 643 4,615 26.3 7.1 33.7 18.9 13.9 100
Social class A+B C1 C2 D E Total Source: NRS Romania
360
ROMANIA
3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
6.c

Publishing company Website Unique visitors per month (000) 1,423 1,338 1,292 1,163 1,073 986 964 892 781 485
Newspaper
Total dailies 48 Total paid-for dailies 46 National paid-for dailies 17 Regional and local 42 paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies 46 Total free dailies 2 National free dailies Regional and local 2 free dailies Total non-dailies 1 Total paid-for non-dailies 17 National paid-for non-dailies 7 Regional and local 10 paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies National free non-dailies Regional and local 2 free non-dailies Total paid-for Sundays 4 National paid-for Sundays 4
1
64 61 18 43 61 3 3 3 5 5
73 70 19 51 70 3 1 2 2 7 7
80 75 19 56 75 5 1 4 4 8 8
76 69 18 51 69 7 2 5 75 41 23 18 34 19 5 9 9
58.33 50.00 5.88 21.43 50.00 250.00 150.00 141.18 228.57 80.00 150.00 125.00 125.00
-5.00 -8.00 -5.26 -8.93 -8.00 40.00 100.00 25.00 25.00 12.50 12.50
Libertatea Gazeta Sporturilor Cancan Evenimentul Zilei Gandul Jurnalul Nacional Adevarul ProSport Click! Romania Libera Source: SATI December 2009
6.d
Ringier Romania Gazeta Online Cancan Media Editura Evenimentul Zilei si Capital Apropo Media Editura Intact Adevarul Holding Apropo Media Adevarul Holding Societatea R
libertatea.ro gsp.ro cancan.ro evz.ro gandul.info jurnalul.ro adevarul.ro prosport.ro click.ro romanialibera.ro

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
790.0 1,425.3 2,150.0 2,520.0 2,805.0 3,582.7 5,312.0 6,070.4 6,925.3 7,786.7
255.06 117.34
11.31 12.44
Source: Romanian Audit Bureau of Circulations (BRAT) Weeklies, including magazines

6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08 Broadband subscribers
377.1 1,090.0 1,949.1 2,506.0 2,804.0
643.57
11.89
Total dailies 1,136 Total paid-for dailies 1,087 National paid-for dailies 813 Regional and local 274 paid-for dailies Total free dailies 49 National free dailies Regional and local 49 free dailies Total non-dailies 1 Total paid-for non-dailies 240 National paid-for non-dailies 2 127 Regional and local 113 paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies National free non-dailies Regional and local free non-dailies Total paid-for Sundays 297 National paid-for Sundays 297
1,177 1,039 770 269 138 138 233 125 108 360 360
1,411 1,634 1,922 1,118 1,194 1,241 829 909 946 289 285 295 293 81 212 216 116 100 387 387 440 84 356 198 113 85 374 374
69.19 14.17 16.36 7.66
17.63 3.94 4.07 3.51

6.f

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
681 1,289.80 54.77 81 -3.57 600 1,124.49 68.54 4,334 722 200.83 651 412.60 71 -37.17 3,612 3,410 202 401 401 35.02 35.02 264.65 476.11 -16.47 7.22 7.22
7.aa
90.03
3.72

2004 (Romania, new leu, bln) 2005 2006 2007 287.2 342.4 404.7 2008 503.9
GDP
238.7
Source: National Institute of Statistics

7.ab

2003 (Romania, new leu, 000) 2004 2005 2006 11.3 13.3 15.9 2007 17.7
Source: Romanian Audit Bureau of Circulations (BRAT) Figures refer only to the titles that are audited by BRAT; figures available for 43 titles in 2003, 56 titles in 2004, 66 titles in 2005, 77 titles in 2006, 95 titles in 2007, 96 titles in 2008, and 148 titles in 2009
1 2

7.ac
9.1
Weeklies, including magazines National paid-for weeklies
(%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 0.30 0.33 0.40 0.42
5.a

(%) Reached

5.b
Ad expenditure
0.31
0.34
0.36
0.41
Age
All adults Men Women Main household shopper Source: NRS Romania
1 2
52.6 59.5 2 46.3 3 50.6 4
% % daily reach of readership within age group 18.6 22.8 22.3 21.2 15.1 100 42.1 47.9 51.2 50.3 47.7 -
For all urban areas: 47.8% For all urban areas: 54.5% 3 For all urban areas: 41.6% 4 For all urban areas: 46.1%
14-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 Total
Source: NRS Romania
361
ROMANIA
7.ba

(Romania, new leu, mln) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
7.f

Expenditure (Romania, new leu, 000) 66,075.8 61,285.7 52,820.7 44,447.9 43,372.0 33,264.9 31,871.2 24,953.4 15,789.9 15,749.7 % of display ad revenue 8.4 7.8 6.7 5.6 5.5 4.2 4.0 3.2 2.0 2.0
Advertising sector
197.9 231.0 253.1 294.0 101.1 106.6 108.8 144.0 96.7 124.4 144.3 150.0 553.6 748.7 955.4 1,303.0 58.8 79.8 85.3 122.0 6.8 8.2 8.3 10.0 81.3 101.5 132.2 210.0 8.2 15.8 42.8 73.0 906.6 1,184.1 1,477.1 2,013.0
167.0 72.0 95.0 900.0 84.0 7.0 150.0 54.0 1,361.0
175.0 75.0 100.0 990.0 93.0 7.0 165.0 65.0 1,494.0
210.0 90.0 120.0 1,287.0 111.0 8.0 198.0 85.0 1,899.0
243.0 99.0 144.0 1,415.0 122.0 10.0 218.0 127.0 2,135.0
Source: TNS-AGB; Alfa Cont SRL; ZenithOptimedia After discounts; excludes classified; excludes production costs; excludes agency commission; Internet includes all forms of paid advertising (banners, skyscrapers etc.); exchange rate used: USD1 = RON2.53 (2008 exchange rate)
7.c
Political parties 1 Mobile telecommunications Banks and banking services Real estate Cars Stores, commercial centres, supermarkets Governments/municipalities Books Buildings Brand group advertising automotives/motorcycles/boats Source: Alfacont Mediatrack
(Romania, leu in 2004, new leu in 2005-2008, mln) Change (%) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008/04 2008/07
Figures for national dailies and Sundays and regional dailies and weeklies; following advertising categories excluded: newspapers and magazines, TV stations, radio stations
1
2008 was an election year in Romania (local and parliamentary elections)
Total paid-for dailies 4,472,365.4 National paid-for dailies 2,802,987.0 Regional and local 1,669,378.4 paid-for dailies Source: Alfacont Mediatrack
485.5 276.1 209.4
549.7 306.1 243.6
695.3 394.7 300.6
790.5 435.2 355.3
-99.98 -99.98 -99.98
13.69 10.26 18.20
7.g

Expenditure (Romania, new leu, 000) 30,230.0 27,067.5 21,774.3 18,690.4 14,967.6 9,947.9 9,251.2 8,742.1 7,079.1 6,507.4 % of display % of advertising ad revenue expenditure 3.8 3.4 2.8 2.4 1.9 1.3 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.8 3.8 3.4 2.8 2.4 1.9 1.3 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.8
Advertiser
Rate card values, classified ads excluded; the following advertising categories excluded: newspapers and magazines, TV stations and radio stations; rate card figures (before discount); typical percentage discount available to advertisers from rate card is around 50% in national dailies and sometimes amounts to 90% in local newspapers.
7.d

Vodafone Orange Partidul Democrat Liberal (PD-L) Partidul National Liberal Romtelecom Banca Comerciala Romana Partidul Social Democrat Renault Nissan Romania Alianata PSD-PC Automobile Dacia Source: Alfacont Mediatrack
In colour Total
24,260 31,284 38,835 43,805 47,232 59,875 69,021 74,276 78,458 84,787
Source: Alfacont Mediatrack. The following advertising categories excluded: Newspapers and magazines, Radio stations, TV stations Data cover national dailies and Sundays, and local dailies and weeklies
Figures for national dailies and Sundays and regional dailies and weeklies; following advertising categories excluded: newspapers and magazines, TV stations, radio stations
8.a

Total circulation (000) 639 Titles 2 Newspaper 2 national paid-for dailies, 2 national paid-for Sundays, 1 national paid-for weekly, 1 local free daily 2 national paid-for dailies, 2 national paid-for Sundays, 1 national paid-for weekly 2 national paid-for dailies, 2 national paid-for Sundays, 1 national paid-for weekly 5 local paid-for dailies, 4 local free dailies, 3 local paid-for weeklies 3 national paid-for dailies, 1 local paid-for daily, 5 local paid-for weeklies, 1 national paid-for Sunday 1 national paid-for daily 1 local free daily 1 national free daily 2 national paid-for dailies, 1 national paid-for weekly 1 national paid-for daily
Contribution of display, classified, insert and online advertising to total advertising revenue
7.e
Publishing company Ringier Romania
2004 Display Inserts Total Source: Alfacont Mediatrack 99.42 0.58 100
2005 99.13 0.87 100
(%) 2006 99.09 0.91 100
2007 98.79 1.21 100
2008 99.46 0.54 100 Adevarul Holding 277 -
Intact
255
Following advertising categories excluded: Newspapers and magazines, TV stations, Radio stations; no data available for online and classifieds revenues Inform Media 158 -
Media Pro
152
Cancan Media Confort Media Dramiral Media Group Realitea Catavencu Societatea R
101 95 84 54 53
Source: BRAT (Romanian Audit Bureau of Circulations)
362
ROMANIA
8.ba

Language Publishing company Circulation (000) Readership (000) 538 1,379 402 646 774 695 619 256 558 196 Cover price usual max usual max (Romanian new leu) (USD) 0.50 0.55 1.00 0.50 0.90 1.00 0.90 1.00 1.00 1.20 0.70 0.70 11.00 1.10 9.00 1.10 9.90 1.20 0.18 0.19 0.35 0.18 0.32 0.35 0.32 0.35 0.35 0.42 0.25 0.25 0.39 0.39 3.18 0.39 3.50 0.42 Format Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Romanian new leu) 15,181 21,003 17,002 18,862 19,052 12,392 13,119 8,135 24,604 30,103 26,003 18,862 33,151 29,341 29,722 22,893 23,895 19,281
Title
Click! Libertatea Adevarul Cancan Gazeta Sporturilor Jurnalul National ProSport Romania Libera Evenimentul Zilei Gazeta de Sud
Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian
Adevarul Holding Ringier Romania Adevarul Holding Cancan Media Intact Intact Media Pro Societatea R Ringier Romania Media Sud Management
213 191 115 83 62 61 47 46 34 22
Tabloid Tabloid Berliner Tabloid Tabloid Berliner Tabloid Broadsheet Broadsheet Broadsheet
Source: NRS Romania, October 2007 October 2008; BRAT (Romanian Audit Bureau of Circulations)
8.bb

Founded Language Publishing company Circulation Format (year) (000) 2008 2006 2008 2005 2007 Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Romanian Adevarul Holding Ringier Romania Confort Media Editura Intact Inform Media Dramiral Media Group Ziarul meu SRL 432 150 100 61 51 20 13 Tabloid Tabloid A4 Tabloid -
15.a
Title
Adevarul de Seara 1 Compact Bucuresti 2 Ring Scanteia Expres 3 Curentul Brasovul tau
1 2
Does any law exist governing publishing-house ownership, or the registration of shares in newspaper-publishing companies? No Is there any law prohibiting or restricting foreign companies or individuals from owning shares, and in particular, the majority of shares, of domestic daily newspapers? No Is there any law prohibiting daily newspaper or periodical publishers from operating radio or television stations in the same locality? No So as to guarantee disclosure and transparency in the capital structure and to avoid silent partners, is there any law or rule permitting in any event the possibility of finding out who are the actual owners of a publishing company? No Is there an antitrust law limiting concentration in the daily press? Yes, but restrictions are unclear. Is further regulation of media concentration expected? Perhaps no details yet.
Source: Romanian Audit Bureau of Circulations (BRAT); FDN Newsletter Including 34 editions in 2009 Compact Bucuresti ceased publishing on February 26, 2009 3 Including four editions in 2009 in Arad, Cluj, Hunedoara, and Timisoara; the Hunedoara edition closed down on February 15, 2009
11.
Research (2009)
Circulation is audited by BRAT Biroul Roman de Audit al Tirajelor (Romanian Audit Bureau of Circulations) Readership is measured by BRAT National Readership Survey (SNA Focus) Methodology Continuous survey conducted on a sample of 22,000 interviews per year. The results of the survey are published quarterly, always on an annual basis (rolling over). The universe of the study consists of individuals aged 14-64, all urban.
12.
Taxes (2009)
% 19 9 9 19 19 19 19 16 16
Tax Standard VAT VAT on: Single copy sales Subscription sales Advertising Newsprint Composition Plant Tax on profits standard rate Tax on profits for newspapers Source: WAN-IFRA records
363
RUSSIA
General economic situation Russia has undergone significant changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, moving from a globallyisolated, centrally-planned economy to a more marketbased and globally-integrated economy. Economic reforms in the 1990s privatized most industry, with notable exceptions in the energy and defense-related sectors. country were completely or partially owned by the federal and local governments. As a result, the media often constrained editorial content, in particular, that which was critical of the government. The government maintained ownership of the largest radio stations, Radio Mayak and Radio Rossiya, both of which adhered to government positions in their news reporting. Ekho Moskvy radio, despite being majorityowned by the state corporation Gazprom, provided balanced coverage and independent editorial comments, often sharply critical of the government, and provided a platform to members of opposition.
Russian industry is primarily split between globallycompetitive commodity producers and other less competitive heavy industries that remain dependent on the Russian domestic market. In 2009 Russia was the worlds largest exporter of natural gas, the second largest exporter of oil, and the third largest exporter of steel and The government also owns the national news agencies primary aluminum. ITAR-TASS and RIA-Novosti. Interfax is the only privately-held news agency. The reliance on commodity exports makes Russia vulnerable to boom and bust cycles that follow the In June 2009 Russian news agencies RIA Novosti and highly volatile swings in global commodity prices. Interfax launched a joint project to provide coverage of The government since 2007 has embarked on an important national news with around 600 regional ambitious program to reduce this dependency and build media. Deputy Minister Alexander Zharov of the up the countrys high technology sectors, but with few Communications Ministry said that the move was results so far. A revival of Russian agriculture in recent a decision to support a struggling regional media. years has led to Russia shifting from being a net grain Regional media will be able to subscribe for free. importer to a net grain exporter. Alongside news stories, subscribers will also be able to receive photos, videos and inforgaphics. The The economy had averaged 7% growth since the 1998 subscription is available at fedpaket.ru. Russian financial crisis, resulting in a doubling of real disposable incomes and the emergence of a middle class. Performance of different types of newspapers The Russian economy, however, was one of the hardest The global financial crisis had a serious impact on Russian hit by the 2008-09 global economic crisis as oil prices print media in 2009. The consumer activity of the plummeted and the foreign credits that Russian banks population dropped significantly. Advertising revenues fell and firms relied on dried up. The Central Bank of Russia and print outlets had to optimize costs. The first wave of spent one-third of its USD600 billion international closures of non-profitable projects occurred in the autumn reserves, the worlds third largest, in late 2008 to slow the of 2008. The year 2009 saw very little bankruptcies. Cost devaluation of the ruble. The government also devoted reduction steps were undertaken by players on the market USD200 billion in a rescue plan to increase liquidity in at the end of 2008, and were finished by mid-2009. the banking sector and aid Russian firms unable to roll Publications reduced volumes, shifted to cheaper paper and printing services, reduced personnel and outsourced over large foreign debts coming due. some of their functions. National outlets closed down The economic decline appears to have bottomed out in some of their affiliated regional offices. mid-2009 and by the second half of the year there were signs that the economy was growing, albeit slowly. Long- Market leaders increased their market shares. All major term challenges include a shrinking workforce, a high players secured their business and stayed on the market. level of corruption, and poor infrastructure in need of Both competition and search of new business models increased. Publishers paid more attention to new media large capital investment. and openings but the Internet market has yet to become a major source of funding. The inflation rate was estimated at 11.9% in 2009. Performance of newspapers vs. other media Of the six national television stations, the federal government owned one and had a controlling interest in one other. State-owned or affiliated companies owned controlling interests in three others, and the Moscow city administration owned the sixth. Approximately two-thirds of the 2,500 other television stations in the
364
By the end of 2009 new launches resumed, including new and special projects. The number of pages of particular editions grew. In Russias regions, the situation is improving at a slower pace than in Moscow, but all major national networks retained their operations, albeit at a slower pace.
RUSSIA
There are virtually no evening newspapers in Russia, and there are also no Sunday newspapers. This is due to national habits and, not least, the problems of logistics and distribution. There is still a lack of strong local and regional daily brands, which in most regions were replaced by Moscow-based newspaper chains with localized content, like KP, Tvoy Den, or Rossiyskaya Gazeta. In 2009 very few regional affiliates of federal press were closed. Local and regional newspapers in many cases exist on financial subsidies from local authorities; hence they can hardly be considered real market actors. Most of them are old-fashioned and of considerably low quality, and are unsuccessful in attracting advertising. In 2009, parts of government subsidized publications closed. The most successful local newspapers are published weekly. Pure advertising titles (shoppers) are usually profitable. The latest trend is that many of them, facing competition from other titles and local TV channels, have started to add editorial content, hence converting into normal newspapers. Considering that they are often free, this conversion may become a foundation for shaping a whole new segment of the local free press. In Ekaterinburg, the Sport weekly newspaper was launched. On September 18, 2009, The New York Times announced the launch of its international weekly news supplement in Novaya Gazeta in Russia. The section, which will be published in Spanish and Russian respectively, joins a global network of newspapers that carry the international weekly, first introduced in 2002. The international weekly retains the layout and typography of The New York Times and includes news coverage, features, commentary, colour photos and graphics about the United States, world affairs, business, culture and social trends. It is prepared in New York by a team of editors and designers from The New York Times News Service. Novaya Gazeta is published three times a week in Russia and throughout Europe. In November 2009, the oldest newspaper in Murmansk Oblast, Polyarnaya Pravda, temporarily shut down production because of financial difficulties. The newspaper had been experiencing financial hardships for some time. During summer 2009 the number of weekly issues was cut down from four to three, and the number of pages had been reduced. Polyarnaya Pravda has been publishing since 1920. The newspaper does not receive any state support and lives off its own revenues.
As yet, there are not many genuinely free newspapers in Russia. Those which exist have proved to be very Advertising According to the Russias Association of Communication profitable. Agencies (RACA), the advertising market in Russia Newspaper launches / closures dropped by 26 per cent in 2009. The overall above-theMarket leaders remained in the market, while a number line (ATL) budget in 2009 was 204.2 billion roubles. of non-viable, subsidized or sponsored projects, including regional ones, were closed. Some new Printed media saw the biggest fall by -43%. Newspapers franchises of national chains were launched during fared somewhat better (-35%) than magazines (-41%) 2009. and free adsheets (-54%). The most notable relaunch has been that of Metro by The only segment that has shown growth is Internet Metro International. advertising. In the regions, primarily new free weeklies were In 2010, the situation is beginning to improve as launched: categories such as financial and insurance services, food products, and pharmacy begin to show growth. The free news weekly Pro Gorod launched regional editions in Kazan, Vladimir and Ioshkar-Ola. Weekly newspapers showed positive dynamics, growing by 9% in the fourth quarter of 2009 compared to the In Moscow, the free newspaper Dom. Kvartira. Dacha. same period in 2008. began to be published twice a week. TV guides showed significant growth at the beginning of In the Amursk region, the full-coulour weekly 2010. Poputchik, Vsegda v Puty appeared. The pace of reduction in daily newspapers and weekly In Kaliningrad, the new weekly Vechernyi Tramvai is magazines slowed, while monthlies dynamics have distributed in trams in addition to traditional points of stabilized. distribution. ZenitOptimedia predicts the media market will restore In St.Petersburg, Podrobno o zdorovie newspaper was itself earlier than other markets. For 2010, the prediction launched. is a 5% growth for the press compared to 2009.
RUSSIA
On television, advertising cannot exceed 15 minutes per hour in most cases; radio advertising is limited to 20 percent of airtime; and print advertisements (except in print media registered as advertising circulars) are limited to 40 percent of copy space. In 2009 regional Russian business newspaper formed an advertising promotion unit to attract national advertising. The Regional Business Press Union, a subsidiary of the Alliance of Independent Regional Publishers, directly communicates with advertising houses and agencies to promote regional business newspapers as a united advertising vehicle. Eight newspapers are currently members, with a combined circulation of 103,800 copies. In February 2010, Russian-language newspapers Moi Rayon, distributed in Moscow and St. Petersburg on weekends, as well as Moscows daily Metro, announced a joint advertising venture titled Seven Days a Week. The publications claim that fusing two separate distribution systems (the subway for Metro and large supermarket chains for Moi Rayon) would provide advertisers with maximum access to a desired audience on any day of the week. According to Lenta.ru, the combined audience of the two outlets amounts to 1.2 million. Moi Rayon has 557,000 readers in Moscow while Metro has 775,300. Local measurements have significantly reduced in scope. However, the Guild of Press Publishers (GIPP) arranged for the first study about the press in Russias 10 largest cities in 2009. Publishers are seriously considering modeling audiences of publications based on the results of circulation audits due to the integration of online and offline audiences. Online / Digital Publishing The government did not restrict access to the Internet. Individuals and groups could generally engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail, but traffic was reportedly monitored by the government. The government continued to require Internet service providers to install, at their own expense, a device that routes all customer traffic to a Federal Security Service terminal called the system for operational investigative measures that enabled police to track private e-mail communications and monitor Internet activity. There appeared to be no mechanism to prevent Federal Security Service access to the traffic or private information without a warrant. In contrast to other forms of media, the law does not require websites to register as mass media, and unregistered websites were not subject to administrative sanctions. Internet forums, including blogging services, continued to serve as the most open media vehicle in the country for expressing political views. However, individual postings on the Internet were subject to the same restrictions that applied to other types of expression, and some bloggers were investigated or charged for their Internet postings based on extremely broad definitions of legally prohibited activities, such as extremism or inciting hatred as well as for libel. In addition, the law allows authorities to hold bloggers liable for comments that others post on their blogs.
Circulation The National Circulation Service (NCS), established in 1998 as a not-for-profit organization, audits and certifies print runs and circulation of print publications. To be covered by NCS, a media outlet has to become a member and pay an annual fee. By the end of 2009, NCS had 572 members. According to Anna Koshman, executive director of the Alliance of Independent Regional Publishers in Moscow, major players in the press market were dissatisfied with NCS and decided to establish an alternative circulation service. Russia has several minority-language media outlets, which are often funded by the state. Examples include In the summer of 2009, a number of national media Vatanym Tatarstan in Tatar (www.vatantat.ru), Khypar outlets severed relations with the National Circulation in Chuvash (www.hypar.ru), and Khanty Yasang in Audit Service. Khanty (www.eduhmao.ru). At the beginning of 2010, the formation of a new ABC Russia according to the standards of the International Federation of Audit Bureaus of Circulation (IF ABC) was underway. The launch is planned for 2010. The founders-to-be are industrial associations of publishers, advertisers and distributors. One of the objectives of the new ABC Russia is to present print-run data for official statistics and international directories. There is a growing interest in developing newspaper websites, including those in the regions. Some outlets have dropped paper versions in favour of online editions. Most market leaders have been considering running online and digital publishing projects. Some, including Kommersant and Komsomolskaya Pravda dailies, have launched new radio stations.
Readership Many market players use the Internet to extend their In 2009, newspaper penetration fell from 11.3% in brands and expand newspaper audience by launching 2008 to 9.3%, according to TNS. new projects, such as interest clubs and issuecommunities.
RUSSIA
Many publishers have begun producing audio and video USD138) for officials, and from RUB 30,000 to 40,000 podcasts, turning their websites into full-scale news (USD1,035 to USD1,380) for firms. In addition, the portals. legislation calls for criminal charges to be filed against those suspected of tampering with state web sites. Most advanced publishers have been testing, among Misusing or tampering with material on state web sites other things, digital products for the iPhone and iPad. could result in a fine of RUB 200,000 to 500,000 (USD6,905 to USD17,264) or up to three years in In January and June of 2009, Russian news agency RIA prison. If the same crime is carried out by a group or Novosti introduced a series of lectures and seminars to a person with access to state information systems, the train staff in multimedia technology for video recording law calls for three to seven years in prison. and photo imaging, infographics, Internet search engines, black PR and legal risks in the media. In January 2010, the Moscow Arbitration Court The training culminated in two-week multimedia awarded Forbes and its Russian publisher, Axel Springer courses held at a summer school in the Moscow Region. Russia, a record USD300,000 in damages and the rights The agencys editor-in-chief said RIA Novosti believed to Forbes.ru in a landmark cyber squatting ruling. investing in training programs that improve staff skills is Forbes and its Russian publisher, Axel Springer Russia, the most effective anti-crisis program for media outlets. sued Landmark VIP Services, which advertises travel Many of these independent newspapers are part of packages on Forbes.ru, for the unauthorised use of the media holdings that include other newspapers and often magazines trademark in its web address. The Moscow other media, e.g. radio and Internet projects. Arbitration Court awarded Forbes USD300,000 in damages, the largest compensation payout to date In May 2009, Internet investment group Digital Sky in a Russian case of its kind. Cyber squatting legislation Technologies (DST) invested USD200 million in in Russia has often resulted in awarding of nominal Facebook for a 1.96% equity stake through preferred sums, and the Forbes case could mark a departure from stock at a USD10 billion valuation. DST, a global that precedent. investment group that holds large stakes in Eastern European and Russian Internet businesses, will not gain Ownership seats on Facebooks board or hold special observer rights, No significant mergers and acquisitions occurred in in accordance with Facebooks normal practices. DST 2009. There is a trend towards consolidation and may buy at least USD100 million worth of Facebooks increasing market shares of market leaders. common stock from existing stockholders to help liquidate current and former employees vested shares in Russia is a country of media conglomerates because this the social networking site, according to Facebooks model is more effective economically. According to the announcement. DST is based in London and Moscow 2008 data of the Federal Agency for Press and and is run by CEO Yuri Milner and his partners, Mass Communications, about 50 national media Gregory Finger and Alexander Tamas. Milner was the conglomerates accounted for 50 percent of all circulated CEO of Mail.ru. Finger previously led the Moscow copies and 70 percent of advertising revenue. There are office of the multibillion-dollar hedge fund NCH, and also 100 to 110 regional companies that generate 30 Tamas headed Internet and software coverage for percent of circulation and 20 percent of advertising Goldman Sachs investment banking division. The three revenue. partners hold interests in Mail.ru, Forticom, and VKontakte, and other European Internet properties. While the largest daily newspaper, Moskovsky DSTs main assets draw more than 70% of all page views Komsomolets, was independently owned, other on the Russian-language Internet, and its social influential national newspapers, including Izvestiya, networks reach than 350 million social networking site Rossijskaya Gazeta, and Kommersant, were owned by users in more than 13 countries. The privately held the government, persons affiliated with the government, or state-owned companies. In addition, the Ministry of company was formed in 2005. Defense owned the newspaper Krasnaya Zvezda. More According to a bill posted on the Justice Ministrys than 60 percent of the countrys 45,000 registered local website in late September 2009, Internet providers newspapers and periodicals were owned by the operating in the Russian segment of the web will be government or state-owned companies. forced to give information about their users to law enforcement agencies. Neither the bill nor an attached In May 2009, the government-affiliated Bank Rossiya memorandum indicated what kind of information the purchased a controlling stake in newspaper Izvestiya providers would be obliged to hand over. The legislation from state-owned Gazprom. calls for fines to be levied on offending parties for not handing over the required information. The fines range In 2009 Metro International acquired 58.5% of the from RUB1,500 to RUB2,000 (USD49 to USD66) for shares and capital in the St. Petersburg Metro. citizens, from RUB3,000 to 4,000 (USD103 to
RUSSIA
Foreign investment in Russian media is still relatively low. Initially, investment was concentrated in the magazine segment, but now foreign investors have taken an interest in newspapers. The European media group Schibsted publishes Moy Rayon, and the German WAZ Medien Gruppe has a share in a publishing house, Novosti Regionov, which owns and operates newspapers in several regional capitals. Foundation registered 290 cases denying journalists access to information, up slightly from previous years. In 2009, the Duma (federal legislative body) enacted a law guaranteeing all state television and radio stations equal coverage of each parliamentary partys activities.
Government officials occasionally responded to negative coverage by taking legal action against journalists and Media / Press Laws media outlets. Although the law prohibits courts from The constitution provides for freedom of speech and of imposing damages in libel and defamation cases that the press; however, in practice government pressure on would bankrupt a media organization, one NGO the media persisted, resulting in numerous reported that local courts did not always follow this in infringements of these rights. practice. Some regional and local authorities took advantage of the judicial systems procedural weaknesses and overly broad laws to detain persons for expressing views critical of the government. With some exceptions, judges appeared unwilling to challenge powerful federal and local officials who sought to prosecute journalists. These proceedings on occasion resulted in high fines. In Russia, libel is a criminal offense. According to Article 129 of the criminal code, dissemination of libel in the mass media can be penalized by a fine, community service, arrest, or a prison sentence of up to three years. In April 2009 the Basmanniy Court in Moscow ordered the newspaper Novaya Gazeta and journalist Vyacheslav Izmaylov to pay 110,000 rubles (USD3,640) to settle a libel case filed by Chechen president Kadyrov in connection with reports the newspaper published in 2008 on abductions in Chechnya.
Chechen authorities in April 2009 announced the lifting of all restrictions on the work of journalists in the republic as a result of the formal completion of the counterterrorist operations there. In contrast with previous years, there were no known detentions of reporters in Chechnya during the year. In practice, The civil code contains articles dealing with defamation however, journalists in Chechnya continued to face as well. Offended parties must prove malice, but public pressure and restrictions. officials are not held to higher standards. Courts often make decisions in favor of officials despite the evidence. On June 15, 2009, authorities sued to shut down the independent Dagestan weekly Chernovik because of its Each media enterprise has to register with the Federal alleged support for extremist views. At the same time, Service for the Oversight of Communications, the newspapers editor in chief, Nadira Isayeva, and Information Technology, and Mass Communications, several reporters were charged with inciting interethnic but the registration procedure is easy and the fee is hatred. In July 2008 the General Prosecutors Office affordable. For example, the fee to register a national opened a criminal investigation of Isayeva on charges of newspaper is RUB2,000 (less than USD70) and the fee publishing articles that called for extremist activities to register a regional or local newspaper is RUB1,000 and incited hatred or enmity on the basis of ethnicity. (USD35). However, entry into the television market The articles that led to the charges had alleged might be restricted by the availability of frequencies. widespread corruption in the Dagestan Ministry of Internal Affairs. A 2007 law expanded the definition of extremism and provided law enforcement officials with broad authority In August 2009 the Prosecutors Office in Sayanoto suspend media outlets that did not comply with Shushenkskaya opened a libel case against blogger restrictions. Mikhail Afanasyev, editor-in-chief of the online publication New Focus, for his reporting about an A warning to the media, first issued in 2006, against accident that killed 75 workers at a local hydroelectric referring to the National Bolshevik Party without plant owned by the state-run power company indicating that it was banned remained in place in 2009. RusHydro. Afanasyev tried to verify official death counts The media were informed that omitting the fact that the independently and questioned the adequacy of the party was illegal could be considered dissemination of rescue effort. Rights activists criticized the government false information and lead to the application of for initiating the libel case, and in August prosecutors restrictive, precautionary, and preventive measures. dropped it. Russian law guarantees all journalists access to public On October 6, 2009, a district court in Moscow ruled in information, but in practice, this information is not favour of Chechen president Kadyrov in a civil libel case available readily. In 2009, the Glasnost Defense against Oleg Orlov of the NGO Memorial for accusing
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Kadyrov of complicity in the killing of human rights activist and journalist Natalya Estemirova. On October 20, 2009, a criminal complaint brought by Kadyrov against Orlov was registered with the Moscow Central Directorate for Internal Affairs, under article 129 of the criminal code (slander), which allows for fines and imprisonment. On September 3, 2009, the public prosecutor refused to register the complaint; however, on September 8, 2009, Kadyrov successfully appealed the refusal. As of years end, the Samara edition of Novaya Gazeta remained unable to publish, pending the conclusion of a court case in which Sergey Kurt-Adzhiyev, the editor of the local edition, was fined 15,000 rubles (USD496) for using unlicensed software on his office computer. Kurt-Adzhiyev appealed the sentence, and the court ordered further examination of the case, which turned up violations committed by the prosecutors as well as new evidence. In March 2009 the court returned the case to the prosecutors. In October 2008 the State Duma Security Committee passed an amendment to the law that would enable authorities to close any organization deemed extremist by submitting charges to the court, which could not be challenged by the organization. In November 2008, in the context of rising concerns over the economy, the General Prosecutors Office announced that it would monitor the media for any damaging reports that might exacerbate the financial crisis. In August 2009 the Justice Ministry published an update of its list of extremist materials with 414 new additions. The additions included, among others, a picture of Winnie the Pooh wearing a swastika, a flag with a cross, and the popular Web site Samizdat, which Russian researchers use for neutral information in a manner similar to Wikipedia and which had more than 500,000 subscribers. 2009, representatives of incumbent mayor Vladislav Skvortsov, a candidate in the election, went to the plant where the newspaper was printed and warned that they would confiscate the issue in accordance with instructions they received from local election authorities. Vasilchenko did not send the newspaper to print. In April 2009 authorities issued warnings to mass information Internet websites against negative coverage of government news. In 2008 authorities issued two official warnings to the Yekaterinburg-based online news publication URA.ru because of comments posted by readers, which authorities deemed extremist. Under the law two warnings issued in the course of one year allow courts to shut down the media outlet. URA.ru continued to operate at the years end. In October 2009 Nashi youth group filed libel lawsuits against four foreign newspapers, including Britains The Independent and Frances Le Monde, for reports comparing the pro-Kremlin youth group to Hitler youth, bandits and nationalists. The reports were published late September 2009 and early October 2009 in The Independent, Le Monde, Frances Le Journal Du Dimanche, and Germanys Frankfurter Rundschau. The articles spoke about Nashis public campaign against journalist and human rights activist Alexander Podrabinek for his criticism of World War II veterans. Nashi filed the lawsuits in Moscows Savyolovsky District Court. According to the groups lawyer, Sergei Zhorin, Nashi wants public retractions of the phrases that it deems offensive and damages of RUB500,000 (USD17,260) from each of the newspapers. On December 1, 2009, a Moscow court ordered liberal politician Boris Nemtsov to pay the citys powerful mayor the equivalent of USD17,100 in libel damages. The court on November 30, 2009, also ordered the respected Kommersant daily to pay Mayor Yury Luzhkov another USD17,100 for publishing an interview with Nemtsov repeating some of his corruption allegations against the mayor. Both Nemtsov and the newspaper will have to retract the statements deemed libellous. Moscow mayor Yury Luzhkov is famous for never having lost a libel suit in his 18-year tenure.
Officials or unidentified individuals sometimes used force or took extreme measures to prevent the circulation of publications that were not favored by the government. On February 20, 2009, police in Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk region, seized 150,000 copies of the newspaper Pravda Primorya, published by the local branch of the Communist Party. The issue carried Copyright articles related to the upcoming elections for the local Copyright issues are becoming increasingly significant as publishers develop their Internet projects and operate on legislative assembly. multiple platforms. On the night of March 5, 2009, police in PetropavlovskKamchatskiy entered the apartment of Vladimir In June 2009, leading Russian news agencies and media Vasilchenko, editor-in-chief of newspaper Ekspress- outlets agreed on proposals for a draft law on granting Kamchatka, without presenting a search warrant and news reports the legal status of goods and imposing fines seized copies of the newspapers latest issue. According to for illegal publishing of copyrighted material. Vasilchenko, police claimed that the newspapers The Mass Communication Council at the Russian criticism of the city government was disruptive to the Communications Ministry met to discuss measures to ongoing mayoral election campaign. On March 10, protect intellectual property. RIA Novosti, Interfax, the
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Kommersant publishing house, Vedomosti and Gazeta.ru took part. Initiators of the draft suggested that offenders attempting to publish copyright material without citing the copyright holder pay fines ranging from 2,000 rubles (USD65) to 20,000 rubles (USD647), depending on whether they are individuals or legal entities. Printing & Distribution Russia has private and state-owned printing facilities. Prior to the economic crisis, the printing industry was growing, and print houses invested heavily in new equipment. As a result, more newspapers experimented with color. Russian printing industry suffered significant damage in 2009: its workload reduced significantly due to the closure of some projects, reduction of print-runs and numbers of pages, as well as shifting to cheaper technologies and cheaper kinds of paper. commodities. Retail sales continue to fall in all segments, except TV-guides and patchworks. A noticeable trend exists towards a growth in the popularity of cheaper news, how-to titles and entertainment titles. Throughout the year, cover prices gradually increased by 20% to 30%. Postal Issues Subscription faces problems. Individual and corporate subscriptions are declining. The overall volume and the list of titles offered for postal subscription remains stable, yet a demand for cheaper products has increased. Postal subscription prices in 2009 did not change, because the Russian government froze fees charged by the national operator Russian Post Office (Pochta Rossii), which handles the majority of subscriptions in Russia. The government provided subsidies to compensate losses of Pochta Rossii.
Taxes At the beginning of 2010, import duties on coated Preferred VAT taxation (10%) covers sales services of print media, excluding advertising and erotic titles. papers was reduced from 15% to 5%. Dispatch and delivery, editorial and other publishing Newspaper printing suffered less than magazine activities associated with the production of print titles, printing. Competition became more severe, and some advertising and information services, and postal delivery to subscribers are still subject to the basic 18% VAT rate. discount offers border on dumping. At the beginning of 2010, the situation was improving but printing capacities are still under-loaded. Most major printing plants have survived and are in the process of consolidation and development of industrial capacities, including modernization and adding new equipment. State Support The state traditionally supports some printed titles, mainly through direct subsidies and grants. Both are distributed through the Federal Agency for Print and Mass Communications.
Another means of state support are the government Among the most significant industrial events of 2009, subsidies to Pochta Rossii to compensate its losses due to stable delivery prices. there are two worth mentioning: The equipment of the historical printing plant Press (formerly Pravda) was transferred from the centre of Moscow city to the ExtraM printing plant in the Moscow region. Both printing plants are owned by the same company, Media3. Komsomolskaya Pravda launched three new printing plants in Kemerovo, Stavropol and Vladivostok. In 2009 some changes in economic regulation occurred that had an impact on distribution. Namely, the Trade Law was passed that regulates trade chains. A new tax legislation has increased the burden on distribution networks. In 2009, changes to the tax code upped taxes imposed on distributors, so distributors had to increase their mark-up. The distribution market did not suffer a significant damage in 2009. A drop in press sales revenues was made up for by the increase of sales of accompanying
370
Import duties on coated papers went down from 15% to 5% at the beginning of 2010. Other Factors At the end of 2009, the Glasnost Defense Foundation reported 59 journalists had been attacked during the year and eight killed (Telman Alishayev, Anastasia Baburova, Natalia Estemirova, Sergey Protazanov, Vyacheslav Yaroshenko, Olga Kotovskaya, Abdulmalik Akhmedilov, and Shafiq Amrakhov). The national media reacted to two of these cases; the January murder of Anastasia Baburova, a journalist from Novaya Gazeta, in Moscow; and the July killing of Natalia Estemirova, a human rights activist and contributor to Novaya Gazeta, in Chechnya. The two cases received national coverage because those journalists were affiliated with the national Novaya Gazeta, which is based in Moscow and is well connected with other Moscow-based media. These and other crimes against journalists were not prosecuted vigorously. Some commentators attribute this to Russias poorly functioning law enforcement
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system. For example, in February 2009, the defendants in journalist Anna Politkovskayas murder were acquitted by the jury board, which cited shoddy evidence collection by state investigators. On March 29, 2009, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev acknowledged that political murders exist in Russia, after a spate of unsolved killings of journalists and activists. Unfortunately journalists are suffering, like other citizens, from criminal activity, said Medvedev in a BBC interview.
Source: Guild of Press Publishers (GIPP); CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; WAN-IFRA SFN Weblog; The New York Times; Information Week; AFP; Ria Novosti; European Journalism Centre; WAN-IFRA Editors Weblog; Barents Observer; International Journalists Network; Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty; IREX Media Sustainability Index 2010

2.a

All individuals 000 21,092 21,834 22,573 19,254 22,880 15,373 18,898 141,904 Male 000 10,806 11,089 11,249 9,384 10,593 6,550 5,970 65,641 Female 000 10,286 10,745 11,324 9,870 12,287 8,823 12,928 76,263
Age 0-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total

2.ca
2.cb

Children Without children With children aged 0-3 aged 4-9 aged 10-15 Total Households 000 % 36,702.8 20,821.7 4,827.1 10,636.2 9,131.5 57,756 63.5 36.1 8.4 18.4 15.8 100
Households 000 % 5,760.9 13,422.9 15,979.8 14,758.4 7,834.0 57,756 10.0 23.2 27.7 25.6 13.6 100
Source: Federal State Statistics Service via ZenithOptimedia

2.b
Source: TNS Gallup Media, National Readership Survey Russia


All adults 000 % 6,628.4 7,065.4 6,825.6 13,732.4 3,806.6 11,583.4 3,020.5 3,216.7 1,876.9 57,756.0 11.5 12.2 11.8 23.8 6.6 20.1 5.2 5.6 3.2 100 Male 000 4,098.7 2,838.8 2,222.5 8,457.5 1,818.2 3,480.2 1,864.9 13.9 1,025.7 25,820.4 % 15.9 11.0 8.6 32.8 7.0 13.5 7.2 0.1 4.0 100 Female 000 % 2,529.7 4,226.6 4,603.1 5,275.0 1,988.5 8,103.2 1,155.6 3,202.7 851.2 31,935.6 7.9 13.2 14.4 16.5 6.2 25.4 3.6 10.0 2.7 100
Social class Executives Specialists White collar Blue collar Students Retired Unemployed Housewives No answer Total
Age Under 25 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total
Housewives 000 % 671.1 1,504.3 638.1 354.3 37.9 11.0 3,216.7 20.9 46.8 19.8 11.0 1.2 0.3 100
371
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3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
6.a
Online editions
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies Evening and afternoon paid-for dailies Total free dailies Regional and local free dailies Total non-dailies Total paid-for non-dailies National paid-for non-dailies Regional and local paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies Regional and local free non-dailies
494 491 23 468 470 21 3 3 25,984 25,686 7,056 18,630 298 298
552 521 25 496 497 24 31 31
545 510 25 485 486 24 35 35
533 495 25 470 473 22 38 38 27,510 26,930 7,120 19,810 580 580
582 541 24 517 520 21 41 41 28,011 27,391 6,980 20,411 620 620
17.81 10.18 4.35 10.47 10.64 0.00 1,266.67 1,266.67 7.80 6.64 -1.08 9.56 108.05 108.05
9.19 9.29 -4.00 10.00 9.94 -4.55 7.89 7.89 1.82 1.71 -1.97 3.03 6.90 6.90
Dailies National dailies Regional dailies Non-dailies Total
521 510 495 542 23 25 25 25 25 496 485 470 517 4,521 7,140 10,050 17,950 25,689 4,544 7,661 10,560 18,445 26,231
8.70 468.21 477.27
9.49 0.00 10.00 43.11 42.21
Source: Federal Agency for Print and Mass Communications Data represent registered titles
6.c

Publishing company Website Unique visitors per month (000) 12,618 6,798 5,016 3,742 3,491 3,408 3,311 3,212 2,997 2,867 2,564 2,286 2,217 998
Newspaper 26,542 26,610 26,112 26,100 7,145 7,080 18,967 19,020 430 430 510 510
Komsomolskaya pravda Sport-Express Iz ruk v ruki
Source: Federal Agency for Print and Mass Communications

3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total free dailies 190 Regional and local free dailies 190
1,157 1,172 1,177 1,185 1,157 1,172 1,177 1,185
523.68 523.68
0.68 0.68

5.a

(%) Reached
Komsomolskaya pravda Sport-Express Pronto Moskva (Trader Media East) Gazeta Gazeta Vedomosti Independent Media Sanoma Magazines Kommersant Kommersant Rossijskaya Gazeta Rossijskaya Gazeta Izvestia Izvestia (National Media Group) Moskovsky Komsomolets Moskovsky Komsomolets Sovetsky Sport Komsomolskaya pravda RBC daily Rocbussinessconsulting Nezavisimaya gazeta Nezavisimaya gazeta Trud Media3 Novye Izvestia Novye Izvestia Source: Ramblers Top 100
6.d
kp.ru sport-expess.ru irr.ru gzt.ru vedomosti.ru kommersant.ru rg.ru izvestia.ru mk.ru sovsport.ru rbcdaily.ru ng.ru trud.ru newizv.ru
Age
9.3 10.4 8.5 8.4

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Source: TNS Media Research, National Readership Survey Russia
16-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total
1,890.5 24,778.1 35,000.0 45,400.0 59,700.0 21,800.0 25,688.6 59,262.9 68,515.9 88,068.0
3,057.89 303.98
31.50 28.54

6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Source: TNS Media Research, National Readership Survey Russia

5.c
Media consumption
2005 (minutes per day) 2006 2007 2008 9.7 5.2 211 219.0 4.6 9.0 5.0 226 214.0 6.0 10.0 5.0 175 210.0 12.0 2009 9.4 5.6 210 207.2 30.4
1,589 2,900 4,900
9,280 12,900
711.83
39.01

6.f
All newspapers Magazines Radio Television Internet Source: TNS Media Research
18.0 18.0 228 216.0 6.0

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
7.aa
92.08
15.53
Cities with population over 100,000; TV-Index: population aged 4+, MayOctober; Radio Index: population aged 12+, JulySeptember; Marketing Index: population aged 16+, MayOctober
5.d

2005 (Russian ruble, bln) 2006 2007 2008 2009
Number of readers
2005 2006 (000) 2007 2008 2009
GDP
21,625.4 26,903.5 33,111.4 41,668.0 39,063.6
Source: Federal State Statistics Service

7.ab
5,724.5 4,887.3 5,034.7 6,522.5 5,387.9

2005 (Russian ruble, 000) 2006 2007 2008 186.4 232.0 293.4 2009 275.3
Source: TNS Media Research, NRS Russia Cities with populations over 100,000; population aged 16+; method of data collection: face-to-face interviewing at respondents residence GDP per capita
150.2
Source: 2005 ZenithOptimedia; 2006-2009 Federal State Statistics Service
372
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7.ac
(%) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 0.45 0.43 0.43 0.44

7.f
7.g

Advertiser % of newspaper expenditure 1.52 1.36 1.26 1.12 1.09 1.05 0.99 0.97 0.86 0.77
Advertising sector Financial management services Commercial organizations Passenger motor transport Involving of assets Loans for natural persons Specialized actions Mass shows Dwelling property services Commercial and financial services Non-residential premises services
Ad expenditure
0.67
0.70
0.63
0.63
7.ba

(Russian ruble, mln) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Press Television Radio Cinema Outdoor Internet Total
39,300 65,900 8,500 1,100 25,700 1,700 142,200
44,600 85,900 12,500 1,800 33,100 2,900 180,800
51,900 112,500 14,900 3,100 40,400 5,700 228,500
57,600 137,600 14,000 4,500 45,800 7,500 267,000
32,800 112,800 9,200 3,400 28,400 8,100 194,700
34,500 120,700 9,700 3,500 31,200 9,300 208,900
37,400 134,500 10,500 4,200 35,600 11,700 233,900
42,000 153,400 12,100 5,100 41,700 14,800 269,100
Volkswagen Group of Companies of German Sterligov Gazprombank Swatch Group Mercury Ford Motor Co Sberbank of Russia Uralsib Financial Corporation Transneft Obschee radio SOV based on expenditures
Source: AKAR; Russian Association of Communication Agencies (RARA); ZenithOptimedia Includes agency commission; excludes production costs; after discounts; includes VAT; newspapers include special advertising editions; Internet includes banners and advertising in newsletter e-mails
7.d
Source: TNS Media Intelligence SOV based on expenditures

8.a

Total circulation (000) 850 848 700 300 220 220 200 176 130 110 100 Newspaper Metro (Moscow), Metro (Saint Petersburg) Komsomolskaya Pravda, Sovetsky Sport Moskovsky Komsomolets Vechernyaya Moskva Rossijskaya Gazeta Trud Sport-Express Izvestia Kommersant Vedomosti, The Moscow Times Tvoy Den
Publishing company Metro International

(pages & page equivalents) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Komsomolskaya Pravda Moskovsky Komsomolets Vechernyaya Moskva Rossijskaya Gazeta Media3 Sport-Express Izvestia Kommersant Independent Media News Media Rus Source: Guild of Press Publishers Daily newspapers only
In colour Total Source: TNS Media Intelligence
8,282.03 11,415.40 16,019.62 18,475.55 12,969.44 19,508.44 23,616.76 26,536.74 27,652.19 20,491.89
A2 pages; data for Moscow and Saint-Petersburg only
8.ba

Founded (year) Language Publishing company Circulation (000) Russian Russian Russian Russian Russian Russian Russian Russian Russian Russian Russian Moskovsky Komsomolets Komsomolskaya Pravda Vechernyaya Moskva Rossijskaya Gazeta Media3 Sport-Express Komsomolskaya Pravda Izvestia (National Media Group) Kommersant News Media Rus Independent Media Sanoma Magazines 700 668 300 220 220 200 180 176 130 100 75 Readership (000) 1,022 3,049 220 1,334 139 658 755 322 287 80 164 Broadsheet Tabloid Broadsheet Broadsheet Tabloid Broadsheet Tabloid Broadsheet Broadsheet Tabloid Broadsheet Format Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Russian ruble) 948,500 1,450,000 730,000 400,000 995,900 3,200,000 220,000 415,000 460,000 720,000 1,150,000 344,400 1,200,000
Title
Moskovsky Komsomolets Komsomolskaya Pravda Vechernyaya Moskva Rossijskaya Gazeta Trud Sport-Express Sovetsky Sport Izvestia Kommersant Tvoi Den Vedomosti
1919 1925 1923 1993 1921 1991 1924 1917 1989 1999
Source: Guild of Press Publishers

8.bb

Founded (year) Language Publishing company Circulation (000) Russian Russian English Gazeta Metro 1 Tri korony (Metro International) Independent Media Sanoma Magazines 600 400 35 Readership (000) 417 730 34 2 Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Format Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Russian ruble) 445,500 448,400 314,400 -
Title
Metro, Novaya Gorodskaya Gazeta (Moscow) Metro (St. Petersburg) The Moscow Times
1 2
1997 1997 1992
Source: Guild of Press Publishers In March 2009 joined to Metro International Only Russian-speaking audience (due to research methodology)
373
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9.a
Employment
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
102,300 106,400 107,600 101,200 87,200 305,200 310,500 311,200 300,100 285,000
-14.76 -6.62
-13.83 -5.03
Source: Federal Agency for Print and Mass Communications Estimate in registered titles
9.b
throughout Russia (CATI). Samples represent urban population of the country, as well as the population of each of the major cities. The research assesses readership of 240 titles in Moscow, around 190 national and 440 local newspapers and magazines throughout Russia. Results are released four times a year, although the interviews are conducted all the year round.
Salaries
(Russian ruble, mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total salary costs Estimate

10.c
30,300 44,700 51,200 55,700 39,500
30.36
-29.08
12.
Taxes (2009)
% 18 10 18 18 18 18 18 24 24
Tax Standard VAT VAT on: Single copy sales Subscription sales Advertising Newsprint Composition Plant Tax on profits standard rate Tax on profits for newspapers Source: Guild of Press Publishers
Newsprint costs
2005 (Russian ruble) 2006 2007 2008
1
2009 16,900
Average per ton

1
16,125
15,226
16,817
17,842
Source: RAO Bumprom (Russian Association of Pulp-Paper Organizations) USD560-580, wholesale national market price in December 2005
11.
Research (2009)
13.a
Circulation is audited by Circulation is audited by The National Circulation Service launched in August 1988 to control circulation and distribution of press and periodicals. In 1999 NCS joined the International Federation of Circulation and Distribution Control Bureaus. In Russia circulation auditing is voluntary. Each title having certified its circulation obtains the right to print the NCS logo next to its circulation statement, thus confirming adequacy of circulation data and allowing advertisers to assess the true potential of the media as an advertising vehicle and differentiate it from unfair competitors. As yet, however, the NCS does not have much authority in the publishing market. Readership is measured by Readership is measured by TNS Gallup Media. Established in 1994, TNS Gallup Media is now a leading research company in Russia specializing in mass media audience measurement (including press, TV, radio, and Internet) and advertising monitoring. Among the companys clients are all major TV channels, radio stations, publishing houses, and advertising agencies. Its experts regularly participate in professional conferences and symposiums on media measurement organized by ESOMAR and ARF. Starting from 1997, TNS Gallup Media represents Russia in the European Media Research Organization (EMRO). For more information on TNS in Russia visit www.tns-global.ru Methodology National Readership Survey started in 1995 as one of the first projects launched by TNS Gallup Media. It combines 45,000 interviews conducted in Moscow, 12,000 in Saint-Petersburg and 126,000 interviews
374
13.b
Direct subsidies
(Russian ruble, mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total amount
48.0
150.6 150.6 139.8 181.1
277.29
29.54

14.
Discounts (2009)
Discount on rates of Post Railroad Telephone Telegraph Telex Other Source: Guild of Press Publishers
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15.a
15.b

National TVs Up to 50% 1 Regional Newspapers x2 National Newspapers x2
Does any law exist governing publishing-house ownership, or the registration of shares in newspaper-publishing companies? Yes, the Federal Law On Mass Media as of December 12, 1991. Is there any law prohibiting or restricting foreign companies or individuals from owning shares, and in particular, the majority of shares, of domestic daily newspapers? In March 2008 the State Duma (Russian parliament) adopted a new law setting limits on direct foreign investment in so-called strategic industries. Printed media were included in that list. The law refers to the titles with circulation of a single issue more than 1,000,000 copies which are prohibited to have more than 50% of ownership capital of foreign origin. The law also applies for the companies that can print in their facilities more than 200 million press sheets per month. The law is non-retroactive, so it is not going to affect current holdings. Is there any law prohibiting daily newspaper or periodical publishers from operating radio or television stations in the same locality? No So as to guarantee disclosure and transparency in the capital structure and to avoid silent partners, is there any law or rule permitting in any event the possibility of finding out who are the actual owners of a publishing company? No Is there an antitrust law limiting concentration in the daily press? No Is further regulation of media concentration expected? No
Owners Foreign Investors
Source: Guild of Press Publishers 1 Amendment to the Federal Law on Mass Media, 2001, 2002 2 See Table 15.a Ownership laws and rules
375
SAN MARINO
General economic situation San Marinos economy relies heavily on its tourism and banking industries, as well as from the manufacture and export of ceramics, clothing, fabrics, furniture, paints, spirits, tiles, and wine. The economy also benefits from foreign investment due to its relatively low corporate taxes and low taxes on interest earnings. The per capita level of output and standard of living are comparable to those of the most prosperous regions of Italy, which supplies much of its food. The inflation rate was estimated at -3.5% (deflation) in 2008. sports daily newspaper Lo Sportivo.sm was launched, with the cover price of EUR1. Il Corriere di Informazione Sammarinese, Il Resto del Carlino and Il Corriere Romagna are dailies published in Italy, including pages on San Marino. Italian and foreign newspapers are widely available.
Online / Digital Publishing There were no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitored Performance of newspapers vs. other media e-mail or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups State-sponsored San Marino RTV operates both a radio could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the and a television station. Radio Titano is the countrys Internet, including by e-mail. sole privately owned radio station. Italian television Media / Press Laws broadcasts are available throughout the country. The law provides for freedom of speech and of the press, Performance of different types of newspapers and the government generally respected these rights in The government, some political parties, and trade practice. An independent press, an effective judiciary, unions all publish newspapers. The three main national and a functioning democratic political system combined dailies are La Tribuna Sammarinese, San Marino Oggi to ensure freedom of speech and of the press. and LInformazione di San Marino. In May 2007, a new Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; Council of Europe; Wikipedia
3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
2 2
3 3
4 4
4 4
4 4
100.00 100.00
0.00 0.00
3.b

Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
50.00
0.00

6.d

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
5.5 15.2
5.8 15.4
5.9 15.6
6.0 17.0
6.5 17.0
18.18 11.84
8.33 0.00

6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08

2.a

1.2
1.5
1.5
4.9
10.0
733.33
104.08

6.f
Age 0-14 15-64 65 + Total

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
17.4
17.5
24.0
24.0
39.53
0.00
376
SAN MARINO
7.aa

7.ab

GDP
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.6
GDP per capita
28.0
27.7
27.7
30.2
Source: 2004-2006 CIA The World Factbook via Index Mundi; 2007 CIA The World Factbook
8.ba

Founded (year) 2006 2007 Language Italian Italian Italian Italian Publishing company La Tribuna srl Sport Agency.sm s.r.l. Circulation (000) 1 1 Cover price usual Format (Euro Member Countries, euro) 1 1 1 A4 A4
Title La Tribuna Sammarinese San Marino Oggi LInformazione di San Marino Lo Sportivo.sm
Source: Wikipedia; WAN-IFRA from public sources
377
SERBIA
General economic situation After the ousting of former Federal Yugoslav President Milosevic in September 2000, the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) coalition government implemented stabilization measures and embarked on a market reform program. Belgrade has made progress in trade liberalization and enterprise restructuring and privatization, including telecommunications and small- and medium-size firms. It has made halting progress towards EU membership despite signing a Stabilization and Association Agreement with Brussels in May 2008. Unemployment and the large current account deficit remain ongoing political and economic problems. The inflation rate was estimated at 6.8% in 2007. 2009 Amendments to the Law on Public Information. Unlicensed broadcasters pose a number of problems for those that are licensed, including interfering with licensed signals and bleeding advertising revenue from licensed competitors. Law on National Councils of National Minorities aims to enhance minority media in Serbia. However, allowing national or local governments to delegate the founding and management of public media to nationally chartered bodies that represent minorities undermines a previous law that mandates privatization and prohibits the further establishment of media funded predominantly by public sources.
Performance of different types of newspapers Performance of newspapers vs. other media In December 2009 and January 2010 Serbian weekly Serbia has many sources of news and information and Vranjske was the target of strong political pressure. the market is saturated. According to the South East Europe Media Organisation (SEEMO), since Vranjske published articles critical of There are 107 TV stations, about 50 cable and satellite local politics, certain members of a local political party stations, and approximately 550 radio stations. are jeopardizing the right of Vranjske journalists to inform the public in a professional and objective way. All Radio-Television Serbia (RTS), a public media outlet public institutions that are managed by the political funded by mandatory subscription, was a major presence, party are now prohibited from advertising with Vranjske, operating two television channels as well as Radio and local officials of the political party are prohibited Belgrade. The RTS coverage was usually objective, from communicating with journalists from Vranjske. although the government had considerable influence over the RTS and public service Radio Television of Advertising Vojvodina. In addition, many television stations relied on According to Darko Brocic, director of AGB Nielsen in Belgrade, the value of advertising in the media dropped the state-owned agency Tanjug for news. between 20 and 25 percent in 2009. The worst drop was There are three major news agencies: Tanjug is state- in print media, between one-third and one-half, owned, Beta and Fonet are private holdings. followed by billboards and TV stations, with drops State-owned Tanjug receives almost USD2 million per between 25 percent and 33 percent. Local and regional year from the state budget. The independent news TV stations were hit the worst. Altogether, advertising in agencies Beta and Fonet complained that state financing all media diminished. Only Internet advertising was on gave Tanjug an unfair commercial advantage. The the rise, but its share in total advertising in Serbia is tougher economic conditions of 2009 forced some marginal. media to cancel their news agency subscriptions. Some media, faced with the reality of lower advertising Infobiro news agency, a new phenomenon in 2009, is revenues, are entering into additional business activities, financed by political parties and businesses. Infobiro such as organizing marketing promotions, opening cafes, produces video reports for its funders on a contract basis, producing books, etc. featuring television clips from different events. After production, the products are available for free download Online / Digital Publishing There were no government restrictions on access to the from its website for broadcasting. Internet, e-mail, or Internet chat rooms; however, as in Independent media organizations were generally active previous years, there were some isolated reports that the and expressed a wide range of views; however, some government monitored e-mail. Individuals and groups media organizations experienced threats or reprisals for could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail. publishing views critical of the government. The Association of Independent Electronic Media (ANEM) reported in October 2009 that about 100 unlicensed media still operate despite existing regulations that were further strengthened by the August
378
Ownership The print and broadcast media were mostly independent and privately owned, although privatization of municipally owned media was not yet completed.
SERBIA
In local areas, all state media outlets are controlled by local governments and politicians and face extreme pressure. Because they depend on politicians for their budgets and appointments, local stations broadcast biased news programs. and sales garnished in the case of a publication or seven days of advertising in the case of a broadcaster. Electronic media will also have to pay a fine equivalent to their daily advertising revenue, prompting criticism that the new law will lead to self-censorship. The law includes a new fine structure for several possible breaches of the media law. For example, unregistered publications or broadcasters face fines of RSD1 million to RSD20 million (USD13,500 to USD270,000), plus the person responsible for the lapse can be fined RSD200,000 to RSD2 million (USD2,700 to USD27,000).
In March 2009 Swiss media group Ringier AG bought a majority stake in weekly Serbian news magazine NIN for USD1 million. As part of the deal for the 70 per cent shareholding, Ringier will invest USD240,000 in the company. NIN is one of the oldest political magazines in Serbia, having originally been founded in 1935. Its other main stakeholder is the influential pro-Serbian The 2009 amendments also includes provisions for government broadsheet Politika, with 10 per cent. fining media outlets that violate the rights of minors, and increases penalties for previously enumerated Media / Press Laws violations. Finally, the law prevents transference of The constitution and law provide for freedom of speech ownership rights from one media owner to another and of the press; however, there were reports of media owner. government interference with these freedoms. On March 30, 2009, the Court in Nis fined journalist The government did not censor the media, but Dragana Kocic and editor-in-chief Timosenko journalists sometimes practiced self-censorship to avoid Milosavljevic of the Serbian daily newspaper, Narodnih possible libel suits. Novina, 1,000,000 Serbian dinars (approx. EUR10,760) in a defamation case for an article that used quotes from Libel is a criminal offence; persons convicted of libel official documents. Both defendants have appealed to could be imprisoned or fined 40,000 to one million the High Court. Kocic and Milosavljevic were charged dinars (approximately USD600 to USD14,900). with defamation after publishing an article in April 2008 that used quotes from official documents they had In July 2009 the Ministry of Culture and Ministry of received. justice drafted amendments to the Law on Public Information. In August 2009 the Organization for On June 16, 2009, the Ministry of Culture filed a Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the misdemeanor offense charge against Radeta Jerinic, International Federation of Journalists (IFJ), and local editor-in-chief of the daily newspaper Kurir, for journalist associations expressed concern over draft revealing the identity of a minor detained by the police. amendments to the media law that would impose excessive fines that could limit media freedom and lead Printing & Distribution to self-censorship. The OSCE added that the lack of In 2009, Futura Plus, which controls 25 percent of print transparency and public dialogue during the drafting of media distribution, was prolonging payment for sold the amendments was a particular cause for concern. copies. The delays were so drastic that print media Serbian parliament postponed a vote on the united to stop supplying this companys kiosks with controversial media censorship bill until August 31, copies. The government did not intervene, despite publishers hopes. 2009. On August 31, 2009, parliament adopted the law; the president signed it the same day. On September 23, 2009, the ombudsman submitted the amendments to the Constitutional Court for review, and on October 8, 2009, the Constitutional Court requested that the parliament as initiator of the law provide its opinion. The Association of Independent Electronic Media (ANEM) reported that the government violated the constitution by promulgating the law the same day it was passed. State Support The government solidly subsidizes state-owned media. In 2008 state-owned media received 66 to 100 percent of their financing from the state budget, and this was the case for 2009. However, government subsidies for independent media are minimal.
On June 25, 2009, the government approved emergency measures to assist media companies during the global economic downturn. The measures reduced Republic Broadcast Agency (RBA) fees and set aside 60 million Under the 2009 amendments to the Law on Public dinars (approximately USD895,500) to co-finance Information, media outlets found guilty of libel or media and press projects. found to have violated the presumption of innocence of persons accused of crimes face fines equal to State-owned media are eligible for a Ministry of Culture a maximum of having seven days worth of advertising tender intended to help endangered media, even
SERBIA
though state media already collect money from public living, which promotes corruption, especially in smaller budgets. towns. For example, in the town of Nis, the average monthly salary is RSD25,000 (USD330) for a reporter Other Factors and RSD48,000 (USD650) for an editor; 2009 pay Journalists have low salaries and a poor standard of levels are lower than 2008 levels. Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; South East Europe Media Organisation (SEEMO); AFP; European Journalism Centre; IREX Media Sustainability Index 2010
2.ca 2.cb

Children Without children With children aged 0-3 aged 4-9 aged 10-15 Total Source: ISM Survey Households 000 % 1,223 1,289 289 435 565 2,512 49 51 12 17 23 100
Occupancy 1 person 2 people 3 people 4 people 5 or more people Total Source: ISM
2.d
Households 000 % 503 624 477 535 374 2,512 20.0 24.8 19.0 21.3 14.9 100

Age Under 25 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total Housewives 000 % 0.3 0.6 1.2 2.2 2.2 1.6 8.2 3.6 7.9 15.1 27.2 26.5 19.7 100
Source: ISM survey, data for 2009 Map: CIA The World Factbook
2.a 3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08

All individuals 000 % 1,119 919 1,008 955 1,088 961 1,329 7,378 15.2 12.5 13.7 12.9 14.7 13.0 18.0 100 Male 000 577 470 505 473 541 458 557 3,581 % 16.1 13.1 14.1 13.2 15.1 12.8 15.6 100 Female 000 % 542 449 503 482 547 503 772 3,798 14.3 11.8 13.3 12.7 14.4 13.2 20.3 100
Age 0-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total Source: ISM
2.b
Total dailies 13 Total paid-for dailies 13 National paid-for dailies 11 Regional and local 2 paid-for dailies Total free dailies Regional and local free dailies Total paid-for non-dailies -
11 10 8 2 1 1 -
16 15 1 1 -
19 18 1 1
13 12 12 1 1
0.00 -7.69 9.09 -
-31.58 -33.33 0.00 0.00 268.47
111 1 409 2
Source: 2005-2007 PrintAdex Serbia; SMMRI; 2008 IREX - Media Sustainability Index 2008; WAN assessment (free dailies); 2009 PrintAdex Serbia 2009; IREX Media Sustainability Index 2010 (non-dailies)
1

All adults 000 % 559 845 624 168 3,650 5,845 9.6 14.5 10.7 2.9 62.4 100 Male 000 244 436 82 59 1,965 2,786 % 8.8 15.7 3.0 2.1 70.5 100 Female 000 % 315 409 542 109 1,685 3,059 10.3 13.4 17.7 3.6 55.1 100
Social class A+B C1 C2 D E Total Source: ISM Survey
28 weeklies, 14 bi-weeklies, 69 monthlies, 19 others; all groups including magazines 2 95 weeklies, 39 bi-weeklies, 180 monthlies, 95 others; all groups including magazines
3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies 800 Total paid-for dailies 800 Total free dailies Regional and local free dailies -
950 1,200 1,205 1,202 900 1,050 1,050 1,052 50 150 155 150 50 150 155 150
50.25 31.50 -
-0.25 0.19 -3.23 -3.23
Source: 2005 WAN estimate; 2006-2008 WAN assessment; 2009 WAN-IFRA assessment
380
SERBIA
4.d
Cover prices (2009)

(Serbian dinar) min max
5.a

(%) Reached
7.aa

2005 (Serbian dinar, bln) 2006 2007 2008 2009
Single copy
10.00
50.00
Source: PrintAdex Survey 2009
All adults Men Women Source: PrintAdex Serbia 2009
40.8 46.3 35.4
GDP
1,687.8 1,980.2 2,362.8 2,790.9 2,953.5
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia The revision in the System of National Accounts is growing into more and more customized procedure in the framework of international standards and recommendations. Therefore, the revision of the previously published data was performed for the period 1997 2006. Presently, FISIM (Financial Intermediation Services Indirectly Measured) has been calculated for the first time and it displays the indirectly measured services of financial intermediation. FISIM represents interest margin and is a part of financial sector output (value of production), calculated as the difference between active and passive interests.
7.ab

5.b
Age less than 16 16-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 Total
% of readership 11.2 17.6 18.1 18.5 17.9 16.7 100

2005 (Serbian dinar, 000) 2006 2007 2008 267.2 320.1 379.7 2009 403.4
Source: PrintAdex Serbia 2009

5.d
GDP per capita
226.8
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia The revision in the System of National Accounts is growing into more and more customized procedure in the framework of international standards and recommendations. Therefore, the revision of the previously published data was performed for the period 1997 - 2006. Presently, FISIM (Financial Intermediation Services Indirectly Measured) has been calculated for the first time and it displays the indirectly measured services of financial intermediation. FISIM represents interest margin and is a part of financial sector output (value of production), calculated as the difference between active and passive interests.
7.ac
Number of readers
2005 2006 (000) 2007 2008 2009 2,145 227
Total dailies Total free dailies Source: PrintAdex Serbia 2009
Based on target population aged 12-65
(%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 3.03 2.90 2.81 2.74
6.c

7.ba
Newspaper
Ad expenditure
2.59
2.53
3.47
3.15
Blic
Ringier
blic.rs
6.d

(Serbian dinar, mln) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
756.7 1,005.2 1,011.7 849.9 842.8 2,592.1 2,911.2 3,259.1 3,660.3 4,107.0
11.38 58.44
-0.84 12.20

6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
3,584 1,705 1,879 36,954 236 864 41 41,679
4,988 2,548 2,440 41,253 465 1,118 93 47,917
9,346 5,850 3,496 62,700 695 1,550 280 74,610
10,582 6,414 4,168 66,507 1,000 50 1,950 466 80,555
9,300 5,600 3,700 69,000 1,000 50 1,750 600 81,700
10,350 6,150 4,200 71,000 1,100 55 1,900 800 85,205
11,150 6,600 4,550 75,000 1,200 60 2,100 1,100 90,610
12,000 7,100 4,900 81,000 1,300 65 2,300 1,500 98,165
Source: Arianna; AGB Nielsen Media Research; AdEx; Strategic Marketing; ZenithOptimedia Excludes production costs; before discounts; excludes agency commission; excludes classified
7.c
121.7 325.7 451.2 590.6
30.90

6.f

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
(Serbian dinar, mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
79.87
3.05
All newspapers Total dailies Total paid-for dailies Total free dailies Full rate card
7.d
1,704.4 -
4,370.8 4,494.1 3,524.9 4,281.1 3,319.0 213.0 205.9
-21.57 -22.47 -3.33
Source: 2005, 2007 PrintAdex, SMMRI; 2008-2009 PrintAdex Serbia

2005 (pages & page equivalents) 2006 2007 2008 2009 15,938 11,859 19,021 14,012
In colour Total Source: PrintAdex Serbia
381
SERBIA
7.f 7.g

Advertiser Expenditure (Serbian dinar, 000) 283,458 152,160 121,100 82,693 65,096 64,749 62,991 56,561 51,744 33,204

Owner Revenue (Serbian dinar, 000) 1,827,281.3 1,425,461.8 1,310,151.6 996,299.5 361,077.4 227,333.0 179,449.2 139,155.4 103,877.7 9,437.8
Advertising sector
Telecommunications Trade Services Transport Banks and financial institutions Hobby & free time Medical Media (TV, radio, books, web) Food & drink Industry, agriculture, energy Source: PrintAdex Serbia 2009
Telekom Srbija Telenor Vip Mobile Renault Idea supermarket Delta Maxi General Motors Lilly drugstore Serbian state lottery Peugeot Full rate card
Ringier Politika Novosti Press Publishing Group Kurir info Dan Pravda press Media News Group Ecoprint Standard press Source: SMMRI PrAdEx via ZenithOptimedia
Source: PrintAdex Serbia 2009
8.ba

Founded (year) Language Publishing company Circulation (000) Serbian Serbian Serbian Serbian Serbian Serbian Serbian Serbian Serbian Serbian Kurir Info Ringier Novosti Press Publishing Group Alo 5 Politika Dan Graf Politika Novosti Pravda Press 250 168 144 125 86 74 25 24 16 Readership (000) 396 784 483 356 275 134 17 138 72 24 Cover price usual (Serbian dinar) 19.00 25.00 1 30.00 3 30.00 15.00 35.00 6 30.00 8 30.00 30.00 25.00 12 (USD) 0.28 0.37 2 0.45 4 0.45 0.22 0.52 7 0.45 9 0.45 0.45 0.37 13 35 cm x 27 cm 35 cm x 27 cm 38 cm x 28 cm 35 cm x 26 cm 35 cm x 26 cm 47 cm X 31 cm 38 cm x 28 cm 47 cm x 31 cm 38 cm x 28 cm 38 cm x 28 cm Format Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Serbian dinar) 132,000 207,000 189,100 240,000 158,506 70,000 71,012 58,000 90,000 191,000 330,000 293,105 327,000 150,000 120,000 95,612 218,612 75,000
Title
Kurir Blic Vecernje Novosti Press Alo! Politika Danas Sportski Zurnal 10 Sport 11 Pravda
1 2
2003 1996 1953 2005 2007 1904 1953 1953 2007
Source: PrintAdex Serbia; ZenithOptimedia RSD30 on Fridays USD0.45 on Fridays 3 RSD35 on Sundays 4 USD0.52 on Sundays 5 Member of Ringier group 6 RSD40 on Sundays 7 USD0.60 on Sundays 8 RSD40 on Saturdays 9 USD0.60 on Saturdays 10 Sports daily newspaper 11 Sports daily newspaper 12 RSD29 on Saturdays 13 USD0.43 on Saturdays
8.bb

Founded Language Publishing company (year) 2006 Serbian 24 sata 2 Circulation Readership (000) 150 3 (000) 227 Tabloid (35cm x 27cm) Format Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Serbia, dinar) 125,000 186,000
Title
24 sata (24 hours) 1

1 2
Source: PrintAdex Serbia; ZenithOptimedia; FDN Newsletter Distributed mostly through bus stations Member of Ringier Group 3 Printed circulation, claimed by publisher via ZenithOptimedia
11.
Research (2009)
12.
Taxes (2009)
% 18 8 8
Tax
Readership is measured by Print Adex Survey Methodology CATI methodology, 1,500 respondents per week, 72,000 per year, population aged 12-65
Source: ISM
Standard VAT VAT on: Single copy sales Subscription sales Source: Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu; Distripress
382
SERBIA
15.a
television station, is simultaneously publishing a local daily newspaper in the same or neighbouring area. So as to guarantee disclosure and transparency in the capital structure and to avoid silent partners, is there any law or rule permitting in any event the possibility of finding out who are the actual owners of a publishing company? There are no specific rules dealing with the press. Records on company ownership are kept at the Commercial Register and the Central Securities Depository and Clearing House (for the joint stock companies). Those records are public. On the other hand, trust agreements, although possible according to the Serbian law, are not enforceable by the action in court. That means that the trust agreement, under which the nominee shareholder is obliged to strictly follow the instructions of the beneficiary owner, cannot be enforced. Is there an antitrust law limiting concentration in the daily press? The Law on Protection of Competition (Official gazette of the Republic of Serbia, no. 79/2005) deals with the concentration on the general level, and is also applicable to the print media. According to the Article 16 of the Law on Protection of Competition, an undertaking has a dominant position on a relevant market if it has the power to behave independently of other undertakings, thus being in a position to make business decisions without taking into account business decisions of its competitors, purchasers or suppliers and/or end users, their goods and/or services. An undertaking having a relevant market share exceeding 40% may or may not be considered dominant, depending, among other things, on undertakings share on the relevant market, competing undertakings shares on that same market, barriers to entry to relevant market and strength of potential competitors, as well as possible dominant position of the buyer. An undertaking having a relevant market share below 40% may be considered dominant and in such a case the burden of proof is on Commission for the protection of the competition, or the applicant who requires the Commission to establish the abuse of the dominant position, to evidence the undertakings dominant position. Is further regulation of media concentration expected? Media concentration has been recognised as an area that requires further regulation in Serbia. Changes in the existing legislation are therefore possible.
Source: Mr. Slobodan Kremenjak; Zivkovic & Samardzic Law Offices
Does any law exist governing publishing-house ownership, or the registration of shares in newspaper-publishing companies? According to the Article 14 of the Serbian Public Information Law (Official gazette of the Republic of Serbia, no. 43/2003, 61/2005), every natural or legal person, national or foreign, may be the founder of a legal person that is the founder of a print media outlet. Print media outlets cannot be only founded, either directly or indirectly, by the state, a territorial autonomous unit, or by an institution or a company that is prevalently stateowned or that is fully or predominantly funded from public revenues. Only the general rules applicable to any business entities apply to the publishing-house ownership. The shares in newspaper-publishing companies, as well as those in any other business entity, are registered only with the Commercial Registry or with the Central Securities Depository and Clearing House of Serbia, in case of the newspaper-publishing companies that are incorporated as the joint stock companies. Is there any law prohibiting or restricting foreign companies or individuals from owning shares, and in particular, the majority of shares, of domestic daily newspapers? There are no restrictions for the foreign ownership of print media. Some of the prominent daily newspapers are published by the publishing companies that do have foreign ownership, such as Politika (50% share owned by WAZ) or Blic (74.90% owned by Ringier Nederland B.V.) Is there any law prohibiting daily newspaper or periodical publishers from operating radio or television stations in the same locality? Concentration of media ownership is prohibited by the Broadcasting Law (Official gazette of the Republic of Serbia, no. 42/2002, 97/2004, 76/2005, 79/2005). The prohibited concentration of media ownership is defined as the prevalent influence on the public opinion. According to the Article 99 of the Broadcasting Law, it is considered that the prohibited concentration of media ownership exists always when: 1) a broadcaster, licensed to broadcast at the national level of coverage, has a share exceeding 5% in the founding capital of a company publishing a daily newspaper with circulation of more than 30,000 copies, and vice versa; 2) a broadcaster, licensed to broadcast at the national level of coverage, simultaneously publishes a daily newspaper with a circulation exceeding 30,000 copies; 3) a broadcaster, which has the status of a local or regional radio or
383
SLOVAKIA
General economic situation Slovakia has made significant economic reforms since its separation from the Czech Republic in 1993. Reforms to the taxation, healthcare, pension, and social welfare systems helped Slovakia to consolidate its budget and get on track to join the EU in 2004 and to adopt the euro in January 2009. Major privatizations are nearly complete, the banking sector is almost entirely in foreign hands, and the government has helped facilitate a foreign investment boom with business friendly policies such as labour market liberalization and a 19% flat tax. Foreign investment in the automotive and electronic sectors has been strong. Slovakias economic growth exceeded expectations in 2001-08 despite the general European slowdown. Slovakia saw GDP grow by 10.4% in 2007, whereas in 2009 the GDP decreased by 4.7%. Unemployment, at an unacceptable 18% in 2003-04, dropped to 8.4% in 2008 but remains the economys Achilles heel. The inflation rate was estimated at 1.6% in 2009. The 7Plus publishing house has been involved on the market since the beginning of the 1990s. To begin with, it had a weekly magazine commenting on contemporary issues. Now, it produces 12 weekly and monthly magazines as well as a daily newspaper. The Trend Holding publishing house has a similarly long history behind it. Originally, the business weekly newspaper Trend appeared on the market, establishing itself over the years as the undisputed number one in the business press, with a strong Internet presence. The publishing house also publishes the fortnightly business magazine Profit. The daily newspaper Novy Cas is the undisputed market leader, with a circulation of 150,000 and a readership share of 24.5% in 2009.
With a readership share slightly above 7%, the quality daily newspapers Sme and Pravda compete with the tabloid Plus 1 Den for second and third place. In total, Performance of newspapers vs. other media daily newspapers are read by 45% of the countrys The financial and broader economic crisis hit the population each day (2008 data). newspaper industry as well as other media. Along with numerous regional and local daily Except for the public service broadcaster, Slovak newspapers and magazines, the daily newspaper Sme, Television, there are two major commercial broadcasters: the strongest competing print medium since the TV Markiza, owned by the Central European Media mid-90s, is owned by the publishing house Petit Press, Enterprises (CME); and TV JOJ, owned by the Slovak a.s. group J&T. All of the TV players have begun to deploy terrestrial digital channels, including Markiza-Doma, The daily newspaper Pravda was the only national daily JOJ Plus and STV3-Trojka. newspaper under Slovakian ownership until the beginning of August 2006, when it was sold, along with The independent media were active and expressed the publishing house Perex, a.s., to the British publisher a wide variety of views, although state-owned television Daily Mail and General Trust. The newspaper retained and wire services were subject to political influence by its title from the Communist era. Pravda underwent the government. The three public media outlets, dramatic changes concerning its format and layout, TV-STV, Radio SRo, and Wire-TASR, received state making it more like a tabloid, but the effects of this on funding and were headed by political appointees. There its readership have not been taken into account by the were reports that directors of Slovak Public Television latest surveys (November 2008). exerted pressure in the news department to provide favorable coverage of governing coalition events and Since autumn 2006, the daily newspaper Plus 1 Den has activities. Both the 2008 act on broadcast fees and the been published by the Spolocnost 7 Plus publishing 2007 audiovisual law increased broadcast medias house. It has managed to climb into the top four of dependence on state funding and the perceived schism Slovakian daily newspapers. between print and broadcast media. The international publishing house Economia, with the Performance of different types of newspapers German publisher Handelsblatt in the background, is In 2009, newspapers and magazines generally faced also involved on the Slovakian print media market. It a decline of readership and circulation, and in particular publishes the daily newspaper Hospodarske Noviny falling advertising revenues. Major publishers in Slovakia (Business Newspaper, www.hnonline.sk). With sales of include Ringier, Petit Press, Spolocnost 7 Plus, Bauer only about 18 thousand copies, however, the newspaper Media, and Perex. doesnt have a significant market share. Relationships between the press and the government In Bratislava, the free newspaper Bratislavske Noviny remained tense, especially since the adoption of a new (Bratislava Newspaper) appears weekly. With Press law in 2008. a circulation of about 190,000, it is distributed to all
SLOVAKIA
households in Bratislava. It is published by the Slovakian company Nivel Plus s.r.o. The newspaper has been in existence since 1998 and contains local news and information about current affairs in the Slovakian capital. It was originally created with support from the local authorities, but became independent from political influence after several conflicts of competence. Advertising While advertising revenues were stable in 2007 and 2008, they were anticipated to be in sharp decline in 2009; real data was not available before the WPT 2010 deadline. All of the major publishing houses reported declines in real advertising revenues, however, none of the major publishers left the market in 2009. Broadcasting remains the biggest market for advertisers, especially the two main commercial TV stations and the public service broadcaster, Slovak Television. In 2008 Ringier Slovakia reported advertising revenues of SKK826 million, Petit Press SKK650 million, and Perex/DMGT of SKK279 million. Central European Media Enterprises, the owner of TV Markiza, reported advertising revenues of SKK3,013 million, TV JOJ more than SKK1,000 million, and Slovak Television SKK547 million. In 2009 advertising revenues of the monitored Slovak websites were EUR23.3 million, which represents a slight decline of about 5 percent in comparison with the previous year; the first decline in advertising revenues of online media since 2004. The digital media industry earned EUR24.6 million in advertising revenues in 2008, and EUR16.3 million in 2007. Circulation National dailies published from the capital of Bratislava continued to dominate the newspaper market, where regional and local newspapers generally played a marginal role. Among daily newspapers, Sme was the biggest annual circulation winner, rising from fourth to second position in paid-for daily circulation; Sme lost only 1.7 percent of its circulation compared to 2008. Pravda, on the other hand, was the biggest loser with a circulation decline of 19 percent. The tabloid daily Novy Cas lost 12.8 percent in circulation year-on-year, and Plus 1 Den declined by 9.4 percent. Circulation of the regional daily Korzar declined by 7.4 percent, and that of the Hungarian-language daily Uj Szo by 4 percent. Only the economic daily Hospodarske Noviny preserved virtually unchanged average circulation of 18,000 copies sold per day. Online / Digital Publishing The amount of online content continued to grow,
especially due to growing Internet access opportunities and penetration. In 2009 www.sme.sk recorded 1,311,000 unique visitors per month, which was the largest traffic among news websites in the country. The website of Novy Cas, www.cas.sk, attracted 546,000 unique visitors per month, and www.pravda.sk 612,000. Other largely popular news portals included that of TV Markiza, and stand-alone news websites www.topky.sk, and www.aktuality.sk. There were no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitored e-mails or Internet chat rooms; however, police monitored websites hosting hate speech and attempted to arrest or fine the authors. The law defines hate speech as speech that publicly threatens an individual or group based on nationality, ethnicity, race, skin color, or that publicly incites the restriction of rights and freedoms of such an individual or group. Individuals and groups could otherwise engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail. Internet access was generally available across the country. Ownership In March 2009, the Media Group Rheinische Post (RP Media Group), based in Germany, acquired 50% of the Petit Press publishing house from its previous owner Verlagsgruppe Passau, also based in Germany. RP Media Group already owns a leading media group in the Czech Republic, Mafra. The transaction was subject to approval by the Slovak Antitrust Office. The second shareholder, Prva Slovenska Investicna Skupina, retains its stake in Petit Press. In March 2010, a virtually unknown Czech company Florena acquired Perex publishing company from the British Daily Mail and General Trust (DMGT). Florena is connected indirectly, through its private bank and the new owner-CEO Karol Biermann, to the Slovak group of J&T, which already owns a national TV station JOJ. Thus, according to cross-ownership restrictions, J&T is prohibited from owning a national daily newspaper. The 2008 media law requires information about publishers and owners, as well as about possible shares in other media, to be made public. In the course of 2009, another large publisher, Ringier, merged with German publisher Axel Springer. Axel Springer has large activities in Central and Eastern Europe, including Slovakia. The Swiss media company Ringier holds a strong media portfolio in Slovakia, consisting of the leading daily newspaper Novy Cas (New Time), several society weekly publications, and monthly magazines.
385
SLOVAKIA
In 2007, the Swiss gave up several European TV schedule magazines, including the Slovakian Eurotelevizia, Telemagazin and TV-Max. These three titles were completely taken over by Bauer, the German publishing house. This purchase brought Bauer directly onto the Slovakian market for the first time. Until then, it had only been represented by imported magazines (Bravo, and Tina). Since TV schedule magazines continue to sell well, Bauer has joined the market leaders. In 2008, further titles were added to its portfolio. Chvilka pre teba (A moment for you) and Napisane zivotom (Written by life) appear weekly, and Cas na lasku (Time for love) is published fortnightly. Media / Press Laws The constitution and the law provide for freedom of speech and of the press; while the government generally respected these rights in practice, in some instances the government limited these rights, including attempts by government officials to impede criticism and to limit actions of extremist groups. The law prohibits the defamation of nationalities, which is punishable by up to three years in prison, and denying the Holocaust, which carries a sentence of six months to three years. According to an annual index released in October 2009 by NGO Reporters Without Borders, Slovakia registered the biggest fall among EU member states, dropping by 37 places compared to 2008, as a result of government meddling in media activities and the adoption of a law imposing an automatic right of response in the press. In June 2008 a media law went into effect that requires publishers to print responses to any statement of fact that impinges on the honor, dignity, or privacy of a natural person, or the name or good reputation of a legal entity. The law requires publishers to print replies on the same numerical page and space as the original article, regardless of whether the original statement was factually correct. Journalists and publishers opposed the law because it could force them to print official government responses without the opportunity for a counter response. The new Press Law of 2008 (No. 167/2008 Act on Periodicals and Agency News Service) provoked much controversy. However, research showed some of the concerns about the law did not materialize completely, even if publishers reported higher costs for legal services and personnel as a result of the law and the reply/corrections requests. Public figures and leading politicians mostly opted out of using the law. In June 2009 the Inspectorate for the Environment filed a civil complaint against the daily Sme after the newspaper refused to print the agencys response to one of its articles. The complaint is the first time a civil case
386
has been pressed against a newspaper under the 2008 Press Act. Sme could face a fine of up to EUR5,000. The complaint against the Bratislava-based daily stems from a March 2, 2009 opinion piece by deputy editor-in-chief Lukas Fila about the building of a controversial refuse site on the outskirts of Bratislava. The piece criticised the actions of government agencies, and claimed that the Inspectorate for the Environment had acted in a manner designed protect itself. Although the 233-word column only briefly touched up the subject of the state agencies, the Inspectorate for the Environment requested that Sme print a 217-word reply. The Press Act stipulates that such replies be printed in their entirety. Sme refused the request on March 24, 2009. In November 2009, Prime Minister Fico used the right of reply provisions in the media law to respond to a commentary from the daily Sme, which alleged that he was part of a privileged group prior to 1989 during the communist era in Slovakia. Sme printed Ficos reply on its opinion page. Media analysts and publishers alike noted that when the media law was passed, Fico said that he would not use it, as it was designed to protect ordinary citizens from the press. However, in 2009 and even earlier, it was, and still is, the Civil Code and libel suits, rather than the Press Law, that in some instances is a threat to the very existence of smaller media. According to Article 13, paragraph 1 of the Civil Code, a person has the right to protect his or her privacy. The law explicitly included financial compensation if a persons dignity was judged to have been damaged. Criminal penalties for defamation exist under the penal code, but these provisions were rarely used. Jana Teleki, a journalist, was charged with the crime of defamation, allegedly caused by a poem she wrote in 1998. The criminal proceeding was first closed in 1999, but the proceeding was reopened in 2000. The first instance court issued a conditional sentence of 18 months against her in 2003. The appeal procedure was still pending at years end. Many experts claimed that the procedure was not legally sound as the case was closed in 1999. Members of the government, judiciary, and political elites targeted the press in a number of civil defamation lawsuits, which often required the press to pay large sums of money. Courts made multiple decisions in favor of political elites, despite compelling evidence of the veracity of the reports for which the media were being punished. In April 2009 Prime Minister Robert Fico won a libel suit against the publisher of the weekly Trend. Fico filed the suit in response to the cover story Thief of Your Future Pensions published in Trend in 2007. The article reported on efforts of the Fico government to roll back
SLOVAKIA
pension reform introduced under the previous government. A judge ordered the publisher to pay Fico 8,000 euros (USD11,400) in damages and publish an apology. In May 2009, then justice minister and current Chairman of the Supreme Court Stefan Harabin sent letters to three publishers and one radio station requesting out-of-court settlements of 200,000 euros (USD286,000) from each of them to compensate for articles and statements published in 2008-09 that allegedly damaged his reputation. Harabin did not invoke the new press law to ask for an apology or any printed corrections. Harabin has won several libel lawsuits against the media since 2006, a fact that he highlighted in the letters to the media outlets. Observers expressed concern that the former ministers objective was to intimidate and extort the media rather than to restore his reputation. In September 2009 former prime minister and current coalition partner Vladimir Meciar won 49,500 euros (USD70,800) in damages from the publishing house 7 Plus. In 2005 the weekly Plus 7 Days published an interview with an individual who called the financing of Meciars luxurious Elektra villa a virtual reality that could not be explained. The court of first instance ruled that Plus 7 Days should issue an apology to Meciar but awarded no financial compensation; however, after both Plus 7 Days and Meciar appealed, the second instance court, the Bratislava Regional Court, overruled the earlier verdict and awarded Meciar compensation. In September 2009 Prime Minister Robert Fico sued Petit Press, the parent company of leading daily Sme for 33,000 euros (USD47,143) for damages allegedly incurred by publication of a cartoon on its opinion page. The cartoon depicted Prime Minister Fico in a doctors office, with the doctor examining an x-ray of Ficos neck and implying he was spineless. In his lawsuit the prime minister stated that while he was suffering unbearable physical pain, the Sme daily was misusing his image and mocking his suffering, which harmed his dignity and reputation. Media analysts observed that if the courts ruled in Ficos favor, it would set a dangerous trend penalizing satire. In September 2009, Prime Minister Robert Fico announced that he would seek changes to the press law that would require publishers to issue corrections within 24 hours during the election period and that would ascribe fines to violations that would not require a court trial; at years end however the prime minister had not submitted any amendments to parliament. Copyright The Slovak Press Publishers Association (ZVPT) is lobbying for stricter laws regarding copyright infringement. Printing & Distribution Virtual dominance of Grafobal Group in press distribution remained in place in 2009. Grafobal Group is owned by the Slovak entreprenuer Ivan Kmotrik. State Support There is no state support provided to privately owned newspapers. The state subsidizes press agency TASR-Slovakia and public service broadcasters Slovak Radio and Slovak Television.
Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; Southeast Europe Media Organisation (SEEMO); EU Observer; Wien International; Media Market Monitor; Branislav Ondrasik, Slovak Press Publishers Association (ZVPTS)
2.a

Age 0-14 15-64 65 + Total
387
SLOVAKIA
3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
4.c

2002 2003 65 20 15 100 (%) 2004 65 35 100 2005 65 35 100 2006 65 35 100
Total dailies 10 Total paid-for dailies 10 National paid-for dailies 7 Regional and local 3 paid-for dailies 1 Morning paid-for dailies 8 Evening and afternoon 2 paid-for dailies Total free dailies Regional and local free dailies Total paid-for Sundays 1 1 National paid-for Sundays 2 1
10 10 7 3 8 2 1 1
10 9 7 2 8 1 1 1 1 1
10 9 7 2 8 1 1 1 1 1
9 9 7 2 8 1 1 1
-10.00 -10.00 0.00 -33.33 0.00 -50.00 0.00 0.00
-10.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Single copy sales Subscriptions Home deliveries Postal deliveries Total
Source: Slovak Press Publishers Association (ZVPTS) For all types of paid daily newspapers, unless otherwise notified (non-dailies / Sundays)
4.d
Cover prices (2009)

(Slovakia, euro) min max
5.a

(%) Reached
Source: 2005-2007 ZVPTS; 2008-2009 ABC SR; ZVPTS Excluding advertising titles 1 Including Korzar regional daily and all its regional editions as one title 2 Novy Cas Nedela published by Ringier Slovakia a.s.
3.b
Single copy Source: ZVPTS
0.30
0.60
All adults Men Women Source: ZVPTS
60 65 45

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
6.a
Online editions
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies 496 Total paid-for dailies 496 National paid-for dailies 450 Regional and local 46 paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies 483 Evening and afternoon 13 paid-for dailies Total free dailies Regional and local free dailies Total paid-for Sundays 60 National paid-for Sundays 60 Source: ABC SR; ZVPTS
533 533 490 43 521 12 65 65
513 505 468 37 498 7 8 8 65 65
464 461 427 34 454 7 3 3 63 63
434 434 402 32 427 7 56 56
-12.50 -12.50 -10.67 -30.43 -11.59 -46.15 -6.67 -6.67
-6.47 -5.86 -5.85 -5.88 -5.95 0.00 -11.11 -11.11
Dailies
11
11
-18.18
0.00
Source: 2005-2006 ZVPTS; 2008-2009 AIM Monitor Media Research

6.c

Publishing company Website Petit Press Perex Ringier Spolocnost 7 Plus Ecopress Sport Press Petit Press Unique visitors per month (000) 1,311 612 546 324 245 -
Newspaper Sme Pravda Novy Cas Plus 1 Den Hospodarske noviny Sport Uj Szo Source: AIM Monitor
Excluding circulation of advertising titles; including estimated circulation of Presovsky Vecernik (evening daily) and Sport daily
4.a
sme.sk pravda.sk cas.sk pluska.sk hnonline.sk denniksport.sk ujszo.com

(mln) Change (%) 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2006/02 2006/05
6.d

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Source: ABC SR
156.0 154.9 145.7 140.2 145.7 134.4 131.4 136.9 11.3 8.8 8.8
-6.60 -
3.92 4.19 0.00
294.1 395.3 543.9 670.4 833.0 2,972.5 3,022.4 3,333.6 3,850.6 4,063.6
183.24 36.71
24.25 5.53

6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
4.b
Sales revenues
(Slovak koruna, mln) Change (%) 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2006/02 2006/05 Broadband subscribers
181.5 304.6 472.0 604.7 777.8
328.54
28.63
1,560 1,418 1,534 1,501 1,530 1,471 1,450 1,425 1,450 89 84 76 80
-1.92 -
1.93 1.75 5.26

6.f

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Source: 2002-2004 TNS A-Connect; 2005-2006 ABC SR
7.aa
21.08
-0.40

2004 (Slovak koruna, bln) 2005 2006 2007 2008
1,362.0 1,485.0 1,660.0 1,851.0 2,028.6
388
SLOVAKIA
7.ab

2004 (Slovak koruna, 000) 2005 2006 2007 275.6 307.9 343.4 2008 375.7

7.f
7.g

Advertiser Expenditure (Slovak koruna, 000) 407,910 334,934 154,857 125,324 123,829 123,157 121,236 97,206 94,083 92,389
Advertising sector Mobile communication Insurance companies Banks Internet Female cosmetics Auto indsutry Shopping centres Pharmacies Chocolate products Non-alcoholic beverages

7.ac
252.6
(%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2.01 1.93 2.04 2.03
Ad expenditure
2.00
2.13
2.22
2.54
7.ba
Orange Slovakia T-Mobile T-Com Reckitt Benckiser LOral Henkel Slovakia Procter & Gamble Consumer Finance Holding Nestl Slovakia Allianz-Slovenska poistovna

(Slovak koruna, mln) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Source: TNS Global Slovakia; Strategie 2008

8.a
Source: TNS Global Slovakia; Strategie 2008
6,528.0 2,968.2 3,559.8 33,983.5 2,624.8 31.3 1,321.6 44,489.2
6,637.7 2,809.9 3,827.8 39,769.6 2,648.1 31.8 1,601.3 443.3 51,131.8
6,538.5 2,615.2 3,923.3 38,523.9 2,177.5 21.6 1,635.2 49,494.3
5,815.4 2,114.7 3,700.7 42,293.6 2,114.7 20.8 2,643.4 720.4 53,608.2
4,390.6 1,536.7 2,853.9 33,086.5 1,850.3 18.7 2,195.3 721.3 42,262.9
4,233.8 1,474.0 2,759.8 33,055.2 1,973.0 20.8 2,352.1 721.3 42,356.2
4,735.6 1,568.1 3,167.5 37,979.0 2,132.6 25.0 2,540.3 878.1 48,290.6
5,206.0 1,662.2 3,543.9 41,366.0 2,320.8 31.4 2,791.2 1,223.1 52,938.5

Total circulation (000) 150 109 58 51 25 1 18 7 Total revenue 2 (Slovakia, euro, 000) 55,326 34,410 14,510 6,843 -
Publishing company Ringier Slovakia Petit Press Spolocnost 7 Plus Perex Sport Press Ecopress Privatpress
Source: TNS A-Connect; ZenithOptimedia Before discounts; excludes production costs; includes some classified advertising ('display classifieds' for banking/finance, cars, leisure/travel and property); includes agency commission (15%)
7.c
Source: ABC SR; ZVPTS; Trend weekly

1 2
Not audited; estimates range between 25,000 and 40,000 2008 real revenues; publishers claim; exchange rate used: EUR1 = SKK30.13
(Slovak koruna, mln) Change (%) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008/04 2008/07

1
1,794
1,500 1 -16.39
Source: 2004 TNS A-Connect; 2008 ZVPTS Estimate
8.ba

Founded (year) Language Publishing company Circulation (000) Slovak Slovak Slovak Slovak Slovak Slovak Hungarian Slovak Slovak Ringier Slovakia Petit Press Spolocnost 7 Plus Perex Sport Press Petit Press Petit Press Ecopress Privatpress 150 59 58 51 25 1 25 24 18 7 Readership (%) 24.5 7.3 7.3 7.6 4.6 3.7 2.0 3.7 Cover price usual max usual max (Slovakia, euro) (USD) 0.35 0.45 0.40 0.40 0.50 0.35 0.30 0.60 0.35 0.50 0.55 0.50 0.50 0.49 0.63 0.56 0.56 0.70 0.49 0.42 0.84 0.49 0.70 0.77 0.70 0.70 Format Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Slovakia, euro) 4,000 4,300 1,660 2,645 2,400 4,008 545 8,600 5,700 5,200 5,300 3 319 3,400 3,100 4,810 -
Title
Novy Cas Sme Plus 1 Den Pravda Sport Korzar Uj Szo Hospodarske noviny Presovsky vecernik
1
1990 1993 2006 1920 1948 1998 1948 1992 1990
Tabloid 32 x 42 cm 28 x 40 cm Tabloid 26 x 34 cm 28 x 38 cm 28 x 38 cm 28 x 42 cm Tabloid
Source: ABC SR; ZVPTS; MML-TGI/Median.sk Not audited; circulation estimates range between 25,000 and 40,000
8.bb

Founded (year) 2007 2 Language Slovak Publishing company Dennik 24, s.r.o. Circulation (000) 30 Format Tabloid
Title Dennik 24 1
1 2
Source: ZVPTS; WAN from public sources Distributed in Bratislava Launched in October 2007; ceased publication in January 2008
389
SLOVAKIA
10.a

Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
11.
Research (2009)
4-colour newspapers Tabloids Other formats Source: ZVPTS

10.ba
11 3 8
11 3 8
9 3 6
8 2 6
-27.27 -33.33 -25.00
-11.11 -33.33 0.00
Circulation is audited by Audit Bureau of Circulation, Slovak Republic Readership is measured by Slovak Radio Media Research Department Methodology Operations: quantitative research includes media audience measurement. Qualitative research includes focus groups discussions, in-depth interviews. Methods: face-to-face and telephone interviews, diaries, postal surveys, home use and central location tests, ad hoc retail audit, mystery shopping, panels, focus groups, indepth interviews, and projective techniques. The Media Research Department (as a special department of Slovak Radio) carries out regular audience surveys focused not only on radio audience measurement, but also on other patterns of media behaviour of the Slovak population (TV and press audience measurement). It also provides public opinion polls concerned with topical problems of Slovakia. Results: listening patterns and indicators, including ratings of broad stations in 30 minute time blocks from 2001 up to now, market share (share of broad stations expenditure) from 2001 up to now, sociodemographic attributes of radio audience, general media behaviour of population, and preferences and opinions of the Slovak public (political, economical, social questions).
Source: ZVPTS

2002 2003 40 45 30 (%) 2004 40 45 30 2005 40 45 30 2006 40 45 30
Single copy sales Home deliveries Postal deliveries Source: ZVPTS

10.bb
40 45 30

2002 (Slovakia, koruna) 2003 2004 2005 4 5 4 5 2006 5 6
Single copy Subscription Source: ZVPTS

10.c
4 5
Newsprint costs
2002 (Slovakia, koruna) 2003 2004 2005 20,000 20,000 21,000 2006 22,000
Average per ton Source: ZVPTS
24,000
390
SLOVAKIA
12.
Taxes (2009)
% 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19
15.a
Tax Standard VAT VAT on: Single copy sales Subscription sales Advertising Newsprint Composition Plant Tax on profits standard rate Tax on profits for newspapers Source: ZVPTS
13.a
Source: ZVPTS
14.
Does any law exist governing publishing-house ownership, or the registration of shares in newspaper-publishing companies? Competition in this market segment is protected by the Law no. 136/2001 for the Protection of Economic Competition. It defines the terms of misusing a dominant position on the market and provides concentration and merger guidelines. Concentration and mergers have to be supervised and approved by the Antimonopoly Office if, according to paragraph 10 of the Law, a global annual turnover of the concentrated companies is at least SKK1.2 billion, and at least two participants have had an annual turnover in the Slovak Republic of SKK360 million, or at least one participant had a turnover in the Slovak Republic of SKK500 mil. and the other one had a global turnover of SKK1.2 bn. Is there any law prohibiting or restricting foreign companies or individuals from owning shares, and in particular, the majority of shares, of domestic daily newspapers? No Is there any law prohibiting daily newspaper or periodical publishers from operating radio or television stations in the same locality? Slovak anti-competition and antitrust law is based on the European Union legal practices. There are several anti-cross-ownership rules, including that according to which the owner of a national radio or TV station cannot own a national daily as well. Ownership restrictions between two or more national TV stations have been relaxed within the 2006 Digitalization Law. So as to guarantee disclosure and transparency in the capital structure and to avoid silent partners, is there any law or rule permitting in any event the possibility of finding out who are the actual owners of a publishing company? Law no. 136/2001 for the Protection of Economic Competition Is there an antitrust law limiting concentration in the daily press? Law no. 136/2001 for the Protection of Economic Competition Is further regulation of media concentration expected? No
Source: ZVPTS
Discounts (2009)
Discount on rates of Post Railroad Telephone Telegraph Telex Other Source: ZVPTS
391
SLOVAKIA
15.b
Owners
Regional TVs
National TVs
Regional Newspapers
National Newspapers
Radio
Allowed, their combined coverage cannot exceed 50 percent (when they do not own a national daily or a national radio station)
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed, their combined coverage cannot exceed 50 percent
Allowed
Not allowed
Allowed
Not allowed
Not allowed
Allowed (when they do not Allowed (when they do not own a national daily or own a national daily or a national radio station) a national radio station)
Allowed
Allowed (when they do not Allowed (when they do not own national TV or national own national daily or or radio station) national TV station)
Allowed
Not allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Not allowed
Allowed (when they do not Allowed (when they do not own a national daily or own a national daily or a national radio station) a national TV station)
Allowed
Allowed (when they do not own national TV or national radio station)
Allowed, their combined coverage of local stations cannot exceed 50 percent
Allowed
Not allowed
Allowed
Not allowed
Allowed
Foreign Investors
Allowed without restrictions
Source: ZVPTS
392
SLOVENIA
General economic situation Slovenia, which on 1 January 2007 became the first 2004 European Union entrant to adopt the euro, is a model of economic success and stability for the region. With the highest per capita GDP in Central Europe, Slovenia has excellent infrastructure, a well-educated work force, and a strategic location between the Balkans and Western Europe. Despite its economic success, foreign direct investment (FDI) in Slovenia has lagged behind the region average, and taxes remain relatively high. Furthermore, the labour market is often seen as inflexible, and legacy industries are losing sales to more competitive firms in China, India, and elsewhere. The inflation rate was estimated at 0.8% in 2009. Online / Digital Publishing There were no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitored e-mail or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by electronic mail. Internet access was widely available. Ownership More than 1,000 different media are registered with the Ministry of Culture, with most of them under Slovenian ownership. Delo, Slovenias biggest publishing house and the print media market leader based in Ljubljana, almost entirely owned by the Lasko brewery.
Performance of newspapers vs. other media The independent media were active and expressed a variety of views, and international media operated In November 2008, Delo increased its holding in the freely. Maribor-based newspaper company Vecer from 20% to 79.25% and bought a 19.93% stake in each of the Private investment and advertising supported the major following: the Maribor financial company Fimes, the print media; however, the government owned substantial bus constructor Tovarna vozil Maribor (TVM) and the stock in many companies that were shareholders in the small investment company RIG, based in Murska major media houses. Sobota. All three companies own shares in Vecer. The Ministry of Culture, Vecer journalists and the Union of Performance of different types of newspapers Journalists all protested against the Ljubljana-based Free newspapers are a new trend on the Slovenian media Delo having what is now almost an 80% share in the market. After the successful breakthrough of the weekly Maribor-based Vecer. According to the Media Act, every magazine Zurnal and the weekly publication Dobro purchase of shares amounting to more than 20% of jutro, there followed the monthly City Magazine. Dobro a company must be approved by the governments jutro is published by Regionalni mediji d.o.o., and has Ministry of Culture. The Slovenian Competition the biggest circulation among the free newspapers Authority intends to investigate this. At the time of (350,000 copies), distributed to households. writing, no decision had been made. Other Vecer shareholders include the state fund SOD, which owns The largest newspaper publisher, Delo, also tried to a stake of almost 10% and the newspaper distribution establish itself on the free publications market. It company Delo Prodaja with 6.9%. A further 3.8% of introduced its own weekly newspaper, Total tedna, shares are owned by various other shareholders. containing typical lifestyle news and features, but this title ceased publication in October 2008. Foreign pioneers on the Slovenian media market include the Swedish media group Bonnier, the Austrian media Newspaper launches / closures company Styria and the Belgian publishing group In 2009 Delo launched its new weekly supplement Roularta. Goodlife. The Swedish media group Bonnier Business Press owns On May 22, 2009, The New York Times announced the the daily newspaper Finance. launch of The New York Times international weekly in Delo in Slovenia. The section, which will be published In 2003, the Austrian publishing house Styria launched in English, joins a global network of newspapers that the free weekly newspaper Zurnal (www.zurnal.si), carry the news supplement, first published in 2002. The which had a circulation of 289,000 in 2009. In 2004, international weekly retains the layout and typography Styria bought a 25% stake in the newspaper publisher of The New York Times and includes news coverage, Dnevnik (www.dnevnik.si). On 26 September 2007, features, commentary, colour photos and graphics about Styria oversaw the introduction of the first free daily the United States, world affairs, business, culture and newspaper in Slovenia, Zurnal24 (www.zurnal24.si), social trends. It is prepared in New York by a team of which had a circulation of 113,000 in 2009. editors and designers from The New York Times News Service. The Belgian publishing group, Roularta Media Group, publishes the free lifestyle publication City Magazine
SLOVENIA
(www.city-on.net), which is available for free in cities, institutions, civil servants and military personnel can shopping centres and hairdressers. This magazine petition for criminal defamation, whereas other appears every two weeks with a circulation of 70,000. individuals are restricted to civil actions. Media / Press Laws The constitution and law provide for freedom of speech and of the press, and the government generally respected these rights in practice. Reports of indirect government influence on the media decreased during the year 2009. The penal code criminalizes the promotion of national, race, or religious discord or intolerance or the promotion of superiority of one race over others. There were no reports that authorities charged any individuals or publications under this provision during the year. The law provides criminal penalties for defamation that harms a persons honor or name; there were no reports of any prosecutions for defamation during the year. In July 2009, Slovenia charged Finnish journalist Magnus Berglund with two counts of criminal defamation after a documentary he produced quoted unnamed sources as saying that members of the former Slovene government, including former prime minister Janez Jansa, accepted bribes in arms deals with Finnish arms maker Patria. Marcus Berglund made the allegations in a September 2008 documentary produced by Finlands national broadcaster, YLE, and shown in both Finland and Slovenia. Berglund, who faces up to six months in prison if found guilty of criminal defamation, continued to stand by his work. Former prime minister Janez Jansa, whose position as a public servant allows him to petition for criminal defamation, requested on October 7, 2008, that the public prosecutor charge Berglund. According to Slovene law, state and local On September 4, 2009, a Ljubljana District Court rejected Slovene daily Dnevniks appeal against a temporary injunction that bans the paper from reporting on an Italian businessmans alleged involvement in a corruption scandal. The injunction, which carries fines of up to EUR500,000 for failure to comply, relates to articles printed in Dnevnik on July 29, 2009, in which the newspaper cited an Italian newspaper and other web-based material. Dnevnik continued to report on the issue the following day, prompting the businessmans lawyers to file a civil libel action against the paper on July 30, 2009, claiming that the newspaper had damaged the businessmans reputation. The injunction covers any controversial information about the plaintiff, whether or not it is considered factual. The Dnevnik filed an appeal against the injunction on August 14, 2009, and received a letter on September 7, 2009, notifying them it had been rejected. On October 7, 2009, Dnevnik received notification that the Ljubljana Court of Appeal overturned the gag order. On September 30, 2009, the Ljubljana Court of Appeal found the injunction too broad and too invasive of freedom of expression. The appeal court held that Dnevnik reported on a topic which was of importance to the public, and that if the Dnevnik published incomplete information, the businessman could exercise his right of reply. State Support The government operated a media pluralization fund intended to ensure that media reflected a diversity of viewpoints.
Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; World of Print; The New York Times; Wien International
394
SLOVENIA
3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Total free dailies National free dailies Regional and local free dailies Total free non-dailies National free non-dailies Total paid-for Sundays National paid-for Sundays
430 430 410 20 600 600 213 213
350 350 330 20 600 600 213 213
356 328 310 18 28 28 800 800 166 166
380 274 257 17 106 106 950 950 147 147
410 297 280 17 113 113 -
-4.65 -30.93 -31.71 -15.00 -
7.89 8.39 8.95 0.00 6.60 6.60 -
Source: 2005 SOZ; 2006 Slovenian Advertising Chamber; 2007 Slovenian Advertising Chamber; WAN assessment (free dailies); 2008-2009 Slovenian Advertising Chamber
4.d
Cover prices (2008)

(Slovenia, euro) min max
5.a

(%) Reached
Single copy Source: Valicon d.o.o Map: CIA The World Factbook
2.a
0.50
1.40
46.2 48.4 44.1
Source: Valicon d.o.o. National readership survey 2009

All individuals 000 % 286 241 308 303 312 255 337 2,042 14.0 11.8 15.1 14.9 15.3 12.5 16.5 100 Male 000 147 126 162 157 160 128 132 1,012 % 14.5 12.4 16.0 15.5 15.8 12.7 13.1 100 Female 000 % 139 115 146 146 152 127 204 1,030 13.5 11.2 14.1 14.2 14.8 12.4 19.8 100
Age
Age 0-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total
less than 16 16-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total
Source: Statistical office of the Republic of Slovenia

3.a

5.d
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Number of readers
2005 2006 (000) 2007 2008 2009 789 660 259
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Total free dailies National free dailies Regional and local free dailies Total non-dailies Total paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies National free non-dailies Regional and local free non-dailies Total paid-for Sundays National paid-for Sundays
8 8 7 1 234 178 56 3 53 2 2
8 8 7 1 240 180 60 4 56 2 2
9 8 7 1 1 1 248 184 64 5 59 2 2
8 7 6 1 1 1 253 185 68 5 63 2 2
8 7 6 1 1 1 230 160 70 6 64 2 2
0.00 -12.50 -14.29 0.00 -1.71 -10.11 25.00 100.00 20.75 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -9.09 -13.51 2.94 20.00 1.59 0.00 0.00

6.a
Online editions
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Dailies Sundays Source: Valicon d.o.o.
7 2
8 -
7 -
7 -
7 -
0.00 -
0.00 -
Source: 2005 CATI d.o.o.; 2006-2009 Valicon d.o.o.
395
SLOVENIA
6.c

Publishing company Website Unique visitors per month (000) 339 230 214 208 172 11
7.ba

(Slovenia, tolar until 2006, euro from 2007, mln) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Newspaper
Zurnal24 Finance Dnevnik Delo Vecer Primorske novice
Zurnal media d.o.o. Casnik Finance d.o.o. Dnevnik, Casopisna druzba d.d. Delo d.d. CZP Vecer d.d. Primorske novice, casopisno zalozniska druzba d.o.o.
zurnal24.si finance.si dnevnik.si delo.si vecer.com primorske.si
Source: MOSS December 2009

6.d
25,723.9 17,309.5 8,414.3 46,399.1 4,327.4 240.4 5,769.8 961.6 83,903.1
29,738.9 20,385.6 9,353.4 46,766.8 4,556.8 239.8 7,194.9 1,678.8 90,415.9
144.0 101.0 43.0 243.0 20.0 2.0 32.0 11.0 452.0
159.0 109.0 50.0 299.0 20.0 1.3 32.6 18.0 533.0
142.0 98.0 44.0 373.0 21.0 0.9 31.0 20.0 588.0
123.0 88.0 35.0 411.0 21.0 0.9 25.0 24.0 606.0
128.0 89.0 39.0 460.0 23.0 1.0 29.0 32.0 672.0
132.0 91.0 41.0 495.0 25.0 1.1 30.0 36.0 719.0
Source: Mediana IBO; ZenithOptimedia

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Excludes agency commission; excludes classified advertising; excludes production costs; before discounts; newspapers includes local titles; Internet figure includes display and search, but only for major sites
397.8 401.9 417.5 456.4 479.0 1,002.4 1,083.1 1,140.5 1,162.3 1,298.5
20.41 29.54
4.95 11.72

6.e
Advertising sector
Advertiser
Expenditure (Slovenia, euro, 000) 3,315.8 3,266.5 2,961.3 2,845.2 2,742.5 2,551.5 2,135.5 2,007.5 2,006.4 1,865.1
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
196.6 279.8 344.8 426.6 465.7
136.88
9.17

6.f

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Services Special products Telecommunications Shops Health and hygiene / cosmetics Motoring Household aid and appliances Nutrition and stimulants Textile and clothing Cleaning products Source: Mediana IBO
8.a
Hofer Mercator Delo Revije Adria Media Ljubljana Mobitel 12 Media Delo Zurnal Media Simobil Spar Slovenija Source: Mediana IBO
7.aa
19.40
2.21

(Slovenia, tolar until 2006, euro from 2007, bln) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Publishing company Delo Mladinska Knjiga Dnevnik Delo Revije Vecer Finance Adria Media Primorske Novice Zurnal Medija Gorenjski Glas Total revenue (Slovenia, euro, 000) 60,580 52,118 34,007 18,554 18,330 13,061 10,256 6,685 6,165 3,862
GDP
6,393.0 6,768.3 7,296.6
33.1
35.7
Source: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia

7.ab

(Slovenia, tolar until 2006, euro from 2007, 000) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

7.ac
2,951.0 3,173.0 3,329.0 3,588.8
22.3
(%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 1.65 1.67 1.74 1.75
Source: Marketing magazine via ZenithOptimedia
Ad expenditure
1.26
1.22
1.31
1.44
8.ba

Language Slovenian Slovenian Slovenian Slovenian Slovenian Slovenian Slovenian Publishing company Circulation (000) Delo d.d. Delo d.d. Dnevnik d.d. CZP Vecer d.d. Primorske novice d.o.d. Casnik Finance d.o.o. Salomon d.o.o. 93 64 53 47 17 1 16 15 Readership (000) 318 134 111 123 61 48 38 Cover price usual (Slovenia, euro) 0.80 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.40 1.00 Format Tabloid Broadsheet Broadsheet Broadsheet Broadsheet Broadsheet Broadsheet
Title Slovenske Novice Delo Dnevnik Vecer Primorske Novice Finance Ekipa
1
Source: Valicon d.o.o. 2008 figure
396
SLOVENIA
8.bb

Founded (year) 2007 Language Slovenian Publishing company Zurnal media d.o.o. Circulation (000) 113 Readership (000) 259
Title Zurnal24 1
1
Source: Valicon d.o.o.; FDN Newsletter Launched in October 2007; editions in Ljubljana, Gorenjska, Stajerska, Primorska, Dolenjska; the newspaper is distributed through boxes, in more than 300 buses, and by hawkers in 20 cities; as of November 2008, the newspaper is distributed in 30 cities at 6 a.m.; weekend edition delivered by mail early in the morning
11.
Research (2009)
15.a
Circulation is audited by A project of publishing companies, owned by the Slovenian Advertising Chamber Readership is measured by National Readership Survey, owned by the Slovenian Advertising Chamber Methodology The National Readership Survey: * Executant: Valicon d.o.o. * Sample size: n=6,924 * Population: 10-75 years old * Method: everyday face-to-face interviews
Source: Valicon d.o.o.
12.
Does any law exist governing publishing-house ownership, or the registration of shares in newspaper-publishing companies? Yes Is there any law prohibiting or restricting foreign companies or individuals from owning shares, and in particular, the majority of shares, of domestic daily newspapers? No Is there any law prohibiting daily newspaper or periodical publishers from operating radio or television stations in the same locality? Neither a publisher of a general news daily, nor an owner of more than 20% stake of the publishing company can be a publisher or a co-founder of a radio or television company, nor can he perform a radio or television activity. So as to guarantee disclosure and transparency in the capital structure and to avoid silent partners, is there any law or rule permitting in any event the possibility of finding out who are the actual owners of a publishing company? All individuals or companies owning at least 10% in any company must disclose their interest. Is there an antitrust law limiting concentration in the daily press? If any publisher controls over 50% of the market, it has to be reported to the authorities. Is further regulation of media concentration expected? No
Taxes (2009)
% 20 8.5 8.5 20 20 21
Tax Standard VAT 1 VAT on: Single copy sales Subscription sales Advertising Newsprint Tax on profits standard rate Source: Valicon d.o.o.; Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu
15.b
Owners
Regional TVs
National TVs
Regional Newspapers
National Newspapers
Radio
Foreign Investors
max. 20%
max. 20%
max. 20%
max. 20%
max. 20%
397
SPAIN
General economic situation The Spanish economy grew every year from 1994 through 2008 before entering a recession that started in the third quarter of 2008. Spains mixed capitalist economy supports a GDP that on a per capita basis is approaching that of the largest West European economies. However, The economy was greatly affected by the bursting of the housing bubble and construction boom that had fuelled much of the economic growth between 2001 and 2007. newspaper, which employed 80 people, was launched in 2001 and by 2004 had achieved profitability but had been posting losses in recent years.
Spains three other free dailies, 20 minutos, Que! and ADN, had a daily circulation each of nearly one million copies meaning the countrys four free dailies had a readership that was equivalent of that of the countrys paid newspapers. Analysts had long warned that this situation was unsustainable during a sharp economic contraction that has led to a 35 percent drop in GDP growth in 2008 was 1.2%. Spain suffered a major advertising revenues. spike in unemployment in the last few months of 2008, finishing the year with an unemployment rate over 13%. In March 2009 free daily ADN (Planeta Group and local partners) closed its offices in Sevilla, Malaga and Cadiz. The Spanish economy contracted by -3.8% in 2009. The Sevilla and Malaga editions were to be produced The inflation rate was 0.9% and the unemployment rate from offices in Barcelona and Madrid. The Cadiz and reached 18% in 2009. Projections for 2010 show the Jerez editions (both made in Cadiz) were also decline will begin to slow down, but will still be unable discontinued. to achieve positive growth figures. Three new editions of Spanish national free daily Que! Performance of different types of newspapers launched in April 2009: Rioja, Castellon (Castello) and In January 2009, Pedro J. Ramirez, the director of Navarra. All three editions, however, were successors of El Mundo, Spains second-most sold newspaper after ADN editions that closed down. El Pais, said Spains daily newspapers were in a state of shock because of the economic slowdown and the drop As of April 2009, Que! published 14 editions in Spain. in advertising revenues. He said El Mundos advertising In previous months it closed down five editions. revenues plunged 34 percent in November 2008 alone Santander (Cantabria) and San Sebastian (Guipzcoa) over the same year-ago period and predicted they would were last published on March 17, 2009. Both started in be down by around 20 percent for all of 2008 when November 2007. Que! Murcia, Cartagena and Mallorca compared to the previous year. were last published on December 23, 2008. The Que! Zaragoza edition was to be relaunched as Que! Aragon In a further sign of the stress that Spanish newspapers and distributed in Huesca as well. The Vigo and Alicante were under, Spains largest media group Prisa, which editions of Que! were closed on July 1, 2009. On June publishes El Pais, announced in January 2009 it would 23, 2009, the publisher also closed the A Coruna merge the staff of the newspapers print edition with that edition. of its online version to avoid job losses. In five years, print newspaper will certainly still exist. In ten years, In 2009, free daily 20 Minutos closed its offices in probably, if things are well done. In 15 years, I am not Asturias, La Corua, Vigo, Alicante, Crdoba, Granada, sure they will still exist in the form that we know, Prisas Murcia and Valladolid. The work for the editions is now chief executive officer Juan Luis Cebrian said when he done by local correspondents. made the announcement. Free daily Aqui in Tarragona, launched in September Newspaper launches / closures 2006 by Editorial Baix Camp, closed at the end of In January 2009, the Spanish edition of free daily February 2009. It had a circulation of 20,000. newspaper Metro ceased publishing, becoming the first victim of a sharp economic slowdown in Spain that was Free daily Diario de Almeria closed in the first half of just starting to impact the nations press due to 2009. The newspaper was published by Livisa plummeting advertising revenues. Per Mikael Jensen, the Investment and had a circulation of 11,000 in Almeria. head of Metro International, the Swedish media group The same owner closed down sister newspaper Diario which run the newspaper, said the move waas due to del Mediterraneo (Benidorm/Valencia) in 2006. falling revenues and the stiff competition it faced in Spain where there are three other highly popular free Mini Diario, the oldest free daily in Spain, closed in dailies. 2009. Mini Diario started in November 1992 in Valencia. An Alicante edition was launched in 2000. Metro was the fifth most read daily newspaper in Spain Total circulation was around 60,000. The Alicante with more than 1.8 million daily readers. The edition closed down in 2008 while the Valencia edition
SPAIN
did not return after the summer of 2008. The last issue space during October, November and December. By was printed on July 11, 2009. January 2010, advertising was absent from Spanish state television. As of 2009 only one of the editions of the Mes-group of local free dailies survived; all others have been converted The death of advertising provoked a new financing to weeklies or stopped publishing. The remaining daily model at RTVE. To compensate for annual advertising title is Ms Tarragona, Reus i Costa Daurada, a merger revenue losses, predicted to be around EUR478 million of the former Mes dailies in Tarragona, Costa Daurada in 2009, Spanish authorities established a three-way and Reus. solution. Privately owned commercial stations must provide the countrys two public television stations with Advertising 3 percent of their annual gross income, which will raise In 2009, total media advertising expenditure was an estimated EUR140 million. Telecommunications estimated at EUR5,502.2 million, according to a I2P providers also offering audiovisual services (Telefonica, Maple Media study. As a result total advertising Vodafone, Orange and others) will have to give the expenditure decreased by 24.8% compared to the equivalent of 0.9 percent of their profits, which previous year. translates to EUR290 million. The third financing source will come from taxes that all operators, from In 2008 and 2009, gross advertising sales of all radio stations to telephone companies, have to pay for newspapers suffered a cumulative decline of 43%. The the right to use a portion of the radio frequency. These economic crisis has been extremely hard for newspapers; taxes come to EUR240 million. they have had to implement policies to reduce costs in order to mitigate some of its effects. Moreover, the Circulation slump has interfered with rapidly changing information Circulation of daily newspapers dropped about 6% in 2009 compared to the previous year, while audience and advertising models of newspapers. slowly increased. In 2008 the European Commission, the executive arm of the EU, warned Spain that it faced court action for In 2009, the four major dailies El Pais, El Mundo, ABC failing to comply with the advertising limits, which aim and La Razon lowered their sales at newsstands by to prevent viewers from having their shows interrupted 11.79% year-on-year, according to OJD data. These excessively and promote television quality across Europe. declines translated into a 2.4% reduction in the copy sales revenues, which is less than in 2008 when it was Unlike in many other European nations such as Britain 4%, mainly because the newspapers increased their cover and France, in Spain there is no television licence fee. price. Public television channels are instead financed by a mixture of advertising revenues and direct state aid. In On March 30, 2009, Prisa increased the price of its daily January 2009, the Spanish Association of Advertisers El Pais by 9.1 percent to EUR1.20 a copy from Monday urged the government to limit the number of to Saturday. El Pais said its Sunday editions would commercials which TV stations can air because it said remain at the same price of EUR2.20. saturation advertising was hurting the effectiveness of their messages. It asked the government to enforce Readership a European Union-wide limit of 12 minutes of adverts After seven years of permanent growth in readership, free per hour, which is routinely violated by the countrys daily 20 Minutos lost readers for the first time in MarchApril 2009, according to EGM/AIMC research. The private broadcasters. newspaper had the highest readership in Spain with On April 14, 2009, Prime Minister Jose Luis Rodriguez 2,772,000 daily readers, but compared to the full year Zapatero said that the government would drastically 2008 (2,889,000), 20 Minutos lost readers. reduce the amount of advertising allowed on the The second most read newspaper in Spain was sports countrys two public television stations. newspaper Marca with 2,749,000 daily readers. El Pais Spains ruling Socialist Party introduced a bill to axe was third with 2,182,000 readers while free daily Que! advertising on the public channels in May 2009 and the was fourth with 2,116,000 readers (2,255,000 in 2008). measure was approved by the countrys Senate in July Free daily ADN was fifth with 1,671,000 readers 2009. Previously, the two public channels, TVE1 and (1,787,000 in 2008). TVE2, broadcast 10 minutes of adverts an hour. Online / Digital Publishing The National Broadcasting Radio & Television (RTVE) There were no government restrictions on access to the Financing Law came into force on September 1, 2009. Internet. Authorities monitored Web sites for material TVE may no longer enter into contracts for advertising containing hate speech and advocating anti-Semitism; space. There was a significant reduction of advertising there were no reports that the government monitored
SPAIN
e-mail or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail. Internet access was readily available from a number of providers. In February 2010 the first online Arabic-language newspaper aimed at the Arabic community in Spain was launched in Madrid. The newspaper, available at andaluspress.com is website for all Arabic-speaking immigrants from Spain, a community estimated at one million people consisting mainly of Moroccans. Its founder is Moroccan journalist Sad Ida Hassan, the former head of the MAP news agency in Madrid and president of the Association of foreign press correspondents in Spain (ACPE). Spanish free daily 20 Minutos saw its unique monthly online visitors go up by 48%, from 547,000 in MarchApril 2008 to 810,000 in March-April 2009, according to EGM research. Sports daily newspaper Marca had the most online visitors with almost 2.7 million; El Pais and sports newspaper As followed with 2.4 and 1.3 million. Not all newspapers, however, were included in the EGM research. Paid newspaper El Mundo and other free dailies Que! and ADN did not participate. On March 25, 2009, Spains free press organisation, the Asociacion Espanola de la Prensa Gratuita (AEPG), announced the launch of the countrys first search engine for printed free publications. More than 150 free online publications have been made available in a move which, according to the AEPG, confirms the organisations commitment to online. AEPG said the launch of the new search engine was a response to the changing nature of the sector, in which print advertising revenues have plummeted to all-time lows. The new tool enables users to search for material based on location, traffic, type and content. The original search service on offer was just for printed publications, but has now been expanded to include digital titles which do not have print equivalents. The announcement follows a similar move recently by the Spanish government, which unveiled a virtual newspaper library earlier in March 2009. In October 2009, elmundo.es announced the creation of a another edition of its website, to include a new focus on news from the Americas. The decision coincides with the 20th anniversary of the newpaper founded in 1989 and comes following data that reveals a wide readership base in Latin America. Elmundo.es Americas online portal is divided into seven sections: North America, Central America, the Carribbean, South America, Sport, Economy and People. Each country within these regions also has an exclusive page where stories relevant to that country can be found. website under the name of Factual. The daily news website, which kicks off with a starting budget of EUR250,000, will charge its customers an annual fee of EUR50 for access to unlimited content and officially went live on November 30, 2009. The launch comes on the back of the closure of popular Spanish news website Soitu in October 2009, which shut down after just 22 months in production. Soitu, which was recognised as being at the forefront of online journalism, similarly believed that the printed word was no longer enough to satisfy readers and looked to incorporate viedos, comments, updates etc. into their website, even developing its own social network. Utoi.es spin-off website was designed as a space where readers could create profiles and discuss different stories an themes, a kind of news-only Facebook. In an October 22, 2009, post titled Hasta la vista y gracias, Soitu founder Gumersindo LaFuente thanked the half a million unique visitors a month the site had managed to attract throughout its short life. Digital news website Globedia was launched in 2009. Headed by Basque firm Hispa Vista, Globedia is entirely and exclusively written by the online community. The websites aim is to offer people information published by anyone with a desire to express and spread an idea or thought on current affairs and general interest issues. Globedia does not have an editorial team as such, much less an editor. Instead, readers and contributors alike are invited to rate articles by way of a vote. High-scoring items naturally work their way to the home page; in effect, readers get to set the agenda. As well as relying on the contributions of Web users, Globedia is also banking on attracting advertisers to the websites. Ownership The government in February 2009 passed a law which eliminated a 5.0-percent limit on cross shareholdings at television broadcasters. The law is intended to ease sector mergers at a time when Spains media is being hammered by the countrys worst recession for more than five decades, with advertising revenues dropping sharply. In May 2009 Edipresse Group completed the purchase of the remaining 40% of Focus Ediciones held by the original founders and minority shareholders. This transaction was effectuated according to a shareholders agreement signed in October 2003, at which time Edipresse acquired 60% of the share capital. Edipresse is now a 100% owner of Focus Ediciones.
In June 2009 debt-burdened media group Prisa asked staff to take pay cuts and it was suspending dividends probably until 2011 as it stepped up its restructuring efforts. The owner of newspaper El Pais did not rule out In November 2009, Arcadi Espada, a Catalan journalist a capital hike, as shareholders approved in 2008, and will who had frequently questioned the future of print press to find business partners. journalism, launched a new online only, paid for news
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Around a quarter of Prisas EUR4 billion (USD5.6 billion) in revenue in 2008 came from advertising, a sector ravaged by a housing slump and a deep recession. Prisa shareholders in December 2008 approved the company raising up to EUR2 billion to recapitalise itself. Since then it extended a EUR2 billion bridge loan until 2010, giving it some breathing space. In 2009, current debt was around 6 times core earnings (EBITDA). overall costs were scaled back 15.4 percent in the period, outpacing expectations for a fall of about 11 percent. Advertising revenue, which makes up about a quarter of the groups total, fell a greater-than-expected 22 percent, although improving on a fall of 25.2 percent in the first six months of 2009. Total revenue fell 21.2 percent, suffering from comparison with extraordinary gains the previous year on the sale of property. Still, revenue in all of its business units was down except for textbooks, which rose nearly 4 percent. Investors will remain focused on Prisas repositioning plans which include asset sales and a rumoured tie-up with Italian broadcaster Mediaset SpA, owned by Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, for some or all of its TV interests.
In June 2009 it was reported that Pearson, the educational publisher based in the United Kingdom, had held preliminary talks with Prisa, the Spanish media group, over the possible purchase of a stake in Santillana, Prisas publishing house and a market leader in school textbooks in Spanish-speaking Latin America. It was understood that Prisa could be looking to sell up to 30 Media / Press Laws per cent of the business in a deal that could fetch up to The constitution provides for freedom of speech and of the press, and the government generally respected these EUR360 million (GBP315 million). rights in practice. An independent press, an effective Prisa had been under pressure to sell assets or bring in judiciary, and a functioning democratic political system other investors for more than a year, after being forced to combined to ensure freedom of speech and of the press. buy out minority investors in Sogecable, which holds its Digital Plus pay-TV business and free-to-air channel. The independent media remained active and generally The deal piled an additional EUR2 billion of short-term expressed a wide variety of views without restriction. debt onto its balance sheet, just as the Spanish economy Individuals could criticize the government publicly or started to slow, savaging advertising revenues. The privately without reprisal, and the government did not company, which owns El Pais newspaper, was finalising attempt to impede such criticism. debt-restructuring talks with a syndicate comprising three Spanish banks as well as SBC. BNP and Natixis. In The law prohibits, subject to judicial oversight, actions January 2009, Prisa was forced to abandon the sale of including public speeches and the publication of Digital Plus after a joint bid by Telefonica. The Spanish documents that the government interprets as glorifying telecoms group, and Vivendi of France fell short of what or supporting terrorism. A 2007 Constitutional Court ruling stated that Holocaust denial could no longer be it needed to reduce financial gearing. punished by incarceration, since it is permissible in the In August 2009, Prisa announced that negotiations with framework of freedom of speech. Previously, the law rival Imagina on the merger of their television operations provided punishment of up to two years in prison for the had broken down. The two announced in June 2009 offence. The court concluded that imprisonment for the they had given themselves a month to sign a merger deal offence of justifying the Holocaust or genocide would be involving their television operations. Prisa runs the compatible with the constitution. television channel Cuatro while Imagina holds another, In October 2008 Reporters without Borders identified La Sexta. ETA for threatening journalists, contending that several In October 2009, Prisa announced it had had bought 12 journalists in the country required personal protection percent of Spanish language television broadcaster V-me or chose to leave the Basque Country due to such Media for an undisclosed sum, with an eye to taking threats; the judicial sentence against the weekly El Jueves control of the group. V-me Media owns the V-me cable for printing an obscene cartoon of the prince and TV station, the fourth largest Hispanic TV channel in princess of Asturias; the summoning of daily Gara and Deia editors by a court for the publication of satirical the United States. images of King Juan Carlos; the Partido Populars In October 2009 Prisa announced sharp declines in both boycott of Grupo Prisa; and the firing of Cristina Peri its core and net profit in the first nine months of 2009, Rossi by radio station Cataluna Radio for speaking in offering aggressive cost cutting to tide it over the Castilian rather than Catalan. recession. Prisa said nine-month core profit fell to EUR506.8 million (USD756.8 million), just less than Media group Prisa, publisher of El Pais, Spains biggestexpected in a Reuters poll, as a deep recession hit selling daily, and usually a Socialist ally, has become revenues. Net profit fell 77.5 percent to EUR46.7 increasingly critical of prime minister Jose Luis million, lower than the average analyst forecast for Rodriguez Zapatero. The newspapers greatest ire has EUR63.5 million. In an attempt to weather the storm, been reserved for a law rushed out to regulate terrestrial
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digital pay-television (TDT). The scandalous and abusive TDT law was, it thundered, aimed at satisfying the interests of a group of friends. Those friends are Prisas foes at Miedapro, a fast-expanding media group that launched a pro-Zapatero newspaper, Publico, in 2007. The two groups are battling not just for leftleaning newspaper readers but also for valuable TV football rights. The new law allowed Mediapro to promote its pay soccer channel to TDT viewers just as the league season started, hurting Prisas own satelliteTV channel, Digital+. Copyright In May 2009 a court ruling in Madrid exclusively granted intellectual property rights to newspapers, giving them total control over their own content. The case first came to court more than two years ago when a total of 55 newspaper editors challenged a company called Documentacion de Medios, for using content as part of their press-clipping service. The ruling means that, in future, any companies seeking to use newspaper material in a similar way will first need to get permission from the editor in question. More precisely, in the case of Documentacion de Medios, the company was found to have been in breach of intellectual property rights and guilty of having used content, despite the opposition clearly expressed by the various newspapers. The sentence also stated that existing agreements between press-clipping agencies and news associations were not in themselves sufficient to grant agencies the right to carry out news summaries or media cuttings without prior consent from the editor. Fresh on the heels of the successful legal battle in May 2009, the Spanish press decided in June 2009 to launch another judicial fight, this time to reclaim work used by news aggregators. The move follows concerns voiced by the European Newspaper Publishers Association (ENPA), which in May 2009 issued a statement warning that news aggregators should act lawfully, fairly and respectfully by asking newspapers for their approval before using content. Under a draft law unveiled in December 2009, a new regulatory body would be set up with the power to investigate suspected illegal downloaders and recommend sanctions, including blocking or closing sites used for file sharing. It also would allow the authorities to require Internet service providers to provide information on illegal file sharers. The draft law was welcomed by the recording and film industries, which say they have lost millions of euros through illegal Internet downloads. But it has been met with fierce criticism on the web and by Spains main opposition Popular Party, which accuses the Socialist government seeking to censor the Internet with the proposed new law. A manifesto against the draft law has been signed by tens of thousands of people in Spain, which has one of the highest rates of illegal downloads. Prime Minister
402
Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero said the proposed law would not lead to the closure of websites. Taxes In June 2009, AEEPP, the Spanish trade association for press publishers, asked the government to lower advertising taxes as a way of overcoming the current economic crisis. In an official notice, AEEPP stated that advertising actively encourages domestic growth, and they proposed to government to reduce VAT and provide other financial incentives to encourage businesses to maintain and increase their advertising expenditure during the crisis. In December 2009 Spains Ministry of Culture announced plans to slash value-added tax on electronic books to the same low level as traditional paper volumes. The Ministry of Culture said in a statement the tax would be lowered from 16 percent to 4 percent on the electronic devices, as the battle heats up between rival companies to capture the fledgling market. State Support In March 2009, the Spanish media rallied together in an effort to gain government support to save the countrys television, radio and press from demise, with newspapers seeking generous tax breaks. The various branches of the communications industry each put together their own list of proposals, which have since been presented to the government. As well as fiscal incentives, Spanish newspapers asked the PSOE administration to look at ways it may be able to boost newspaper readership among the countrys younger residents, and secure financial assistance in order to modernise newsrooms. During a presentation of the report, Pilar de Yarza, president of the Asociacion de Editores de Diarios Espanoles (AEDE), referred to examples of state intervention in other countries, naming help with news circulation, financial aid in updating technological resources and subsidised rail and postal transportation as some of the measures taken. In June 2009, after many months of deliberation, Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapateros administration came forward with a proposal for newspapers, but editors were unimpressed. The government was offering EUR60 million in soft credits for printing purposes, credit from the Official Credit Institute (ICO) worth EUR300 million, deferred payment by up to a year of employers social security contributions, training for journalists, the creation of a centre of journalism excellence, promoting newspaper subscriptions within government and the public sector, as well as a marketing plan to promote sales of newspaper e-reader, the Kindle DX. As Pilar de Yarza, president of AEDE said to El Mundo, the aforementioned measures should not be passed over to the board of ministers for approval. Although broadcasters have not technically received any direct
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funding, the written press was unhappy with what it sees government has done for television, for example. Just by as preferential treatment given to broadcasters. Its not cutting publicity from TVE, the government has freed enough, said Pilar de Yarza. It does not offer real up around EUR500 million. financial relief and it is far removed from what the Source: CIA The World Factbook; Asociacion de Editores de Diarios Espanoles (AEDE); European Journalism Centre (EJC); US State Department; Expatica; AFP; El Pais; Editors Weblog; Publicitas; FDN Newsletter; Le Monde; Reuters; FinanzNachrichten.de; The Economist; Expatica; PR Noticias
2.ca
Households 000 % 3,663 4,462 3,733 3,092 1,695 16,645 22.0 26.8 22.4 18.6 10.2 100
Source: Universos EGM

2.cb

Children Without children With children under 1 year old aged 1-2 aged 3-4 aged 5-13 Total Source: EGM Households 000 % 12,539 4,106 367 798 847 3,817 16,645 75.3 24.7 2.2 4.8 5.1 22.9 100
2.d

Age Under 25 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total Source: EGM Housewives 000 % 272 2,233 3,579 3,261 2,684 4,616 16,645 1.6 13.4 21.5 19.6 16.1 27.7 100

2.a
3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08

All individuals 000 6,311 2,713 2,715 7,545 7,598 6,293 4,962 7,637 45,774 Male 000 3,242 1,394 1,381 3,877 3,890 3,144 2,420 3,246 22,594 Female 000 3,069 1,319 1,334 3,668 3,708 3,149 2,542 4,391 23,180 Total dailies Total paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies Total free dailies
Age 0-13 14-19 20-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total Source: Universos EGM
2.b
159 139 139 20
172 140 140 32
166 140 140 26
163 140 140 23
155 139 139 16
-2.52 0.00 0.00 -20.00
-4.91 -0.71 -0.71 -30.43
Source: 2005 AEDE; OJD; 2006-2008 AEDE; WAN assessment (free dailies); 2009 AEDE; WAN-IFRA assessment (free dailies)
3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
7,629 9,072 8,685 8,284 6,524 4,196 4,138 4,196 4,165 3,915 3,433 4,934 4,489 4,119 2,609
-14.48 -6.70 -24.00
-21.25 -6.00 -36.66

All individuals 000 % 3,807 6,396 17,129 9,663 2,467 39,462 9.6 16.2 43.4 24.5 6.3 100 Male 000 2,017 3,251 8,637 4,404 1,043 19,352 % 10.4 16.8 44.6 22.8 5.4 100 Female 000 % 1,790 3,145 8,492 5,259 1,424 20,110 8.9 15.6 42.2 26.2 7.1 100
Social class A+B C1 C2 D E Total Source: EGM

1
Source: 2005 AEDE; OJD; WAN assessment (free dailies); 2006-2008 AEDE; WAN assessment (free dailies); 2009 AEDE; WAN-IFRA assessment (free dailies)
4.a

(mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies Source: AEDE
1,520 1,488 1,495 1,473 1,417 1,520 1,488 1,495 1,473 1,417
-6.78 -6.78
-3.80 -3.80
Aged 14 and over
403
SPAIN
4.b
Sales revenues
(Spain, euro, mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Age
Total paid-for dailies Source: AEDE

1 2
1,263 1 1,260 2 1,300 1,290 1,200
-4.99
-6.98 14-19 20-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total
Estimate about 2% year-on-year decrease Estimate
4.c

2004 2005 74.4 9.7 4.8 6.2 4.7 0.2 100 (%) 2006 71.5 10.4 8.4 5.0 4.3 0.4 100 2007 72.7 9.2 8.5 4.8 4.3 0.5 100 2008 68.8 11.9 8.3 5.1 5.4 0.5 100
Single copy sales Subscriptions Office deliveries Bulk Free distribution Other Total Source: AEDE; OJD
4.d
75.1 14.2 6.1 4.6 100
Source: EGM 2009

5.c
Media consumption
2005 (minutes per day) 2006 2007 2008 17 3.0 112 222 32 17 4.0 108 220 36 18 4.0 104 225 42 2009 16 3.4 108 229 49
Cover prices (2009)

(Spain, euro) min max
5.a

(%) Reached
All newspapers Magazines Radio Television Internet Source: EGM

6.a
17 4.0 110 222 27
Single copy Subscription Source: AEDE
0.50 0.50
1.50 1.50
All adults Men Women Main household shopper Source: EGM 2009
39.8 47.6 32.4 32.9
Online editions
Change (%) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2007/03 2007/06
Dailies 1 Non-dailies
1
100 -
100 -
59 43
53 -
51 -
-49.00 -
-3.77 -
Source: 2003-2005 AEDE; 2006-2007 OJD Dailies audited by OJD (Spanish ABC) 2006 On the assumption that most newspapers have their own website; 2007 AEDE estimate that almost all Spanish paid-for dailies have a website, but OJD only monitors 51 dailies
6.c

Publishing company Unidad Editorial Informacin General Unidad Editorial Informacin Deportiva Diario El Pais Ediciones Deportivas Catalanas S.A. El Mundo Deportivo S.A. Schibsted La Vanguardia Ediciones Diario AS Ediciones Primera Plana Diario ABC Mediapubli Sociedad de Publicaciones y Ediciones, S.L. Unidad Editorial Internet S.L. La Voz de Galicia S.A. Editorial Prensa Iberica Vocento Diario El Correo Planeta Group Website elmundo.es marca.com elpais.com sport.es elmundodeportivo.es 20minutos.es lavanguardia.es as.com elperiodico.com abc.es publico.es expansion.es lavozdegalicia.es lne.es quediario.com elcorreo.com adn.es Unique visitors per month 2 (000) 22,257 18,677 5,000 4,854 3,655 3,500 3,332 2,600 2,006 2,200 2,012 1,923 1,465 1,047 750 520 520 Page impressions per month (000) 338,707 444,077 80,228 55,791 36,546 24,260 17,850 19,270 19,245 15,275 -
Newspaper El Mundo Marca El Pais Sport Mundo Deportivo 20 Minutos 1 La Vanguardia As El Periodico de Catalunya ABC Publico Expansion La Voz de Galicia La Nueva Espana Que! 1 El Correo ADN 1
Source: OJD Interactiva; Nielsen Online Market Intelligence; WAN-IFRA based on Google Ad Planner data Data by OJD Interactiva as of December 2009; not all online newspapers are measured by OJD Interactiva; Google Ad Planner data as of March 2010; all Google Ad Planner traffic statistics are estimates
1 2
Free daily Measured by Nielsen Online Market Intelligence: Marca, Sport, El Periodico de Catalunya; data from Google Ad Planner: El Pais, 20 Minutos, La Vanguardia, ABC, Publico, Expansion, Que!; other data by OJD Interactiva
404
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6.d

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
7.d

6,234.3 7,507.3 8,591.7 9,477.4 9,860.0 20,617.3 21,950.8 24,276.7 26,509.4 28,117.6
58.16 36.38
4.04 6.07
In colour Total Excluding self-advertising
201,453 245,869 272,919 261,862 260,269 764,105 800,504 778,204 655,468 562,833

6.e
Source: I2P prepared by Arce Media and Media Hotline
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
5,035.2 6,696.6 8,055.8 9,135.8 9,674.5
92.14
5.90 2005 Display Classified Total 89.3 10.7 100 2006 87.7 10.3 100

6.f
(%) 2007 90.4 9.6 100
2008 90.6 9.4 100
2009 90.8 9.2 100

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Source: I2P prepared by Arce Media and Media Hotline
7.aa
19.43
2.64

7.f
7.g

Advertiser Viajes El Corte Ingls Volkswagen Audi Marsans Viajes El Corte Ingls Vodafone Telefonica BMW Globalia Viajes Iberia La Caixa Expenditure (Spain, euro, 000) 29,600 25,400 24,100 14,800 12,900 11,900 11,900 10,400 9,600 9,100

2005 (Spain, euro, bln) 2006 2007 2008 981.0 2009
Advertising sector Automotive Public Services Travel & Tourism Finance Arts & Entertainment Distribution IT and Telecommunications Private Services Culture and Sport Decoration
GDP Source: INE

7.ab
908.5
1,050.1 1,095.2 1,052.4

2005 (Spain, euro, 000) 2006 2007 2008 21.9 23.2 23.8 2009 22.5
GDP per capita Source: INE

7.ac
20.6
Source: I2P Prepared by Arce Media and Media Hotline

8.a
(%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 0.53 0.53 0.55 0.57

Total circulation (000) 431 324 296 252 230 202 154 152 115 103 Total revenue (Spain, euro, 000) 355,205 186,631 122,560 171,299 82,660 179,258 87,965 120,385 81,979 78,308
Publishing company Diario El Pais Unidad Editorial Informacin General Unidad Editorial Informacin Deportiva Diario ABC Diario AS La Vanguardia Ediciones Audiovisual Espaola Ediciones Primera Plana Diario El Correo La Voz de Galicia
Ad expenditure
0.73
0.73
0.75
0.64
7.ba

(Spain, euro, mln) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
2,341 1,666 675 2,951 610 43 494 162 6,601
2,459 1,791 669 3,186 637 42 529 310 7,164
2,616 1,894 722 3,468 678 38 568 482 7,851
2,125 1,508 617 3,082 641 21 518 610 6,998
1,572 1,131 441 2,435 526 13 427 641 5,614
1,516 1,094 422 2,412 509 12 419 711 5,580
1,533 1,108 425 2,502 518 12 425 853 5,844
1,565 1,130 434 2,641 531 12 437 1,090 6,275
Source: Duplo; Nielsen; Infoadex; ZenithOptimedia After discounts; excludes agency commission; excludes production costs; excludes classified advertising; Magazines excludes directories but includes newspaper supplements
7.c
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies Total free dailies Total Sundays
1,701.5 1,615.1 86.4 124.5
1,863.5 1,737.3 126.3 128.7
1,991.9 1,575.6 1,158.0 1,847.6 1,475.9 1,108.6 144.3 99.7 49.4 142.9 113.8 75.0
-31.94 -31.36 -42.82 -39.76
-26.50 -24.89 -50.45 -34.09
Source: I2P prepared by Arce Media and Media Hotline Excluding agency commission and volume discounts
405
SPAIN
8.ba

Language Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish Publishing company Diario El Pais Unidad Editorial Informacin General Unidad Editorial Informacin Deportiva Diario ABC Diario AS La Vanguardia Ediciones Audiovisual Espaola Ediciones Primera Plana Diario El Correo La Voz de Galicia Circulation (000) 431 323 296 252 230 202 154 152 115 103 Readership (000) 2,081 1,309 2,800 728 1,306 731 355 749 503 597 Cover price usual (Spain, euro) 1.20 1.20 1.00 1.20 1.00 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.10 1.10
Title El Pas El Mundo del Siglo XXI Marca ABC As La Vanguardia La Razn El Peridico de Catalunya El Correo La Voz de Galicia Source: AEDE
8.bb

Founded (year) 2001 2005 2006 Language Spanish Spanish Spanish Publishing company Multiprensa y Mas, S.L. Factoria de Informacion, S.A. Editorial Pagina Cero, S.A. Circulation (000) 789 741 690 Readership (000) 2,772 2,116 1,671
Title 20 Minutos 1 Que! 2 ADN 3

1
Source: PGD Spain; EGM/AIMC; FDN Newsletter; WAN-IFRA from public sources 15 editions published in 2009: A Coruna, Alicante, Asturias, Barcelona, Bilbao, Cordoba, Granada, Madrid, Malaga, Murcia, Sevilla, Valencia, Valladolid, Vigo, and Zaragoza. 2 The daily Que!, once publishing editions in 16 different markets in Spain, published 10 editions in 2009: Aragon, Asturias, Castellon, Rioja, Navarra, Madrid, Malaga, Sevilla, Valencia and Bilbao. 3 In April 2009, ADN published nine editions, having closed down already a dozen editions.
9.a
Employment
Change (%) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008/04 2008/07
12.
Taxes (2009)
% 16 4 4 16 16 16 16 35 35
Tax Standard VAT VAT on: Single copy sales Subscription sales Advertising Newsprint Composition Plant Tax on profits standard rate Tax on profits for newspapers Source: AEDE
Total number of employees
11,141
11,591 11,667 11,064
-0.69
-5.17
Source: AEDE based on annual reports

9.b
Salaries
Total salary costs 2005 Estimate

10.c
485.0 649.2 637.4 685.9 633.4
30.6
-7.65
Source: AEDE based on annual reports
Newsprint costs
2002 (Spain, euro) 2003 2004 2005 490 470 490 2006 500
13.a
Average per ton Source: AEDE
Source: AEDE
11.
Research (2009)
Circulation is audited by OJD Readership is measured by AIMC

Source: AEDE
406
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14.
Discounts (2009)
15.a
Discount on rates of Post Railroad Telephone Telegraph Telex Source: AEDE
Does any law exist governing publishing-house ownership, or the registration of shares in newspaper-publishing companies? No Is there any law prohibiting or restricting foreign companies or individuals from owning shares, and in particular, the majority of shares, of domestic daily newspapers? The press is subject to no specific regulation, but follows the general legislation for foreign capital investment. If foreign investment does not exceed 50% of total capital investment then such investment is not subject to administrative scrutiny. Participation over 50% is allowed but subject to investigation. Is there any law prohibiting daily newspaper or periodical publishers from operating radio or television stations in the same locality? No, but no person, private or governmental, Spanish or foreign, may own more than 49% of a television company. So as to guarantee disclosure and transparency in the capital structure and to avoid silent partners, is there any law or rule permitting in any event the possibility of finding out who are the actual owners of a publishing company? No Is there an antitrust law limiting concentration in the daily press? No Is further regulation of media concentration expected? No
Source: AEDE
407
SWEDEN
General economic situation Aided by peace and neutrality for the whole of the 20th century, Sweden has achieved an enviable standard of living under a mixed system of high-tech capitalism and extensive welfare benefits. It has a modern distribution system, excellent internal and external communications, and a skilled labour force. Privately owned firms account for about 90% of industrial output, of which the engineering sector accounts for 50% of output and exports. Agriculture accounts for only 1% of GDP and of employment. Until 2008, Sweden was in the midst of a sustained economic upswing, boosted by increased domestic demand and strong exports. Despite strong finances and underlying fundamentals, the Swedish economy slid into recession in the third quarter of 2008 and growth continued downward in the fourth as deteriorating global conditions reduced export demand and consumption. The inflation rate was estimated at -0.5% (deflation) in 2009. September 2008. The Wednesday edition was dropped in April 2009. Advertising Advertising sales account for 50-55 per cent of paid-for newspapers revenue, with the rest coming from newspaper copy sales. Paid-for newspapers attract almost 40 per cent of total media advertising expenditures; with free newspapers included, the figure rises to around 46 per cent. Circulation Roughly 80 per cent of Swedish newspaper sales are by subscription, with the two street-sale tabloids accounting for the remaining 20 per cent.
Online / Digital Publishing There were no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitored e-mail or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups Performance of different types of newspapers could engage in peaceful expression of views via the The number of titles on the Swedish market has been Internet, including by e-mail. rather stable over the past decades, but a decline in the number of dailies is now apparent. The decline is mainly A new service for watching movies over the Internet for due to newspapers having become editions of other free attracted more than a quarter of a million Swedes in newspapers. the first two weeks after its launch in November 2009. Founded in Stockholm in 2005, Voddler offers users Nearly all Swedish newspapers are local or regional in streaming on-demand videos free of charge. When it character. Only two popular tabloids, Aftonbladet and released a beta version of its technology in July 2009, the Expressen, plus a business daily, Dagens Industri, are of service attracted 16,000 users on the first day. Voddler truly national stature. launched an updated version of the service in late October 2009, inviting customers of Swedish Internet Metro (Metro International) is today the only free daily service provider Bredbandsbolaget to sign up. Two weeks with a presence in Swedens three metropolitan areas, after its launch the service attracted more than a quarter Stockholm, Gteborg and Malm. The previous of a million Swedes. Voddler has licensing deals with two competitors in these cities, City (Bonnier) and Punkt se major Hollywood studios, Walt Disney Company and (Schibsted), have either changed publishing strategy Paramount. (City integrated into Bonnier Magazines group) or left Ownership the market entirely (Punkt se). In 2009, mergers, acquisitions, alliances and joint Newspaper launches / closures ventures continued to develop. Several newspapers On May 11, 2009, Swedish local paid newspaper became incorporated within media groups. Upsala Nya Tidning launched new free daily 18 Minuter. The newspaper is published five days The Bonnier Group is by far the largest player on the a week with a circulation of between 15,000 and Swedish newspaper market, with one-fourth of total 20,000, and contains local, national and international newspaper circulation. Norwegian Schibsted and news. The newspaper is produced by three journalists Gteborg-based Stampen AB share second place with covering the local area and use material from around 16 per cent of newspaper circulation each. Stockholm press agency, TT Spektra, for the rest of the Bonnier and Schibsted are both highly diversified in the content. media sector and active throughout the Nordic region, while Stampen is mainly a newspaper company and City Stockholm, the former free daily from Swedish active in Sweden only. One distinctive characteristic of publishing house Bonnier, was integrated into the the Swedish press has always been the presence of Bonnier Magazines group as of August 2009. Thirty- a relatively large number of strong provincial newspaper three jobs were cut in the integration process. City groups. Foundation-owned Mittmedia, Norrkpings Stockholm converted into a three-days-a-week Tidningar and Gota Media, and family-owned Nya publication (Monday, Wednesday, and Thursday) in Wermlands-Tidningen (Ander family) and Herenco
SWEDEN
(Hamrin family) all operate chains of papers that each make up between four and eight per cent of total newspaper circulation. The chains have increased their dominance in their respective regions; in many cases the companies are the sole publishers of daily papers on their home markets." Bonniers three newspaper divisions together account for 26 per cent of the groups total revenue in 2008 (Morning papers 12%; Popular tabloid 6%, Business press 8%). Bonnier publishes seven titles on the Swedish market, which together make up just under one-fourth of total circulation. Principal among them are the leading Swedish morning paper, Dagens Nyheter (Stockholm); Expressen/GT/Kvllsposten, a nationally distributed street-sale tabloid; Sydsvenska Dagbladet (Malm), a regionally dominant daily paper; and Dagens Industri, a business paper. Schibsted entered the Swedish market in 1996 through the purchase of 49.99 per cent of Aftonbladet, flagship of the Swedish labor movement. Schibsted assumed the operative management of the paper, which is fully consolidated in the Schibsted group, while the Swedish Trade Union Confederation retained the right to appoint the editors of the opinion-leading departments of the paper. In 1998, Schibsted acquired Svenska Dagbladet, the Conservative second paper in Stockholm. These two acquisitions give Schibsted 16 per cent of total daily circulation. Since June 2009, Schibsted owns 91% of Aftonbladet. Gteborg-based Stampen AB, owned by the Hjrne family, publishes primarily newspapers but is also large in printing. Stampen has grown in the Swedish daily newspaper market, rising from 7 per cent of average daily circulation in 2004 to over 16 per cent in 2008. The companys principal paper is Gteborgs-Posten, the leading paper in southwestern Sweden and the fourthlargest newspaper in the country. In 2005 Stampen took over the greater part of the Center Partys newspaper holdings, and in 2007 gained control of a number of titles. These acquisitions rendered Stampen a principal owner of newspapers around Lake Mlaren, an inland sea west of Stockholm. These include VLT (Vsters) and Nerikes Allehanda (rebro). Stampen also entered into the free paper market in greater Stockholm through the purchase of a number of free non-dailies in the area (Gisab). Mittmedia is one of the provincial publishers that has grown in recent years. It is owned by two Liberal foundations, Stiftelsen Gefle Dagblad (70%) and Stiftelsen Pressorganisation (30%). In 2001, then under the name of Gefle Dagblads Frvaltnings AB, the group consisted of five papers. Today, after taking over four Center Party papers plus Dalarnas Tidningar and Lnstidningen stersund, Mittmedia is the dominant newspaper owner in north-central Sweden.
Media / Press Laws The constitution provides for freedom of speech and of the press, and the government generally respected these rights in practice. An independent press, an effective judiciary, and a functioning democratic political system combined to ensure freedom of speech and of the press. The law criminalizes expression considered to be hate speech and prohibits threats or expressions of contempt for a group or member of a group based on race, colour, national or ethnic origin, religious belief, or sexual orientation. Hate speech may be punished by penalties ranging from fines to a maximum of four years in prison. During 2009, members of the National Socialist Front were prosecuted under the hate speech law. In May 2009, the Administrative Court of Appeal (Kammarrtten) in Sundsvall in northern Sweden ruled mobile phone text messages should be considered documents in line with Swedens Press Freedom Act (Tryckfrihetsfrordningen). The court decided it also doesnt matter whether or not the messages are sent to a politicians private telephone or one issued to him by the public authority for which he or she works. What matters in determining whether the text messages are considered public documents or not, according to the court, is the content of the messages themselves. Messages relating to the activity of a public authority and which are created, or are accessible by, a public servant, should be considered as having been received by the agency, which is in turn responsible for archiving the communications. In addition, said the court, such archived text message communications are also eligible for release to the public as stipulated by Swedens generous open records laws. The rulings stems from a request made by the local TV4 affiliate to the municipal executive board in Umea in northern Sweden. The television station wanted the board to produce all of the text messages sent and received by municipal commissioner Lennart Holmlund between June and December 2008. The board refused the request, and the case eventually ended up in court. On August 17, 2009, an article in the countrys largest tabloid newspaper, Aftonbladet, cited a Palestinian source alleging that Israeli troops harvested organs from Palestinian prisoners for sale on international markets. The Israeli government asked the government to condemn the article. However, the countrys officials stated they were bound by the constitution and unable to make such statements, which would violate the freedom of press. After the Swedish ambassador to Israel issued an apologetic statement in response to the article and posted it on the embassys website, a member of parliament filed a complaint with the parliaments Committee on the Constitution that the ambassadors apology constituted interference with the freedom of press. Separately, a private citizen filed a complaint with the chancellor of justice against Aftonbladet for inciting
409
SWEDEN
racial agitation. In September 2009 the chancellor ruled State Support the article did not involve racial agitation, and no further On June 17, 2009, the European Commission (EC) investigation was conducted. called on Sweden to reduce the funding it provides to newspapers in large towns, claiming that they breach Copyright European Union rules on state aid. Sweden has long The government is reviewing whether legislation on provided the second-biggest newspaper in a city or town copyright and employment should be introduced. with state subsidies as a countervailing measure against A proposal is expected in 2010. the tendency for advertisers to flock towards the topselling paper. But the EC views the countrys public Printing & Distribution funding of a towns second-biggest newspaper as running Discussions between newspaper industry representatives, counter to European Union competition rules. the Postal Office and the government have continued Specifically, the EC wants a gradual reduction in the regarding a possible cooperation in distributing maximum aid provided to large newspapers in the big newspapers and postal issues. cities, and for what aid it does provide to be for a limited time only. The commission suggests a period of six years Most newspapers, the so-called morning press, are nearly after which a review should be carried out to assess the 100-per cent subscribed and delivered to households in impact of the aid on pluralism and competition. the early morning. Popular tabloids are sold on a singlecopy basis and appear on the stands in midmorning. The government proposed that subsidies to Svenska Dagbladet (SvD) and Skanska Dagbladet be reduced Postal Issues from the current level of SEK65.4 million (USD10.2 Discussions between newspaper industry representatives, million) to SEK45 million. The new press support levels the Postal Office and the government have continued will take effect in 2011. The changes are due to regarding a possible cooperation in distributing requirements from the EC that state subsidies must newspapers and postal issues. comply with European Union rules. Taxes On November 13, 2009, international newspaper group Metro International S.A. announced that the Swedish Administrative Court of Appeal had dismissed Metro Internationals appeal against a former ruling from the County Administrative Court. The case concerns additional advertising tax which has been levied on Metro Internationals publishing entity in Sweden, Tidnings AB Metro, following a decision by the Swedish Tax Authorities in 2007. The additional advertising tax amounts to approximately SEK90 million including interest. Metro International was appealing against the judgement to the Supreme Administrative Court and will also apply for a respite of the payment. Other Factors On February 4, 2010, the Swedish daily newspaper Dagens Nyheter (DN) announced it was slashing 100 jobs after a year of continued losses. Dagens Nyheter reported losses of 97 million kronor (USD13.3 million) with costs per staff member running at 850,000 kronor. The redundancies wipe out more than a third of the publications editorial staff. The lay-offs are to affect 100-120 of the newspapers 580 strong workforce; 60-70 editorial staff, with the remaining cuts primarily targeting sales and administrative employees. The staff cuts follows a tough austerity programme launched by the Bonnier family-owned flagship publication in 2009.
Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; The Local; Metro; EU Observer; FDN Newsletter; Nordicom; Swedish Newspaper Publishers' Association
410
SWEDEN
2.ca 2.d

Age Total Housewives 000 % 58 100
Occupancy Total
1
Households 000 1 % 4,470 100
Source: Statistics Sweden via Nordicom Number of dwellings at years end
Source: SCB Statistics Sweden
3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies 91 Total paid-for dailies 88 National paid-for dailies 4 Regional and local 84 paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies 86 Evening and afternoon 2 paid-for dailies Total free dailies 3 Regional and local 3 free dailies Total non-dailies 121 Total paid-for non-dailies 78 National paid-for non-dailies 18 Regional and local 60 paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies 43 Regional and local 43 free non-dailies
91 85 4 81 83 2 6 6 133 79 18 61 54 54
91 84 4 80 82 2 7 7 135 81 18 63 54 54 1
90 84 4 80 82 2 6 6 136 82 18 64 55 55
89 84 4 80 82 2 5 5 136 82 18 64 55 55
-2.20 -4.55 0.00 -4.76 -4.65 0.00 66.67 66.67 12.40 5,13 0.00 6.67 27.91 27.91
-1.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -16.67 -16.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Source: 2005 Tidningsstatistik AB; 2006-2008 Tidningsstatistik AB (Swedish Audit Bureaux of Circulations); WAN assessment (free dailies); 2009 Tidningsstatistik AB (Swedish Audit Bureaux of Circulations); WAN-IFRA assessment (free dailies)
1
Newspapers with audited circulation only. In 2007, Sweden had an estimated 300-350 free newspapers.
3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08

2.a

All individuals 000 1,665 1,099 1,148 1,301 1,182 1,216 1,645 9,256 Male 000 811 535 561 639 583 607 917 4,653 Female 000 854 564 587 662 599 609 728 4,603
Age 0-15 16-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total
Source: Orvesto; SCB Statistics Sweden; ZenithOptimedia

2.b

All adults 000 2,394 2,794 1,963 1,257 639 9,047 Male 000 1,087 1,517 991 619 311 4,525 Female 000 1,307 1,277 972 638 328 4,522
Total dailies 4 368 Total paid-for dailies 3 603 National paid-for dailies 905 Regional and local 2 698 paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies 2 835 Evening and afternoon 768 paid-for dailies Total free dailies 765 Regional and local 765 free dailies Total non-dailies 1 998 Total paid-for non-dailies 395 National paid-for non-dailies 80 Regional and local 315 paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies 1 603 Regional and local 1 603 free non-dailies
4 473 3 554 907 2 647
4 645 4 394 3 904 3 430 3 334 3 205 902 844 909 2 528 2 490 2 296
-10.62 -11.05 0.44 -14.90 -9.52 -16.67 -8.63 -8.63 1.85 1.01 2.50 0.63 2.06 2.06
-11.15 -3.87 7,70 -7.79 -4.18 -2.59 -34.06 -34.06 -14.32 2.57 6.49 1.60 -17.62 -17.62
2 784 2 738 2 677 2 565 743 692 657 640 919 1 215 1 060 699 919 1 215 1 060 699 2 309 2 494 2 375 2 035 401 403 389 399 80 80 77 82 321 323 312 317 1 908 2 091 1 986 1 636 1 908 2 091 1 986 1 636
Source: 2005 Tidningsstatistik AB; 2006 Tidningsstatistik AB (Swedish Audit Bureaux of Circulations); WAN assessment (free dailies); 2007-2009 Tidningsstatistik AB (Swedish Audit Bureaux of Circulations)
Source: Orvesto; SCB Statistics Sweden; ZenithOptimedia
411
SWEDEN
4.a

(mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
6.a
Online editions
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies 1,416.0 Total paid-for dailies 1,214.0 National paid-for dailies 330.0 Regional and local 884.0 paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies 922.0 Evening and afternoon 292.0 paid-for dailies Total free dailies 202.0 Regional and local 202.0 free dailies Total non-dailies 119.0 Total paid-for non-dailies 38.0 National paid-for non-dailies 5.0 Regional and local 33.0 paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies 81.0 Regional and local 81.0 free non-dailies
1,400.3 1,184.5 319.4 865.1
1,399.3 1,153.1 308.1 845.0
1,344.7 1,120.7 288.4 832.3
1,280.2 1,077.3 308.9 768.4
-9.59 -11.26 -6.39 -13.08 -11.69 -9.90 0.45 0.45 -8.49 -11.05 -56.00 -4.24 -7.28 -7.28
-4.80 -3.87 7.11 -7.68 -3.74 -4.29 -9.42 -9.42 -12.46 1.81 4.76 1.61 -17.65 -17.65
Dailies Non-dailies
70 47
75 103
77 103
78 103
78 103
11.43 119.15
0.00 0.00
Source: Swedish Newspaper Publishers Association Including online editions of paid-for and free newspapers
6.c
903.3 890.0 845.8 814.2 281.2 263.1 274.9 263.1 215.8 246.2 224.0 202.9 215.8 246.2 224.0 202.9 134.3 130.4 124.4 108.9 38.7 34.4 33.2 33.8 4.9 2.2 2.1 2.2 33.8 32.2 31.1 31.6 95.6 95.6 96.0 96.0 91.2 91.2 75.1 75.1

Publishing company Website Unique visitors per month 1 (000) 5,093 2,277 1,396 923 877
Website
Aftonbladet Expressen Dagens Nyheter Dagens Industri Svenska Dagbladet

1
Aftonbladet Nya Medier AB AB Kvllstidningen Expressen Dagens Nyheter AB DI Online AB Svenska Dagbladet AB & Co
aftonbladet.se expressen.se dn.se di.se svd.se
Source: Kia-Index week 10, 2009 Unique visitors per week
Source: Tidningsstatistik AB (Swedish Audit Bureaux of Circulations)

4.c
6.d

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08

2005 2006 20 75 71 4 5 100 (%) 2007 19 76 71 5 5 100 2008 19 76 71 5 5 100 2009 18 77 5 100 Internet subscribers Internet users
3,289 3,595 4,054 4,271 4,271 7,691.1 7,997.5 7,511.4 8,203.1 8,397.9
29.86 9.19
0.00 2.37
Single copy sales Subscriptions Home deliveries Postal deliveries Free distribution Total
20 75 70 4 5 100

6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Source: Tidningsstatistik AB (Swedish Audit Bureaux of Circulations)

4.d
2,522 1,930 2,780
3,791 3,800
50.67
0.24
Cover prices (2006)

(Sweden, krona) min max
5.a

(%) Reached
6.f

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
9.00 4.55
20.00 13.70
Source: Swedish Newspaper Publishers Association
All adults Men Women Main household shopper Source: TNS SIFO
82 82 82 82
Mobile cellular subscriptions 9,104
9,607 10,177 10,892 11,426
25.51
4.90

7.aa

2004 (Swedish krona, bln) 2005 2006 2007 2,735 2,901 3,064 2008 3,158

5.b
Age
% daily reach within age group 41 58 76 88 85 77

7.ab
2,625
9-14 15-24 25-44 45-64 65-79 Total

2004 (Swedish krona, 000) 2005 2006 2007 301.6 318.4 334.5 2008 342.9

7.ac
291.0
Source: Mediebarometern; NordicomSverige

5.c
(%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 0.64 0.66 0.66 0.65
Media consumption
2005 (minutes per day) 2006 2007 2008 29 14 109 101 53 28 16 100 99 61 28 14 93 96 68 2009 25 13 91 96 68 Ad expenditure
0.67
0.71
0.72
0.73
All newspapers Magazines Radio Television Internet Source: Nordicom; Mediebarometer Individuals aged 9-79
29 14 105 96 32
412
SWEDEN
7.ba

(Swedish krona, mln) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

7.f
7.g

Advertiser Expenditure (Swedish krona, 000) 407,955 248,175 213,853 191,452 168,692 153,039 143,133 133,774 132,310 129,514
Advertising sector
10,556 8,297 2,259 4,143 515 68 1,000 1,974 18,256
11,315 11,598 11,339 8,888 9,116 8,816 2,427 2,482 2,523 4,546 4,698 4,969 643 701 728 74 91 104 1,068 1,039 1,060 3,004 4,069 4,822 20,650 22,198 23,021
9,056 7,128 1,928 4,198 629 100 939 4,594 19,516
10,085 7,987 2,098 4,429 678 105 1,031 4,718 21,046
10,443 8,233 2,210 4,690 728 111 1,066 4,932 21,970
10,827 8,487 2,340 4,875 752 118 1,089 5,095 22,756
Source: University of Gothenburg; Annonsorforeningen; IRM; ZenithOptimedia Includes classified advertising; excludes agency commission; excludes production costs; after discounts; Magazines includes consumer and trade titles; Newspapers includes city, regional and evening titles; includes advertising tax; Internet includes banner, boards, buttons, interstitials, classified, place, catalogue and search advertising
7.c
Retail Organisations Travel, tourism, transport Motor, vehicles Bank, finance Office supplies, computers Books, media education Property/Building Construction Groceries, beverages, tobacco Furniture
ICA Coop Telia Ikea Media markt Fastighetsbyran Swedbank Citygross Svensk Fastighetsfrmedling Bjurforsgruppen Svenska Kyrkan Source: TNS SIFO 2009
Source: Sifo Research International

8.a

Total circulation (000) 1,004 621 246 168 146 131 118 109 60 45 Total revenue (Swedish krona, 000) 5,174,000 2,773,000 1,822,000 757,000 822,000 690,000 798,000 572,000 -
Publishing company Bonnier AB Schibsted Tidnings AB Stampen Gota Media Gefle Dagblads Frvaltnings AB Herenco AB Mkt Media AB Nya Wermlands-Tidningen AB Norrkpings Tidningars AB VLT AB
(Swedish krona, mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total paid-for dailies 8,049 National paid-for dailies 1,297 Regional and local 6,752 paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies 7,145.0 Evening and afternoon 904.0 paid-for dailies Total free dailies 1 1,355 Total paid-for non-dailies 250 Regional and local 250 paid-for non-dailies Total online newspapers 349
8,357 8,589 8,295 7,095 1,348 1,460 1,332 1,315 7,009 7,129 6,963 5,780 7,417.0 7,715.5 7,434.2 6,395.0 940.0 873.5 860.8 700.4 1,504 1,655 1,647 1,875 490 504 481 390 490 504 481 390 468 701 872 790
-11.85 1.39 -14.40 -10.50 -22.52 38.38 56.00 56.00 126.36
-14.47 -1.28 -16.99 -13.98 -18.63 13.84 -18.92 -18.92 -9.40
Source: Press Subsidies Council (revenue); Tidningsstatistik AB-Swedish Audit Bureaux of Circulations (circulation)

Owner Revenue (Swedish krona, 000) 3,114,835 1,714,667 1,376,990 1,289,319 1,241,617 1,157,034 1,058,683 792,017 728,766 681,416
Source: IRM Institute for Advertising and Media Statistics and Swedish Newspaper Publishers Association
1
Including free dailies and free non-dailies
7.d

In colour Total
463,984 463,984 469,900 446,405 390,198 753,373 753,373 762,981 724,832 649,790
Source: Swedish Newspaper Publishers Association Column meters

Provincial Dailies Dagens Nyheter Stormarknads Press Aftonbladet Goteborgs Posten Sydsvenska Dagbladet Svenska Dagbladet Expressen Mitt i Tidningarna Metro Stockholm
Source: RM 2009 via ZenithOptimedia
2004 Display Classified Inserts Online Total 60.1 37.1 2.9 100
2005 57.4 36.0 2.7 3.9 100
(%) 2006 57.0 36.0 3.0 5.0 100
2007 53.0 38.0 3.0 6.0 100
2008 50.0 40.0 3.0 7.0 100
413
SWEDEN
8.ba

Language Publishing company Circulation (000) Readership (000) 1,183 879 1,020 552 518 304 401 187 Cover price usual (Swedish krona) 9.00 15.00 9.00 12.00 15.00 15.00 20.00 15.00 Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Format Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Sweden, krona) 200,000 235,000 97,000 107,000 149,000 97,000 128,000 90,000 200,000 200,000 155,000 153,000 149,000 127,000 128,000 120,000
Title
Aftonbladet Dagens Nyheter Expressen incl GT and Kvllsposten Gteborgs-Posten Svenska Dagbladet Sydsvenskan Dagens Industri Helsingborgs Dagblad with Vstra Sknes Tidningar and Landskrona Posten Dalarnas Tidningar Nerikes Allehanda
Swedish Swedish Swedish Swedish Swedish Swedish Swedish Swedish
Aftonbladet Hierta AB Dagens Nyheter AB AB Kvllstidningen Expressen Gteborgs-Posten Nya AB Svenska Dagbladet AB & Co Svenska Dagbladet AB Dagens Industri AB Helsingborgs Dagblad AB
359 316 291 236 197 121 102 76
Swedish Swedish
Dalarnas Tidningar KB NA tidningar AB
61 61
145 151
15.00 15.00
Tabloid Tabloid
55,000 51,000
75,000 68,000
Source: Tidningsstatistik AB Swedish Audit Bureau of Circulations; Sifo Research International; Swedish Newspaper Publishers Association
8.bb

Founded (year) Language Publishing company Circulation (000) Swedish Swedish Swedish Swedish Swedish Metro International S.A. 1 Sydsvenskan AB Upsala Nya Tidning 2 Helsingborgs Dagblad 4 Helsingborgs Dagblad 4 605 53 49 14 4 Readership (000) 1 693 136 36 302 Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Format Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Swedish krona) 151 000 21 000 12 600 7 350 151 000 21 000 12 600 7 350
Title
Metro City Malm Lund 18 Minuter City Helsingborg/Extra 3 City Landskrona

1
1995 2006 2009 2007 2008
Source: Circulation: Tidningsstatistik AB; Readership: Sifo Research International; Prices and format: Swedish Newspaper Publishers Association; FDN Newsletter Schibsted acquired a 35% stake in Metro Sweden in 2008; the deal was approved by the Swedish Competition Authority (Konkurrensverket) on September 18, 2008; Schibsted made an alliance between Metro and the paid-for daily Aftonbladet in 2008 Local paid-for daily 3 A former title until August 11, 2008 was Xtra! In August 2008, the free daily Xtra! Helsingborg, launched by paid-for newspaper Helsingborgs Dagblad in 2007, was converted into a Helsingborg City edition. 4 Paid-for daily
2
9.b
Salaries
11.
Research (2009)
Total salary costs
5,408 5,588 5,637
5,726
5.88

10.a
Circulation is audited by Tidningsstatistik AB (Swedish Audit Bureau of Circulations) Readership is measured by TNS SIFO Methodology Circulation: Reports and visits Readership: Panel
12.

4-colour newspapers Broadsheets Tabloids Other formats Berliner
91 30 44 17 -
137 32 92 21 -
147 26 98 23 -
150 16 111 23 13
149 14 112 22 -
63.74 -53.33 154.55 29.41 -
-0.67 -12.5 0.90 -4.35 -

10.ba

2002 2003 (%) 2004 2005 2006 20 -
Taxes (2009)
% 25 6 6 25 25 25 25 26.3 26.3 3
Tax Standard VAT VAT on: Single copy sales Subscription sales Advertising Newsprint Composition Plant Tax on profits standard rate Tax on profits for newspapers Tax on advertising Source: Swedish Newspaper Publishers Association
22 44
Source: Swedish Newspaper Publishers Association Based on approximated cost per copy for weekdays; Sundays cost more
10.bb

2002 (Sweden, krona) 2003 2004 2005 2.0 2.0 2.0 2006 2.5
Single copy
2.0
Source: Swedish Newspaper Publishers Association Approximated cost per copy for weekdays; Sundays cost more
414
SWEDEN
13.a
15.a
13.b
Does any law exist governing publishing-house ownership, or the registration of shares in newspaper-publishing companies? Only general legislation Is there any law prohibiting or restricting foreign companies or individuals from owning shares, and in particular, the majority of shares, of domestic daily newspapers? No Is there any law prohibiting daily newspaper or periodical publishers from operating radio or television stations in the same locality? In the process of selecting to whom licenses to run a commercial radio should be granted, one criterium is that pluralism should be promoted. In some cases, local newspapers are therefore not likely to be able to get a local radio license. The issue of how to allocate commercial radio licenses is once again considered by a governmental committee. So as to guarantee disclosure and transparency in the capital structure and to avoid silent partners, is there any law or rule permitting in any event the possibility of finding out who are the actual owners of a publishing company? Yes, this follows from the requirements in the legislation on joint stock companies. Is there an antitrust law limiting concentration in the daily press? No. The competition law is not applicable. Is further regulation of media concentration expected? No
Direct subsidies
Total amount
495
495
515
530
551
11.31
3.96

14.
Discounts (2009)
Discount on rates of Post Railroad Telephone Telegraph Telex Other Source: Swedish Newspaper Publishers Association
415
SWEDEN
15.b
Owners
Regional TVs
National TVs
Regional Newspapers
National Newspapers
Radio
No separate regional broadcast TV licences have so far been allocated Regional TV transmissions allowed within the licence for national transmissions No separate regional broadcast TV licences have so far been allocated No separate regional broadcast TV licences have so far been allocated No separate regional broadcast TV licences have so far been allocated No separate regional broadcast TV licences have so far been allocated No separate regional broadcast TV licences have so far been allocated
No legal obstacle but national transmissions require a licence from the government No legal obstacle but national transmissions require a licence from the government No legal obstacle but national transmissions require a licence from the government No legal obstacle but national transmissions require a licence from the government No legal obstacle but national transmissions require a licence from the government No legal obstacle but national transmissions require a licence from the government No legal obstacle but national transmissions require a licence from the government
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Formally allowed, but will not get licenses in practice due to selection process based on plurality Formally allowed, but will not get licenses in practice due to selection process based on plurality
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
Foreign Investors
Allowed
Allowed
Allowed
416
SWITZERLAND
General economic situation Switzerlands economy benefits from a highly developed service sector led by financial services and a manufacturing industry that specializes in hightechnology, knowledge-based production. . Switzerland remains a safehaven for investors, because it has maintained a degree of bank secrecy and has kept up the francs long-term external value. The global financial crisis and resulting economic downturn could, however, put Switzerland in a recession in 2009, particularly as global export demand stalls. Switzerlands largest banks suffered significant losses in 2008 and the countrys largest bank accepted a government rescue deal in late 2008. The inflation rate was estimated at -0.6% (deflation) in 2009. On May 4, 2009, Swiss free daily .ch printed its last edition. Earlier plans to cut down circulation to only one or three days a week had not been put into practise. Almost 70 people lost their jobs. In 2008 .ch had a circulation of 370,000.
As a result of Tamedias proposed acquisition of Edipresse announced in March 2009, the free newspapers in French-speaking Switzerland, 20 Minutes (Tamedia) and Le Matin Bleu (Edipresse), will be folded into the other, with the likely loss of 20 out of 70 jobs. The final edition of Le Matin Bleu in its current form was scheduled for September 25, 2009. After this date, the reunited editorial teams were to develop a new concept that will combine 20 minutes and Le Matin Bleu. The first merged edition was scheduled to be Performance of newspapers vs. other media published during November 2009 under the name 20 The financial and economic crisis is hitting Swiss media minutes. companies hard. In addition to the structural upheavals brought about by the electronic media, the sharp drop in In August 2009, Swiss free evening newspaper Blick am revenue from advertising is having drastic effects. Abend (Ringier) launched local editions in Luzern and St. Gallen. Blick am Abend is now available in three local Performance of different types of newspapers editions: Zurich, Berne and Basle. At almost the same time in autumn 2009, the three main daily newspapers, the Neue Zrcher Zeitung, (NZZ), In early 2010, sports newspaper SportWoche was Tages-Anzeiger and Blick all underwent a major facelift. launched in Switzerland. The first edition had As well as introducing a new layout, they made a circulation of 75,000. considerable changes to the structure of the pages and Advertising the content. The devastating effect of the decline in advertising sales In October, to mark its 50th anniversary, the mass for print media can be seen from the Publicitas Index, circulation newspaper Blick abandoned the tabloid which has been gathering data since 1993. In the last 17 format that had been trendy for a short time (2004- years, the annual fall was never as low as 19.7% in 2009. 2009) and returned to the Berliner or midi format and The index reached its lowest level ever, at 72.2 points. big headlines. According to Ringier director Marc The advertising market has never recovered since the Walder, the main reason for the change was to middle of 2002, when the index fell for the first time differentiate the newspaper from free newspapers. Blicks below 100 index points. tabloid format had the sport section printed upsidedown on the back of the newspaper. The broadsheet While the total net advertising income across all media types fell by 3.3% in 2008 compared with 2007, the format has a separate sports section. advertising income for print media was down by 6%. Newspaper launches / closures Then in the following year, 2009, advertising sales simply In 2009 many free newspapers closed down. Despite collapsed: daily newspapers -21.6%, regional weekly high numbers of readers, there was not enough newspapers -1.2%, Sunday newspapers -29.4%, financial advertising income for free newspapers to become and economic newspapers -30.1%, newspapers for the successfully established from the commercial point of general public -19.9%, speciality press -8.8%, technical view. Out of seven free (commuter) daily newspapers press -16.5%. In 2008, the publications included in the that were being published, four closed down in the advertising statistics produced by WEMF AG for media course of the year: Cash daily, .ch, Le Matin bleu, advertising research reported losses on advertising sales and News. On the other hand, 20 Minuten celebrated totalling at 1,886.6 million Swiss francs, while in 2009 its 10th anniversary and, commercially speaking, revenue from print advertising came to 1,585.7 million it is one of the most successful newspapers in Swiss francs, down by 20.4% compared with 2008. Job Switzerland. advertisements alone fell by 45.3%, and property advertisements were down by 20.2%. On March 20, 2009, free business daily Cash published its last issue. The newspaper will continue its online In 2009, the daily press generated net advertising edition. revenues of 888.5 million Swiss francs, the regional
SWITZERLAND
weekly newspapers 51.2 million and the Sunday press number plates unrecognisable on the service, which 149.8 million Swiss francs. provides panoramic, street-level photos. Thr filed a motion seeking to freeze any expansion of Googles Publishing houses are renegotiating their leasing activities under a temporary injunction. This would contracts with the leading advertising company prevent Google from taking any further photography Publicitas AG. Others are intensifying their contacts but would not require it to shut down the service with advertising customers and handling the sale of entirely. advertising space themselves. Ownership Circulation With retrospective effects dating back to January 2009, With the exception of free newspapers, virtually all daily AZ-Medien took complete control of the Vogt-Schild newspapers have been trying to combat falling Media Group. This means that the regional daily circulation for years. The effects that free newspapers are newspapers Solothurner Zeitung, Grenchner Tagblatt having on the traditional daily newspapers are now clear and Langenthaler Tagblatt joined the AZ Group. to see. By 2013, Tamedia AG is expected to be the largest Swiss Since 1999 when 20 Minuten came on the market as the media company. At the beginning of March 2009, the first free daily in Switzerland, the number of paid-for Tamedia company, based and mostly active in Germannewspaper titles (published at least once a week) has speaking Switzerland, announced that it would gradually fallen from 233 to 197 and the total average daily be taking over Geneva-based French-language publisher circulation of these newspapers is down from 4.2 million Edipresse Publications SA, based in western Switzerland. to 3.7 million copies. While circulation of paid-for daily The goal, according to the joint press release from the newspapers in Switzerland is slightly above 2 million, two companies, is to create a media company on free daily newspapers, even after the closure of four titles a national scale. Tamedia is paying CHF226 million for in 2009, still distribute more than 700,000 copies. a first 49.9% share in Edipresse, with the deal set to go through soon, and a 0.2% share to be transferred in early Readership 2011. The Zurich company will own 50.1% of the Despite the economic situation, overall readership shares by the beginning of 2011 and 100% by 2013. figures for the print media were higher in 2009 than ever The merger was approved by Comco, the federal before: 92.4% of the Swiss population above the age of Competition Commission, in September 2009 and is 14 read newspapers regularly. This is largely thanks to expected to be completed by 2013. the free commuter newspapers, which are read by all population groups, young and old. Since 1999 when 20 As a result of the acquisition, the free newspapers in Minuten came on the market, its overall readership has French-speaking Switzerland, 20 Minutes (Tamedia) risen continuously from 89.0% to 92.4%. and Le Matin Bleu (Edipresse), will be folded into the other. The media companies will also merge their online Online / Digital Publishing classifieds. There were no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitored email In the future, some of the largest daily newspapers will or Internet chat rooms. Individuals and groups could all come from the same publisher: Tages-Anzeiger, engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Berner Zeitung, Der Bund, Thurgauer Zeitung, Internet, including by email. Internet access was widely Le Matin, 24 Heures, 20 Minuten, 20 minutes and available. others. In a pilot project, the Swiss Post Office is testing a daily newspaper that is customised to each individual reader. About 1,000 volunteers are receiving their Personalnews five times a week, drawn from the content of 20 domestic and foreign newspapers, either as an e-paper or a hard copy that is delivered, hot off the press, to their homes. In May 2009 Basler Zeitung sold Radio Basel 1 to MFE Medien. The new majority shareholder and owner is Radio Basilisk founder Christian Heeb, who plans to rename the radio station. The Swiss supervisory authority must approve the sale. Media / Press Laws The constitution provides for freedom of speech and of the press, and the government generally respected these rights in practice. An Independent press, an effective judiciary, and a functioning democratic political system combined to ensure freedom of speech and of the press.
In November 2009 the Swiss data protection watchdog took Google to the countrys Federal Administrative Court over an alleged failure to protect peoples privacy on its Street View website, two months after launching the service in Switzerland. Hanspeter Thr, the federal data protection and information commissioner, said The law penalizes public incitement to racial hatred or Google had not done enough to make faces and vehicle discrimination, spreading racist ideology, and denying
SWITZERLAND
crimes against humanity. There was at least one conviction during the year under this law. In June 2009, a district court found the president of the Bern Canton chapter of the Swiss Freedom Party guilty of racial discrimination for a February 2008 Internet blog posting in which he referred to asylum-seekers as primates. The court sentenced the individual to a suspended fine." On February 3, 2009, the Cantonal Justice Department of Graubuenden apologized to a shopkeeper of Davos who was forced by police to remove Tibetan literature and the Tibetan flag from her shop window during the visit of Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao to the World Economic Forum in 2008. Printing & Distribution In September 2009, the Competition Commission gave the green light for the sale of the early delivery organisations of the main media companies in Germanspeaking Switzerland to the Swiss Post Office. However, it prohibited the media companies from any involvement in the new distribution organisation. The publishers of the daily newspapers Blick, TagesAnzeiger and Neue Zrcher Zeitung (NZZ) are stopping the sale of newspapers from dispensers as it is unprofitable. Only on Sundays the existing dispensers will continue to be filled with Sunday newspapers. Other Factors 2009 may well go down in the records of media companies as the year in which more jobs were lost than ever before. More than a thousand journalists and employees in publishing houses lost their jobs. Some newspapers have greatly reduced their network of foreign correspondents, and those journalists who remain are increasingly writing for several different publications or media.
It is a crime to publish information based on leaked secret official discussions. On September 17, 2009, the Zurich District Court acquitted two former employees of the Zurich Department of Social Affairs of this crime. The court acknowledged that the two employees had violated official secrecy by giving insider information to the press but determined, based on an earlier Federal Court ruling and an exception clause in the law, that this had been the only way to draw attention to a series of In May 2009, Espace Media announced it was going to continue publication of the daily newspaper Der Bund cases involving welfare abuse. in collaboration with Tages-Anzeiger. Espace Media said On June 24, 2009, a court in Zurich fined two reporters it planned to strengthen sales and employ various costfor violating the law concerning leaked official cutting measures as a result of the sharp decline of discussions when they published secret information on advertising expenditures in the first three months of an investigation related to the resignation of a former 2009. The collaboration will see a total of 22 positions eliminated. The editorial staff of Der Bund will comprise federal prosecutor. of 35 full-time positions as opposed to the previous 54, Copyright with a total of 19 staff cuts. Tages-Anzeiger will also In February 2009 the Swiss newspaper association, reorganise its editorial staff in preparation for the change Schweizer Presse, urged its members to implement the by eliminating a total of 50 full-time positions, some of Automated Content Access Protocol (ACAP) on their which through early retirements. Furthermore, all websites, the standard that allows rights and permissions regional news is to be combined in one newspaper information to be communicated directly to search section. The Newsnetz, News and Tages-Anzeiger were engines and news aggregators through the crawlers they also slated to collaborate more closely in the future. The use to search and index and web. The new standard gives changes to operation will result in the reduction of 57 publishers more control over the use of their online jobs. content. Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; Verband Schweizer Presse; Persoenlich; GenevaLunch; Financial Times; Tamedia; Edipresse; WAN-IFRA from public sources; NZZ Online; FDN Newsletter
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3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08

2.a

All individuals 000 % 1,180.6 925.3 1,031.4 1,213.0 1,185.0 939.0 1,308.7 7,783.0 15.2 11.9 13.3 15.6 15.2 12.1 16.8 100 Male 000 607.5 471.3 515.4 609.6 599.5 466.7 558.7 3,828.7 % 15.9 12.3 13.5 15.9 15.7 12.2 14.6 100 Female 000 % 573.2 454.0 516.0 603.4 585.5 472.5 750.1 3,954.7 14.5 11.5 13.0 15.3 14.8 11.9 19.0 100
Total dailies 3,226 Total paid-for dailies 2,405 Regional and local 2,405 paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies 2,405 Total free dailies 748 Regional and local 748 free dailies Total paid-for non-dailies 517 Regional and local 517 paid-for non-dailies Total paid-for Sundays 813 Regional and local 813 paid-for Sundays
3,510 3,695 4,091 3,625 2,344 2,275 2,205 2,126 2,344 2,275 2,205 2,126 2,344 2,275 2,205 2,126 1,029 1,420 1,886 1,499 1,029 1,420 1,886 1,499 490 490 517 517 445 445 438 438
12.37 -11.60 -11.60 -11.60 100.4 100.4 -15.28 -15.28 36.04 36.04
-11,39 -3.58 -3.58 -3.58 -20.52 -20.52 -1.57 -1.57 -6.43 -6.43
869 1,007 1,182 1,106 869 1,007 1,182 1,106
Age 0-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total
Source: 2005-2008 Titelstatistik Verband Schweizer Presse; WAN assessment (free dailies); 2009 Titelstatistik Verband Schweizer Presse; WAN-IFRA assessment (free dailies) Switzerland has no national newspapers, because different languages are spoken in different parts of the country (German, French, Italian).
4.a

(mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Source: Bundesamt fr Statistik, 2009 temporary results February 25, 2010

2.b

All adults 000 % 388 996 1,040 1,386 2,254 6,064 6 16 17 23 37 100 Male 000 287 649 516 703 795 2,950 % 10 22 17 24 27 100 Female 000 % 101 347 524 683 1,459 3,114 3 11 17 22 47 100
Total paid-for dailies 736 Regional and local 736 paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies 736 Total paid-for non-dailies 44 Regional and local 44 paid-for non-dailies Total paid-for Sundays 42 Regional and local 42 paid-for Sundays
710 710 710 41 41 45 45
687 687 687 42 42 52 52
668 668 668 39 39 61 61
642 642 642 38 38 57 57
-12.77 -12.77 -12.77 -13.64 -13.64 35.71 35.71
-3.89 -3.89 -3.89 -2.56 -2.56 -6.56 -6.56
Source: Titelstatistik Verband Schweizer Presse

4.c

2005 2006 10 90 100 (%) 2007 10 90 100 2008 10 90 100 2009 10 90 100
Source: Eidgenssische Volkszhlung 2000, BFS, Neuchtel 2004

3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Single copy sales Home deliveries 1 Total Source: Verband Schweizer Presse Estimates
1
10 90 100
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies Total free dailies Regional and local free dailies Total paid-for non-dailies Regional and local paid-for non-dailies Total paid-for Sundays Regional and local paid-for Sundays 1
95 91 91 91 4 4 111 111 4 4
98 91 91 91 7 7 109 109 7 7
98 90 90 90 8 8 105 105 13 13
95 87 87 87 8 8 101 101 15 15
87 79 79 79 8 8 103 103 15 15
-8.42 -13.19 -13.19 -13.19 100.00 100.00 -7.21 -7.21 275.00 275.00
-8.42 -9.20 -9.20 -9.20 0.00 0.00 1.98 1.98 0.00 0.00
Home deliveries and postal deliveries are identical, both are to the readers home.
4.d
Cover prices (2009)

(Swiss franc) min max
5.a

(%) Reached
1.60 0.75
2.55 1.16
Source: Verband Schweizer Presse; Abo- & Einzelpreisstatistik 2009/2010
81.7 84.8 78.5 80.8
Source: 2005-2007 Titelstatistik Verband Schweizer Presse; WAN assessment (free dailies); 2008 Titelstatistik Verband Schweizer Presse; 2009 Titelstatistik Verband Schweizer Presse; WAN-IFRA assessment (free dailies)
1
Source: WEMF AG fr Werbemedienforschung; MACH Basic 2009-2
In 2006, Sunday newspapers began launching their regional editions; regional editions counted as additional titles
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5.b Age structure of readership (2009) 5.d
Number of readers
2005 2006 4,593 4,219 1,251 (000) 2007 5,015 4,137 2,296 2008 4,955 4,050 2,670 2009 5,007 4,065 2,716
Age
less than 16 16-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total
Source: WEMF AG fr Werbemedienforschung; MACH Basic

6.a
Online editions
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Source: WEMF AG fr Werbemedienforschung; MACH Basic 2009-2

5.c
Dailies Non-dailies Sundays Source: Net Metrix-Audit
29 6 1
34 7 1
36 10 1
34 9 1
33 12 1
13.79 100.00 0.00
-2.94 33.33 0.00
Media consumption
2004 (minutes per day) 2005 2006 2007 37 21 94 88 43 38 21 96 93 49 38 18 95 87 59 2008 44 17 92 84 63
Data as of December; not all newspapers are researched

6.b
Online readership
39 21 89 91 35
Source: Mediatrack; D&S Markt- und Kommunikationsforschung, Zurich Self-declared figures from a representative sample of people in Switzerland aged 18-65; results published in Media Trend Journal
Total dailies 3,157 5,116 8,652 10,018 12,638 300.32 Total paid-for dailies 3,157 5,116 6,984 8,386 10,196 222.96 Total free dailies 1,668 1,632 2,442 Total paid-for non-dailies 884 1,101 1,274 1,293 1,373 55.32 Total paid-for Sundays 46 60 61 79 71 54.35 Source: Net Metrix-Audit Unique clients, data as of December
26.15 21.58 49.63 6.19 -10.13
6.c

Publishing company Tamedia AG Ringier AG Neue Zrcher Zeitung AG Tamedia AG Edipresse Publications S.A. Edipresse Publications S.A BZM Werbe AG Edipresse Publications S.A. Tamedia AG Le Temps Ag Website 20min.ch blick.ch nzz.ch tagesanzeiger.ch lematin.ch tdg.ch baz.ch 24heures.ch bernerzeitung.ch letemps.ch Unique visitors per month (000) 2,442 2,090 1,499 1,407 798 581 462 454 283 248
Newspaper 20 Minuten 1 Blick NZZ, Neue Zrcher Zeitung Tages-Anzeiger Le Matin 1 Tribune de Gneve Basler Zeitung 24 heures Berner Zeitung Le Temps Source: Net Metrix-Audit
1
Free daily
7.aa
6.d

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08

2005 (Swiss franc, bln) 2006 2007 2008 487.0 521.0 541.8 2009 535.6
2,585.3 2,827.1 2,800.0 2,760.2 2,772.0 5,076.6 5,300.7 5,020.7 5,267.1 5,480.0
7.22 7.95
0.43 4.04
GDP
463.1
Source: BFS, Bundesamt fr Statistik, Neuchtel Nominal figures; 2007-2009 Forecast

7.ab

6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08

2005 (Swiss franc, 000) 2006 2007 2008 64.4 68.4 70.3 2009 68.8
1,624.2 2,020.0 2,367.4 2,556.2 2,622.0
61.43
2.57
GDP per capita Nominal figures; 2007-2009 Forecast
61.7

6.f
Source: BFS, Bundesamt fr Statistik, Neuchtel

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
7.ac
(%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 0.81 0.80 0.80 0.80
35.42
4.03 Ad expenditure
0.75
0.78
0.82
0.82
421
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7.ba

(Swiss franc, mln) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Advertising sector Public Sector Automobile Events Financial Services Telecommunications Tourism/Leisure time Home/Household/Garden Aliment Industry/Trade
1,952 2,136 2,287 2,297 1,157 1,328 1,415 1,418 795 808 872 879 810 889 1,054 1,116 135 136 137 154 50 50 47 45 402 423 437 459 107 156 223 288 3,456 3,790 4,185 4,359
2,118 1,318 800 1,110 165 34 432 326 4,185
2,100 1,310 790 1,125 150 34 425 366 4,200
2,130 1,335 795 1,135 133 34 445 408 4,285
2,160 1,345 815 1,140 140 34 450 450 4,374
Advertiser
Expenditure (Swiss franc, 000) 71,400 46,600 22,700 18,200 15,300 14,600 13,100 12,300 12,100 11,100
Source: Stiftung Werbestatistik Schweiz; Media Focus; ZenithOptimedia Includes agency commission; before discounts; excludes production costs; excludes classified advertising; Internet figures include display and estimates for classified and search
7.c
Source: Media Focus AG 2009

8.a
Migros Coop Aldi Suisse AG Konzertveranstaltungen Schweiz Sunrise Communications S.A. Manor Swisscom Citroen Suisse S.A. Renault Suisse S.A. Medi Markt
Source: Media Focus AG 2009
(Swiss franc, mln) Change (%) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008/04 2008/07

Publishing company Total revenue (Swiss franc, 000) 1,535,500 897,500 738,300 538,000 262,000 2 201,200 157,300 135,800 84,600
Total dailies Total non-dailies Total Sundays
1,231 1,232 1,272 1,341 1,233 238 212 229 222 220 169 171 188 202 223
0.16 -7.56 31.95
-8.05 -0.90 10.4
Source: Stiftung Werbestatistik Schweiz All newspapers; excluding production costs

7.d

In colour Total
47,413 58,826 64,261 65,036 60,342 138,511 153,451 147,091 144,494 122,439
Source: Inseratestatistik der Schweizer Presse, VSW, WEMF AG fr Werbemedienforschung Numbers include all newspapers (paid-for and free), display and classified, without inserts
Riniger AG Tamedia AG 1 Edipresse Publications S.A. Neue Zrcher Zeitung-Gruppe (NZZ) Basler Zeitung Medien-Gruppe Espace Media Groupe AZ Medien-Gruppe LZ Medien Holding 3 Sdostschweiz Medien-Gruppe Vogt-Schild/Habegger Medien AG
Source: Media Trend Journal 1/2010; Die Schweizer Medienlandschaft

1 2
Since 2007 consolidated at Tamedia AG Financial statement from June 30, 2009 3 Since 2004 consolidated at Neue Zrcher Zeitung-Group (NZZ)
2005 Display Classified Inserts Total 72.0 26.2 1.8 100
2006 68.7 29.6 1.7 100
(%) 2007 69.9 28.3 1.8 100
2008 68.8 29.6 1.6 100
2009 76.3 21.6 2.0 100
Source: Source: 2005-2007 Verband Schweizer Presse; 2008-2009 Inseratenstatistk der Schweizer Presse/VSW; WEMF AG fr Werbemedienforschung
422
SWITZERLAND
8.ba

Founded (year) Language Publishing company Circulation (000) German German German German German German German German German German Ringier AG Tamedia AG Tamedia AG Aargauer Zeitung AG Neue Zrcher Zeitung AG Neue Luzerner Zeitung AG Sdostschweiz Presse AG Zrich Land Medien AG St. Galler Tagblatt AG National-Zeitung und Basler Nachrichten AG 215 209 200 192 140 127 126 100 95 88 Readership (000) 651 487 395 421 294 278 236 194 201 169 Cover price usual (Swiss franc) 2.00 3.00 3.00 2.50 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.50 3.00 2.50 32 x 47 cm 32 x 47 cm 32 x 47 cm 32 x 47 cm 32 x 47 cm 32 x 47 cm 32 x 47 cm 32 x 47 cm 32 x 47 cm 32 x 47 cm Format Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Swiss franc) 24,794 16,636 18,870 20,700 14,384 17,285 16,896 15,360 10,339 11,737 24,794 22,560 26,282 26,019 17,905 17,285 17,630 18,050 14,504 15,936
Title
Blick Tages-Anzeigen Berner Zeitung 1 Mittelland Zeitung NZZ, Neue Zrcher Zeitung Swiss Edition Neue Luzerner Zeitung Die Sdostschweiz Zrcher Landzeitung St. Galler Tagblatt Basler Zeitung
1959 1893 1979 2 2002 3 1780 1996 4 1997 5 2006 6 1910 7 1977 8
Source: Verband Schweizer Presse; WEMF AG fur Werbemedienforschung, MACH Basic 2009-2; VSW-ASSP (ad rates)
1 2
Including Der Bund Formerly founded in 1844 3 Formerly founded in 1847 4 Formerly founded in 1833 5 Formerly founded in 1877 6 Formerly founded in 1845 7 Formerly founded in 1839 8 Formerly founded in 1842
8.bb

Founded (year) Language Publishing company Circulation (000) German German French French German German German German 20 Minuten AG Media Punkt AG Edipresse Publications AG 20 Minuten AG Ringier AG News Print AG Ringier AG Basler Zeitung Medien 536 370 232 230 225 200 112 84 Readership (000) 1,420 562 532 360 334 85 96 23.5 x 30.5 23.5 x 30.5 23.5 x 30.5 23.5 x 30.5 23.5 x 30.5 23.5 x 30.5 23.5 x 30.5 32 x 47 Format Full page ad rate Mono Colour (Swiss franc) 42,000 9,000 13,100 12,700 10,800 13,600 8,300 4,939 42,000 9,000 13,100 12,700 10,800 13,600 8,300 8,809
Title
20 Minuten .ch 1 Le Matin bleu 2 20 minutes Blick am Abend 3 News 4 Cash 5 Baslerstab (City) 6
1 2 3
1999 2007 2005 1999 2006 2007 2006 2000
Source: Verband Schweizer Presse; MACH-Basic 2009-2 via ZenithOptimedia; WAN-IFRA from public sources; FDN Newsletter .ch ceased publishing May 4, 2009 Le Matin bleu ceased publishing September 25, 2009 Blick am Abend was launched as Heute in May 2006 and was renamed in June 2008; it is the only evening newspaper; Blick am Abend expanded in Luzern and St. Gallen in August 2009, thus made available in Zurich, Bern and Basle; the Luzern edition is also distributed in Zug and Emmen while the St. Gallen edition is also available in Wil, Gossau and Herisau. 4 The largest edition of News Mittelland closed at the end of 2008 with circulation 132,000; News Bern closed on August 28, 2009 with circulation 55,000; News Basel closed on August 28, 2009 with circulation 60,000; and News Zrich closed December 4, 2009 with circulation 85,000. 5 Cash is a special-interest newspaper providing financial and business news; formerly Cash daily until October 2008; in March 2009 Cash ceased print edition and continues as an online brand only: Cash setz voll auf digital (Cash totally digital) 6 Baslerstab (City) ceased publishing on May 7, 2009
9.a
Employment
Change (%) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008/04 2008/07
Total number of journalists Number of part-time journalists 1 Total number of employees 1
407 15,184
10,597 399 32,322 15,368
-52.45
Source: Bundesamt fr Statistik BFS; NOGA employees Freelancers
10.ba

2003 2004 45 (%) 2005 45 2006 45 2007 -
Single copy sales Source: Verband Schweizer Presse
45
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11.
Research (2009)
15.a
Circulation is audited by WEMF AG fr Werbemedienforschung, Zrich Readership is measured by WEMF AG fr Werbemedienforschung, Zrich Methodology MACH Basic (National Readership Survey of Switzerland): permanent survey with 23,682 interviews (CATI) per year, focusing on use of print media (newspapers and magazines), cinema and the Internet. Results are published once a year. Individuals aged 14+, living in a private household, are able to speak the local language and have a telephone line.
Source: Verband Schweizer Presse
12.
Does any law exist governing publishing-house ownership, or the registration of shares in newspaper-publishing companies? Yes, if so required under the Act on Cartels described below. Is there any law prohibiting or restricting foreign companies or individuals from owning shares, and in particular, the majority of shares, of domestic daily newspapers? No Is there any law prohibiting daily newspaper or periodical publishers from operating radio or television stations in the same locality? No, but according to the New Radio and Television Act in effect since April 1, 2007, ownership is limited to two radio and television stations. So as to guarantee disclosure and transparency in the capital structure and to avoid silent partners, is there any law or rule permitting in any event the possibility of finding out who are the actual owners of a publishing company? According to article 322 of the Swiss Penal Code, newspapers and magazines must indicate important holdings in other companies in the printers imprint, in addition to other details. For public companies there are some general rules requiring declaration and/or publication of big shareholders (article 20 Swiss Stock Exchange Act, article 663c Swiss Code of Obligations). Is there an antitrust law limiting concentration in the daily press? Yes article 9 of the Act on Cartels: i. The Competition Commission must be told in advance of mergers that on the basis of the most recent accounts would create a joint enterprise which a. had turnover of SF2 billion or more at home and abroad, or SF500 million or more at home, and b. in which two or more participating companies had individual turnovers of SF 100 million or more. ii. A clause specifying much lower qualifying revenue for media companies has now been deleted. iii. Notwithstanding paragraph (i) above, notification is mandatory if a court finds that one of the participating companies already dominates the market in question, or a connected market. iv. The Federal Assembly may, by way of a decree not subject to referendum, adjust the amounts in paragraph (i) above according to changed circumstances, or establish special criteria for notification of concentrations in certain branches of the economy. Is further regulation of media concentration expected? No
Taxes (2009)
% 7.6 2.4 2.4 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 8.5
Tax Standard VAT VAT on: Single copy sales Subscription sales Advertising Newsprint Composition Plant Tax on profits standard rate Source: Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu; Verband Schweizer Presse
13.a
14.
Discounts (2009)
Discount rate (%) 15 1
Discount on rates of Post Source: Verband Schweizer Presse

1
Up to 30%; CHF30 million total
424
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General economic situation Ukraines dependence on Russia for energy supplies and the lack of significant structural reform have made the Ukrainian economy vulnerable to external shocks. Ukraine depends on imports to meet about threefourths of its annual oil and natural gas requirements. Real GDP growth exceeded 7% in 2006-07, fuelled by high global prices for steel, Ukraines top export, and by strong domestic consumption, spurred by rising pensions and wages. The drop in steel prices and Ukraines exposure to the global financial crisis due to aggressive foreign borrowing has lowered growth in 2008 and the economy contracted in 2009. In 2009 the nominal GDP was UAH912,563 bn, that is 63% lower than in 1990 and equal to the 2005 level. Ukraine thus faced the biggest relative decline of GDP in 2009 amongst all the Commonwealth of Independent State (CIS) countries. Agriculture was the only industry that showed a GDP increase in 2009 by 0.1%. The unemployment rate was 9.4% and the inflation rate 14.7%. Foodstuff expenses of the population increased by almost 7% in 2009, whereas the salaries level remained flat. Analytical newspapers were also actively developing. The economic crisis has brought to the market new short-life small magazines that can provide fast returns on investment. Newspaper launches / closures National specialized subscription operator DP Pressa reported that the biggest subscription decrease for editions with the all-Ukrainian distribution concerned publications which cover computers (-48.72%), finance (-40%), family (-30%), and real estate (nearly -30%). At the same time, the biggest number of newly launched titles included those covering social defence (15%) and agriculture sector (6%). In 2009, the total number of newspaper titles decreased by 9.7%, and magazines titles by 10.7%. The hardest hit targeted free press (the closed newspapers 15 minutes, Vecherkom, Obzor), new womens weeklies which have not yet gained popularity among a wider audience (the closed weeklies Wona, and Pani, the magazines Glance, Favorite, Hello, Dasha), as well as the specialized press strictly dependent on specific segments of advertisers: publications about real estate, automotive publications (except for price lists), IT, audio/video, life-style, photo-edition.
The Ukrainian State Committee on Statistics reported that foreign direct investment (FDI) in 2009 was USD5.6347 bn, which represents 51.6% of FDI in 2008. USD4.0168 bn came from the EU countries (71.3% of total amount), USD1.0647 bln (18.9%) from the CIS countries, and USD0.5531 bln (9.8%) from Computer magazines begin to move entirely to the Internet. They are trying to print selected issues at the other countries. order of advertisers for special distribution reasons. The inflation rate was estimated at 16.5% in 2009. In May 2009, a new free daily newspaper Tochka (The Performance of newspapers vs. other media Point) was launched in Kyiv. Advertising volume sold by different media was substantially low in 2009. TV lost 26% of advertising Advertising sales in comparison with 2008, press 33%, radio 25%, The Ukrainian Association of Press Publishers (UAPP) outdoor 37%, transport 36%, cinema 45%, and indoor and the monitoring company Mass Media Monitoring have analyzed the list of monitored press titles (supermarkets, elevators, etc.) 50%. and added to it nearly 500 regional titles with the The only media, where advertising sales volume grew, biggest audiences. Thus the monitored press advertising volume has become approximately equal with that of was the Internet with 45% year-on-year increase. TV. Performance of different types of newspapers UAPP have analyzed data about more than 31 thousand Both display and classified advertising volumes in print media titles, registered by the State Committee on nation-wide editions fell by 31.5% in 2009 compared to Statistics of Ukraine. UAPP has concluded that there are 2008. Regional press suffered an even bigger decrease of no more than 5,300 different titles that are really printed 36.04%. in Ukraine. 14 regional newspaper publishers have established a joint Free classified advertising newspapers and community- agency trying to sell advertising space of regional political regional editions increased their circulation newspapers at the advertising market in tha capital of in 2009; the former mostly due to their job offer Kiev. The new agency focused on consultancy to pages. advertisers.
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In 2010, All-Ukrainian Advertising Coalition experts they were actively looking for sharply cheapened and predict that press advertising volume will increase by undervalued titles and assets. 19.1% to UAH2,254.2 mln. Media / Press Laws From January 1, 2010, alcohol and tobacco advertising The constitution and laws provide for freedom of speech and of the press, and the government generally respected is forbidden in the press, except specialised titles. these rights in practice. According to media monitoring by national NGO media watchdog Institute for Mass Information (IMI) There were no reports that central authorities attempted and their regional partners, the practice of prepaid to direct media content; however, there were reports of publications, veiled advertisements, and positive intimidation of journalists by national and local officials. coverage presented as news (known as dzhynsa), Individuals could criticize the government publicly and continued in the electronic and print media. The price privately, and independent and international media were for such coverage ranged from 24,000 hryvnia active and expressed a wide variety of opinions. (USD3,000) to as much as 40,000 hryvnia (USD5,000) for participation in a television talk show. Print stories In June 2009 parliament adopted a resolution cost from 800 hryvnia (USD100) to 40,000 hryvnia prohibiting government agencies from carrying out inspections of mass media ahead of the 2010 presidential (USD5,000). election campaign, which began in October. The Circulation measure aimed to safeguard freedom of expression by Single copy circulation stopped falling during the first eliminating legal, administrative, and economic half 2009. Retail operators revenues at the end of the obstacles for media reporting on the campaign. 2009 reached the level from the end of 2008. In 2009, a number of attempts to impose restrictions on During 2009, publishing companies increased cover mass-media have been undertaken; among others, an prices twice or even three times. Cover prices have risen obligation to print a half of any titles circulation in the by more than 25% on average. Ukrainian language. Due to increased subscription fees, the number of copies The Ministry of Justice has been completing a draft law sold on the subscription basis decreased by 10%. on simplifying the press registration procedure. Readership In 2009, the average weekly reach of magazines, in total, decreased by 10% year-on-year (from 54% to 49%); weekly reach of newspapers decreased by 8% (from 77% to 71%). Online / Digital Publishing The growing share of the Internet is not so much a threat as an opportunity for newspaper publishers as the main generators of genuine copyrighted content. Since 2007, an average weekly audience of the Internet increased from 15% to 29% of the total population. The National Experts Comission on public morality continued to apply sanctions against the mass-media, which disseminated immoral content, based on conclusions of the Commissions experts." Libel is considered a civil offense, and the law limits the amount of damages that may be claimed in libel lawsuits; the press can publish inoffensive, nonfactual judgments, including criticism, without penalty. On February 27, 2009 the Supreme Court adopted a resolution on judicial practice in defamation cases, reiterating that public officials enjoy less protection from criticism than average individuals, emphasizing the importance of distinguishing between factual information and value judgments, and encouraging courts to refer to European Court of Human Rights practices.
There were no government restrictions on access to the Internet; however, law enforcement bodies engaged in Internet monitoring. Individuals and groups could engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail. On December 1, 2009 the president vetoed amendments to the civil code that would have allowed On February 18, 2009 the Cabinet of Ministers adopted officials to demand high sums for damages in a decree to designate the Security Service of Ukraine defamation lawsuits. Media rights groups had (SBU) as the lead government agency responsible for recommended the veto on grounds that the amendments drafting a bill on the registration of online media. would have placed undue pressure on journalists and media. Ownership Publishers were trying to get rid of not-profitable, non- However, media watchdog groups continued to express profiled and unperspective editions. At the same time concern over the extremely high monetary damages that
UKRAINE
were demanded, and sometimes awarded, for alleged libel. Government entities and public figures, in particular, continued to use the threat of civil suits based on alleged damage to a persons honor and integrity to influence or intimidate the press. For example, the National Union of Journalists list of press enemies cited eight libel lawsuits filed since early April 2009 against Kanal 33 newspaper by ex-Vinnytsia governor Hryhoriy Kaletnik and his son. The newspaper published a series of articles alleging the former officials involvement in illegal smuggling when he served in the State Customs Service. The Kaletniks demanded 710,000 hryvnias (USD89,000) in damages. On April 16, IMI reported that the court of appeal in Kyiv reduced the amount of moral damages awarded by a lower court from 300,000 hryvnias (USD37,400) to 157,000 hryvnias (USD19,600). Printing & Distribution The Cabinet of Ministers ratified new norms regarding numbers of retail point of sales for the press in connexion with the number of inhabitants in a built-up area. Due to implementation of new information technologies, retail operators begin to offer new services to publishers: fast information about the number of copies sold, as well as about the number of copies left in each of the points of sales. An average extra charge to the publishers selling price represents already 60-80%. It can be predicted that retail chains will be raising the extra charge up to 100% of the publishers selling price. The number of retail points of sales has been decreasing. There was an attempt to merge the state monopolist Ukrainian Post with the specialized all-ukrainian subscription service operator, DP Pressa. The publishers, united in the Ukrainian Association of Press Publishers (UAPP), did not agree with this initiative, so the merger was abandoned. State Support Several new laws forbidding the property alienation of the state and municipal mass-media, were ratified in 2009.
The Ministry of Transport and Communication has Other Factors The Press Categorization is a new tool enabling the raised the tariffs for the press delivery. systemization and standardization of the press market in During the first quarter 2009 publishing houses Ukraine. The tool is based on best practices from several decreased their costs of printing by cutting the number countries. of pages, decreasing the number of colours, and, in some cases, using a lower quality newsprint. Lack of The Human Resources Professionals Club established at the UAPP, in cooperation with a recruiting company, advertising wa the main reason of the cost cutting. have been preparing a systematic annual research on At the same time, publishing houses increased single salaries and indemnifications in the press. copy prices, both due to increasing newsprint costs, and the shift of the business model from advertisement According to media monitoring by national NGO media watchdog Institute for Mass Information (IMI), income to retail and subscription sales income. political parties frequently ordered the placement of Printing-houses decrease the prices for printing for 5- stories in regional print media while law enforcement agencies did not investigate this breach of law. Some 10% during 2009. journalists maintained that low salaries encouraged some Publishers dramatically decreased their marketing costs reporters to supplement their incomes with undocumented payments from benefactors seeking to in retail chains by more than 80%. influence news reporting. Source: Ukrainian Association of Press Publishers (UAPP); CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; Ukrainian State Committee on Statistics; Ukrainian Association of Media Lawyers; TNS Ukraine; National Bank of Ukraine; All-Ukrainian Advertising Coalition; Book Chamber of Ukraine; DP Pressa; Association of Independent Regional Publishers of Ukraine
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3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08

2.a

All individuals 000 % 6,305 32,142 7,253 45,700 14 70 16 100 Male 000 3,238 15,399 2,422 21,059 % 15 73 12 100 Female 000 % 3,067 16,743 4,831 24,641 12 68 20 100
Total dailies 42 Total paid-for dailies 42 National paid-for dailies 16 Regional and local 26 paid-for dailies Total free dailies National free dailies Regional and local free dailies Total non-dailies Total paid-for non-dailies 212 National paid-for non-dailies 12 Regional and local 200 paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies Regional and local free non-dailies
41 39 13 26 2 112 100 33 67 12 12
53 50 38 12 3 1 2
56 51 41 15 5 4 1
43 41 30 11 2 2
2.38 -2.38 87.50 -57.69 983.02 -
-23.21 -19.61 -26.83 -26.67 -60.00 100.00 -7.95 -6.29 -36.88 -
2,832 1 2,591 2,385 2,450 2,296 141 89 -
Age 0-14 15-64 65 + Total
Source: 2005 Taylor Nelson Sofres Ukraine; expert estimate by Ukrainian Media Holding; WAN assessment (regional and local paid-for dailies); 2006 Ukrainian Association of Press Publishers (UAPP), TNS Ukraine; 2007 Book Chamber of Ukraine; UAPP; 2008 Ukrainian Association of Press Publishers; 2009 Ukrainian Association of Press Publishers (UAPP); WAN-IFRA assessment (free dailies)
1
Data based on records at the Book Chamber of Ukraine and UAPP estimates

2.b
3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 1 2008 2 2009 2009/05 2009/08

All adults 000 % 2,545 3,091 4,817 3,991 641 15,085 16.9 20.5 31.9 26.5 4.3 100 Male 000 1,415 1,198 2,197 1,959 263 7,032 % 20.1 17.0 31.2 27.9 3.7 100 Female 000 % 1,130 1,893 2,620 2,032 378 8,053 14.0 23.5 32.5 25.2 4.7 100 Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Total free dailies Regional and local free dailies Total non-dailies Total paid-for non-dailies National paid-for non-dailies Regional and local paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies Regional and local free non-dailies
1,850 1,850 990 860 3,280 1,330 1,950 -
3,511 3,836 4,469 2,981 3,301 3,486 4,013 2,864 2,256 3,212 3,715 2,636 1,045 273 298 228 156 156 11,528 6,937 4,436 2,501 4,591 4,591 350 456 117 117 -
61.14 54.81 166.26 -73.49 -
-33.30 -28.63 -29.04 -23.49 -74.34 -
Source: TNS Ukraine Marketing & Media Index Ukraine 2009/4

2.ca

Occupancy 1 person 2 people 3 people 4 people 5 or more people Total Households 000 % 845 3,601 6,090 3,660 1,732 15,928 5.3 22.6 38.2 23.0 10.9 100
2.cb

Children Without children With children under 1 year old aged 1 aged 2-3 aged 4-6 aged 7-11 aged 12-16 Total Households 000 % 5,708 9,377 399 443 1,053 1,466 1,653 1,643 15,085 37.8 62.2 2.6 2.9 7.0 9.7 11.0 10.9 100
Source: 2005 Ukrainian Media Holding; 2006 Ukrainian Association of Press Publishers (UAPP); 2007 Book Chamber of Ukraine; WAN assessment (free dailies); 2008 Ukrainian Association of Press Publishers, Association of Independent Regional Publishers of Ukraine; WAN assessment (free dailies); 2009 Ukrainian Association of Press Publishers; Association of Independent Regional Publishers of Ukraine; WAN-IFRA assessment (free dailies) 2005 Estimate
1

2.d

Age Under 25 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total Housewives 000 % 283 577 196 148 13 0 1,217 23 48 16 12 1 0 100
Data based on average circulation per title multiplied by numbers of titles from the table 3.a
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4.a

(mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Age
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Total free dailies National free dailies Regional and local free dailies Total paid-for non-dailies National paid-for non-dailies Regional and local paid-for non-dailies
473,7 253.0 220.7 173.5 69.2 104.3
691.3 661,9 595.8 66.1 29.4 -
776.3 996.3 686.2 688,5 873,8 686.2 622.4 812.8 638.1 66.1 61.0 48.1 87.8 122.5 58.8 106.1 29.0 16.4 -
44.86 152.21 -78.21 -
-31.13 -21.47 -21.49 -21.15 -
% % daily reach of readership within age group 1.7 5.7 19.2 20.1 34.8 18.5 100 8.2 17.6 21.2 26.4 30.2 30.2 25.2
12-15 16-19 20-29 30-39 40-54 55-65 Total

5.c
Source: 2005 Ukrainian Media Holding and RIA, Media Corp.; 2006-2007 UAPP; 2008-2009 Ukrainian Association of Press Publishers; Association of Independent Regional Publishers of Ukraine Data corresponding to the number of printed copies, declared by publishing companies
4.b
Media consumption
2005 (minutes per day) 2006 2007 2008 22.0 14.0 81.0 145.0 7.0 42.8 18.5 56.9 88.5 10.0 39.5 17.5 48.4 85.9 16.4 2009 34.2 15.4 49.0 88.3 21.2
Sales revenues
(Ukraine, hryvnia, mln) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
50.0 -
Source: TNS Ukraine Marketing & Media Index Ukraine 2006 Respondents aged 12-65; 2007-2009 Respondents aged 16-65
5.d
All paid-for newspapers 1,315.8 Total paid-for dailies 1,162.7 National paid-for dailies 780.4 Regional and local 382.3 paid-for dailies Total paid-for non-dailies 153.1 National paid-for non-dailies 72.7 Regional and local 80.4 paid-for non-dailies
1,396.1 1,463.4 1,445.5 -
9.86 -
-1.22 -
Number of readers
2005 2006 3,090 (000) 2007 2,770 220 2008 2,470 2009 2,520 -
Total paid-for dailies Total free dailies
3,670 -

6.a
Source: 2005 Ukrainian Media Holding and RIA, Media Corp.; 2007-2009 Ukrainian Association of Press Publishers; Association of Independent Regional Publishers of Ukraine
4.c
Online editions
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08

2003 2004 86 12 1 11 1 1 (%) 2005 90 81 1 7 1 1 2006 82 16 2 1 15 1 1 2007 67 28 3 2 Dailies Non-dailies Sundays
Single copy sales Subscriptions Home deliveries Postal deliveries Office deliveries Bulk Free distribution
85 13 1 12 1 1
579 1,000 0
17 1 -
40 -
27 46 -
-95.34 -95.40 -
-32.50 -
Source: 2005 Expert estimate by Ukrainian Media Holding and RIA, Media Corp.; 2007 Bigmir.net media site ratings; 2008 Ukrainian Association of Press Publishers; 2009 TNS Ukraine Marketing & Media Index Ukraine 2009/4
1
Only Web sites of printed dailies (i.e. excluding online projects only) with more than 500 visits per day
Source: 2003-2006 Ukrainian Association of Press Publishers (UAPP), Ukrainian Media Holding; 2007 UAPP 2003-2006 Estimates
1
6.c

Website Unique visitors per month (000) 1,555 1,368 1,285 1,020 496 474 444 275 202 48
Newspaper
Share of subscriptions declined considerably due to growing demand for single copy sales in retail 2 Year-on-year increase of subscription share due to growing demand for newspapers launched in 2005
4.d
Cover prices (2009)

(Ukraine, hryvnia) min max
5.a

(%) Reached
Single copy Source: UAPP
0.30
5.00
25.2 26.0 24.6
Segodnia Gazeta po ukrainsky Komsomolskaya pravda v Ukraine Gazeta po Kievsky Kommersant Fakty / Fakty i Kommentarii Delo Den Gazeta 24 Ekonomicheskie izvestiya Source: top.bigmir.net
segodnya.ua gazeta.ua kp.ua mycityua.com kommersant.ua facts.kiev.ua Delo.ua day.kiev.ua 24.ua eizvestia.com
429
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6.d

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
7.c
1,000.0 1,200.0 1,374.6 1,905.1 2,649.5 1,760 2,100 6,400 10,400 15,300
164.95 769.32
39.07 47.12

6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
130.0 520.0 800.0 1,600.0 1,907.7 1,367.46
19.23

6.f

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Total free dailies Total non-dailies Total paid-for non-dailies National paid-for non-dailies Regional and local paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies National free non-dailies Regional and local free non-dailies
87.2 142.8 171.4 118.6 87.2 139.9 157.3 99.0 70.2 138.2 155.5 93.1 17.0 1.7 1.8 5.9 56.8 12.9 43.9 2.9 14.1 -
185.2 112.39 182.2 108.94 151.8 116.24 30.4 78.82
56.16 84.04 63.05 415.25
19.6 3.0 -84.69 202,1 200.6 253.17 184.8 1,332.56 15.8 -64.01 1.5 0.5 1 -
84.36
-0.65
Source: Mass Media Monitoring

7.d

7.aa

2005 (Ukraine, hryvnia, bln) 2006 2007 2008 544.1 720.7 949.9 2009 912.6
In colour Total
6,612 7,581 8,610 21,961 12,941 17,921 29,742 44,854 43,371 21,402
GDP
441.5
Source: 2005-2008 Mass Media Monitoring; 2009 Communications Alliance, Ukraine 2008 Including other mass media advertisements; 2009 Communications Alliance (CA) is a dynamic Ukrainian monitoring company, which was formerly serving TV and Internet market. From 2008, CA started to monitor press advertising. During the year 2009, CA doubled the number of monitored printed media, however, it was as late as at the end of 2009 when CA monitored approximately the same number of printed media as in previous years, which may explain the discrepancy between 2008 and 2009 data.
Source: Ukrainian State Committee on Statistics

7.ab

2005 (Ukraine, hryvnia, 000) 2006 2007 2008 11.6 15.5 20.6 2009 19.9
GDP per capita
9.4
Source: Ukrainian State Committee on Statistics

7.ac
(%) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2005 Display Classified Inserts Online 80.0 15.0 3.0 2 2006 72.0 20.0 4.0 4
(%) 2007 88.0 7.0 3.0 2
2008 88.2 4.6 4.2 3
2009 93.2 6.8 -
Ad expenditure
0.81
1.21
1.28
Source: All-Ukrainian Advertising Coalition; Ukrainian State Committee on Statistics

7.ba

(Ukraine, hryvnia, mln) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Source: 2005-2008 Ukrainian Association of Press Publishers (UAPP); 2009 Communications Alliance, Ukraine 2007 Based on analysis of data from seven daily newspapers 2008 Data from eight daily newspapers 2009 Communications Alliance (CA) is a dynamic Ukrainian monitoring company, which was formerly serving TV and Internet market. From 2008, CA started to monitor press advertising. During the year 2009, CA doubled the number of monitored printed media, however, it was as late as at the end of 2009 when CA monitored approximately the same number of printed media as in previous years, which may explain the discrepancy between 2008 and 2009 data.
676.00 283.80 392.20 1,222.90 103.20 25.80 598.60 10.30 2,636.80
871.70 1,284.60 1,653.96 339.30 435.10 483.30 532.40 849.50 1,170.66 1,827.00 2,501.90 2,550.75 140.90 217.60 214.80 36.50 46.60 69.81 793.40 1.041.20 1,020.30 31.30 57.00 112.77 3,701.00 5,148.90 5,622.39
805.50 268.50 537.00 1,302.22 87.26 15.44 355.76 87.93 2,654.12
852.49 281.93 570.56 1,564.01 100.69 21.48 369.19 114.11 3,021.97
923.64 306.09 617.55 1,933.20 134.25 26.85 386.64 139.62 3,544.20
1,009.56 338.31 671.25 2,309.10 171.84 32.22 418.86 187.95 4,129.53
Source: Ukrainian AdCoalition; Cortex; ZenithOptimedia Excludes agency commission; excludes production costs; excludes classified advertising; after discounts; prices fixed using local currency from 2009
430
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Total circulation (000) 103,293 5,903 3,329 2,430 2,448 6,840 2,190 2,880 3,667 Total revenue (Ukraine, hryvnia, 000) 66,407.0 41,075.0 1 31,461.0 29,789.0 25,733.0 24,516.0 19,698.0 19,062.0 18,075.0 13,302.0 12,728.5
Publishing company Ukrainian Media Holding Pronto-Kyiv Ekonomika, Publishing house Kommersant-Ukraine, Publishing house Kartel, group of companies Publishing house Galitskie kontrakti Media Invest Group Blitz-inform, Holding company Evolution Media Auto Foto Prodazha, information & publishing house Newspaper Fakti i Komentarii
1
Advertising sector Automobiles Finance Entertainment Medical products Communications Alcoholic drinks Medicine Aircraft Education and work Trade
Advertiser
Expenditure (Ukraine, hryvnia, 000) 7,639 7,468 4,529 4,212 4,064 3,926 3,766 3,726 3,198 3,163
Source: Communications Alliance, Ukraine
Kiyvstar GSM MTS Saint Sofia Homes, company of projects development Ukrsotsbank Toyota Ukraine Avtoinveststroy AVT Bavaria Nadra bank UkrAvto, corporation Avtokapital motor show
Source: Mass Media Monitoring company, Ukraine
Source: TNS Ukraine (MMI2009/4 Ukraine) Total advertising revenue, excluding VAT and ad tax
8.ba

Founded Language (year) Publishing company Circulation (000) Ukrainian Russian Ukrainian Russian Russian Russian Russian / Ukrainian Russian / Ukrainian Russian Russian Russian Russian Ekspress Media Group, JSC Fry Media Ukraine Gmbh, JSC New information Komsomolskaya pravda v Ukraine, JSC Edition of the newspaper Komand, JSC Segodnya Multimedia JSC Ukrainian press-group, JSC KP Newspaper edition Zhizn Ekonomika Media invest group, LLC Kommersant - Ukraine Editorial staff of the newspaper Fakty Ikomentarii, LLC 545 441 214 132 105 101 63 30 22 30 15 Readership (000) 442 258 186 795 193 120 206 310 96 122 103 684 Format Full page ad Rate Mono Colour (Ukraine, hryvnia) (USD) (Ukraine, hryvnia) 1.98 1.20 1.50 1.75 2.25 2.00 1.40 0.40 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 0.38 0.38 3 A3 3 A3 3 A3 2 2 3 A2 B3 A3 11,800 27,270 42,251 32,000 52,000 44,000 60,000 96,000 50,000 17,900 27,270 52,814 59,000 75,000 57,200 37,000 52,800 90,000 115,200 Cover price usual
Title
Ekspress Blik Gazeta po Ukrainski Komsomolskaya pravda v Ukraine Komanda Segodnya Den Zhizn Delo Ekonomicheskie Izvestija Kommersant Fakty I Komentarii
2001 2006 2005 2007 1995 1997 2005 1991 2005 2008 2000 1997

8.bb

Founded 2009 2008 Language Russian Russian Publishing company The Marker Media Point Circulation (000) 150 100 Format B4 A4 Full page ad rate Colour (Ukraine, hryvnia) 22,500 -
Title Tochka (The Point) 1 Puls Kieva 2

1 2
Source: UAPP; TNS UKraine; WAN-IFRA records Published and distributed in Kiev Morning newspaper, published Monday-Friday; Puls Kieva ceased publishing March 13, 2009
9.a
Employment
Change (%) 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2006/02 2006/05
10.a

Change (%) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008/04 2008/07
Total number of journalists 1 Number of part-time journalists Total number of employees -
40,000 10,000 50,000
Source: Ukrainian Association of Press Publishers (UAPP), Union of Journalists of Ukraine Estimate
1
50 25 66 41
50 -
60 -
20 -
Source: 2006 Ukrainian Association of Press Publishers (UAPP); 2007 Book Chamber of Ukraine; TMT Publishing & Consulting; 2008 UAPP 2007-2008 Estimate
Total number of employed journalists was 14,867 in 2001, according to the census on enumeration by the Ukrainian State Committee on Statistics
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10.ba

2004 2005 35 20 (%) 2006 36 20 2007 50 2008 40 -
12.
Taxes (2009)
% 20 0 0 20 20 20 20 25 25 0.5
Tax Standard VAT VAT on: Single copy sales Subscription sales Advertising Newsprint Composition Plant Tax on profits standard rate Tax on profits for newspapers Tax on advertising Source: Ukrainian Association of Press Publishers (UAPP)
Single copy sales Postal deliveries
35 20
Source: 2004-2006 Ukrainian Association of Press Publishers (UAPP), Ukrainian Media Holding; 2007 TMT Publishing & Consulting; 2008 UAPP 2006 Estimate; 2007 Postal delivery is rarely used in the newspaper segment; readers are not ready to pay for this quite expensive delivery; 2008 Estimate, range 30%-40%
10.bb

2004 (Ukraine, hryvnia) 2005 2006 2007 0.53 0.3 0.75 0.5 2008 -
0.53 0.3
13.a
Source: 2004-2005 Ukrainian Association of Press Publishers (UAPP); 2006 TMT Publishing & Consulting; 2007-2008 UAPP
10.c
Newsprint costs
2005 (Ukraine, hryvnia) 2006 2007 2008 3,400 3,900 4,600 2009 6,250
Average per ton
3,100
Source: 2005-2008 TMT Publishing & Consulting; 2009 ssociation UkrPapir
Are there subsidies for the purchase of newsprint? No. Current legislation foresees a preferred treatment of import and taxation of newsprint in accordance with the Law of Ukraine 'On a single custom tariff.' Import of newsprint, equipment and polygraphic materials for printing journals and newspapers is exempt from VAT payment and the entrance duty (various duty size for different goods) until January 1, 2015. Are loans granted at low rates for re-equipment or improving existing equipment? No Are there any direct subsidies? Grants from the state budget have been provided for the state-owned mass-media, and grants from local budgets for municipal mass-media. New grants are not provided.
Source: Ukrainian Association of Press Publishers (UAPP)
13.b
11.
Research (2009)
Circulation is audited by There is no circulation audit in Ukraine. Readership is measured by TNS Ukraine Methodology * MMI Ukraine: 20,000 respondents annually, four times a year, face-to-face interviews, in cities with population 50,000+ * PMI Regions: 20,000 respondents annually, twice a year, CATI, in eight biggest cities
Direct subsidies
Total amount
20.4
21.1
18.90 1 34.50 2
82.54
* NRS Regions: 2,000 respondents annually in each city, twice a year, CATI, in eight biggest cities Advertising is measured by Monitoring Mass Media of Ukraine Methodology Adex monitors 340 editions of all-Ukrainian, regional and specialized press, and analyses all ads larger than 1/32 page and articles marked as advertising articles. A complete base of print copies is archived.
Source: UAPP
Source: 2006-2007 Ukrainian Association of Press Publishers (UAPP); 2008 UAPP; Law of Ukraine 'On the state budget of Ukraine for 2009'; 2009 Media Law Institute
1
Subsidized from the state budget only; the total sum of subsidies provided from the state budget plus local budgets is estimated at UAH50 million, according to the National Journalists Union of Ukraine 2 Subsidies include direct grants to state owned editions and support to specialized editions by authorities, such as ministries. Direct financing of local newspapers by local authorities is not included here, due to uneasy access to the data.
14.
Discounts (2009)
Discount on rates of Post Railroad Telephone Telegraph Telex
Source: Ukrainian Association of Press Publishers (UAPP); Law of Ukraine On state support of mass media and social defence of journalists
432
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15.a
person. The data are available in the electronic register of print mass-media on the Internet, or on demand. Since 2009, the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine has been preparing simplified registration procedures for printed media. Is there an antitrust law limiting concentration in the daily press? Yes. A law on printed press sets up a 5% limit on ownership concentration of social and political newspapers at the national and regional level. However, owners themselves determine which type of newspaper they publish. Is further regulation of media concentration expected? There are projects related to the concentration of electronic media.
Source: Ukrainian Association of Press Publishers (UAPP); Institute of the Mass Information; Media Law Institute; The law of Ukraine On print mass media (press) in Ukraine
Does any law exist governing publishing-house ownership, or the registration of shares in newspaper-publishing companies? No Is there any law prohibiting or restricting foreign companies or individuals from owning shares, and in particular, the majority of shares, of domestic daily newspapers? No Is there any law prohibiting daily newspaper or periodical publishers from operating radio or television stations in the same locality? No So as to guarantee disclosure and transparency in the capital structure and to avoid silent partners, is there any law or rule permitting in any event the possibility of finding out who are the actual owners of a publishing company? Registration procedure for printing mass-media provides data on founder, whether a physical or legal
15.b
Owners
Regional TVs
National TVs
Regional Newspapers
National Newspapers
Radio
1 TV license per region
1 TV license
No restrictions
No restrictions
1 radio license per territorial unit
No restrictions
No restrictions
1 TV license
No restrictions
No restrictions
1 TV license
No restrictions
No restrictions
1 TV license
No restrictions
No restrictions
1 TV license
1 radio license per region
1 radio license per region
No restrictions
No restrictions
Foreign Investors
**
**
No restrictions
No restrictions
**
Source: Ukrainian Association of Press Publishers (UAPP); Media Law Institute * A license can be provided to one type of electronic media, although this rule is debatable. ** Foreign investors have no right to become founders of electronic media, however, they can be their co-owners. Limits of foreign ownership do not exist at the moment, but they are expected to be set up at 35%. In fact, all big companies have foreign co-owners.
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General economic situation The United Kingdom, a leading trading power and financial centre, is one of the quintets of trillion dollar economies of Western Europe. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by European standards, producing about 60% of food needs with less than 2% of the labour force. Services, particularly banking, insurance, and business services, account by far for the largest proportion of GDP while industry continues to decline in importance. The global economic slowdown, tight credit, and falling home prices, however, pushed Britain back into recession in the latter half of 2008 and prompted the government to implement a number of new measures to stimulate the economy and stabilize the financial markets. The inflation rate was estimated at 2.1% in 2009. Britains media regulator, Ofcom, has set a timetable for a switchover from analogue to digital TV broadcasting; it hopes to turn off the analogue TV signal by 2012. NEWS CONSORTIA
On April 30, 2009, at the Voice of the Listener and Viewer spring conference, ITV executive chairman Michael Grade backed proposals for a new network of independent news consortia to be set up across the UK. Grade also offered to open up parts of ITV1s peak-time schedule to the news consortia to provide local bulletins. Ofcom, the independent regulator and competition authority for the UK communications industries, suggested that local newspapers, radio stations and other news providers could come together to provide local TV news. Ofcom estimated that the cost of funding the local Performance of newspapers vs. other media TV news consortia would be in the region of GBP40 The United Kingdom has a strong tradition of public- million and GBP100 million a year, and Michael Grade service broadcasting and an international reputation for supported calls for this money to come from the BBC creative programme-making. licence fee. The fledgling BBC began daily radio broadcasts in 1922 and quickly came to play a pivotal role in national life. The Empire Service, the forerunner of the BBC World Service, established a reputation worldwide. The BBC is funded by a licence fee, which all households with a TV set must pay. Commercial TV began in 1955 with the launch of ITV. Commercial radio was introduced in the 1970s, although ship-based pirate radio stations flourished in the 1960s before being outlawed. Hundreds of privatelyowned radio and TV stations now compete with the BBC for listeners and viewers. Home-grown soap operas have long topped the TV ratings, and British viewers keenly follow the ups and downs of life in east Londons Albert Square, the setting for the BBCs EastEnders, and Coronation Street, ITVs soap about northern-English working-class life. Programmes which catapult ordinary people into the public eye, known as reality TV, are enjoying a wave of popularity. In a rapidly-changing digital world, British media providers are looking at new ways of reaching audiences via computers and personal multimedia devices. In May 2009 the Press Association (PA) launched a video newswire service for newspapers, broadcasters and online media. Regional newspapers were offered use of the new video wire service free on a trial basis for the first six months. The new service was launched on May 5, 2009, and distributes up to 30 news, sport and entertainment stories a day, supplying raw footage of interviews, plus cutaways and general images to allow publishers to create their own distinct video packages. The training arm of PA offered courses on video editing to help newspapers develop the techniques necessary to make use of the service. The Press Association has 30 specialist multimedia journalists across the country, as well as about 35 multi-skilled journalists who also create video content for the wire service. In July 2009, the Conservatives Digital Britain report proposed using about GBP130 million a year from the licence fee from 2013 to fund a series of independent consortia to provide local TV news. The Conservatives proposals, produced by outgoing Johnston Press chairman Roger Parry as part of a review of creative industries, draws on the US and Canada where local TV companies succeed without the need for public subsidy. The Conservative partys review of creative industries, headed by former BBC director general Greg Dyke, is comprised of a panel including Shine Group chairman and chief executive Elisabeth Murdoch, Lastminute.com co-founder Brent Hoberman and the former BBC director of future media and technology Ashley Highfield.
The once-dominant terrestrial TV networks face strong competition from digital satellite and cable, which offer hundreds of channels, and digital terrestrial TV, which carries a smaller number of mainly free-to-view channels. By August 2008, digital TV was in 87% of British homes. Digital radio (DAB) has had a slower The report proposed creating a range of about 80 local start, but the BBC and commercial operators provide media companies delivering TV, print and online digital-only radio services. services to regional and local communities. These
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entities, known as LMCs, would obtain income from local advertising and commercial services revenue that has traditionally gone to local newspapers and radio. The proposal would see Ofcom auction up to 81 local TV licences, through a single spectrum band manager, to allow independent media consortia to produce local media coverage. The companies operating these local TV licences would make money from classified ads, mainly from print and online media, and display ads across all media including TV. The local media companies could also look to sell video news material to regional broadcasters. The report highlights Channel M, part of the Guardian Media Group, publisher of MediaGuardian.co.uk, as the most successful example of local television in the UK. In July 2009 a new wire service allowing local and regional newspapers to ramp up their online video content was launched. Tradeclips.com was devised by the company behind the Newslink news and picture wire service. The new service is designed to tackle the problem of prohibitive storage and hosting costs. As well as providing storage for multimedia files, the service gives regional newspapers access to a large archive of audio, video and stills footage. It is also designed to facilitate easier content-sharing and syndication between news providers who subscribe to the service. Registered users of the system will be able to upload and download files free of charge, paying only for storage of their material. The service is part of the Wirefast group of companies, which includes Newslink. On January 4, 2010, Johnston Press, the publisher of the Scotsman, Mentorn, the production company behind the BBCs Question Time, and Glasgow Herald publisher Newsquest launched a consortium to run the regional news pilot in Scotland. The consortium, which is aiming to win cash from the governments independently funded news consortium (IFNC) scheme to replace ITVs regional news operation, also includes DC Thomson, the publisher of the Courier & Advertiser and Evening Telegraph in Dundee and the Sunday Post. The partnership, which has the backing of former ITN chief executive Mark Wood, was also tipped to enter the running subject to finding a suitable video content partner. Video production will be handled by Mentorn Media, a subsidiary of Tinopolis, which has produced programmes including Panorama and Traffic Cops for the BBC and Dispatches and Cutting Edge for Channel 4. Mentorn Scotland is the production base for Question Time and BBC1s Sunday morning discussion show The Big Questions. The partnership, which will be known as the Scottish News Consortium, claims to be able to draw on 1,000 editorial staff. The bid will put them in competition with Trinity Mirror, publisher of the Daily Record, and production
company MacMillan Media, which announced a partnership to bid for the same pilot. In December 2009 Scottish broadcaster STV announced a partnership with ITN and Bauer Media, owner of radio networks including Kiss and Magic, for another rival bid. The Department for Culture, Media and Sport is scheduled to announce the successful consortium in mid-March 2010. NEWS AGENCIES In early June 2009, Strand News agency editor James Brewster warned newsdesks around the United Kingdom that his agency might not survive the year. But the owner of London court reporting agency Strand News is optimistic his business will survive after a positive response by newsdesks to the appeal. Strand News has been covering the Royal Courts of Justice in London, the High Court and the Appeal Court, for 20 years, with a focus on serving the regional press. In his appeal James Brewster urged news editors to help Strand News survive by using the service, dealing with invoices quickly and settling outstanding invoices before the end of June 2009. In July 2009, Mark Hanna, co-author of McNaes Essential Law for Journalists, warned there was a serious need for research to examine and possibly reverse the growing decline in court reporting across the United Kingdom. Hanna said the serious decline in court reporting threatened public confidence in the courts because the public was not being kept informed, and was not being reassured that justice was being done. Shortages of resources and manpower because of the current crisis in the newspaper industry were among the reasons behind the decline, but other factors, such as procedural changes in the courts themselves, might also have had an effect. David Banks, Hannas co-author on McNae, and senior lecturer in media law at Sunderland University, said there was a growing contradiction in the law arising from the development of the Reynolds defence of responsible journalism and the development of the law of privacy. According to Banks, the Reynolds defence set standards for responsible journalism. One of these was that a journalist writing about an individual or company should put any allegations to that person or firm to give them the opportunity to state their case. The individual who was subject to allegations would not be able to get an injunction to stop publication on the grounds that they were defamatory of him. However, the growing law of privacy has now given such individuals the opportunity to obtain injunctions blocking publication of a story on the grounds that the subject matter of the story was private, or information had been given to the journalist in breach of an obligation of confidence or privacy.
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Kent News and Pictures photo agency closed in January 2010, with its founder blaming poor national newspaper rates and tough economic conditions. The Kent News and Pictures business had suffered when newspapers began paying for the photo space in the newspaper, rather than the time on the job, and cutting retainers and advance fees. Chris Eades, a former Evening Standard journalist who set up the agency in 1993, said he could not foresee online offering new opportunities, as the newspapers simply wouldnt pay enough for content. Eight photographers, two reporters and one freelance were made redundant. Kent News & Pictures sister agency, Images International, which provided images from all over the UK as well as overseas, has also closed. Performance of different types of newspapers Even in the midst of the downturn, publishers continued to launch print and online products, grow their audiences, and test new and innovative ways to generate revenue from their online operations. The start of 2009 was marked by a continuation of the decline from the previous year but publishers financial reports showed an improved outlook for the second half of 2009 with declines slowing significantly and, in a couple of instances, showing year-on-year growth in classified categories. offshoot of the West End Final but has been rebranded Late Night Final in red and white right across the front page. In February 2009 full-price sales of the Evening Standard were 142,513 on average, down from 155,467 the previous month. Bulks, copies that readers can pick up free from hotels, airlines and gyms, which pay a nominal fee, were also down from 134,666 to 132,682 in the same period. On May 11, 2009, the London Evening Standard distributed 850,000 free copies, 200,000 more than planned, as part of a promotion to mark a relaunch of the newspaper under new editor Geordie Greig and owner Alexander Lebedev. The giveaway was intended to include 650,000 copies of the GBP0.50 title to mark a new look for the newspaper and signal a more positive, upbeat editorial tone. News of the promotion, which emerged on May 8, 2009, led News International, the publisher of freesheet the London Paper, to run its own marketing push involving giving away 120,000 Kit Kat chocolate bars to commuters on the same day.
The Evening Standard had also recently launched a tiered pricing model, which included offering the newspaper for GBP0.10 to late-night travellers at mainline stations. The May 12 relaunch was preceded by a teaser campaign, by McCann Erickson London, saying This led to financial analysts pointing to signs of sorry to Londoners for the Standards previous stabilisation in local media and share prices of publicly editorial stance. listed companies rose significantly as a result. Economic Results POSITION ON THE NEWSPAPER MARKET In the year to June 29, 2008, Times Newspapers, Brands publisher of The Times and Sunday Times, reported losses jumped 17% from GBP43.9 million to GBP51.3 Behind working pay walls and a global readership, full- million, before the collapse of Lehman Brothers and price UK sales of the Financial Times have plummeted. recession hit the advertising market. Turnover at Times Full-price copy sale in Britain was down to a mere Newspapers dropped marginally to GBP444.8 million 67,578 in November 2009, a drop of 17,000 on from GBP447.1 million. The accounts blamed rising November 2008. losses partly on the cost of switching to full-colour printing presses. Even without exceptional items, In 2009 The Times and The Sunday Times were jointly operating losses rose to GBP42.7 million from GBP34.9 named Britains best-known newspaper brand in a new million. The overall loss of GBP51.3 million was not as national survey. The 12th annual Superbrands report, bad as two years earlier, when it ended up GBP81.8 which is based on a poll of more than 2,000 adults, million in the red as the daily newspaper moved from ranked the newspapers 131st out of the 500 strongest broadsheet to tabloid format. brands in the country, the highest score for a newspaper in 2009. Pearsons Financial Times and The Economist News Group Newspapers, publisher of The Sun and the (part owned by Pearson), were the only two media News of the World, announced profits fell to GBP55.1 companies, aside from Google, to breach the top 25, the million in the year to June 29, 2008, down from former surging from 31 to 17, while The Economist was GBP61.8 million a year earlier. News Group turnover up from 58 to 25 over the year. rose slightly to GBP626.3 million from GBP623.3 million. The Sun and News of the World posted an In March 2009, the London Evening Standard boosted operating loss of GBP18.5 million. News Group said distribution of its last edition by more than 10,000 turnover was up because it increased the News of the copies and renamed it Late Night Final. Available in Worlds cover price. central London from 18:00 the late edition used to be an
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On April 21, 2009, Independent News & Media postponed publication of its 2008 full-year results for a second time as the companys management continued to hold talks about reducing its debts. Sources close to INM said the company had been hoping to have struck a deal to reduce its GBP1.3 billion debt by the time it published its results for 2008. The company was also reported to be considering a sale of some assets to pay down its debts, including its 21% stake in the Indian newspapers group Jagran Prakashan, which it acquired for GBP22.5 million in 2004. stakeholders could work on the deal. It was reported that the plan would involve the company giving bondholders half the cash now and the outstanding balance later. INMs largest shareholders, Sir Anthony OReilly and Denis OBrien, who have a combined stake of more than 50%, were to contribute to the plan. On June 25, 2009, Denis OBrien, Independent News & Medias (INM) second-largest shareholder, threatened to pull the plug on a rescue refinancing planned by the newspaper groups board. As the deadline approached to repay a EUR200 million (GBP170 million) bond, Mr OBrien was understood to have told the board that he could not support a rescue plan drawn up by Sir Anthony OReilly, the groups former chief executive. The company behind The Independent had wanted to launch a EUR60 million deeply discounted rights issue to help to pay the bond. Without the backing of Mr OBrien, who owns a 26 per cent stake, the emergency cash call had no chance of succeeding. Under the latest version of the OReilly plan, bondholders would receive EUR60 million from the rights issue and as much as EUR50 million from planned disposals. The remaining EUR90 million would be dealt with by giving the debtholders 10 per cent of INMs shares. However, Mr OBrien was understood to be particularly unhappy at the plan to give 10 per cent of the company to bondholders. That implies they should see a return equivalent to the EUR200 million face value of the debt, when the bonds are in fact trading at about 15 to 20 per cent of their face value. OBrien put forward an alternative plan that would involve the bondholders receiving EUR30 million to EUR40 million of cash, in line with their face value.
On April 30, 2009, Independent News & Media announced it had failed to reach agreement with bondholders over a GBP179 million (EUR200 million) bond, as it reported a full-year pre-tax loss of EUR161.4m for 2008. INM reported a pre-tax loss of EUR161.4 million for 2008, compared with a EUR284.8 million profit in 2007. It had postponed its annual results twice in the hope that an agreement with bondholders could be reached before releasing them. The company said its 2008 losses were mainly due to a EUR373.1 million exceptional charge, EUR290.9 million of which related to a decision to write down the value of its newspaper assets in the light of the economic downturn. Its UK division, which includes the Independent newspapers, reported 2008 revenue of EUR215 million, a EUR53.1 million fall on the previous year, mainly driven by a reduction in advertising and circulation revenues. Operating profit at the UK arm fell to EUR200,000 in 2008. The INM confirmed its decision to move the newspapers into Daily Mail owner DMGTs London offices, and share facilities with its competitor, would result in cost savings of GBP10 million a year. INM said a restructuring programme, which included 630 job losses during 2008, In September 2009 it was reported a rescue deal between about 90 of which were at the Independent newspaper Independent News & Media with the banks would lead and its Sunday sister title, had cost EUR58 million. to Tony OReilly halving his near-30% controlling stake in the company that publishes The Independent. Under On May 18, 2009, Independent News & Media won the proposal, the lending banks are to extend their a grace period from lenders on a EUR200 million EUR1.3 billion of loans until 2014 at the earliest. (USD270.8 million) bond, giving the group until June OReilly, the company and its banks have agreed in 26, 2009, to reach a repayment deal on the senior note. principle that the bondholders will receive some cash The media group secured an additional EUR15 million plus new shares amounting to about half of the working capital facility from its banks for the standstill reconstructed company. The exact proportions were the period, secured on certain assets. The capital is to be subjects of continuing negotiation. A rights issue will repaid from asset disposals. follow once the new shares have been issued to bondholders, to help to raise money that would put Independent News & Media built up a debt pile of INM on a more secure financial footing. EUR1.4 billion through overseas expansion but was expected to raise EUR100 million EUR150 million During a television interview in September 2009, from the sale of its price comparison website Verivox, Independent News & Media (INM) chief executive gaming software firm Cashcade and its South African Gavin OReilly defended his decision to hold on to the outdoor advertising business by the end of the third Independent titles despite their losses. He said quarter 2009. they were the central editorial hub of the groups 200 newspapers across the world, in Ireland, Australia, On June 22, 2009, Independent News & Media said it New Zealand, South Africa and India, which planned to extend the June 26, 2009, deadline for its publish copy originating in London. However, Gavin EUR200m bond until July 24, 2009, so that its OReilly admitted The Independent and its Sunday
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stablemate were losing tens of thousands of euros every Sport Media Group omitted its dividend in late October day. 2009 after reporting a pre-tax loss of GBP7.7 million for the 12 months to July 31, 2009. The interim loss was Independent News & Media reported a fall in group struck after reorganisation and other exceptional items, advertising revenue of 19 per cent for the year to goodwill amortisation and a charge for share-based October 23, 2009. Group revenue in that same period payments totalling more than GBP7 million. It was down 14 per cent year-on-year on a constant compared with an GBP18 million pre-tax loss for the currency basis. The company said it expected full-year previous 12 months, mainly because of a GBP20 million profits between EUR170 million (GBP152 million) and charge for impairment of goodwill. At the operating EUR190 million. Group operating profit before level, before interest payments, profits tumbled from exceptional items was down 37 per cent year on year to GBP6.4 million to GBP263,000. October 23, 2009, compared with a 45 per cent year-onyear fall in the first half of the year. Circulation Turnover/profit revenue declined by about two per cent for the year to October 2009. The company held a meeting in Pearson, the owner of the Financial Times and Penguin November 2009 to discuss its repayment of books, reported a robust performance for 2008 and a EUR200 million (GBP181 million), originally due raised its dividend for shareholders in March 2009. The to bondholders in May 2009, and formally approve company which makes most of its revenues from its a restructuring plan that will give bondholders a 47 per education business saw an increase in both sales and cent stake in the company. operating profits last year, with the strongest profit growth at the FT Group, up 13%. At the FT Group, Daily Mail and General Trust results for the period which includes Interactive Data as well as the Financial covering October 2008 - March 2009 revealed that Times and other publishing assets, the company said advertising revenues at Northcliffe were down 31 per 67% of revenues came from digital services, up from cent in the period, with profits for the UK newspapers 28% in 2000, while advertising accounted for just 25%, down 91 percent to GBP3.2 million from GBP33 down from 52% eight years earlier. However, the group million the previous year. Overall revenues for has not been immune from the advertising slowdown Northcliffe Media fell 23 per cent from GBP216 million that has plagued the media sector in 2008 and early in the equivalent period in 2007-2008 to GBP166 2009. Advertising revenues at FT Publishing slipped 3% million in 2008-2009. Advertising revenues from over 2008, with the fourth quarter described as weak, property were down 54 per cent, recruitment 47 per as financial institutions, technology companies and cent, retail 24 per cent and motors 23 per cent, while recruiters reduced their marketing spend. The company circulation revenues fell 6 per cent. Overall also announced controversial plans for 80 redundancies headcount fell by 500 as a result of the widespread at the FT to cut costs for 2009. Circulation revenues cutbacks across Northcliffe announced in the first three from the FT were up 16%, thanks to a cover price rise months of 2009. This contributed to a 20 per cent fall from GBP1 to GBP1.80 in the space of 18 months. in operating costs compared with the same period the Overall, sales were up 8% at constant exchange rates to previous year. GBP4.81 billion, while adjusted operating profit rose 11% to GBP762 million. The company also said In June 2009, Sport Media Group, publisher of the net debt jumped GBP487 million to GBP1.46 billion as Daily Sport and Sunday Sport, reversed its steep a result of acquisitions and the strength of the US circulation decline for the first time in six months after dollar." experiencing a stabilisation in advertising revenue. SMG, which resigned its Audit Bureau of Circulations In the first half of 2009, profits at FT Publishing, the membership in March 2009 due to plummeting sales newspaper and magazine division of Pearson which owns figures, said that circulation in May 2009 was back at the Financial Times and has a 50% stake in the levels not seen since November 2008. The publisher, Economist, fell 40%. Sales at the division, part of the FT which had admitted that a shift in daily circulation of Group, also slipped 13% as the advertising downturn hit 10,000 hit profitability by about GBP2 million over the financial and corporate sectors. Adjusted operating a year, added in a trading update dated June 9, 2009, profit at FT Publishing was GBP14 million in the first that advertising revenues had been holding steady and six months of the year, down from GBP30 million for was expected to increase as sales build. The company, the same period in 2008, a 40% decline on an which acquired Daily Sport and Sunday Sport publisher underlying basis. Sales fell from GBP188 million to Sport Newspapers for GBP50 million in December GBP176 million. Marjorie Scardino, the Pearson chief 2007, revealed in its results for the year to the end of July executive, added that advertising accounted for just 20% 2008 that it had to strip GBP18.4 million from the of FT Group revenues, down from 50% in 2000. value of the business due to dire advertising and Pearson said digital services accounted for 67% of FT circulation conditions. Group revenues in 2008, up from 28% in 2000. Across the whole of Pearson, which also owns Penguin books
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and a US education business, revenues were flat at GBP2.4 billion, while profits were up 21% to GBP158 million. At Penguin, profits were down 23% on an underlying basis, while sales slipped 6% on the same terms. The companys best-performing division was the largely US-based education business, where sales rose 3% to GBP1.52 billion. According to John Ridding, the Financial Times chief executive, the newspapers digital income now accounts for 20% of all its revenues, up from 14% in 2007. In April 2009, the FT in Britain raised its weekday cover price (by GBP0.20) to GBP2 and its Saturday price to GBP2.50. At the end of last year its US editions also went up, to USD2.50 and USD3 respectively. Sales of the British FT have also dipped, down about 6% year on year, but it was one of the newspapers caught in the airline bulk sales saga. But the price rises have ensured that circulation revenue rose by 20% in the first six months of 2009. Meanwhile, subscriptions to FT.com went up by 18%. The newspaper now has 117,000 individual subscribers on annual deals. It has also sold 650 lucrative licences to corporate clients. The drop in operating profits at FT Publishing, which slipped to GBP14 million in the first six months of 2009, was almost all attributable to falling advertising revenues, said finance director Robin Freestone. Financial and corporate advertising have been the areas worst hit. The FTs circulation fell 6% worldwide in the January to June 2009 period, mainly because of City firms cutting back on bulk distribution copies. But it has benefited from the doubling of the cover price from GBP1 to GBP2 over the past two years. In the year to March 31, 2009, The Economist, which is half-owned by the Financial Times, part of Pearson, bucked the trend of steep declines seen by most magazine owners with a 26 per cent increase in operating profit to GBP56 million. Turnover rose 17 per cent to GBP313 million and pre-tax profits were also GBP56 million, up 18 per cent on 2008. Average circulation of the core news weekly continued to rise, up 6.4 per cent to 1.39m for July to December 2008. In 2009, the Financial Times operating profit sank 47 percent from the previous year (to GB39 million), and parent company Pearson attributed the fall to the tough market conditions for financial and corporate advertising. The wider FT Group slowed less, due to 22 percent more profits from its Interactive Data division. Global circulation was down 7 percent (to 402,799). Sales at home in the UK make up over 90 percent of the total, but are themselves down by 23 percent from their February 2001 decade high. Overall, across Pearson operating profit was up four percent to GBP858 million on four percent higher income. Digital products made up 31 percent of Pearson income (GBP1.7 billion), and Penguin profit dipped 10 percent after spending GBP9
million on restructuring for digital publishing. E-book sales grew fourfold. Daily Mail & General Trust reported a pre-tax loss of GBP239 million for the six months to March 29, 2009, with an 85% fall in operating profit at its regional arm and a 59% fall across its national newspaper division. The owner of the Daily Mail and about 100 regional titles said that its results were affected by a GBP179 million non-cash charge principally relating to assets acquired in recent years by Northcliffe, DMG World Media, Euromoney and DMG Radio. On an adjusted basis, stripping out factors such as exceptional charges, pre-tax profits fell 47% to GBP77 million for the period. Adjusted operating profits dropped 30% year on year to GBP116 million and group revenues decline by 7% to GBP1.08 billion. Operating profits at DMGTs regional arm, Northcliffe Media, fell 85% to just GBP6 million, with revenue down 23% to GBP166 million. UK circulation revenues fell by 6% to GBP35 million at the division. The company said that April 2009 trading saw UK advertising revenues remaining at 36% below the equivalent period the previous year. Recruitment revenues in the UK were down 63%, with property down 54% and retail down 11% year on year. However, the company said that other categories were at or above previous months. At Associated Newspapers, the companys national newspaper arm, operating profit fell 59% year on year to GBP18 million, with revenue down 10% to GBP455 million. There was a 16% year-on-year fall in underlying ad revenue at the division. Ad revenues were down 8% in the first quarter and 23% down in the second quarter. However, April and May of 2009 have seen an improving trend, down 15%. Display advertising was down by 16% to GBP150 million. By sector, all categories were lower, but retail, the largest category, was the best performer, falling by 7% boosted by strong advertising from supermarkets. Classified advertising fell by 13% to GBP29 million. The company said that overall circulation revenues at the division remained stable at GBP181 million, due to an increase in cover prices. However, circulation at the Daily Mail fell 5.8% and at the Mail on Sunday 5.6% for the period. For the year ended October 4, 2009, the Daily Mail & General Trust beat forecasts to record a 23% fall in adjusted pre-tax profits to GBP201 million, with its flagship Daily Mail reporting the second-highest profit in its history despite the recession. DMGT, which owns about 100 regional titles, said revenues at Associated Newspapers, its national arm, fell 11% year-onyear to GBP876 million. Circulation revenues were down just 2%, but underlying ad revenues fell 15%. DMGT recorded a GBP5 million loss on the sale of the London Evening Standard, offset by a GBP2.7 million curtailment gain Since the sale in January 2009, the company has received revenue of GBP5.6 million and
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paid for services of GBP13.3 million. Its regional arm, Northcliffe Media, saw total revenue fall 22% to GBP328 million with operating profit plunging 65% to GBP24 million. In the UK market operating profit fell by 67% to GBP20 million, with total revenues down by 24% to GBP285 million. Underlying ad revenue fell 30% amid unprecedented trading conditions for local newspapers. Circulation revenues fell 7%. Chief executive Martin Morgan said the single most important factor in achieving such profitability was a large-scale cost-cutting drive. Headcount across the Associated Newspapers division has been cut by 5%, about 200, in the year to October 4, 2009. A further 300 job cuts came from printing and administration staff across the national and regional operations. However, Morgan added that a cover price increase for the Saturday Daily Mail, made in October 2008, had boosted profits and a reworking of marketing and promotional budgets away from activity such as DVD giveaways and into subscription schemes had also started to pay dividends. Digital revenues from the Associated Newspapers websites rose 11% year-on-year. London Lite, which closed on November 13, 2009, saw an underlying fall in ad revenue of 4% year on year. Group overall reported a pre-tax loss of GBP89.8m compared with a profit last year of GBP306.4m on turnover down to GBP405.4 million compared with GBP502.1 million. The huge reduction in turnover for GMG is largely accounted for by the fact that Trader Media Group, which GMG owns 50.1 per cent of is now accounted for separately, as is GMGs joint venture ownership of B2B publishing business Emap. When turnover from GMGs share in its joint ventures is included, turnover for GMG this year was said to be GBP637.9 million (compared with GBP625.7 million in 2008). GMGs 2008 profit figures were inflated by the one-off proceeds from selling a 49.9 per cent of Trader Media Group. This years figures include nontrading losses of GBP78 million. Sport Media Group reported that the business ended 2009 in profit with the group trading profitably for the five months to December 31, 2009, even though daily circulation of its tabloids had decreased since peaking in August 2009. Forecasts In May 2009, Financial Times publisher Pearson confirmed it was continuing to grow its content, subscription and digital revenues at FT Group despite the tough economic conditions. In a trading update covering the first three months of 2009, the company said that although advertising had worsened since the New Year, this only accounted for 16 per cent of the FT Groups revenue. The FT increased its cover price from GBP1.80 to GBP2 in April 2009. The newspapers price has risen steadily over 2008. Pearson said it expected group full-year profits in 2009 to either match or beat 2008. For 2009, the group has frozen the salary of all those earning more than GBP30,000. The FT recently cut 80 staff, including 20 journalists, in a cost-cutting drive.
In June 2009, the Guardian Media Group announced it would report an operating loss for the financial year to the end of March 2009. It was the first time GMG would post an operating loss for several years. The companys national newspaper division, Guardian News & Media, which publishes the Guardian, the Observer and the guardian.co.uk website network, including MediaGuardian.co.uk, reported a loss of about GBP35 million in the year to the end of March 2009. GMG Radio and GMG Property also reported operating losses. The regional newspaper division, GMG Regional Media, will make an operating profit of less than GBP1 million, down from the previous financial years operating profit of GBP14.3 million. In January 2010, Pearson said its Financial Times Group ended the year ahead of our expectations ahead of its According to figures reported anonymously by FT.com 2009 earnings report due March 1, 2010. Pearson then in September 2009, Guardian News & Media has lost raised its earnings-per-share expectation by 10 percent. GBP20 million from Guardian.co.uk since 2002/03. Guardian editor-in-chief Alan Rusbridger confirmed the Cover price rises, a growing online subscriber base and figures: Since 2002/3, our spending on Guardian.co.uk corporate clients are forecast to help the Financial (operational and capex) has exceeded revenue by just Timess content revenues overtake print advertising GBP20 million. revenues for the first time in 2010. In its annual report for 2008/2009, Guardian Media Group (GMG) revealed that national newspapers division Guardian News and Media reported an increase in operating losses to GBP36.8 million (compared with GBP26.4million in 2008) on reduced turnover of GBP253.6 million (GBP261.9 million). The regional newspapers division reported profits of just GBP500,000 on steeply reduced turnover and revealed a trading loss for the last six months. Guardian Media
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InPublishing magazine commissioned Wessenden Marketing to ask 187 newspapers and magazines about the current state of publishing and what the future has in store. It found that 57 per cent of publishers thought the economic conditions in the industry would begin to improve in 2010, albeit slowly. Despite many reports of falling revenues, the study found that 79 per cent of companies remained profitable, which an average margin of 11 per cent. Some 12 per cent of companies
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were breaking even and nine per cent were making a loss. A third of the publishers surveyed predicted their profit margin would rise in 2010, with 42 per cent expecting it to hold steady. REGIONAL PRESS On June 26, 2009, Claire Enders, the chief executive of Enders Analysis, told a Commons committee that newspapers would close across Britain because revenues would collapse by 52%, or GBP1.3 billion, between 2007 and 2013. We are expecting up to half of all the 1,300 titles will close in the next five years, Enders told the Commons culture, media and sport select committee hearing on the future of local and regional media. The crisis was caused by the recession and several structural factors including the take-up of broadband and rise of online search advertising giant Google, the committee heard. Other factors included local governments deciding in 2004 to cut recruitment advertising from local and regional newspapers and the Royal Mail ending the delivery of local newspapers. Media regulator Ofcom said that 60 newspapers had closed in the past year, including 50 freesheets and 10 paid-for titles, which had faced strong competition in their markets. According to the research conducted by Enders Media, circulation looks set to decline by 8 per cent in the same period. Local community newspapers are deemed to be greatest at risk. During the June 2009 cross-party select committees hearing into the future of newspapers in the UK, Sly Bailey from Trinity Mirror revealed that her company had been forced to close 27 newspapers in 2008 and a further 8 as of June 2009. Between 2008 and March 2009, regional newspapers suffered drastic cuts with 11 Newsquest newspapers closing in the northwest; 1,110 job cuts for Johnston Press; and 245 future job cuts for Guardian Media Group. In July 2009 an influential committee of MPs held a public meeting in York to discuss the future of local news. After the House of Commons culture, media and sport committee launched its inquiry into the local media industry on June 16, 2009, the committee held a public session in York on July 1, 2009, to hear what the people of Yorkshire thought about their local newspapers and TV stations and whether the Internet is a satisfactory alternative. The event was part of a two-day fact-finding trip that also saw the committee visit some of the regions key media outlets, including the Yorkshire Post, Real Radio Yorkshire and ITV Yorkshire. local press in maintaining local democracy. Mark Williams, the Liberal Democrat MP for Ceredigion, warned the emergence of local council publications, containing local news, but by their nature not independent, competing with the commercial press, is speeding the decline of the local press and thereby reducing scrutiny of local authorities. Williams said councils should be encouraged to take out longer advertising contracts or running campaigns in the local press and to sponsor local newspaper initiatives. He also said the government and local authorities should take a strategic approach to advertising and ensure that relevant titles are not overlooked. Williams also argued that cross-media ownership rules should be relaxed to allow the exploration of new partnerships, but that in relaxing the regulations there should be accompanying measures to protect the plurality of the local media. The closure of a number of local newspapers in Wales in September 2009 caused the Assembly Government and a series of local politicians to raise concerns about the deteriorating state of the Welsh media. Earlier during the month regional publisher Trinity Mirror unveiled plans to close three of its weekly newspapers in Wales with the loss of around 26 jobs. There were also planned closures of the Neath Guardian and Port Talbot Guardian by Trinitys Media Wales division. In addition to these titles, Trinity also announced plans to close North Wales weekly, the Wrexham Chronicle. In September 2008, the Big Issue moved publication of its Welsh edition to Scotland, making two of its three local staff, including the editor, redundant and leaving just a single reporter. It also emerged in August 2009 that the Times Educational Supplement was also downgrading its Welsh edition by closing its local office and making five staff redundant, again including the editor, and also leaving it with just a single reporter in Wales as TESs London editor assumed full responsibility for the title. BROADSHEET/TABLOID In March 2009, three broadsheet newspapers announced they were turning tabloid, the Belfast Telegraph, the Darlington and Stockton Times, and the Reading Chronicle. Those titles are following a trend: the Birmingham Post downsized in August 2009, while The Northern Echo, Oxford Times, Wakefield Express, Halifax Courier and others shrunk in 2008 and 2007.
In England and Wales, the only regional daily broadsheet is the Yorkshire Post. But, according to the Newspaper Societys database, 44 weekly broadsheets remain. One of them is the Barnsley Chronicle, a rarity In July 2009 during a debate on the regional press, in English newspapers: broadsheet, independently Members of Parliament warned that staff cuts, office owned, and printed in the town it serves. closures, the loss of advertising revenues to council publications and a decline in government advertising The Newspaper Societys list of English and Welsh were all threatening to undermine the vital role of the broadsheets has just one city newspaper, the Lancaster
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Guardian. The rest are from town and country: the online and was not a worthwhile use of licence fee Berwick Chronicle; Hexham Courant; Northumberland money. Gazette. In April 2009, the BBC was set to close a groundIn Scotland, the story is slightly different. The Herald in breaking deal with local news providers that will see it Glasgow is still broadsheet, as is the Press and Journal in share resources with newspapers and TV and radio Aberdeen. Theyre joined by 12 other newspapers, from stations for the first time. The proposals included giving the John OGroat Journal to the Southern Reporter, local newspapers free access to video content for their based in Selkirk. websites, allowing them access to its school of journalism and making its iPlayer technology available to rivals. Nationally, The Times, The Independent and The Talks about sharing resources had been taking place for Guardian all shot up after downsizing. The Northern months, but in late April 2009 senior BBC sources said Echo was the countrys best-performing regional that the final details of a deal were now close to being newspaper, with a 0.8 per cent paid-for fall, after it went finalised. A similar deal had already been struck with tabloid. ITV, which scaled back its regional news operations in an attempt to save money, and agreed to share studio On March 25, 2009, the Belfast Telegraph changed to space and production facilities with the BBC. The new a tabloid format. The dailys four afternoon editions deal will be modelled on that arrangement, extending it were all downsized to compact versions, bringing to an to rival news providers, including the Press Association. end nearly 139 years of broadsheet printing. The new- National newspapers, including the Daily Telegraph, look edition was marketed via TV, radio and outdoor ads and local TV stations such as Channel M, the and contains an expanded health and lifestyle section Manchester-based operation owned by Guardian Media and new 24-page sports pullout on Mondays. Group, the Guardians parent company, could also benefit. SHARING EDITORIAL CONTENT In March 2009, ITV and the BBC signed In June 2009, Alexander Lebedevs London Evening a memorandum of understanding that could, over the Standard struck a deal with the New York Daily News to next decade, help to deliver cost savings for regional share editorial content in print and online. The Evening news on ITV1 totalling millions of pounds. Standard, which is 75% owned by the Russian oligarch, said the deal was a formal relationship but provided no The two organisations have been discussing ways in details of the amount or type of content or which they could work together to safeguard the a proposed revenue share model. provision of local news on Britains main commercial channels, probably by setting up joint ITV and BBC The New York Daily News, which is owned by Mort regional news centres in England and Wales, sharing Zuckerman, is reportedly the fifth biggest daily technical facilities and resources and pooling some of the newspaper in the US, with a daily circulation of video pictures gathered by BBC crews for use in ITVs 632,595. The Sunday circulation is 674,104. The regional bulletins. The BBC has agreed to continue that Evening Standard recorded a circulation of 210,901 partnership even if ITV decides to pull out of regional according to the latest Audit Bureau of Circulations news completely at a future date, by offering it to an figures for May 2009. alternative provider on the same terms. In March 2009 the BBC confirmed it was developing a plan to share its online content with newspapers and do more to link to rival news organisations. In its submission to the governments Digital Britain consultation, the corporation said work was underway to create an online syndication strategy. The BBC has already announced a sharing agreement with Telegraph Media Group, allowing the newspaper publisher to put some content from the BBC iPlayer on the Telegraph.co.uk website. The olive branch to the newspaper industry comes after the BBCs plans to launch a network of online video news websites across the UK was blocked by the BBC Trust in the face of massive opposition from the regional press. The corporations governing body said the local video proposals could have harmed regional newspapers attempts to make money
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Some of the new proposals will need to be approved by the BBC Trust, which regulates the corporation. The unprecedented decision to share resources has been prompted, in part, by the government pressure on the BBC to come to the aid of commercial rivals. It wants the BBC to use its guaranteed licence fee income to ensure plurality in local news, which is often expensive to produce and does not always attract advertisers, although it remains popular with viewers and listeners. CROWDSOURCING On June 17, 2009, a team of developers at the Guardian led by Simon Willison created a Django application running on Amazon EC2 which allows users to search and help identify stories in MPs expenses data released
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by UK parliament. Within 90 minutes of its launch, 1,700 users had audited MPs expenses using the Guardians new crowdsourcing tool. The data, which includes 700,000 individual documents, contained within 5,500 PDF files, covers all 646 members of parliament. FREE NEWSPAPERS business estate. The London Evening Standard, which is looking to cut bulks in favour of reduced price and free copies, has secured the rights to distribute after 20:30 at the site owned by Canary Wharf Group. The 97-acre estate has a footfall of more than 650,000 shoppers a week and 90,000 people work there. It is viewed as a key distribution channel for attracting an ABC1 demographic. Sources at the newspaper claim it can hit between 10,000 and 15,000 copies a day, although this amount is disputed by other newspaper groups. It is understood the Alexander Lebedev-owned newspaper, which gave away more than 120,000 copies in March 2009, is looking to reduce its bulks by 40,000 and redistribute these copies in key upmarket areas across the capital.
Free morning city newspaper Metro suffered doubledigit declines in advertising revenues for the first three months of 2009, and managing director Steve Auckland said the downward trend was set to continue. The drop in advertising followed single digit declines between October and December 2008 and came as the newspaper celebrates its 10th anniversary. Publisher Associated would not specify the exact percentages for On May 27, 2009, free newspaper group KOS Media in either quarters. Kent announced it was going to begin charging for some copies of its two flagship titles. The independently In March 2009 Metro launched an advertising campaign owned KOS Media, which publishes Kent on Sunday to stimulate people to recycle their used newspapers. and sister newspaper Kent on Saturday, launched the The publisher also installed special recycling bins at part-paid part-free initiative in a bid to improve several train stations. The advertising campaign used circulation. Until now, about 100,000 free copies of each fake headlines such as Woman abandons Metro on title have been left in newsagents and supermarkets train. across the county for shoppers to pick up. Some of these free copies were delivered to houses as part of In March 2009 it was reported it was highly unlikely newsagents existing home delivery rounds. From May Transport of London would allow a new distribution 30, 2009, 150,000 copies will be printed. About 50,000 contract when free newspaper Metros morning contract of these will be sold in shops at a GBP0.90 cover price. expired in 2010. The new morning contract, however, On top of the paid-for copies, KOS Media said it would would cover a shorter duration than the 10-year Metro continue to print and distribute 100,000 free copies to contract, and would also be more expensive than the targeted homes. It is asking newsagents to encourage alleged GBP1 million Metro paid. their customers to sign up for a paid-for delivery to guarantee getting a copy each weekend. The new London Underground distribution contract cut the length from 11 to 7.5 years. The contract allows As of June 2009, the Stafford edition of the Express and the concession holder to distribute free newspapers at Star was delivered free to homes and business in the midabout 250 tube stations and 20 bus stations in London. Staffordshire area on Wednesdays only, while remaining The longer duration of the original deal was partly paid-for the other five days. The move coincided with designed to help give the winning bidder time to build the end of the Stafford and Stone Chronicle, a weekly a sustainable business. free title covering the two towns, printed on Wednesday afternoons and available from Thursday mornings. The In May 2009, Transport for London invited bidders for Express and Star sold an average of 130,216 copies a day the underground distribution contract that was in the months between July and December 2008 scheduled to expire in March 2010. The exclusive according to the most recent Audit Bureau of morning distribution contract is currently held by Circulation figures. Associated Newspapers to distribute the London Metro. The new contract will be for 7.5 years instead of current In June 2009 it was reported News International might contract of 11 years. launch a morning version of its free afternoon title, thelondonpaper, should it win the contract to distribute As of May 11, 2009, the Evening Standard was renamed morning newspapers on the tube from Associated London Evening Standard. Newspapers. During the course of Associateds contract, for which Associated is thought to pay between GBP1 In May 2009 the London Evening Standard secured an million and GBP1.5 million a year, its title, Metro, has evening contract to hand-distribute free copies of its become one of the most recognised morning newspaper relaunched newspaper in Canary Wharf, while News brands. International-owned thelondonpaper again won out against Associated-owned London Lite to exclusively On June 2, 2009, it was reported Rupert Murdochs distribute in the afternoons throughout the private News International (The Sun, The Times, thelondonWAN-IFRA WORLD PRESS TRENDS 2010 EUROPE 443
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paper) was bidding for the morning distribution The ongoing battle hit the Evening Standards paid-for contract in the London underground against the circulation and eventually forced DMGT to sell control incumbent Associated Newspaper. of the title to the Russian businessman Alexander Lebedev in January 2009. In July 2009, Telegraph Media Group linked up with Gordons gin to trial a free newspaper title called The News Internationals other aim in launching the title was Friday to lure in young, upwardly mobile readers. The to take on DMGTs successful morning freesheet, Friday will mark the first time TMG, the publisher of Metro, which in good times before the recession made The Daily Telegraph, has launched a free title, which will profits of GBP8m a year. The company hoped have a distribution of 150,000 copies and be handed out ultimately to bid against Metro for the morning London in the afternoon at 25 UK railway stations, including tube distribution contract. But News International (NI) some in London. The tabloid-sized Telegraph-branded did not anticipate DMGT would counter attack with its newspaper, with a pagination of 16 pages, will run for six own freesheet, published through its national newspaper weeks, debuting on August 7, 2009. But TMG, which division Associated Newspapers. has linked up with Diageo-owned Gordons as the exclusive sponsor for the project, has not ruled out Associated Newspapers had already given up its rights to establishing it as a regular product. the afternoon tube distribution contract following an Office of Fair Trading ruling in 2005. The former The Friday will be distributed free with Fridays issue of London mayor Ken Livingstone tried to sell an The Daily Telegraph, and will be feature and lifestyle- afternoon distribution slot on the tube network after the focused, as opposed to news-led, including content on OFTs 2005 ruling, prompting interest from Richard food, home, lifestyle, trends and fashion. TMG says the Desmonds Express Newspapers and News International. title, which will be handed out by sampling and But the afternoon tube contract became redundant distribution firm SimplySimply, is aimed at high- when, instead of bidding for it, both NI and Associated spending women and men aged between 30 and 55. The decided to employ an army of distributors to hand out deal, estimated to be worth in excess of GBP1 million, their rival freesheets to commuters. was brokered by Aegis media agency Carat, which numbers both Diageo and TMG among its clients. Northcliffe announced a rise in circulation for its Kent titles of 3.8 per cent for the period of January to June On August 20, 2009, News International, the British 2009. This growth went against the wider trend for local newspaper arm of Rupert Murdochs media giant News and regional media, which posted an overall circulation Corporation, announced it planned to shut fall of 7.8 period for the same period. It also follows thelondonpaper, the groups loss-making freesheet for Northcliffes adoption of a hybrid model for a number London commuters. The newspaper, which had a daily of its Kent publications, including the Medway News, circulation of about 500,000 copies, suffered pre-tax East Kent Gazette Series, Canterbury Adscene, annual losses of GBP12.9 million (EUR14.9 million, Whitstable & Herne Bay Times and the Folkestone USD21.3 million) in the financial year to June 2009. Herald series. Under the hybrid model some Northcliffe titles in the Kent area are available to buy and then The announcement signals an end to the London delivered for free, door-to-door, 24 hours later. The freesheet wars, which began in August 2006 when News changed distribution model, brought in during 2009, International decided to launch an afternoon freesheet has been part of wider changes since the titles were and Associated Newspapers retaliated to protect the acquired by Northcliffe in July 2007. London Evening Standard and its morning freesheet Metro by launching London Lite. The editorial to advertising ratio of Northcliffe hybrid echoes that of paid-for titles, rather than of traditional Thelondonpaper and London Lite, launched within free newspapers. As part of introducing the hybrid days of each other - London Lite got to the streets first model, Northcliffe aimed to provide a more community on August 30, 2006, while thelondonpaper launched on feel to the newspapers, devoting more pages to editorial September 4, 2006 - both established solid circulations. than before. As well as introducing a greater focus on While thelondonpaper manages to give more copies editorial, Northcliffes hybrid titles changed their away, at 500,000 a day, London Lite claims more readers classified sections, making them common across titles (according to the National Readership Survey) despite within a specific circulation area. a lower circulation of 400,000. In March 2009, Northcliffe announced plans to But other than attracting many new readers it is a battle create a centralised production hub for its southeast which has left both News International and London Lite regional titles, which has overseen a design overhaul of publisher Associated Newspapers many millions poorer the hybrid newspapers. According to Steve Lowe, and somewhat weaker. commercial director at Kent regional News & Media, a division of Northcliffe Media, the success of the
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hybrid titles can, in part, be attributed to the centralised out in the late afternoon. With the midday edition, hub. editorial shifts began as early as 03:00 for journalists filing, subbing and editing stories for the 09:00 deadline. In September 2009, News International rebuffed an approach to buy its freesheet thelondonpaper. The The London Evening Standards editor, Geordie Greig, expression of interest for the afternoon freesheet in its said the newspapers shift to free distribution had had dying days came from the unexpected location of a dramatic impact in some areas, such as Holborn, which Shanghai and Bros magazine, which is owned by the had gone from a 700 paid-for circulation to more than Shanghai Diving Dragon Cultural Broadcasting 10,000 a day under free distribution. Company. Bros planned to convert the London Paper into a weekly free newspaper with a potential In early December 2009, the London Evening Standard distribution of 200,000 copies. It would have been confirmed it was considering a boost to its free mixed language, with the main section in English and distribution, but said it was yet to take a final decision. other sections in Japanese and Chinese to appeal to Doug Wills, the Evening Standard managing editor, members of the capitals expatriate community. responded to industry speculation that the newspaper However, News International executives thought that could boost its distribution from 600,000 copies a day to there was no upside to the proposal and that the 800,000 or even 1 million, by saying an increase was an product idea was weak. option for late 2010. On October 2, 2009, the London Evening Standard announced it would become a free newspaper after 182 years as a paid-for title, in a bold move by its Russian owners in a tough volatile global media market. The tabloid, acquired by former KGB agent Alexander Lebedev for a nominal one pound in January 2009, will drop its 50-pence cover price from October 12, 2009. Its print run will more than double from 250,000 to 600,000 copies a day, the Standard announced in a statement, adding that it remained committed to providing quality news journalism. Despite a relaunch in May 2009 and a new mixed pricing strategy, where the cover price was cut or scrapped altogether after a certain time of night, the Standard felt a more radical solution was required. In mid-November 2009, London Evening Standard editor Geordie Greig revealed the newspaper had slashed its distribution costs from GBP0.30 a copy to just GBP0.04 since going free. There were more than 100 newsagents distributing the newspaper across London. On November 26, 2009, the London Evening Standard announced it was going to drop its midday News Extra edition to focus on distribution of more up-to-date news for the evening commuter market, leading to up to 20 job losses. From January 4, 2010 the London Evening Standards first edition will be the West End Final, hitting the street from 14:00. The London Evening Standard said that it was unable to deliver the most up-to-date news because the News Extra first edition, which delivers about half of the 600,000 total daily distribution, goes to press at 09:00 to hit the streets at midday. Under the new system, the full 600,000 run will be delivered on up to four printing presses, up from the current two, starting from about 12:30, which will give editorial staff almost four more hours to deliver stories. Stories will be updated throughout the afternoon with a slip edition
In January 2010, the London Evening Standard delayed a decision on a major distribution push. Instead, the newspaper is to wait three months to gauge the advertising market, before deciding whether to increase its distribution by up to 800,000 copies. According to sources, the most likely scenario is a leap in distribution in April 2010, pending positive signs from the advertising market during January, February and March 2010. If the market is below expectations, the increase will be put off until later in 2010. In December 2009, the London Evening Standard revealed some newsagents were paying the newspaper to stock copies, according to the newspapers editor Geordie Greig, as he revealed it had trebled its advertising revenues on some days. After the London newspaper went free in October 2009, it dramatically cut back on its distribution outlets, to the chagrin of some readers particularly in Londons outer suburbs. Geordie Greig said the newspaper had been besieged by inquiries from newsagents wanting to stock the newspaper as a way to attract customers, even though they were no longer paid a commission. Greig was unable to give exact figures but said dozens of newsagents were part of the scheme, whereby newsagents were paying GBP0.02 a copy to have copies in their shop, which they then give away. It was also reported some newsagents in outer London are set to pay the London Evening Standard GBP0.15 or more to stock copies, with a number opting to pass the cost on to consumers. Following demand from newsagents outside the existing Evening Standard free distribution area, the newspaper is trialling two new delivery routes. The routes, which were launched a few weeks ago, are in north-west and north-east London, outside Transport for Londons zone 2 but within the North Circular. For the service to make economic sense for the delivery drivers newsagents signing up to the service have to pay at least GBP0.15 a copy. The Evening
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Standard has signed up 71 retailers to the new distribution scheme. Until the end of January 2010, the newsagents are not being charged the GBP0.15-a-copy fee and are each being delivered a single bundle of 60 copies a day on a trial basis. Newsagents will have to start paying from February 2010, and, depending on demand, the number of copies will be adjusted for each retailer. The Evening Standard has also taken the decision not to publish over the 2009 Christmas and New Year period, for what is believed to be the first time in more than 180 years of publishing. After Christmas Eve the newspaper will take a festive break until January 4, 2010. Staff were encouraged to take the days the newspaper would normally publish over this period, December 29-31, 2009, as holiday. Its parent company, which is owned by the Daily Mail & General Trust, made the announcement two weeks after the Evening Standard went free and a month after News Internationals thelondonpaper closed. London Lite published its final issue of Friday, 13 November, 2009. The newspaper said it had 1 million readers. An average of 400,000 copies were handed out outside rail and tube stations in central London.
On November 20, 2009, a new newspaper was launched in London, containing articles solely sourced from blogs. The freesheet is distributed at four City underground stations, as well as at Stratford in East London. The Blogpaper has no editor and its content is determined by The price charged to customers is believed to be at the the vote of bloggers through the theblogpaper website discretion of the newsagent, with some selling for theblogpaper.co.uk. Founded by Anton Waldburg and GBP0.20 and others at the old price of GBP0.50. Karl Jo Seilern, bloggers dont get paid for their work, and plans are for the newspaper to be funded by The London Evening Standards readership leapt to 1.37 advertising. million in the last three months of 2009, up from 556,000 from April to September 2009. National In November 2009 it was reported a group of unknown Readership Survey (NRS) figures show that the investors was planning to launch a new freesheet, the Standards proportion of ABC1 readers was 76.7% and London Weekly. This would put the London Weekly in that more young people were reading the newspaper. competition with Alexander Lebedevs London Evening The proportion of 15-44 year olds has grown from Standard, which became a free newspaper in October 56.7% to 62%. 2009. No launch date was confirmed, although there wee rumours in the industry that it could appear in Rather than report the average readership for the whole February 2010. An online holding page stated that the period, the National Readership Survey (NRS) technical London Weekly website would go live on December 20, committee opted to disregard the data from the 2009. The media pack prepared for potential advertisers Standards paid-for days prior to 12 October. The NRS said that publisher Global Publishing Group has raised technical committee, which includes three more then GBP5.5 million to launch the title, representatives from the Newspaper Publishers along with a website and online radio station and TV Association, made the decision unanimously, according channel. to the NRS technical helpline. The figure provided for the Standards readership in the last six months of 2008 On December 1, 2009, the founders of The London is 595,000, and this is across the whole period. The most Weekly confirmed it would launch on February 1, 2010, recent figure available for a whole period before the backed with GBP10.5 million in funding raised by Standard dropped its cover price is 556,000 for the six Global Publishing Group, a partnership of five private months from April to September 2009. The readership investors. Along with the free newspaper, 250,000 copies figures follow the publication of circulation figures of which will be distributed on Friday and Saturday yesterday which show how many copies the Standard mornings at London Tube and main line stations, the distributed after going free. It handed out 427,310 London Weeklys website was scheduled to go live on copies in October 2009, 596,100 in November 2009 December 20, 2009, and an online radio station and an and 608,533 copies in December 2009. The last month awards ceremony in July 2010 would let readers vote for the Standards paid-for circulation was recorded by the their favourite attractions in London. The company said Audit Bureau of Circulation was July 2009, when it that a third of the newspapers content would come from distributed 225,158 copies. its readers. Details about the commercial operation for the newspaper were unclear and it was not known if sales On October 27, 2009, Associated Newspapers would be handled in house or by a third party sales announced it planned to close London Lite, its free house. Eyebrows were raised over the decision to London evening title. Consultations with 36 London distribute to commuters on Fridays and Saturdays, but Lite employees were scheduled before a final decision the company said research it had carried out has shown made about job cuts. Staff were told that Associated will this was a good time to reach people as they are planning try to find jobs within its titles for the 36 staff, many of their weekend. Paul Morris, named as marketing whom joined London Lite from other newspapers in the manager for the newspaper, said: What the team at group. London Weekly found was that 70% of Londoners felt
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that they were being bombarded by free titles every single day on their way to work and back. Global Publishing Group said the London Weekly had been in planning since 2008, before the other free newspapers were closed. of around a third of paid-for circulation. The newspaper said the change was designed to strengthen paid-for sales from Monday to Wednesday. It will continue to give away 90,000 free copies on Thursday and Friday.
In January 2010, Trinity Mirror made the Fulham and The London Weekly claimed it would begin distribution Hammersmith Chronicle a freesheet after more than on February 5, 2010. 120 years as a paid-for newspaper, while closing its weekly The London Informer. The London Informer, With its error-strewn stories, copied from press releases formerly known as the Kensington & Chelsea Informer, or other newspapers, many have wondered whether has a free weekly distribution of about 55,000 copies. The London Weekly is a hoax. With its employees Trinity Mirror said that the closure, which will not result refusing to give interviews, the late Mother Teresa in any job losses, comes as part of a major restructuring included on the masthead and copies virtually of its newspapers in the area. The weekly Fulham and impossible to find, the publication has become an Hammersmith Chronicle, which cost GBP0.60, will industry joke. The London Weekly claims to be become a freesheet with a circulation of 72,000 on published by Global Publishing Group an impressive- January 15, 2010. The title, which was founded in 1888 sounding name, but one that is remarkably difficult to as the Fulham Chronicle before taking its current track down. The only reliable piece of contact moniker in 2000, has a paid-for circulation of 1,257. information is a phone number on the newspapers Trinity Mirror Southern, the division of the publisher website, supposedly for advertising queries. But repeated responsible for the title, claims that distribution to phone calls are met by a promise that somebody will call the households will mean 99% coverage, up from the back later usually Paul Morris, the newspapers current 20% reach. TMS will upgrade the newspapers marketing manager. Most baffling is the listed editor-in- website and was seeking to hire a full-time multimedia chief, Agnes A. Teresa, better-known as the Saint of journalist. Calcutta, who died in 1997. The other surprise name is sports writer Tony Woodcock, better-known as a former In addition, the weekly Kensington & Chelsea News, Arsenal and England footballer, who popped up on which has a paid-for circulation of 1,043, will be ITVs London News to defend a title that, according to rebranded as the Kensington & Chelsea Chronicle. TMS the newspaper, had kept to its [sic] deadline when it is also rebranding the weekly Paddington, Marylebone launched in early February 2010. Woodcock has not & Pimlico Mercury, which has a paid-for circulation of been seen defending the title since. Global Publishing 690, as the Westminster Chronicle. TMS has decided to Group is not registered at Companies House, no launch a hybrid distribution model for both weekly company number is listed anywhere on The London newspapers, which cost GBP0.60. Both titles will have Weeklys website, and no directors are cited. Jeremy a free distribution of 42,000 copies each Friday to homes Dear, general secretary of the National Union of in the boroughs they serve, while still being priced at Journalists, says: We have no knowledge of the title over GBP0.60 in newsagents. here, and, in fact, Ive never even seen a copy. Newspaper launches / closures The newspapers website, londonweekly.co.uk, went live Web-only daily The Caledonian Mercury was launched in December 2009 and the domain name was registered on January 24, 2010. The Caledonian Mercury is being on November 17, 2009. The server appears to be edited and largely written by former staff writers and registered in Germany. The newspapers backers claim to senior editors from the Edinburgh-based Scotsman be planning launches in cities outside London, working as freelancers, and they will be paid partly including Birmingham, and said there are also plans to according to the value of their copy to readers and launch an online TV and radio station and an awards advertisers. ceremony. In February 2010, Racing Post, the horse racing In late December 2009, the Manchester Evening News enthusiasts bible, launched a new Irish edition. The Irish revealed it was going to step back from its strategy of edition is the latest innovation since FL Partners, an Irish giving away thousands of copies by restricting free investor consortium, bought the UK title from Trinity distribution to just two days a week. The newspaper, Mirror Group in 2007. The company has spent an part of Guardian Media Group, will give the newspaper estimated GBP3 million revamping the website and away on Thursdays and Fridays only starting in 2010. GBP2 million on other initiatives. These include the free On Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday, the newspaper iPhone application, which went live in November 2009 will be available on a paid-for basis only, as is already the with racing form, tips, video and track updates from UK case on Saturday. Since May 2006, the Manchester courses. Evening News has handed out free copies in central Manchester to expand its reach to advertisers, at the cost
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In March 2010, Tindle Newspapers launched four weekly newspapers in London having boosted its portfolio a year previously with the acquisition of four free weekly newspapers in the south of England. In the same month, Archant launched a free weekly title in Londons East End and in April 2010 Northcliffe launched two free weekly titles for the towns of Grimsby and Cleethorpes. a wider restructure of Haymarkets marketing and advertising trade titles.
November 6, 2009, marked the Birmingham Posts last day as a daily edition. The change followed an announcement from parent company Trinity Mirror in October 2009 that it was turning the five-times a week newspaper into a weekly. The new weekly costs GBP1 and feature 100-plus pages of news, comment, sports On September 17, 2009, Guardian News and Media and in-depth analysis which the newspaper said would announced Sunday newspaper The Observer would not be possible in a daily. continue to be published, putting an end to speculation that the 200-year-old title was to close. A review by the Guardian News and Media (GNM) group, which runs Cumbrian weekly Lakeland Echos final printed edition the Observer and its daily sister newspaper The was published at the end 2009 but its companion Guardian, had been rumoured to be considering turning website lakelandecho.co.uk continues to feature news the Observer into a weekly news magazine. But from its north Lancashire and Lake District patch. Guardian Media Group said the title would remain open, although there would be further integration of According to a study published in April 2009, Guardian and Observer editorial departments. newspapers that ditch their print editions to go onlineCelebrities including writers Martin Amis and Salman only may be jumping the gun unless they are in dire Rushdie and Blurs lead singer Damon Albarn backed financial straits. The study, Taking the Paper Out of a campaign to save the Observer, founded in 1791, News , conducted by researchers from City University in which is believed to be the worlds oldest Sunday London, suggest that many newspaper publishers are newspaper. Its weekly circulation stood at nearly likely to lose more than they gain if they cease 400,000 copies in July 2009, a fall of seven percent, or distributing their printed products in favour of the web. 30,000 copies, from a year earlier. Their study focused on the fate of Finnish financial newspaper Taloussanomat, which axed its printed On April 6, 2009, the Wilmington group formally version and went online-only in December 2007. The announced the closure of Press Gazette (PG), the decision was made after the title suffered severe losses, newspaper industrys trade magazine. The PG monthly but even going online-only failed to lift it out of the magazine has 2,500 subscribers paying GBP115 a year. doldrums. After the move was made, the Finnish titles Its website, offering free news content, attracted about costs fell by 50%, but its online readership declined by 150,000 unique users a month, a 50% increase on 2008. 22% and revenues dropped by more than 75%. The net Throughout its 43-year existence, the PG had been result was that the publications owners were no better a weekly. But in August 2008 it replaced its weekly print off after dropping print than they had been previously. edition in favour of a monthly magazine backed up by According to calculations based on the Finnish case, breaking news online. a publication would need its costs to significantly outstrip its income to make online-only an attractive In August 2009 Archant Norfolk revealed it was going to option. cease the regular Saturday publication of football newspaper the Pink Un as it develops the online In late June 2009, the Pink Paper, the title dedicated to version of the title. The website will also introduce post- gay and lesbian matters, suspended production of its match and pre-match podcasts, video reports and print product and went online. Parent company a greater range of analysis. A new printed version Millivres Prowler Group, which took control of the title of the Pink Un is to be unveiled as it moves from in 2005, said it would suspend the Pink Papers a stand-alone Saturday night publication to a 12-page fortnightly print and distribution schedule from the end football supplement inside Mondays Eastern Daily of June 2009. The title will continue to publish content Press. online and with its weekly Pink Paper Xtra e-newsletter, which was launched in spring 2009. In October 2009 Media Wales axed the Neath and Port Talbot Guardian newspapers and re-organised Advertising Despite a tough start to the year, the latter half of 2009 production staff at its headquarters in Cardiff. was characterised by a stabilisation in advertising In November 2009 Haymarket closed two of its media- revenues and cautious optimism from media focused titles. Twenty-five year old Mediaweek cease to commentators and financial analysts. publish on November 17, 2009. Revolution, a monthly publication also become a give away quarterly The most recent Advertising Association forecasts publication within marketing. The decision was part of predict a sharp slowing of the decline over 2010 and
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some growth returning to the sector by the end of the Interactive to give the net reach of online and offline final quarter. titles. Publishers on board are Trinity Mirror, Johnston Press, Northcliffe Media, Newsquest, GMG Regional, According to a 2010 report from Enders Analysis, the Iliffe News & Media and the Midlands News Internet ad sector is forecast to grow 6.9% in 2010, Association. The Newspaper Society hopes all publishers compared with declines for newspapers, magazines and will be involved in future. The planning currency will be TV ads. Enders Analysis predicts that while offline used by the vast majority of media agencies at launch media will see less marked negative growth in 2010 and includes 70% of the local media market. Before the compared with 2009, the Internet will remain the only launch of Locally Connected, the only way to trade ads channel to see positive expansion. Enders Analysis to a postcode level was through ABC print data alone. expects 2010 to be a big year for newspaper publishers as The project began in 2006 and research outfit Telmar more titles begin to experiment with paywalls and other devised the methodology of the integration of Internet ways of charging for content. However, it is likely that audience data with print readership data. The result the mobile medium will offer the greatest potential for incorporates audited web traffic data, survey data and publishing companies. statistical analysis and modelling and will be updated regularly. In March 2009, Guardian News & Media ended its ad sales partnership with Reuters by bringing its US ad sales PUBLIC NOTICES operation in-house as it looks to increase revenue from overseas. The deal, which was signed in February 2008, According to a 2009 report by the Scottish affairs allowed Reuters to sell all online ads that target the committee, Crisis in the Scottish Press Industry, a major American audience of Guardian.co.uk. Reuters sold concern for Scottish newspapers is the fear that local Guardian.co.uk alongside Reuters.com and the recently authorities will switch the publication of statutory launched Reuters Affiliate Network, a collection of news public notices from print to online, removing an sites and blogs with a targeted audience of business estimated GBP10 million income from newspapers. professionals. A newly assembled five-strong team, Councils are already placing their recruitment ads headed by Guardian advertising executive Hannah online. Some 32 Scottish councils have already removed Diddams, who will be the divisions sales manager, will print advertising to a combined jobs portal, be based in New York and sell across Guardian.co.uk, myjobscotland.gov.uk, that is said to have cost the GuardianAmerica.com and the Guardian Green Ad newspaper industry GBP5 million. The committee Network. The new division will be operational by April pointed out that just 32% of the Scottish population 2009. have access to broadband - much lower than in the UK as a whole. On April 17, 2009, the Evening Standard unveiled its first solus front cover ad. The ad is for luxury watch In November 2009 the Scottish government urged brand Patek Philippe and spans 20 centimetres across councils in Scotland to go back to advertising jobs in two columns. Scottish newspapers to help reverse a steep decline in the sales and popularity of the countrys main titles. In August 2009, The Sun newspaper waived the charge Scotland Office ministers warned that Scotlands 32 for companies to list jobs on its website in a self-styled local authorities may be excluding up to 40% of the crusade to solve the UKs growing unemployment country by shifting the vast majority of their job adverts problem. The move followed the publication of figures and public notices online, breaching their duty to reach showing unemployment has hit a 14-year high with 2.44 the whole population. Their remarks, published in the million people out of work. In a call for Commons Scottish affairs select committee, support Sunemployment, The Suns website allows job hunters widespread anxieties that moving council advertising to fill out their details online at no cost to attract online has hit The Scotsman, Daily Record, and Herald employers. The Sun planned to invite a number of newspaper groups, whose sales are falling by up to 10% executives and entrepreneurs to give tips to those looking a year. for work. Editorial staff numbers and budgets have been heavily Locally Connected, the UKs first integrated print and cut partly because the Convention of Scottish Local online planning currency, launched on November 24, Authorities (COSLA), which represents all Scottish 2009. The launch followed the completion of a three- councils, switched its job adverts to a dedicated online way project between the regional publishers trade body, portal. More than 20% of newspaper job adverts the Newspaper Society, with JICREG, the Joint Industry previously came from local authorities. The National Committee for Regional Press Research, and the Audit Union of Journalists estimates 120 journalist posts have Bureau of Circulation (ABC). The planning currency been cut in 2009. COSLA is considering moving public uses a combination of ABC print circulation and ABCe notices online as part of its wider cost-cutting strategy, web traffic data, plus research conducted by Survey while the Scottish National party government in
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Edinburgh has set out plans for a 50% cut in its job While the sales of virtually every other newspaper follow advertising and marketing budget. what looks like an unstoppable downward path, the Daily Star soared upward. In the year to June 2009 it Circulation increased its circulation by nearly 19 per cent to 870,457 copies a day. In November 2008, the newspapers GENERAL CIRCULATION TRENDS publisher, Richard Desmond, reduced its cover price from GBP0.35 to GBP0.20. It began to put on sales. In Newspaper sales plunged over the decade according to May 2009, The Sun reduced its cover price from Audit Bureau of Circulation (ABC) figures for 2000- GBP0.30 to GBP0.20 in London, and on July 13, 2009, 2009. In November 2000, 10 national titles together did the same in the north of England, a Daily Star sold a total of 12,543,510 copies. Nine years later, the stronghold. So far it has made very modest circulation same 10 titles sold 10,076,045 copies, a decline of gains, and its sales hover around three million copies 19.7%. Some of the falls have been spectacular. a day. The Daily Mirror has suffered a sales plunge from The biggest victim of the Daily Stars price cutting has 2,777,501 to 1,260,019, a decrease of 55%. The Daily been the Daily Mirror, which lost nearly 10 per cent of Express has lost 33.7%, the Daily Telegraph 26.6% and its sales in the year to June 2009 to 1,330,301 copies. As the Guardian 23.4%. The Independent and the Times recently as 2002 the Mirror sold over two million copies have lost 22.5% and 21% respectively. The best-selling a day; in 1995 its daily sales were two and a half million. daily, the Sun, which dropped below 3m last month, has No other national title has lost circulation so jettisoned more than 500,000 buyers since 2000, precipitately as the Mirror has in recent years. The a decline of 15.7%. Mirrors immediate problem is not so much ineluctable decline as its high cover price of GBP0.45 in what is the The Sunday markets decline is steeper than that of the most price-sensitive sector of the market. The dailies. Its overall loss amounts to a 26.1% decade newspapers owners, Trinity Mirror, have terrible decline, and that latest figure includes an extra title, the problems with its large stable of regional newspapers, Daily Star Sunday. The worst performer has been the and earlier in 2009 its share price almost literally fell People, which has plummeted from a sale of 1,471,675 through the floor. to 533,782, a loss of 63.7%. Its stablemate, the Sunday Mirror, has also shed 38.4%. Even the market-leading In July 2009, The Sun slashed its cover price by a third News of the World has lost 26% of its buyers. In the to GBP0.20 in the north of England. The GBP0.10 quality Sunday market, all four titles have recorded price cut was across the north-west, Yorkshire and the major falls, with the Independent on Sunday down north-east regions, and cost the Suns parent company, 31.2%, the Sunday Telegraph losing 28.3%, the Sunday News International, millions of pounds in revenue. One Times 16.9% and the Observer 15.5%. Only one industry source said the bill could cost run to GBP30 newspaper, the Daily Star, up 30.4%, is selling more million if the price cut lasted a year. The newspaper copies now than in it was in 2000. There have also been already costs GBP0.20 in the London region and has only relatively small losses for the Mail titles, though steadily been cutting its price since August 2008 from they rely heavily on bulk sales. a high of GBP0.35. Some industry figures will interpret the cuts as a desperate attempt to keep the Suns COVER PRICES circulation above 3 million copies a day. In May 2009 the Sun sold an average of 2,984,103 each day, a 5.24% In April 2009 The Guardian raised the price of its year-on-year fall. The Suns price-cutting became more Saturday edition by GBP0.10 to GBP1.70. This was the pronounced after the Daily Star cut its cover price by second price rise in seven months for the Saturday GBP0.15 to GBP0.20 in November 2009. The Stars Guardian, which last raised its price to GBP1.60 in sales rose by 15.78% year on year to sell 840,701 each September 2008. To offset the impact of price rises, the day in May 2009. In response, in May 2009 the Sun Guardian and the Times joined the Daily Telegraph in dropped its cover price in London to GBP0.20. The operating discount subscription schemes to readers that Saturday edition remained GBP0.60 nationally. In pay for their newspapers up front. The Independent contrast, the Daily Mirror, published by Trinity Mirror, operates a home delivery service, as does the Times. raised its cover price by GBP0.05 to GBP0.45 across the country in January 2009. In May 2009 the Financial Times continued to feel the effects of its April 2009 price rise, to GBP2 on weekdays The Guardian increased its cover price to GBP1 in and to GBP2.50 for FT Weekend. The FT was down September 2009. 8.8% year on year to 410,928 copies globally. Following the dispute over airline bulk sales that affected the Daily On September 14, 2009, just days after The Guardian Telegraph and the Daily Mail, the FT took about 8,000 raised its cover price, The Independent dropped its price bulk airlines sales daily out of its sales figures. to GBP1 a week for seven day distribution, as part of a trial offer. The Independent reduced the subscription
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price to GBP1 a week for a months trial but only for those who sign up for a subscription via direct debit. The prices rises to GBP6 a week after the trial period ends. In October 2009, The Daily Telegraph increased its cover price to GBP1. continued since their Expenses Files investigation first appeared on Friday, 8 May, 2009, and sales rose by 87,000 copies above the Daily Telegraphs base rate. Traffic to the telegraph.co.uk website was also expected to be up when official ABCe figures for May 2009 are published. The story escalated into a major political crisis, which has engulfed all the main political parties and led the resignation of a string of MPs. One executive from a rival national newspaper said: The Telegraph has had between GBP5 million to GBP6 million worth of publicity out of this. It has been the best investment of modern times.
In January 2010, The Times increased its cover price to GBP1, bringing it into line with the pricing of the Daily Telegraph, Independent and Guardian for the first time in more than 20 years. The price rise, which will take effect from January 11, 2010, will apply to the Monday to Friday editions. The Times last increased its weekday The Daily Telegraphs special supplement on MPs cover price in 2008 to GBP0.90. expenses is understood to have boosted the newspapers Saturday edition by up to 150,000 copies above its base The prices of newspapers The Scotsman and Scotland rate its best sales uplift since it broke the story in May on Sunday increased as of January 9, 2010. The Saturday 2009. Unconfirmed industry figures indicated the edition of The Scotsman went up to GBP1.10, up Saturday, June 20, 2009, edition of Daily Telegraph, GBP0.10, while the Monday-Friday editions go up by which contained a 68-page magazine The Complete GBP0.50 to GBP0.80. Scotland on Sunday, meanwhile, Expenses File, boosted circulation by between 120,000 went up from GBP1.50 to GBP1.60. to 150,000 copies above base rate. The sale was the best single circulation boost the newspaper has received from TOPICS INCREASING CIRCULATION its investigation into expenses, since the Daily Telegraph broke the story on May 8, 2009. Overall, Daily The first four days of revelations about MPs expenses Telegraphs coverage of the expenses scandal boosted its published in the Daily Telegraph and Sunday Telegraph circulation in May 2009 compared with April 2009 by in May 2009 boosted net circulation of the two an average of almost 19,000 copies each day, but failed titles by around 220,000 copies, with the sales bounce to halt a year-on-year decline of 3.08%. The Daily expected to continue as further revelations about Telegraph published its magazine days after the House contentious claims were unveiled. Circulation of last of Commons released its own heavily censored details of Saturdays Daily Telegraph rose by 56,000 copies on the MPs expenses, fuelling public anger. The 68-page previous week, according to unofficial figures seen by magazine, which contained advertising from Schweppes MediaGuardian.co.uk. and paddypower.com, included a summary of more than one million pages of information the Daily Telegraph The Sunday Telegraph edition with revelations about and Sunday Telegraph used to report the misuse of Sinn Fein had a circulation 25,000 copies higher than expenses, including the 50 most notorious claims, the previous week. This added to the 94,000 additional the 50 most ludicrous claims, and the 50 most saintly copies of the Daily Telegraph circulated on Friday, May MPs. The supplement also contained a gallery of Matt 8, 2009, when it published the first of its series of cartoons. exclusives with details of the expenses of the prime minister, Gordon Brown, and other Labour cabinet According to official figures from the Audit Bureau of ministers. Circulation directors from rival titles said that Circulations, average daily sales of The Daily Telegraph the Telegraph Media Group (TMG) title had continued rose 2.29% in May 2009 compared with April 2009, to with its sales uplift off the back of its rolling exclusive 836,410. Sales of the Telegraph Media Group flagship news story. Revelations about the Conservative leader were down 3.08% year-on-year, but this was the best David Cameron published May 11, 2009, and the result in the daily quality or middle market and was shadow cabinet are understood to have added beaten only by the Daily Star, which has slashed its price a significant number of additional sales, with estimates to GBP0.20. May 2009 circulations would have been suggesting additional circulation of 45,000 copies affected across the board by the two bank holiday compared with a regular Monday circulation, according weekends. to TMG insiders. SUBSCRIPTION The Daily Telegraph and Sunday Telegraph newspapers sold an additional 1 million copies when they began In April 2009 the Daily Mail became the latest running MPs expenses exclusives in May 2009. newspaper to launch a subscription service to increase According to newspaper industry indicators ahead of the reader numbers. The mid-market newspapers offering official Audit Bureau of Circulations figures for May will mirror subscription services launched by rival 2009, increased sales at the Telegraph Media Group titles newspaper groups, including The Daily Telegraph, Daily
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Express, The Times and Independent. Unlike the Express, the Daily Mail will not promote its subscription service in the daily newspaper due to concern about cannibalising paid-for sales. The service, which launched in test form the following month, ran across the Daily Mail and Mail Sunday edition. In May 2009 the Guardian Weekly offered subscription deals via Twitter. The promised deal offered four weeks for free and 50% off an initial three-month subscription. In October 2009, the Times and the Sunday Times launched a membership scheme offering their readers special offers and access to exclusive events in return for a GBP50 annual fee. The initiative, called Times+, is designed to develop new revenue streams by rewarding readers loyalty. Times+ ,whose name has echoes of the Sky personal video recorder Sky+, is complimentary to the more than 150,000 people who subscribe to the Times and Sunday Times. The move builds on the arts and entertainment programme Culture+, which now has more than 90,000 members a year after launching. Culture+ is complimentary to subscribers but has not charged an additional membership fee of any kind. It will now become part of the Times+ offering as one of two extra packages along with Travel+. More packs are to be added over the next 12 months. Times+ members will get one of the packs for free and can buy another for GBP50, while those with subscriptions will pay just GBP25 for an extra pack. Travel+ will also offer a years subscription to the Sunday Times Travel magazine, worth GBP42, and has signed up partners such as Cox & Kings and Virgin Holidays. In January 2010, The Financial Times offered subscriptions of the printed newspaper and for a four week period for GBP1. The normal newsstand price of the Financial Times is GBP2 Monday to Friday and GBP2.50 on Saturday. The offer allows a choice between delivery to a readers home or office before 07:00 or vouchers that can be redeemed at newsagents. The FT emailed registered users on February 17, 2010, with news of the offer, which ran until the end of March 2010. The newspaper is also offering an alternative scheme to provide subscriber access to FT.com for just GBP1.90 per week. BULK SALES In March 2009, the Audit Bureau of Circulation (ABC) revealed that it was investigating bulk distribution figures claimed by newspapers after irregularities came to light in figures supplied by the distributor Dawson Media Direct. In August 2009 the ABC inquiry into bulk sales resulted in an unprecedented wholesale revision of figures for several national newspapers. For the six titles affected by what their publishers regard as a technical glitch, the
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downward revision of their figures, stretching back to October 2008, proved to be very painful. In the period from October 2008 to March 2009, the Daily Telegraph lost a total of 324,000 copies, amounting to 6.5% of its sale. The Mail on Sundays total loss of 298,000 copies amounted to an average loss of 2.3% a month. The London Evening Standard saw its January and February 2009 totals decrease by 55,000, perhaps explaining its subsequent decision to withdraw from monthly national newspaper ABC reporting. There were hits also for the Sunday Telegraph and the Financial Times. On August 11, 2009, Guardian News & Media (GNM) announced that it would immediately abandon the distribution of bulk newspapers. The Guardian will strip out 12,000 bulks, which make up 3.9% of its monthly Audit Bureau of Circulations headline sale, while the Observer will strip out 20,000 copies, 5.1% of its headline sale. GNM said its aim was to increase openness in the marketplace and that the move would benefit advertisers, readers and retailers, as well as reducing carbon emissions. On November 2, 2009, News International confirmed it would stop distributing bulk copies. The move will reduce the headline figures published monthly by the Audit Bureau of Circulations for the Times and Sunday Times, but will not affect the Sun or the News of the World as they do not distribute bulks. In ABC figures for September 2009, bulks accounted for 47,878 or 8.4% of the Timess overall sale of 571,506; and 16,543 or 1.4% of the 1,207,141 copies of the Sunday Times sold. News International said it had served notice on partners and wholesalers with which it has supply agreements for bulks. Because of contract notice periods, the change will begin to take effect in the ABCs January 2010 figures, the company said. The other UK national titles to distribute bulks are the Financial Times and the Mail and Independent titles. On January 18, 2010, it was reported that Internet grocery service Ocado was no longer giving customers a free copy of the Times, while gym chain Fitness First was no longer providing its members with free copies of the Daily Mail and Mail on Sunday. Both these companies had been paying a nominal fee (possibly as low as GBP0.01 a copy) to give these newspapers to customers. Instead, shoppers who use Ocado, the home delivery service of Waitrose supermarkets, have instead been offered a free seven-day trial of the Times Online epaper, which costs GBP2.50 for a single issue, GBP8.99 a month or GBP89.99 for the year. According to Audit Bureau of Circulation (ABC) figures, The Times gave away 13,237 bulks in December 2009, down from 47,242 in November 2009, a drop of 34,005.
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As for Fitness First and the Mail newspapers, ABC figures show The Mail newspaper distributed 100,591 bulks on average each day in December 2008, while by December 2009 that had grown to 128,139. Foreign sales have dropped by about 10,000 copies over the same period. Readership Locally Connected, the NS print and online planning tool for local media, shows that online adds an average of 14 per cent unduplicated reach to local newspapers and in many cases far more. Print readership has remained relatively stable at 40 million and has actually risen over the last 10 years (TGI). Audiences continue to grow as publishers adopt new and innovative techniques to bring readers news through digital platforms. Some newspapers, such as the Manchester Evening News, regularly stream live blogs on their websites from local authority meetings by sending updates from their mobile phones via Twitter. YOUNG READERS money, transfer their public notices from newspapers to the Internet. A 2009 survey of 16 to 24 year olds has found that 75% of them feel they couldnt live without the Internet. The report, published by online charity YouthNet, also found that four out of five young people used the web to look for advice. About one third added that they felt no need to talk to a person face to face about their problems because of the resources available online. The survey, funded by the Nominet Trust, a charity that encourages the safe use of the Internet, looked at how the web influences the well-being of people aged between 16 and 24. How Teenagers Consume Media is a research note written by Matthew Robson (aged 15 years and seven months at the time), an intern at Morgan Stanley, which caused a stir after it was published by the bank in July 2009. According to the 15-year-old: No teenager that I know of regularly reads a newspaper, as most do not have the time and cannot be bothered to read pages and pages of text while they could watch the news summarised on the Internet or on TV. The only newspapers that are read are tabloids and freesheets (Metro, London Lite) mainly because of cost; teenagers are very reluctant to pay for a newspaper (hence the popularity of freesheets such as the Metro). Over the last few weeks, the Sun has decreased in cost to GBP0.20p, so I have seen more and more copies read by teenagers. Another reason why mainly tabloids are read is that their compact size allows them to be read easily, on a bus or train. This is especially true for The Metro, as it is distributed on buses and trains.
In late May 2009 the Press Gazette reported the Scottish government was set to back an initiative aimed at boosting newspaper readership among the young. The proposed scheme was first suggested by the Menzies Group, a newspaper distributor, who contacted Scotlands enterprise minister, Jim Mather, with the idea. While the group was still waiting on a response, it is expected that the government is likely to react favourably. A government spokesman told the Press Gazette that it was looking at ways it could breathe Online / Digital Publishing fresh life into the industry. In July 2009, the Telegraph Media Group extended its portfolio of Sunday supplements with the launch of a new glossy style magazine for children, called ST Childrens Style. ST Childrens Style is scheduled to launch on October 11, 2009, with a circulation of 300,000. The perfect bound 52-page publication will come as a supplement with The Sunday Telegraph. Initially, the biannual title will be distributed throughout London and the South East. Editorial coverage will include features on clothing trends for children, along with high-profile contributors recounting memories of their childhood. In January 2010, Scottish Labours culture spokesperson, Pauline McNeill MSP, argued young Scots should receive a newspaper of their choice, for free and for a year, in the hope they develop a lifelong habit of buying a newspaper. Pauline McNeill said there should be a plan, similar to one in operation in France, that sees every 18 year-old receive a newspaper, for a whole year. Her comments come in the wake of a Scottish National Party (SNP) proposal that local authorities, to save
DIGITAL BRITAIN In June 2009 the UK government published the Digital Britain Report, which contained policy actions and recommendations about digital and communications infrastructure, creative industries, TV and radio frameworks, and local news. The Digital Britain report was published by the government with the major aim of getting a higher speed broadband of a minimum of two megabits per second rolled out nationally by 2012. ONLINE AUDIENCE / WEB TRAFFIC Locally Connected, the Newspaper Societys print and online planning tool for local media, shows that online adds an average of 14 per cent unduplicated reach to local newspapers, and in many cases far more. Print readership has remained relatively stable at 40 million and has actually risen over the last 10 years (TGI).
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Audiences continue to grow as publishers adopt new and innovative techniques to bring readers news through digital platforms. Some newspapers, such as the Manchester Evening News, regularly stream live blogs on their websites from local authority meetings by sending updates from their mobile phones via Twitter. Telegraph.co.uk attracts 8% of its visitors from social websites such as Digg, Delicious, Reddit and Stumbleupon, according to Julian Sambles, Head of Audience Development at the Telegraph. In March 2009, The Telegraph had about 28 million unique visitors, which means social websites were sending it almost 75,000 unique visitors a day. Search engines are responsible for about a third of the Telegraphs traffic, or about 300,000 unique visitors a day. WEB USERS BEHAVIOUR Visitors to UK newspaper sites look at an average of 2.5 pages a day, according to data from Alexa published in August 2009. However, 62.8% of users look at just one page. Faster broadband connections will not boost most peoples online TV viewing, despite government pressure to roll out speedier networks by 2012, according to research from YouGov and Deloitte published in August 2009. The survey found 53 per cent of the 2,123 viewers polled said they would not watch more online video clips or TV programmes with a faster and more reliable Internet connection. Twenty-nine per cent felt there was little importance in being able to watch TV using an online service. The younger section of those polled, aged 18 to 24, were more likely to already watch TV online, but 43 per cent still said that a faster broadband connection would not increase their Internet viewing habits. The Deloitte/YouGov report was commissioned by the MediaGuardian Edinburgh International Television Festival.
The Northcliffe group had the fastest growing major network of regional news websites in the UK in the second half of 2009 according to the Audit Bureau of Circulations. Figures show that the Northcliffe Media Network, which includes the websites of the Hull Daily Mail and the Leicester Mercury, attracted 3.9 million unique users a month on average in the second half of 2009, up 34.9 per cent year on year. Over the six-month A June 2009 Ofcom report found that millions of adults audit period, the Northcliffe websites attracted an who do not have access to the Internet at home would average of just over 250,000 unique users a day. choose to remain unconnected even if given a free PC and broadband connection. The research also showed The only regional newspaper group audited by ABC not news and comedy to be the two most popular genres of to increase its web traffic in the period was GMG video clips watched online, each watched by 34 per cent, Regional Media. Overall, GMG fell 12.3 per cent to 179 followed by music, 30 per cent, documentaries/factual, million unique users a month on average, and 86,873 23 per cent and sports, 23 per cent. The least popular a day. Its figures were held back by the Manchester-based clips are reality TV shows and factual entertainment, MEN Media Online Network. It attracted 1.7 million each watched by only seven per cent of the sample unique users in December 2009, down 25.4 per cent audience. The survey brought good news for traditional year on year, and 67,891 users per day on average. broadcasters as viewers awareness of their on-demand sites was greater than that for either YouTube or iTunes, Johnston Press was the most popular online publisher in with 83 per cent of those polled recording a higher the regional press, attracting 6.9 million unique users knowledge for those sites, such as ITV.com and the BBC a month on average across its network of sites, up 11.6 iPlayer. This is compared to 76 per cent awareness of per cent. It was helped largely by the biggest regional YouTube or 64 per cent of iTunes. media site, The Scotsman, which fell 17.6 per cent year on year to 1.7 million unique users a month. Newsquest Nearly two fifths (39%) of all UK Internet users will use attracted 5.7 million unique users a month to its social networks at least once per month in 2009, websites, up 21.3 per cent, and an average of 320,375 according to a report from eMarketer. The report, unique users a day. Trinity Mirror attracted 5.5 million entitled UK Social Media: Joining the Conversation, unique users a month across its regional network, up said this figure represents more than 15.4 million 12.5 per cent, and 287,000 a day on average. Ilffe News people. eMarketer forecasts that this growth will and Media attracted 555,000 unique users a month continue, though at slightly slower rates after 2010. By across its websites (31,962 a day), up 42 per cent year on 2013, the social networking population in the UK will year. The Kent Messengers Kent Online attracted reach 21.9 million and represent 50% of Internet users. 231,064 unique users a month (13,044 a day) and The report also found UK women are warming to social Midlands News Association, which publishes the networking, forums and blogging. Express and Star, attracted just over 700,000 unique users a month (40,085 a day). No year on year The 2008 Digital World, Digital Life survey comparisons were available for these last two groups. commissioned by eMarketer and conducted by TNS provided a detailed snapshot of UK Internet users activities online during the year. According to TNS, 37% of UK adult Internet users polled had visited
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a social networking site in the previous month, while 29% had viewed or contributed to an online forum, and 26% had visited or posted a comment on a message board. Fewer than one in five had visited or added to a wiki (19%) or a blog (16%), or checked into a chat room (13%). Just 10% said they had visited a business networking site. Overall, 51% of UK Internet users polled said they had been active in social networking or other collaborative activities. According to comScore, in January 2009, 80.1 percent of the total UK Internet audience viewed online video. The total UK online video viewing audience watched a combined 280 million hours of video content. 23.5 million viewers watched over 2 billion videos on YouTube.com, at 86 videos per viewer. 1.1 million UK mobile phone subscribers visited YouTube.com. 4.8 million UK mobile phone subscribers used their phone to watch any kind of TV or video. Based on its survey of 2,000 mobile phone media users from all five UK mobile networks in March 2009, Orange found that 70% of consumers are attracted to interactive mobile marketing formats, such as sponsorship or picture messaging. The average age for mobile media users is 36 and 81% use mobile media more than once a week, with 46% using it daily. Mobile Internet pages viewed most often are search engines, e-mail, news, music and film, although 55% of people browse mobile Internet with no specific agenda. On March 26, 2009 comScore unveiled for the first time its data describing iPhone users in the United Kingdom, finding that 93 per cent of iPhone owners accessed mobile media in January 2009. Mobile e-mail is used by 75 per cent of British iPhone owners, making it the most popular type of mobile content consumed on the device. comScore data show that nearly 80 per cent of UK iPhone owners accessed news and other information via a browser, four times the rate for all mobile phone users. The App Store is also extremely popular among iPhone owners, with 55.6 per cent accessing news and information via a downloaded application, compared with 22.1 per cent of smartphone owners, and 6.3 per cent of all mobile phone users. The iPhone has also provided a boost to the mobile games sector, with 37 per cent of iPhone owners downloading a game and 18.6 per cent purchasing one. Only 5.6 per cent of smartphone owners and 2.7 percent of mobile phone users purchased a game in January 2009. comScore also revealed the demographics of iPhone owners, and found that 75 percent are males, mostly between the ages of 18-44. Smartphone ownership also typically skews male in the UK, with males comprising 65 per cent of the audience. DIGITAL AND PRINT PUBLISHING In 2009 13-year-old schoolboy Scott Campbell launched NetNewsDaily, a website which aggregates and summaries global news stories, so that people with little or no time are able to read it without rushing. The website reportedly receives around 1,000 to 1,500 unique visitors a day, a number that Campbell and his colleague Nathan Adam hope will triple within a year. The project was funded entirely by the teenagers own pocket money, and the website gathers around GBP150 a month in advertising. According to Campbell, advertisers normally approach the editors via Twitter or email. In 2010, Nathan Adam and Scott Campbell, the founders of NetNewsDaily, launched NND Scotland, a news site and photo wire dedicated to covering Scottish news and imagery. NND Scotland, the Scottish version of the portal NetNewsDaily, went live in January 2010 and has already seen pictures syndicated to The Scotsman and the BBC News website. The website features original content and imagery from around the country, contributed by young reporters and photographers ranging in age from 14 to 18. theblogpaper, a website and printed newspaper compiled by an online community of writers, released its first edition on September 25, 2009. An initial run of 5,000 copies was printed and distributed in selected areas of London, as well as to bloggers, media and advertising agencies. Founder Anton Waldburg said the September edition would be a pre-launch version to encourage feedback from readers and contributors and to test the concept on the market. The project aims to build a news community online. This community will contribute written and multimedia news content, which will then be ranked by other users. If an item receives more support it will be pushed into a print edition and also onto the front pages of theblogpaper.co.uk. The prelaunch edition will consist of around 20-30 pages of text and photos. Before the printed edition, the website attracted around 500 contributors who decided what went into the print edition and what items were promoted on the website. The founders day theblogpaper will be purely ad-funded. In April 2009 regional publisher Trinity Mirror launched a new website designed to help users find local businesses and rate their services. LocalMole.co.uk, which is being launched across the companys regional newspaper companion sites, will also allow businesses to market themselves to the networks 5 million users. The website will be accessible under the LocalMole.co.uk brand and through Trinitys 200 local and hyperlocal websites. It already contains a database of over 1.8 million listings featuring business names, addresses, contact information and maps.
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On October 3, 2009, the Financial Times luxury magazine How To Spend It was launched online. By taking the magazine online, the FT hopes to reach rich readers in all corners of the world. In June 2009 it was reported the Sunday Times was set to launch a standalone website and is considering charging readers for its content. In August 2009 The Sunday Times began recruiting journalists and online developers ahead of the launch of its stand-alone website. At the time Sunday Times content was published on Times Online. The launch of a stand-alone Sunday Times website underlines News Internationals contrasting approach to national newspaper publishing. The Telegraph Group, Independent Newspapers and Guardian News and Media merged their daily and Sunday newspapers online and largely integrated their daily and Sunday editorial teams. But News Internationals Sun, News of the World, Sunday Times and Times remain with complete editorial independence from each other. In June 2009, Times Online reported 21.2 million unique users compared with Telegraph.co.uk on 27.2 million and the Mail Online which was in first place on 29.3 million. In April 2009 it was reported Newsquest was launching a wave of hyperlocal websites for its newspaper titles in the Midlands. The Kidderminster Shuttle had already gone live with its 24 sites, and it will be shortly followed by six other newspaper websites in the area, Stourbridge News, Halesowen News, Dudley News, Bromsgrove Advertiser, Redditch Advertiser and Droitwich Advertiser. The Shuttle was recruiting citizen correspondents in the surrounding area to contribute news from their patch with the capacity to carry video and audio reports a future possibility. A deal had recently been struck between the Shuttle and Midlands-based Chamber TV involving the television channel providing video for the titles website in exchange for news stories.
In May 2009, Northcliffe publisher said the next generation of Northcliffes local news sites would combine citizen journalism, blogging and Facebookstyle networking. The company was in the middle of developing a series of hyperlocal websites that combine social networking with news. The first 30 sites were to go live in June 2009. The initial six-month trial targeted towns with populations of between 10,000 and 40,000 people that currently have no dedicated local newspaper or website. The websites will be overseen by community publishers who will be responsible for keeping The Daily Mirror launched a new football website to discussion live and active, looking after content, and coincide with the start of the Premier League season in gathering, researching and writing news. August 2009. MirrorFootball.co.uk combines club-byclub breaking news with live match reports and coverage In June 2009 The Yorkshire Evening Post announced of press conferences. The website draws on the it was rolling out a series of 20 hyperlocal sites focusing newspapers vast and comprehensive photo library on neighbouring communities of the West Yorkshire stretching back to the early 20th century. Many of the city. pictures released by the Mirror have never been seen before. The website is video-rich, introducing a Football In July 2009, Daily Mail & General Trust launched the Spy video divulging the latest transfer gossip, a daily first of 50 hyperlocal community websites in the south football agenda show, a new weekly video from west of England as part of a pilot scheme to increase its footballer Robbie Savage and video match previews and grassroots online presence across the country. Associated reports. Daily and Sunday Mirror columnists provide Northcliffe Digital, the digital consumer division of video, audio and stories. Alongside a number of blogs, DMGT, rolled out the first 23 sites in its Local People the website will introduce a match centre for its fantasy network, with a further 20 expected to launch in the football game. The centre will allow fans to follow text following four weeks. and graphical commentary on their teams matches. The new website will be included in the nest of websites that On October 12, 2009, The Guardian announced it make up Mirror Group Digital for the sake of Audit would launch Guardian Local, a project involving three Bureau of Circulation Electronic (ABCe) user number beatbloggers in Cardiff, Edinburgh and Leeds, certification. creating content including text, photographs, audio and video. The local news service will start in 2010 with HYPERLOCAL WEBSITES the bloggers reporting on local meetings, issues of importance to local residents and events within In 2009, MA online journalism students from the area. Birmingham City University in the Midlands set up a new hyperlocal website focusing on news from around In January 2010, Helen Boaden, director of BBC News, central Birmingham. Hashbrum.co.uk combines a map said the BBCs current websites did not compete with of the Second City with a slideshow of multimedia regional publishers websites and would not become material to show its news. more localised in the future. The declaration followed the BBC Trust, the body responsible for regulating the BBC, rejecting plans for the corporation to launch
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a series of local websites carrying video content in 2000. On a smaller level, the only regional newspaper to November 2008. increase its paid-for circulation in the second half of 2008, The Irish News in Northern Ireland, is one of PAID/FREE ONLINE CONTENT the few to charge for online content. Print circulation remained under pressure but local media publishers continued to grow their online audiences. Monthly web users grew by 54 per cent to 37 million across the industrys 1,500 websites. Publishers are testing various methods of generating revenue from online such as paywalls on websites, subscriptions to electronic editions and creative approaches to selling online space such as sponsorship of video reports. More than two thirds of online publications will be charging for access to some web content within a year, marking a shift in attitudes from two years ago when a majority of the same publishers opposed the idea of paid content. In its 2009 poll of its members, the UKs Association of Online Publishers found that 50 per cent were already charging for some or all of their websites, while a further 20 per cent intend to do so in the next 12 months. Alongside Murdochs News International, the AOPs members include newspaper publishers such as Trinity Mirror, Guardian Media Group and Telegraph Media Group as well as magazine publishers Conde Nast, Bauer and Haymarket. Of those, 45 per cent prefer a subscription model for charging, while 35 per cent are looking at micropayments, whereby discrete fees are charged per article. The AOPs members also signalled a marked improvement in attitudes towards the mobile web, a platform from which publishers have long struggled to gain significant revenues. More than half plan to develop paid applications for users of smartphones such as the iPhone or Blackberry to download. In 2009, the Financial Times experienced a weak third quarter for advertising but FT.com has increased its paid subscriber base by 22% in the past 12 months. FT.com now has 121,000 subscribers, equivalent to 8% of its registered user base of 1.6 million and more than a quarter of the circulation of the Financial Times print edition. The proportion of subscribers to registered users has diminished since the end of 2008 when it was 11%, with 109,609 subscribers against 966,000 registered users. The FT.com, whose metered model has been considered an example for other outlets, such as the NYTimes.com, has 1.9 million registered users, plus 121,000 paying subscribers, said the websites managing director, Rob Grimshaw, at the paidContent 2010 conference in February 2010. The FT is also offering micropayment options. On March 10, 2009, The Guardian launched Open Platform, a service that will allow partners to reuse guardian.co.uk content and data for free and weave it into the fabric of the Internet. Open Platform launched with two separate content-sharing services, which will allow users to build their own applications in return for carrying Guardian advertising. A content application programming interface (API) will smooth the way for web developers to build applications and services using Guardian content, while a Data Store will contain datasets curated by Guardian editors and open for others to use. Other partners for the launch of the service include web design firm Stamen and OpenStreetMap, a free, open alternative to commercial map data services. Stamen and OpenStreetMap developed a service that they hope will encourage Guardian readers to geo-tag the newspapers content, positioning every article, video and picture on a map so users can find news, commentary, video and other content related to their area. The other part of Open Platform, the Data Store, provides statistics and data curated by Guardian editors. The Guardian has always collected statistics and data, but traditionally this data has appeared in the newspaper or appeared in a table on a Guardian website. Now, these statistics will be made available for anyone to use.
In 2007, before the advertising slump hammered the media industry, just 46% of respondents to the AOP survey were considering charging for content. But the survey found that about 70% of respondents either already charge for content or plan to do so. Publishers believe consumers are happiest paying for special reports and downloadable apps, which 26% of respondents said they intend to charge for, followed by archives, at 16%, and tailored mobile content, also at 16%. More than 80% of respondents said that the Apple iPhone had transformed the opportunity for mobile Internet. In response to the question, What distribution channel will become more important in the next 12 months?, 69% cited mobile and 67% said mobile In March 2009 it was reported The Independent and applications. The Times were considering introducing paid-for content on their websites. Gavin OReilly, the new chief The Financial Times revealed in March 2009 that its executive of Independent News & Media, owner of The online subscriptions had risen nine per cent year on year Independent, said that although he had not formalised to 109,609. Digital revenues represented 67 per cent of any plans, he was looking at paid-for offerings on INMs FT Group revenue last year, up from 28 per cent in websites, according to a report in The Telegraph. News
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International, owner of The Times, was also considering considering ending subscription charges on The Wall a paid-for offering for Times Online. Street Journal. In May 2009 it was revealed the Guardian was considering charging users to access specialist areas of its websites to counter falling ad revenues. Speaking at the World Magazines Congress, CEO Carolyn McCall was reported by The Guardian to have said the newspaper could charge for sections to ensure quality is maintained. In May 2009 Rupert Murdoch said he expects to start charging for access to News Corporations newspaper websites within a year as he strives to fix a malfunctioning business model. Encouraged by booming online subscription revenues at the Wall Street Journal, the billionaire media mogul said that newspapers were going through an epochal debate over whether to charge. That it is possible to charge for content on the web is obvious from the Wall Street Journals experience, he said. Asked whether he envisaged fees at his British newspapers such as the Times, the Sunday Times, the Sun and the News of the World, he replied: Were absolutely looking at that. Taking questions on a conference call with reporters and analysts, he said that moves could begin within the next 12 months adding: The current days of the Internet will soon be over. In July 2009, News International affirmed its commitment to introducing paid-for content across its newspaper websites, maintaining that a charging model impels the future direction of its portfolio. In August 2009, Financial Times editor Lionel Barber said that the newspaper industry must charge for online content and has explained how rival news organisations can follow the FT. In an interview for Channel 4 News, Barber, whose newspaper has opened up its service with more free content in recent years, said the biggest mistake the industry made in the past ten years was not to charge users. He said the way forward was to follow the FT model and he argued rival news organisations could adapt to what the financial newspaper had done. Barber said he believed the momentum behind a move to paid content was unstoppable although he said news organisation still had to make the case for paid content. Barber added that the FT was looking at micro payments as a possible option like many newspapers. In August 2009, the FT had 117,000 paying web subscribers, which represents 10% of those registered on FT.com. It currently gives away 30 free articles a month to registered users on its site, which was something it introduced in October 2007. Previously articles had only been available to subscribers. It introduced that move swiftly after the New York Times said it was ending subscription charges for its website and after News Corporation chairman Rupert Murdoch said that he was
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In August 2009 a new clippings service was launched by the Financial Times. Registered users will be able to create a clippings list, store FT articles for future reference, and share the lists with others. Those who are premium subscribers, at a rate of GBP207.48 per year, will be able to save non-FT content as well. The Guardian will not introduce a pay wall to its website, according to comments made by its director of digital content, Emily Bell, on the Liberal Conspiracy blog in August 2009. Registered members of Guardian.co.uk had been sent a survey announcing that the site is considering launching a club providing extra benefits in return for an annual or monthly fee. These benefits might include special offers from partners and exclusive content, the survey said. Revenue generated from the club would be used to support the Guardian, according to the blog post. But digital director Emily Bell said this survey of registered members opinion was not a first step towards charging for access online. In September 2009 it was reported The Economist is to charge for news content across its website, mirroring the recent move made by Rupert Murdochs News Corporation to introduce a paid-for model for its online news content. Economist.com currently offers its readers free access to news content on the site, including the news copy from its 4 cover price weekly magazine. However, editorial copy more than a year old is charged for. Yvonne Ossman, publisher of The Economist in the UK, revealed to Media Week that the brand would move to a paid-for content model, following the completion of a review. The move is being driven through by Ben Edwards, publisher of Ecomomist.com, and the brand is understood to be looking at a number of payment options, including an iTunes-style micro payment model. The move to the paid-for model, expected to be introduced within the next six months, marks something of a reversal for the brand, which, in 2007, moved to a predominantly free model. It had previously provided a mix of paid-for and free content, before deciding to make its content free on its homepage in September 2006. On November 17, 2009, James Harding, the editor of the Times, gave the clearest indication yet of how News International is going to start charging for its journalism online. Pledging to rewrite the economics of newspapers, Harding said the Times would charge for 24-hour access to that days edition of the newspaper alongside a subscription model, but dismissed the idea of micro-payments for individual articles. Harding said the newspaper business had to avoid the mistakes of the music industry and call time on free distribution. He contrasted the Times 20 million-plus unique users with
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the 500,000 readers who had developed a genuine digital newspaper habit. He confirmed that the Times, in common with other newspapers in Rupert Murdochs News Corporation empire, would introduce online charging. He also suggested that the Times could find a compromise solution that would exploit Googles reach while keeping its paywall intact. In November 2009 Rupert Murdoch warned that his plans to charge readers of News Corporations newspaper websites by the end of June 2010 could be delayed. The media magnate did not give a reason for the delay, but said that we are all working very hard on delivering the pay solution, and that it remains a work in progress. Tindle Newspapers, which after a trial now offers digital replicas of 40 weekly newspapers, and the independent Belfast-based Irish News has ditched its free-to-air website entirely in favour of a paid-for digital newspaper. Over the summer, Tindle began a trial on six of its titles, three free newspapers and three paid-for titles, using online page-turning software PageSuite. The paid-for titles were offered on subscription, with readers paying by credit card or the online charging system PayPal for access. Tindle said the trial had been so successful that the cash generated from subscriptions soon exceeded expectations and the PayPal facilities had to be expanded. The company will now publish more than 100 of its titles online using PageSuite, with about 40 of them paid-for titles accessible via subscriptions through PayPal. David Montgomerys Mecom newspaper group is pushing ahead with plans to charge for content online, but not based around general or international news. Its new online payments strategy, to be unveiled with its annual results on March 17, 2010, would rely on much more specific content, unique content. With a carefully planned digital strategy, David Montgomery said the company could make up for permanent losses in print ad revenue in the future, thanks also to a costcutting programme that had yielded about GBP124m, well surpassing the companys original target of GBP67m. He was confident that Mecoms digital strategy could earn enough to compensate for the predicted fall in print ad spend this year, which he put at 5% across Europe. HOW MANY WOULD PAY? told us. Just 5% of those readers would choose to pay to continue reading the site, 8% would continue reading the sites free headlines only. 12% of respondents are not sure what they would do. Younger readers are more likely to pay than older, 13 times more 16-24s said they would pay than did 35-44s and 55-64s. Pre-middle aged people (35-44s) are most likely to seek out a free alternative news site. And those stingy 45-54s are most likely to simply read their favourite sites free headlines. But thats not good enough for younger folk, 16-24s are four times less likely to do that. The upper middle and middle classes (ABs) are most likely to pay to continue reading their favourite news site, but thats just six percent of them. Thats the same rate for the lower middle class (C1s). The skilled working class (C2s) are least likely to pay and most likely to find an alternative free news site. Interestingly, the number of working class people and those dependent on the state (DEs) who would pay is almost the same as ABs. Londoners are Welsh are most likely to pay for their favourite news site. Yorkshiremen, Midlanders and those in the south-east are least likely. No-one in the northwest or south-west of England would pay. Scots, southwesterners and Yorkshiremen are most likely to find free alternative news sites. On November 24, 2009, the BBC again announced that it will not charge for online news, despite accusations from James Murdoch, son of media mogul Rupert Murdoch, that it is throttling the market and preventing competitors from expanding online. Sir Michael Lyons, the BBC Trust chairman, said the corporation has no intention of diluting BBC commitment to universal access to free news online. Analysis shows wide disparities between the leading studies on how many would pay for content. - PCUK/Harris Poll: five percent of 1,888 UK adults said they would pay if their favourite online newspaper began charging. - Gfk: a total 18 percent of UK adults in international survey of 16,800 said they didnt want to would pay for content, i.e. news, entertainment and information sites such as Wikipedia.
The 2009 paidContent:UK/Harris Interactive poll - Continental: a total 37 percent of 500 UK adults said showed that more than half of those surveyed prefer they would pay micropayment, larger fee or a long-term subscription, not micro payments or day monthly/annual subscription for online passes. The research showed that most readers would not newspaper/magazine). pay for content. If their favourite news site begins charging for access to content, three quarters of people - Olswang/YouGov: a total 19 percent of 1,013 UK would simply switch to an alternative free news source, adults and 536 teens said they would make people who read a free news site at least once a month micropayments frequently, a subscription or otherwise
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pay for news articles online, on mobile or e-readers if begin charging for the online content of some of its there was no free alternative). titles. The company is introducing paywalls on some of the groups websites from November 30, 2009, - Oliver and Ohlbaum: 15 to 20 percent of respondents making it the first UK regional publisher to experiment [survey of 2,600 UK consumers said they would pay with the scheme. GBP2 a month for their favourite news website if it was the only one that charged. National newspaper groups need to persuade less than 5% of their Internet audience to pay for online content - Forrester: a total 19 percent of 4,711 US consumers to make a success of moving away from relying on digital said they would make micropayment, pay a sub or buy advertising, according to a private equity financier. a bundled print/web/mobile package for online Dharmash Mistry, a former senior Emap executive who newspaper. is now a partner at private equity firm Balderton Capital, told MediaGuardian.co.uk in November 2009 that - Boston Consulting Group: 48 percent of 5,083 regular getting about 3% to 4% of an online audience of Internet users in nine countries, including 506 in UK, a national newspaper to pay a modest GBP3 a month said they would pay for online news. would cover the entire annual digital advertising revenue he estimated most groups currently make. He added that - KPMG: 11 percent of 1,037 people aged 16 and over the statistics, while perhaps not holding true currently spend anything on online media; findings for every newspaper publisher, were based on an analysis vary for different media types. of a print website attracting 20 million unique users a month. AFFILIATE WEB LINKS In January 2010, editor of the Guardian Alan Telegraph Media Group has begun introducing paid-for Rusbridger said that despite significant losses the affiliate web links in some of its online stories, allowing Guardian had no plans to put up pay walls. The it to earn a small amount of commission each time Guardian hit on a successful revenue stream with its new a reader clicks certain links to external websites. The iPhone app, selling 70,000 editions at GBP2.39 each publisher says the practice, announced by TMG digital since the launch in December 2009. The app received director Brian Harrison at an Association of Online a four and a half out of five rating on the Apple site, Publishers event in January 2009, is completely taking it straight to the top of the paid app chart. independent from journalism and does not harm Rusbridger admitted that it had exceeded all editorial standards. expectations and highlighted that people are willing to pay for content on a mobile platform. PAYWALL The Guardian has ruled out implementing paywalls on The Economist is restricting the number of articles that its website, but may still decide to charge for specialist or online readers can view for free, the latest sign that niche content. Chief executive of the Guardian Media publishers are rethinking their attitude to web content. Group Carolyn McCall said that although her position From October 13, 2009, anything more than 90 days is not entrenched, she sees no commercial evidence that old will be put behind a pay wall and thus be available paywalls generate returns. Guardian News and Media to subscribers only. In another change, only subscribers has looked at six different pay models including the will be able to look at the This weeks print edition paywall, which would suffocate our journalism, stymie feature that allows online readers to browse the current it, contain it, McCall said. It is the wrong thing to do edition of the magazine as it appears on the page. An right now because the jury is out about whether that is online subscription to the Economist costs USD79 the way consumers are going to get information. We will a year (GBP50), while a print subscription costs watch what happens. GBP127, or GBP102 by direct debit. Both deals give access to the online archive, which goes back to January NEWS AGGREGATORS 1997. In November 2009 Rupert Murdoch underlined his On October 5, 2009, The Times and Sunday Times determination to make the Internet pay by promising to revealed plans for a readers club with a GBP50 remove his newspapers stories from Google. The membership fee to non-subscribers, another example of chairman and chief executive of News Corporation said newspapers attempting to develop new revenue streams his newspapers, which include the Sun, the Times and from loyal readers rather than following a high-volume the Wall Street Journal, would probably cut themselves strategy. off from Google once they started to charge online. Murdoch has accused Google and other web companies On November 26, 2009, it was reported Johnston Press, of benefiting from newspapers content without having Britains biggest publisher of regional newspapers, is to to pay for it. The people who simply just pick up
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everything and run with it, steal our stories. They just a new tie-up between the two companies. The cotake them without payment, he said. branded deal provides visitors to www.guardian.co.uk/travel access to the Expedia ARCHIVES product via a new portal, including flights, hotel accommodation, car hire and destination activities. The In June 2009 the British Library launched an online white label booking solution is hosted on the archive of two million pages of 49 national and regional Guardian.co.uk travel pages and has been designed to newspapers from the 19th century, offering original offer a search tool that delivers numerous travel options articles from between the year 1800 and 1900. Users can to the consumer. The Expedia Affiliate Network works buy a 24-hour pass for 100 downloads at GBP6.99 with more than 10,000 private label partners across the (EUR8.20). Searches on the site are free. globe. In August 2009, Digital software provider PageSuite launched mydigitalnewspaper, an online archive of the companys online newspapers. The website will allow searches of past online newspapers by country, publication, date and type of title. According to Editor & Publisher, the search tool will also include a keyword or phrase filter in order to find old online stories. Back editions of supplements or free titles are accessible on the archive for free; however, those titles with a cover price will cost the same amount to access the archive website. On December 14, 2009, the Daily Express launched an archive service charging readers GBP5.95 (plus VAT) for 48 hours access. The service, at www.express.co.uk/archive, has been two years in the making, and features 1.7 million pages from every edition since the newspaper first appeared in 1900. Users can see a preview of each page for free, but if they want to identify more than the headlines and the occasional picture, then they are going to have to pay. The publishing industry needs to look to e-commerce sites and other sectors to help it innovate online, Tom Turcan, former general manager for digital at Guardian News & Media, said at a digital media forum in September 2009. It is surprising how little coverage ecommerce gets compared to microblogging or the latest social media widget, said Turcan, a business consultant who was speaking at an Association of Online Publishers (AOP) event on managing change in digital businesses. Tuscan was responsible for introducing a new platform for Guardian.co.uk.
The Telegraph started launching a series of e-commerce efforts in 2008. The 154-year-old newspaper now says that a hefty percentage of its revenues come from online users buying those goods and services directly through the site. The Telegraph has been quite successful getting readers to pay for access to games or to services that highlight the organizations databases. The websites fantasy football and cricket service and CluedUp, a brand aimed at puzzle nuts, have been perhaps most successful. The Telegraph also gets a commission on In December 2009 the Financial Times made its transactions made with their personal finance and sports complete archive available online to subscribers betting partners. interested in finding out how the newspaper has covered almost 120 years of business, politics and international BLOGGING/TWITTER affairs. Educational publisher Cengage Learning has digitised the FTs archive of about 790,000 pages from According to Malcolm Coles, National UK newspapers its foundation in 1888 to the end of 2006. That means had 1,665,202 followers of their Twitter accounts at the all articles can be searched individually for their content start of October 2009, an increase of 193,266 on as well as being viewable in the context of the page and September 1, 2009, when they had 1,471,936. The rate issue where they appeared, alongside adverts and market of growth has slowed, however. This is a monthly listings. The archive will become available for increase of 13.1%, compared with 17% from August 1 subscription or one-off purchase to all academic, public to September 1, 2009, and also from July 1 to August 1, and government libraries in mid-January 2010, with 2009. revenues from the venture to be shared between the FT and Cengage. Private subscriptions are not yet available, In December 2009 the Guardian newspaper had three of although the past five years of the FTs archive are the top 5 newspaper twitter accounts. Its GuardianTech already available through its website to paying twitter account had 1,468,927 followers down from subscribers. This digital resource will be annually 1,392,115 the previous month. It was followed by the updated, with 2007 likely to come on stream at the end Times with 50,469. In third place was the Guardians of 2010. other twitter account, GuardianNews, with 41,058 followers. This was followed by the Financial Times with E-COMMERCE 36,134, and then the Guardians GuardianMusic with 21,318. As of July 31, 2009, Guardian.co.uk users are to gain access to online travel outfit Expedia content through
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In July 2009, The Independent announced a partnership with Tweetminster, a web-based service that allows people to follow MPs and UK politics on Twitter, to launch a media utility that uses the power of Twitter to connect people the politicians, commentators and media stories that shape UK politics. Available at wire.tweetminster.co.uk, the service, called Livewire, works with an Internet browser, and allows users to track the tweets of MPs and Prospective Parliamentary Candidates, as well as follow political journalists, commentators and news sources from mainstream media to blogs. The free service is supported by advertising and users can login using their Twitter log-in. On October 7, 2009, the BBC Trust unveiled a new set of editorial guidelines that could lead to changes to the content its journalists can post online. The draft guidelines, which cover everything from bad language to impartiality, state that: Nothing should be written by [BBC] journalists and presenters that would not be said on-air. The BBCs editorial guidelines are reviewed once every five years, but before 2009 they had never been put to the public. VIDEO/AUDIO/RADIO The total UK online video viewing audience has grown 10 percent during the past year to 29.6 million unique viewers age 15 and older, according to early 2009 data from comScore. Google Sites once again ranked as the top online video property in the UK with 23.7 million viewers (up 14 percent versus the previous year), driven by the popularity of YouTube.com, which accounted for 99 percent of all videos viewed on the property. BBC websites ranked second with 6.8 million viewers, followed by Microsoft websites with 4.3 million viewers, Facebook.com with 3.6 million viewers, and Yahoo! websites with3 million viewers. In March 2009 it was reported that News International was investing GBP1 million into new radio and TV studios to boost the audio and video content of all its titles. The move comes as the group steps up its online ambitions by bringing ad sales in-house for the News of the World website. The media group behind titles such as The Sun, the News of the World and The Times is launching purpose-built multimedia studios to enable its journalists to use state-of-the-art video and audio facilities. Journalists will be able to produce content for its websites in-house and participate in live broadcasts. In May 2009 Trinity Mirror Regionals and MEN Media agreed to trial the new free video service from the Press Association (PA). As a result, Trinity Mirror Regionals and MEN Media will receive news footage as part of a free six-month trial, launched by PA earlier in May 2009. The video wire service provides file-based footage of the days main stories for broadcasters, online
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newspapers and digital customers, ready for them to edit into their own packages. It includes up to 30 stories a day across news, sport and entertainment. In May 2009 it was reported two studios were being built that will be used by Financial Times correspondents to provide content for FT.coms video and audio channels online. Content will include news, analysis from across the world and head-to-head interviews, as well as special projects and reports, making full use of the opportunities video offers. The audio studio will be used for podcasts as well as round table discussions. The Pearson-owned business newspaper will charge non-subscribers to use the online video service, if they use the service more than 10 times a month. If visitors use the site more than three times in a month, they will be asked to register. FT.com had more than one million video views for its current service, which was boosted by the launch of the FT mini-player in July 2009. The newspaper already produces up to 170 videos every month. The website attracts 11.4 million unique users a month, generating 83.2 million page views (Audit Bureau of Circulation Electronic figures, March 2009), and of these, 109,609 are subscribers, an increase of 8% over the same period in 2008. In July 2009 the Independent newspaper struck a deal with the Press Association (PA) to launch a video news service. PA journalists will supply more than 100 video packages a week to the newspapers website covering news, sport and entertainment. Each package will be about 90 seconds in length. In addition, a further 100 short 20-second clips appear alongside text and pictures. The video clips will be integrated into the Independent website through tech firm Octopus Media. Earlier in May 2009, PA launched its first video wire service to meet a growing need among national and regional newspaper publishers for daily video content. On July 28, 2009, The BBC struck a landmark deal with four national newspaper groups to share video news on their websites. The deal with Daily Mail & General Trust, Guardian News & Media, Telegraph Media Group, and Independent News & Media was described as the latest step in the BBCs partnership plans, in which it will share content, expertise and technology in the name of public service. The BBC is providing a limited range of video news content to Mail Online, guardian.co.uk, Telegraph.co.uk and Independent.co.uk, which will supplement the newspaper websites own material, in four areas, UK politics, business, health and science and technology. The BBC also planned to make the same video news content, which is being made available free, to other UK-based news websites but has started with four of the largest newspaper sites. The BBC made it clear that it has no intention of extending the range of content to genres such as entertainment and sport news. For partner media organisations to use the BBC online video
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content there must be no advertising, such as pre-roll or post-roll ads, running around any clips. The video shared with partner organisations will carry BBC branding. All BBC content will appear in a branded video player and the content will be geo-blocked so that it can only be viewed by web users in the UK. Ownership SELL-OFFS AND BUY-OUTS In late March 2009, Lord Viscount Rothermere, the chairman of Daily Mail & General Trust, sold GBP540,000 worth of shares in the group. Rothermere sold 235,295 shares in the group, which in February 2009 completed the sale of 75.1% of the London Evening Standard to Russian billionaire Alexander Lebedev, at a price of GBP2.29 per share. The transaction netted Rothermere GBP540,781. According to the stock exchange filing, Rothermere personally holds almost 76 million DMGT shares, or 21.05% of the companys stock.
A day after the BBC online video deal was announced, News International criticised the terms of the BBCs offer of free video news to the four rival national newspaper websites, saying it provides marketing for the BBC at no cost. According to a News International company spokesman, News International assessed the BBCs proposals and found that they not only impose onerous marketing conditions, but also offer little differentiation or benefit to customers of our websites. Press Gazette, the troubled newspapers trade magazine, was rescued in April 2009. It was bought by Progressive On April 20, 2009, News International launched online Media the group run by millionaire publisher Mike radio show Sun Talk. The online radio show has Danson that had recently acquired full control of the a newspaper, mobile offer, and website. The radio station New Statesman. Press Gazette (PG) will continue to is hosted by former TalkSport host and current Sun publish its monthly magazine and its website. However, columnist, Jon Gaunt, every morning for three hours its current owners, the Wilmington group, will retain between 10:00 and 13:00. The station aims to reach control of the British Press Awards. Mike Danson had 150,000 listeners within its first year. recently changed his focus to magazines, and bought 50% of the New Statesman from its owner, Geoffrey In March 2009 it was reported The Sun was expanding Robinson, in April 2009 and acquired the other half also its digital presence by teaming up with television in April 2009. producer Fremantle Media to create a live, interactive game show to be broadcast via The Sun Online in In late April 2009 it was reported Independent News & summer. Sun Quiz Live will enable users to play against Media (INM) had been working with advisers from one another in real time, and to interact with the corporate finance group Lazard on options for The presenter, crew and their fellow players. It will be based Independent newspaper, including its possible sale. Lazard on a variety of word, number and logic puzzles lasting has been advising INM since the Dublin-listed publisher a few minutes each. The show will initially be scheduled received preliminary approaches for its flagship title. for two hours per day, five days per week. Visitors to However, they stressed that Lazard has no formal mandate thesun.co.uk will be able to watch free, but the games to sell the title. The possible sale of The Independent themselves will be offered on a pay-to-play basis. The comes as INM, whose shares have fallen significantly over launch marks the latest phase in The Suns ambitious 2008, considers a disposal of its investment in Dainik digital development, which is made possible by News Jagran, the Hindi-language Indian newspaper, as it looks Internationals GBP1 million investment in new TV and to tackle its GBP1.3 billion debt pile. The group acquired radio studios. the 26 percent stake in Jagran Prakashan, Dainik Jagrans parent, for EUR25.5 million in 2004. Unlike many PODCAST publishing groups, the Indian business is still growing strongly, and is reported to have increased its earnings by In its fourth survey of podcast listening published in July 37 percent in the year to March 2008. 2009, radio audience measurement firm Rajar found that 7.8 million people had downloaded a podcast, up INM owner Sir Anthony OReilly stepped down in May from 7.2 million in October 2008 and six million in 2009 after 36 years with the group. He was replaced by May 2009. About 4.2 million people listen to podcasts his son Gavin OReilly, formerly chief operating officer, at least once a week, up from 3.7 million in May 2008, in a board shake-up that also involved other significant but only 28 per cent of respondents find the time to changes. listen to the entire recording. The Rajar research found only 4.5 per cent of listeners had ever paid for a podcast. In May 2009, INM chief executive Gavin OReilly said A third of the 1,000 respondents who took part in the the companys 39 per cent stake in trans-Tasman media survey responded positively to the idea of paying. group APN News & Media was not for sale. His Almost 60 per cent of respondents said they were happy comments came after INM in January 2009 shelved to listen to podcasts that contained advertising if they a sale of its APN stake, which would have helped it to were free. pay down its debt.
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On June 12, 2009, Gavin OReilly announced the company had not received any formal offer from Alexander Lebedev for the Independent and Independent on Sunday. OReilly added that any talks with the Russian owner of the London Evening Standard had been about operating synergies at Daily Mail & General Trusts London HQ, where all three titles are now based. Earlier today, Denis OBrien, the second largest INM shareholder after Tony OReilly, issued a statement saying that selling of loss-making assets must remain the companys key focus. In March 2009, OBrien, who holds a 26% stake in INM, increased his influence over the company in a restructure that saw Tony OReilly announce he would retire as chief executive." On June 24, 2009, Independent newspaper owner Chris Bullivant offered to buy some of the weekly Midlands titles that the National Union of Journalists claimed Trinity Mirror was looking to close. Bullivant, who has been running local free newspapers for 30 years, said he was particularly interested in keeping the Birmingham Post daily. Bullivant was one of the new breed of free newspaper entrepreneurs who took on the established regional press in the 1970s. His high point was launching Europes first free daily, the Birmingham Daily News. At one point he was involved in a consortium which attempted to buy the Birmingham Post and Mail. His current titles include the Leamington Observer, Coventry Observer and the Bromsgrove Standard. releasing GMG from a GBP37.4 million print contract. The deal is due to be completed by March 28, 2010. On February 25, 2010, Independent News & Media and Alexander Lebedev indicated they were in the final stages of closing the deal for the Russian billionaire to buy the Independent titles by lodging a submission with the Office of Fair Trading (OFT). The submission was lodged one day before the period of exclusive talks was due to end on. The deadline had already been extended once from February 15, 2010. Their submission calls for comments about the deal from interested parties to be submitted to the OFT by March 11, 2010. The OFT has until April 26, 2010, to issue a ruling on the deal. A week earlier, members of the National Union of Journalists at the two newspapers agreed to accept reduced redundancy terms of two weeks pay for every year of service, after managing director Simon Kelner told them existing redundancy terms were a sticking point for the deal.
In early February 2010, it was reported Alexander Lebedev was attempting to bring a wealthy Egyptian partner into his proposed takeover of the Independent newspapers. Sources close to the deal said the owner of the London Evening Standard was trying to persuade the Sawiris family to join him in his latest UK media venture. Lebedev, a former KGB spy, told associates that he expects Egyptian billionaire Samih Sawiris to invest in the Independent and Independent on Sunday. The men are already partners in a chateau development in On August 3, 2009, Dawson Holdings Plc sold assets Switzerland, it is understood. from its collapsed newspaper and magazine distribution business to its rivals. Smiths News Plc said it had spent The negotiations with Samih Sawiris, the chairman and GBP1.5 million (USD2.5 million) on Dawson assets, chief executive of Orascom Development Holding SA while John Menzies paid GBP0.5 million. The two and one of three sons of Onsi Sawiris, who founded the companies have won a string of newspaper distribution Orascom group of companies in the 1950s, come contracts from Dawson in recent months, triggering the despite Lebedev being quoted a week earlier saying he demise of Dawsons news operations. The contracts, would absolutely fund his proposed Independent which were due to be phased in, will instead begin with News & Media buyout from his own pocket. immediate effect, they said. In a separate statement, Dawson said the two subsidiaries which comprised its The Sawiris family, whose fortune was valued at more news distribution business, Surridge Dawson Ltd and than USD20 billionn before the recession, are mainly Solent SD Ltd, had been placed into administration. involved in property, tourism and telecommunications. Proceeds from the disposals of the assets would go to pay They have a reputation for operating successfully in the creditors of Surridge and Solent, Dawson said. tough foreign markets and in recent years have branched out from the Middle East to expand in the west and to On December 17, 2009, Guardian Media Group break into North Korea. The family has newspaper and confirmed that it has held exploratory talks about television interests in Egypt with Naguib Sawiris, who selling the Manchester Evening News and its other heads the familys telecoms interests, owning a stake in regional newspapers. The company said that talks were Egypts popular daily al-Masry al-Youm. at a very early stage but declined to say which companies it had spoken to. In February 2010, Educational and financial information publisher Pearson bought Medley Global On February 9, 2010, it was reported The Guardian Advisors, a company that provides macro intelligence to Media Group (GMG) sold its regional media business to the worlds leading investment banks, hedge funds and Trinity Mirror in a GBP44.8 million deal. Of the price, asset managers. The Financial Times (FT) owner said the GBP7.4 million comes in cash and Trinity Mirror is acquisition strengthens the FTs position as a global
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leader in premium financial information. The price being paid by Pearson was not divulged, but the statement did say that Medley Global Advisors (MGA) had gross assets of USD7.3 million at the end of 2009. The firm has its headquarters in New York and has offices in Washington DC, London, Frankfurt, Beijing and Tokyo. The announcement of Trinity Mirrors purchase of GMG Regional Media for GBP44.8 million in February 2010 was widely interpreted as a sign of confidence in the local media industry and the printed newspaper. CROSS-MEDIA OWNERSHIP The Office of Fair Trading (OFT) launched a review into local and regional media ownership rules in February 2009, heeding communications minister Lord Carters call to do so. Under current ownership rules, there must be at least three separately owned commercial media providers across TV, radio and newspapers, in addition to the BBC, in a given local area. The OFT plans to complete its review by mid-April 2009 and submit its findings to the Government ahead of the publication of Lord Carters final Digital Britain report, due in early summer. development of new companies that would enhance competition in the sector through buying up existing titles and new launches. In May 2009, a group of Scottish media executives made a plea to MPs for the relaxation of newspaper merger rules. Senior managers of management of the Herald and Times, Glasgow, The Scotsman Publications Ltd and Trinity Mirror Scotland appeared before the Commons Scottish Affairs Committee on May 6, 2009. The MPs, who were midway through an investigation into the crisis in the Scottish newspaper industry, were warned that the survival of many Scottish titles was in doubt. However, MPs gave the newspaper executives a rough ride over the mergers of daily and Sunday staff and the resulting job cuts.
In mid-May 2009, the OFT delayed a report about cross-media ownership rules despite having promised it would be ready by mid-April 2009. Originally no timetable was put on the review, but this led to a stinging attack by Trinity Mirror chief executive Sly Bailey accusing the Government of showing a lack of urgency. The OFT then moved to address the criticisms by making clear that the review would be completed by mid-April. The Newspaper Society was then told that the OFT report was delayed until June 2009 to coincide In March 2009 the Conservative Party said it wants to with the publication of the final Digital Britain report. change the bureaucratic rules governing local newspaper ownership. Party leader David Cameron and On June 16, 2009, the OFT decided against a major Shadow Culture Secretary Jeremy Hunt launched the reform of the rules governing local media mergers. The plans on March 26, 2009, in a bid to help struggling regulator said in a statement to coincide with the Digital newspapers in the recession. Proposals will reduce Britain report that only modest changes were needed regulations around the ownership of local newspapers despite intense lobbying from newspaper groups. The and allow them to consolidate with each other and OFT was asked by communications minister Stephen across platforms into online, TV and radio, the party Carter to look at the case for relaxing the regime to allow says. The plans have been welcomed by Trinity Mirror for further consolidation in the regional press. It which said, but the National Union of Journalists has hit concluded that the current system was robust and out, saying the Tory proposal will do nothing to solve flexible and no legislative change was necessary. But it the problems facing quality journalism. said Ofcom would be given a bigger role in deciding whether future mergers should go ahead by carrying out In April 2009, the National Union of Journalists (NUJ) a local media assessment in each case. The National warned that the UKs regional press would go into Union of Journalists said in a statement: The NUJ has a spiral of decline if the government scraps rules consistently argued that ownership rules are still restricting mergers among the large newspaper groups. hugely important so were very pleased pressures from This warning comes in the NUJs submission to an OFT media owners for them to be weakened have been review into media ownership, in which the union argues resisted. that easing existing rules preventing local media consolidation would be a disaster for local journalism. The OFT said it is up to regional newspaper publishers The union called on the OFT and the Competition to test the water for merger proposals. However, the Commission to ensure any future sanctioned takeovers OFT announced only minor changes to the 2003 carried a series of enforceable conditions, including legislation to give Ofcom a more extensive role in commitments to invest in news-gathering, with deciding if mergers should go ahead. In addition, the a specified proportion of profits going into editorial OFT will be able to offer companies advice regarding resources and requirements over staffing ratios. The mergers, as long as the merger is in the very early stages NUJ said there was an anger among journalists on how and not yet public knowledge. It was widely reported local newspapers were being run that was similar to that that publishers were disappointed with the outcome of of the population at large about the banks. The union the report, having lobbied for more leniency in added that regulation should encourage the newspaper mergers due to increased competition from
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other media, specifically the challenge from the Internet. OFT said the term merger could be applied to both small-scale moves, such as the combining of two publications, as well as more significant events, such as the merging of two publishers. Trinity Mirror chief executive Sly Bailey appeared to endorse the OFTs position, stating that Ofcoms review of proposed mergers could be a clever answer to a difficult problem. On June 16, 2009, after months of campaigning, the National Union of Journalists (NUJ) welcomed a decision by the OFT to resist calls by big regional press companies for weaker media ownership rules. In a report released to coincide with publication of the governments Digital Britain strategy, the OFT said that it does not believe its rules surrounding media ownership should be revised. The big regional press companies had been clamouring for reform but the NUJ argued that the rules are still valid. The union believes that the impact of mergers on newsgathering should be considered before they are permitted, a policy proposed last year by the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications. Judges can issue media suppression orders to prevent the publication of information about trial proceedings or other topics. In March 2009, Barclays bank obtained a media suppression order that forced a newspaper to remove from its Web site leaked documents regarding alleged tax-avoidance schemes and prevented other newspapers from reporting Web sites where those documents could be found. In September a law firm representing a company accused of dumping toxic waste in Ivory Coast procured a super-injunction preventing the Guardian newspaper from reporting on parliamentary proceedings about the case and from reporting that the suppression order had been issued. The Guardian challenged the ruling, and the law firm agreed to allow the newspaper to report on the parliamentary proceedings.
In May 2009, a court ruled that Simon Singh had committed libel in an article in which he criticized the British Chiropractic Association (BCA). The court ruled that what Singh saw as a scientific criticism was in fact a charge about the BCAs intentions, and therefore could be treated as libel. Also during the year, a U.S. company sued Briton Peter Wilmshurst for libel based on his criticisms of a medical device the company Speakers at the June 2009 Media Finance conference produces. Several British free-speech NGOs launched dismissed the idea that a relaxation of competition rules a public campaign to revise libel law in England and for regional newspapers, implied in the OFT report, Wales. would lead to significant consolidation in the sector. BLOGGERS IDENTITY On July 31, 2009, Ofcom, the broadcasting regulator, released its recommendations to the government on the On June 16, 2009, the High Court ruled thousands of future of local media ownership and took the bloggers who operate behind the cloak of anonymity unexpected step of suggesting that the rules governing have no right to keep their identities secret. In radio ownership should be scrapped. The regulator said a landmark decision, Mr Justice Eady refused to grant an economic conditions facing radio stations in particular order to protect the anonymity of a police officer who were so acute that help was needed and has published its was the author of the NightJack blog. The officer, recommendations for public consultation. Under the Richard Horton, 45, a detective constable with current system, strict rules cover cross-media ownership. Lancashire Constabulary, had sought an injunction to If a company owns a newspaper, radio or Channel 3 stop The Times from revealing his name. In the first case television licence and has a market share above a certain dealing with the privacy of Internet bloggers, the judge level, it cannot own another form of media. The main ruled that Mr Horton had no reasonable expectation changes in ownership would see a single company to anonymity because blogging is essentially a public allowed to own all the stations in a specific area and rather than a private activity. scrap the rules that ban local newspapers with half or more share of a local market owning a radio station nor PROTECTION OF SOURCES a Channel 3 licence in the same area. Analysts agreed that the change in rules would not make much On December 15, 2009, five media companies won difference to severely damaged regional newspaper a ruling at the European Court of Human Rights groups. (ECHR) recognising the right of journalists to protect anonymous sources. Four British daily newspapers, the Media / Press Laws Financial Times (FT), the Independent, the Guardian The law provides for freedom of speech and of the and the Times, and Reuters news agency appealed to the press, and the government generally respected these ECHR after British courts ordered them to hand over rights in practice. An independent press, an effective documents to Belgian brewing firm Interbrew. The judiciary, and a functioning democratic political documents would have allowed Interbrew to identify the system combined to ensure freedom of speech and of the source of a leak to the press about a planned takeover bid press. for South African Breweries (SAB). The judges ruled unanimously that the order to hand over the documents
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amounted to a violation of the media companies right without a notice informing readers of its potentially to freedom of expression, under article 10 of the defamatory nature. European Convention on Human Rights. In October 2009, a High Court judgement clarified for On November 27, 2001, an FT journalist received the first time that newspaper websites hosting usera copy of a leaked document from an anonymous source generated content are, subject to certain conditions, concerning Interbrews possible takeover move for SAB, protected from liability. The ruling suggests that and published an article about the bid on the publishers cannot be held responsible for potentially newspapers website that evening. The Times, the libellous material posted by website users so long as it is Guardian, the Independent and Reuters all published removed as soon as possible. stories referring to the same document in the following days, prompting a sudden rise in the number of SAB The ruling arose from a case brought against Newsquest shares traded from two million to 44 million in two by a solicitor, Imran Karim, who was struck off the Law days. Interbrew brought proceedings at the High Court Society roll last year after being found guilty of in London as it sought to identify the source of the leak. dishonesty. He appealed against the Societys decision to In December 2001 the High Court ruled in favour of an employment tribunal, but this was rejected. Mr Interbrew and ordered the documents to be handed over, Karim had sued Newsquest for defamation over a story judging the protection of the source to be less important recording the tribunals decision which was carried on than the companys right to seek justice against the certain Newsquest websites under the headline source. This decision was upheld on appeal by another Crooked solicitor spent client money on a Rolex, loose British court, but the Strasbourg judges found against women and drink. His case was thrown out after the the British authorities and awarded EUR160,000 court found that the story was published (USD234,000) in costs, though they did not award contemporaneously, was a substantially fair and accurate damages. account of the tribunal proceedings and therefore qualified for absolute privilege in law. The web story had On March 10, 2009, the European Court of Human also attracted a range of comments from readers using Rights (ECHR) rejected arguments in favour of Newsquests readers comments facility to post their a single publication rule, prevalent in the US, where views online, some, though not all of them, critical of defendants can only be sued once for publishing Mr Karim. As soon as Newsquest received the legal claim a defamatory statement. The case was brought by the from Mr Karim, the readers comments were removed Times newspaper after an alleged Russian mafia boss sued from the websites concerned. Justice Eady concluded the newspaper for a second time for libel over Internet that Newsquest websites were acting as hosts of the articles. He had previously sued the Times for the same reader comments for the purposes of Regulation 19 of articles printed in the newspaper. The Times argued that the Electronic Commerce (EC Directive) Regulations the Internet publication rule under English law 2002 and therefore would not be liable for any damages breached the right to freedom of expression. The Internet even if the material was unlawful. publication rule allows for a libel action each time someone accesses archived material on the Internet. In November 2009, publishers, human rights groups and campaigners expressed substantial and increasing The court declined to set a clear time period after which concern because comments that would be protected archived articles would stop giving rise to libel claims. under the freedom of speech in the US constitution are It is not necessary for the court to consider in detail the actionable in London courts once published in the UK, broader chilling effect allegedly created by no matter how small the readership. A memorandum the application of the Internet publication rule in the submitted to a Commons select committee, ahead of present case, the court said. The case was brought by a meeting with US publishers, states: Leading US the Times after it was sued by an alleged Russian mafia newspapers are actively considering abandoning the boss whose name was published together with claims he supply of the 200-odd copies they make available for sale had run a massive money-laundering scheme. The in London, mainly to Americans who want full details of Russian, known in court as GL, brought proceedings for their local news and sport. They do not make profits out libel for two printed articles published in the Times. of these minimal and casual sales and they can no longer However, when the articles remained on the newspapers risk losing millions of dollars in a libel action which they website, he brought a second libel action for continuing would never face under US law. Does the UK really want Internet publication. The ECHR rejected the argument to be seen as the only country in Europe, indeed in the that there was anything wrong with the English law, world, where important US newspapers cannot be citing: the duty of the press to act in accordance with obtained in print form? The submission was made on the principles of responsible journalism by ensuring the behalf of a number of US media outlets, including the accuracy of historical, rather than perishable, Los Angeles Times, the New York Times and MacMillan information. The court was also critical of the fact the (US), as well as Human Rights Watch, Global Witness article had remained on the Times website for one year US and Greenpeace International.
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LIBEL TOURISM Anyone anywhere in the world who can prove that someone in England has bought, read or downloaded potentially defamatory material about them can start a court case. Merely initiating a defence generally costs the author or publisher at least GBP50,000 (USD84,000). If the case ever comes to court, the costs are much higher. In 2007 Rinat Akhmetov, a Ukrainian tycoon, went to a London court to sue a Ukraine-based website about an article published only in Ukrainian, though read in Britain, and won. The libel law requires the defendant to prove that what he said is true, fair or legally privileged; and it does not offer the strong freespeech defence. Embarrassed by Londons reputation as a town called sue and by unusually stinging criticisms in American courts and legislatures, British lawmakers are seriously considering rewriting Englands 19th-century libel laws. As of December 2009, a member of the House of Lords is preparing a bill that would, among other things, require foreigners to demonstrate that they have suffered actual harm in England before they can sue here. In England (Scotland has its own system), the burden of proof rests on the defendant, whose statements are presumed false and who has to establish that they are true. It is not only news organizations that are running afoul of the law. Environmentalists, anticorruption campaigners, medical researchers and soccer fans posting criticisms of their teams on blogs have all been sued or threatened with legal action in recent years. The justice secretary, Jack Straw, said that he was alarmed about libel tourism. On January 19, 2010, the government put forward plans to bring down the cost of libel actions that result in lawyers who sue the media seeing their fees cut by 90%. Under the current system, lawyers can claim in success fees what their clients have been awarded in damages. But under proposals from the justice secretary, Jack Straw, they will only be able to seek 10% of this amount. Ministers see this as one way of stopping the cost of defending a libel action spiralling out of control. Straw, who said there was growing concern about the cost of libel cases, announced the proposals less than a week after a report from a court of appeal judge, Sir Rupert Jackson, on the cost of all civil court proceedings. His 557-page report described the civil costs as disproportionate and excessive, singling out media law as one of the areas where costs were highest. The consultation paper followed several measures to cut the cost of libel defence that were announced in 2009, including a requirement that media organisations are notified of after-the-event insurance, taken out to cover the cost of a case once it has begun, which can increase the losers bill by a further 100%. But the plans do not go as far as appeal judge Sir Rupert Jacksons report, which suggested the abolition of such insurance in media cases prompting calls for the government to continue with wider reforms. Media lawyers said they welcomed the announcement, but called for the wider reforms set out by Jackson to be implemented. English and Welsh courts, where the burden of proof is borne by the accused rather than the complainant, have become the jurisdiction of choice for oligarchs and mafiosi. Saudi billionaires and even totalitarian governments regularly take advantage of UK laws that say that a journalist is guilty until proven innocent, according to a report by an editor with the Center for Investigative Reporting in Bosnia-Herzegovina (CIN), Drew Sullivan. The report, published in January 2010 by the US-based Center for International Media Assistance, says that while the problem of libel tourism is an old one, in recent years as daily newspapers, which to a greater or lesser extent had the funds to stand up for their reporters in court, have abandoned investigative reporting, the baton has been taken up by smaller, nonprofit web-publishing outfits that are in a much more precarious situation.
A number of US jurisdictions, including New York, have passed legislation making English libel rulings difficult to enforce in American courts. The catalyst for the New York law was the case of the American scholar Rachel Ehrenfeld, who was sued in the English courts by a Saudi billionaire, Khalid bin Mahfouz, after she accused him of channeling money to Al Qaeda in her book Funding Evil. The book sold just 23 copies in England, but that was deemed sufficient to allow Mr. Mahfouz to bring his case here. Ms. Ehrenfeld, who refused to participate in the case or submit to the courts jurisdiction, was ordered in a default judgment to pay him more than Copyright USD225,000. On June 15, 2009, Guardian Media Groups chief On December 27, 2009, Jack Straw, the justice secretary, executive, Carolyn McCall, told a parliamentary announced that an assembled panel of lawyers, committee that UK competition laws must be addressed academics and newspaper editors will meet to ponder to allow newspaper publishers to jointly discuss the improvements, with a plan for reform due by March threat of aggregators to their online revenues. Carolyn McCall told the House of Commons select committee 2010. that online aggregators of news are taking revenues, but A separate government inquiry is looking into the not readers, from local media websites - yet publishers question of costs associated with UK libel laws, and will cannot take action as a group. As a result of current law, We as publishers cannot sit in a room together and talk also report in 2010.
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about the issue of aggregators, McCall said. McCall said the committee should look at aggregators relationships with local news providers as one part of a range of new business models for local media in the UK. In November 2009, UK business minister Peter Mandelson announced that the UK intends to adopt legislation almost identical to Frances controversial three-strikes anti-Internet-piracy legislation. As in France, web surfers found to be downloading content without permission of the copyright owner will first be sent a warning email. But where across the English Channel, internauts are then sent a letter in the post, in the UK, they will have their bandwidth restricted. A third offence will then, in line with French legislation, result in Internet cut-off. The Office of Communications (Ofcom), the UK telecoms regulator, will be tasked with the downloading manhunt. Mr Mandelson, the former EU trade commissioner, intends to place a bill before parliament in December 2009 and hopes that the British version of the French bill will come online by April 2010. The first disconnections would likely take place fifteen months from then, towards the end of 2011.
The Newspaper Licensing Agency (NLA) extended its licensing remit to cover newspaper websites from 2010. The extended licensing remit will cover local and national newspapers web content. The NLA is also launching a business-to-business clippings database for newspaper websites which will launch in January 2010. The new service, called eClips web, will offer a feed of newspapers online content direct to cuttings aggregators and press cuttings agencies. From September 2009, web aggregators that charge clients for their services will require a NLA licence and be charged from January 2010. The press cuttings agencies that either scrape content themselves or buy in services from aggregators will also be licensed and charged. Client companies that receive and forward links from these commercial aggregators within their organisation will also require In December 2009, online and print news clippings a licence. service Meltwater referred the NLA to the UKs Copyright Tribunal over its new rules, which take effect In June 2009, the NLA announced it is to begin on January 1, 2010, that would compel online news regulating its customers use of hyperlinks to newspaper monitoring agencies to pay thousands of pounds for articles on the web. The agency, which controls providing links to newspaper stories. Meltwater said that reproduction of newspaper clippings by news the expanded NLA licence is a link tax and is monitoring services and public relations agencies, will challenging the entire basis of the NLAs position on web introduce an extension to its licences later in 2009. The licensing. The tribunal is an independent body which NLA will be introducing a new form of licence from exists to settle disputes surrounding licensing bodies. September 1, 2009, to regulate web aggregator services It may or may not decide to call a hearing, but a decision (such as Meltwater) that forward links to newspaper is not expected for several months. websites and for press cuttings agencies undertaking this type of activity. From January 2010, the licence charges The NLA said it wants news monitoring companies and will also apply to PR practitioners and other content-scraping aggregators to give it circa 10 organisations forwarding links to newspaper websites as percent of their revenues for the privilege. At the NLAs part of their commercial activity. NLA managing estimate, aggregators and PR monitors like Moreover director David Pugh said the licence was intended to and Newsnow make a combined GBP10 million in apply only to organisations circulating hyperlinks to annual revenue, meaning GBP1 million would be newspaper articles commercially as part of a business distributed back to NLAs 1,400 member newspapers. model. There is no attempt to regulate use of hyperlinks The suggestion came in an statement from NLA that are not part of a chargeable service, such as by commercial director Andrew Hughes, reacting to private individuals or in the results of queries by Internet criticism from four news aggregators that its new online search engines such as Google News. NLA managing content licensing regime is an attempt to tax the director David Pugh said licensing will also apply to Internet. Hughes said the plan is not to charge for recipients of paid media monitoring services, as is the hyperlinks per se but to fairly redistribute some of the case with existing NLA licences. the substantial revenues (aggregators) generate to the content owners. The aggregators say the NLA has no The NLA licence scheme aims to control the legal basis to impose these charges. distribution of photocopies or electronic scans of print articles to protect the copyright entitlement of member In December 2009, News aggregator NewsNow said it publications. There are different levels of the licence, would remove links to some newspaper websites according to the number of employees within an following a dispute with the NLA. The website will no organisation, the number of users, the range of member longer include links to NLA member sites, which covers publications used, and the number of newspaper 18 publishers, including the Guardian and Daily cuttings circulated. Fees charged by the NLA Telegraph, in its subscription service. NewsNow failed to range from the low hundreds of pounds for small reach an agreement with the NLA over plans to companies to more than GBP50,000 for the biggest introduce a licensing system for commercial services, companies. such as aggregators or using links to newspaper websites.
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According to the statement from NewsNows managing director and chairman Struan Bartlett, the threat of legal action against the service if it failed to sign up by December 10, 2009, forced the aggregator to remove the links as a precautionary measure. NewsNow confirmed that its free services would not be affected by the changes to its paid-for service and links to NLA members websites would not be removed from its free-to-access sites. Printing & Distribution In March 2009, Smiths News and John Menzies won lucrative new contracts to supply the Mail group of newspapers and magazines such as Vogue across the UK, cementing their dominance of the news distribution market. The five-year contracts, awarded on March 24, 2009, by Associated Newspapers and magazine group Comag, give John Menzies, an Edinburgh-based distribution company, almost full control of news and magazine wholesaling in Scotland and parts of northern England from 2010. Meanwhile, Smiths, created from the break-up of WH Smith, has tightened its stranglehold on the south and will soon deliver publications to most supermarkets and corner shops in England and Wales. Smiths increased its share of Associated distribution in the new contract from 40 to 57 per cent of the UK and from 40 to 55 per cent in the Comag deal, while Menzies took the remainder. In late May 2009, Dawson Holdings announced it would remove itself from the news distribution work that had been its core business for two centuries after finding itself squeezed in a savage round of contract wins by its two larger rivals. Peter Harris, chief executive, said he would step down from his position at the end of June 2009, after the group lost a total of GBP463 million in contracts to Smiths News and the news division of John Menzies. On June 19, 2009, newspaper and magazine distributor Dawson Holdings Plc said News International Distribution Ltd would stop using its services almost immediately, adding to the spate of contract losses for the company in the recent past. Dawson said the news was disappointing, adding it had anticipated the turnover from the contract to be about GBP30 million (USD49.05 million) from July. The loss of the contract comes on the heels of moves by other distributors like Marketforce and Trinity Mirror saying they will not be renewing their contracts with Dawson. In early April 2009, Dawson announced yet another contract loss when Telegraph Media Group was expected to terminate its deal in autumn 2009. The contract had generated GBP52 million in revenue in the previous financial year. Dawson also lost deals from Associated Newspapers and COMAG, which were worth GBP139 million pounds in the previous financial year. In late June 2009, Dawson Holdings revised terms with suppliers, including Trinity Mirror and Daily Mail, to ensure continued supply of newspapers and magazines as it exits the distribution business. Finance director Hugh Cawley said Dawson had not yet agreed when its news distribution contracts would end, but that Dawson was working to ensure a smooth handover to successors. Dawson said in its statement it had held talks with parties interested in the business and assets of its news distribution operations, grouped under Surridge Dawson Ltd. Dawson Holdings sold the assets of Dawson News for GBP2 million in a move that will preserve 1,800 jobs. The company put its retail distribution business, Dawson News, which is run by subsidiaries Surridge Dawson and Solent SD, into administration on August 3, 2009, as the group looks to exit the newspaper and magazine wholesale distribution business after a string of massive contract losses. Dawson faces the loss of contracts worth GBP528 million from publishers including Trinity Mirror, News International, Telegraph Media Group and the Daily Mails publisher, Associated Newspapers. Rival distributors Smiths News and John Menzies, which have been snapping up Dawsons lucrative distribution contracts over the past few months, have bought the assets from administrators for a total of GBP2 million. Smiths News has acquired most of the assets of Surridge Dawson for GBP1.5 million. Smiths has taken responsibility for 20 of Dawsons depots and IT equipment in the regions across the UK where the business has picked up distribution contracts worth about GBP250 million a year in revenue. Smiths said that about 1,800 of Dawsons distribution and head office staff will transfer to its operation as a result. John Menzies has acquired the remainder of Surridge Dawsons assets, including the temporary lease of premises, wholesale distribution assets and systems support, for GBP500,000. The July 2009 issue of the newsletter Circulation Briefing reports that magazine newsstand sales in the UK are dropping at a rate of 8% a year. It is a pace worse than newspapers -5.5%. In September 2009, News Internationals free delivery service for The Times and the Sunday Times expanded to include the Economist. The Economist is the latest publication to be added to the scheme, under which subscribers to the Times and the Sunday Times with News Internationals free delivery service can top up their subscription with the purchase of other publications such as Grazia, the Radio Times or The Week. News Internationals service now offers customers the choice of one of eight weekly or daily publications from within and outside the companys stable. Customers can amend their order until 20:00 the night before delivery, and as there is no contract, may cancel at any time. News International also guarantees delivery
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before 07:00. The service is currently offered only to parliament next week on the state of the local media. addresses within the M25, as well as Woking and Carolyn McCall from Guardian Media Group, Sly Guildford. Bailey from Trinity Mirror, new Johnston Press chief executive John Fry and Christopher Thomson from DC In November 2009, News International decided to Thomson were invited to answer questions from the remunerate all UK retailers of The Sun on the basis of culture, media and sport select committee. This was the a standard cover price of GBP0.30, rather than the first in a series of a meetings that were to be held by the previous GBP0.35. committee, chaired by Conservative MP John Whittingdale. The committee launched a wide-ranging In January 2010, days after severing its bulks deal with investigation in March 2009 into the future of local and Ocado, Times Newspapers curtailed its free home regional journalism, in response to the cutbacks and job delivery service. The service wont be abandoned, those losses that have engulfed the media industry in recent interested have to sign up for an entire year, previously it times. was open ended. Either that or accept a GBP0.30 charge per day (GBP2 a week) delivery fee. On June 9, 2009, the culture, media and sports secretary, Ben Bradshaw, was handed an eight-point State Support rescue plan for local journalism. Ben Bradshaw was In March 2009, Business secretary Lord Mandelson has urged by the National Union of Journalists (NUJ) to said that he does not believe in a Government bailout of provide an economic stimulus package to the industry in the countrys beleaguered regional newspaper industry the wake of large-scale job losses. The NUJ says the through subsidies. He said, however, that there may be report should be designed to boost editorial investment, other ways of aiding the industry through public sector strengthen local journalism and provide the funding advertising and relaxed cross-media ownership rules, needed to get new local media models off the ground. Its which are currently under review. proposed package of measures includes: In March 2009, the Society of Editors wrote to culture secretary Andy Burnham detailing how the Government should help the beleaguered local newspaper industry. The society asked Burnham to look at preventing content aggregators such as Google from profiting from third-party news content, without paying the companies that spent money generating it. It wants the Government to discourage the development of local government websites, which it claims compete with local newspapers, and is encouraging the Government to advertise jobs in regional newspapers. The letter also calls on the Government to recognise that advertising in regional titles is in the public interest and asks it to remove the threat of relaxing obligations for public bodies to advertise notices in local newspapers. The letter is a response to Burnhams call to the regional newspaper industry to provide him with a 10-point plan, demonstrating how the Government could help the sector. * A levy introduced on commercial operators who benefit from quality public service content including local news but do not contribute to its production. * Tax breaks for local media who meet clearly defined public purposes. * Direct support to help establish new genuinely local media organisations. * Strategic use of central and local government advertising. The Welsh Assembly earmarks GBP500,000 worth of financial support to community radio stations over a five-year period. Welsh nationalists are calling for a similar initiative for new community newspaper startups in the wake of the crisis in the regional newspaper industry. Assembly Member Plaid Cymru AM Leanne Wood, who represents South Wales Central, raised the possibility of funding with Welsh culture minister Alan Fred Jones. Mr Jones replied that if there was a means of assisting projects to set up community-based newspapers he would be all in favour of it. He said he was prepared to discuss a possible scheme with colleagues and would respond to Ms Wood in due course.
Commenting on the National Union of Journalists (NUJ) economic stimulus plan for local media, which the union submitted to the culture minister in March 2009, Bob Satchwell, the executive director of the Society of Editors, said he did not see tax breaks, for example for readers who buy local newspapers or to subsidise local media with public value, as viable in the short-term. Satchwell also proposals that could aid local COUNCIL NEWSPAPERS media as part of the governments still to be finalised Digital Britain report were welcome, but may not In 2009 a Newspaper Society audit of 436 local happen quickly enough to help the industry. authorities throughout the country revealed that many scores of free newspapers are being published by local In June 2009 the chief executives of four regional authorities. newspaper publishers were invited to give evidence in
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All the controversy surrounding council newspapers led the Office of Fair Trading to announce an investigation on the subject in March 2009 as part of its examination of media competition laws. In March 2009, the culture secretary Andy Burnham said local councils had overstepped the mark by producing publications that ape newspapers and threaten the future of commercial publishers. However, Burnham ruled out any subsidy for the struggling newspaper industry. Companies such as Johnston Press, Trinity Mirror and Northcliffe Regional have seen advertising revenues plunging by up to 59 per cent in some sectors. In late June 2009, a political row erupted over council newspapers after a Conservatives-run council in Essex voted to press ahead with plans to spend GBP100,000 launching its own publication. A week earlier, the government ordered an inquiry into council-run newspapers by the local government watchdog, the Audit Commission. But the move, which came as part of the governments Digital Britain report, did not deter Conservative-controlled Thurrock Council from going ahead with its plans. The leader of the councils Labour group, John Kent, labelled the plan a huge waste of public money and claimed that if it went ahead, the local Thurrock Gazette and other local newspapers would face closure. In September 2009, the Newspaper Society, the body representing regional publishers, asked the Office of Fair Trading to examine the impact of council publications on local newspapers after the Audit Commission declined Lord Carters invitation to look at the issue. Lynne Anderson, NS communications director, wrote to the OFT asking if it would take up Carters request to look at how local newspapers were being adversely affected by the emergence of council-run publications. The body was spurred into action after the Audit Commission chosen to limit the scope of its own inquiry to just assess the value local authorities obtain from their advertising spend. As part of his final Digital Britain report, then communications minister Lord Carter asked the Audit Commission to undertake a specific inquiry into the prevalence of council run newspapers and their impact on the regional and local press. However, the Audit Commission refused to widen the scope of its inquiry beyond assessing the effectiveness of local council advertising. In a letter to the Newspaper Society in July 2009, Steve Bundred, chief executive of the Audit Commission, said its expertise did not lend itself to examining the health of local newspapers or examining the impact of specific local authority practices on commercial bodies. wasting or misusing money on the publications. The watchdogs chief executive, Steve Bundred, said few councils that publish the controversial newspapers were in a position to attract local advertising, one of the major complaints made by media companies. Furthermore, Bundred did believe there were grounds to argue that councils were using public money to further a political agenda, as some newspaper editors in areas with rival council publications have alleged. Newspaper groups had been hoping that the commissions findings would trigger a regulatory process that could lead to constraints being placed on councils publishing freesheets, which they believe are providing unfair competition for readers and advertisers at a time when the local media is under unprecedented financial strain. Sion Simon, the minister for creative industries, told MPs earlier in January 2010 that once the Audit Commission had set out its findings, the next step will be to present that information to the Office of Fair Trading and ask it, perhaps with Ofcom, to consider the question of competition and the potential impact on the paid-for newspaper market. It is unclear whether the Audit Commission findings give much scope for such a referral. Both the OFT and Ofcom have previously said they do not have a remit to tackle the issue. The Audit Commission, which monitors spending by local authorities, was asked to investigate the effects of council-run publications on local newspapers by the former communications minister Lord Carter, author of the Digital Britain report. Audit Commission research showed that while 91% of councils published a periodical, only 5% of these were published more than once a month. Some 47% contained private-sector advertising, while only 6% included recruitment advertising. The total spending by councils on public communication in 2008-09 was GBP257m, one third of 1% of overall spend. This had fallen both in absolute terms and as a proportion of all spending, the Audit Commission found.
On January 27, 2010, the director of the Newspaper Society (NS), the body that represents local and regional newspapers across the UK, called on the government not to turn a blind eye and take immediate action on council-run publications. Responding to Audit Commission findings that suggested local authorities were not wasting or misusing public money through the publication of newspapers, David Newell said some form of intervention was needed. The NS has asked the government for an urgent meeting to ensure appropriate curbs are placed on those council publications which take private sector advertising in direct competition with independent regional and local On January 25, 2010, local newspaper groups suffered newspapers. The Audit Commission explained in 2009 a blow to their hopes of curbing council-run freesheets that it was only able to look at part of the picture as the Audit Commission said local authorities were not regarding council publications and that it was not the
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correct body to examine the issue in full. The heads of the Office of Fair Trading and Ofcom then told a select committee hearing in late 2009 that their organisations were not the correct bodies to investigate the matter. In January 2010 London councils questioned Trinity Mirror boss Sly Baileys attacks on their controversial newspapers, pointing out that the company prints seven of them. Of the nine council-run newspapers published on a weekly or fortnightly basis in London, six are printed by Trinity Mirror at its Watford print plant under a contract led by Tower Hamlets council. These are Tower Hamlets East End Life and another weekly title, Greenwich Time, along with the fortnightly titles Hackney Today, Waltham Forest News, Lambeth Life and Barking and Dagenhams newspaper The News. Trinity Mirror also prints the monthly local council title, Redbridge Life, as part of the four-year deal, which was signed in 2009 after an online auction believed to involve all the major regional press groups. Earlier in January 2010 Bailey attacked councils for producing mini Pravdas and on January 25, 2010, branded an Audit Commission investigation that found little wrong with them as a complete waste of time. But councils suggested she was not acknowledging the financial benefits to Trinity Mirror of printing the newspapers. Trinity Mirror said there was no contradiction between its role printing council-run titles and its criticism of their contents. Another council newspaper, Hammersmith & Fulham councils H&F News, is printed by Archant, the owner of the East London Advertiser. Havering councils fortnightly publication, Living, is printed locally in the borough by Newsfax International, while MediaGuardian.co.uk was unable to confirm by time of publication who prints Londons other fortnightly publication, the Newham Magazine. Free council newspapers face more opposition after the government indicated in January 2010 it could report them to the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) over their negative impact on regional newspapers. Minister for creative industries Sin Simon alluded that the government may ask the OFT or Ofcom to consider the question of competition and the potential impact on the paid-for newspaper. However, Guardian newspaper guru and columnist Roy Greenslade pointed out in his blog that the investigation was by no means guaranteed at this point, despite supporting the issue. He made reference to the Fulham and Hammersmith Chronicle, which has had to go free after its sales slipped to 1,250, not long after the local council began distributing its H&F news publication to 75,000 homes on a fortnightly basis. Other Factors In March 2009, Daily Mail and General Trust media group said it was going to cut 1,000 jobs in 2009, over twice as many as previously forecast. The job reductions, the latest blow to the ailing media sector, will hit its regional arm, although further cuts are planned across all cost categories at Associated Newspapers, said the owner of the Daily Mail and Mail. The 1,000 job cuts, over twice as many as forecast in November 2008, come as advertising revenues continue to collapse as advertisements increasingly go online. In September 2009, Daily Mail & General Trust announced it was closing its final salary pension scheme to new members from October 2009, but insists its retirement benefits remain generous. Citing forecasts of rising life expectancy and other cost pressures, the Daily Mail owner said the scheme, primarily for employees in its newspaper businesses, would stay open to those already signed up.
Source: CIA The World Factbook; US State Department; Newspaper Society; The Guardian; Press Gazette; New Media Age; Journalism.co.uk; AFP; BBC News; WAN-IFRA - Editors Weblog; Financial Times; The Independent; Brand Republic; Net Imperative; Enders Analysis; Reuters; The Guardian; All Media Scotland; Media Week; The Wire; Paid Content; European Journalism Centre; Holdthefrontpage.co.uk; UK Department for Culture, Media and Sport; The Times; Malcolm Cole; comScore; Direct Traffic Media; CNET; The Telegraph; FDN Newsletter; The Economist; EU Observer; Sharecast; National Union of Journalists (NUJ)
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2.a

All individuals 000 % 7,935 7,662 8,856 7,962 7,089 9,702 49,206 16.1 15.6 18.0 16.2 14.4 19.7 100 Male 000 4,081 3,835 4,390 3,932 3,477 4,235 23,949 % 17.0 16.0 18.3 16.4 14.5 17.7 100 Female 000 % 3,854 3,827 4,466 4,030 3,612 5,467 25,257 15.3 15.2 17.7 16.0 14.3 21.6 100
Age 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total
Source: TGI/Kantar Media 2009

2.b

All adults 000 % 13,158 14,237 10,340 7,512 3,958 49,206 26.7 28.9 21.0 15.3 8.0 100 Male 000 6,713 6,568 5,538 3,572 1,558 23,949 % 28.0 27.4 23.1 14.9 6.5 100 Female 000 % 6,446 7,668 4,802 3,940 2,400 25,257 25.5 30.4 19.0 15.6 9.5 100

2.ca
2.cb

Children Without children With children aged 0-4 aged 5-9 aged 10-15 Total Households 000 % 18,680 8,064 3,566 3,158 3,952 26,746 70 30 13 12 15 100
Households 000 % 7,912 9,130 4,339 3,836 1,528 26,746 29.6 34.1 16.2 14.3 5.7 100

2.d

Age Under 25 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total Housewives 000 % 1,403 3,080 3,866 3,480 3,082 4,707 19,618 7.2 15.7 19.7 17.7 15.7 24.0 100
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3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 1 2008 2 2009 3 2009/05 2009/08
3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 1 2007 2 2008 3 2009 4 2009/05 2009/08
Total dailies 111 Total paid-for dailies 106 National paid-for dailies 12 4 Regional and local 94 paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies, 19 5 Evening and afternoon 75 5 paid-for dailies 1, Total free dailies 56 Regional and local free dailies 5 Total non-dailies 1,176 Total paid-for non-dailies 531 Regional and local 531 paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies 645 Regional and local 645 free non-dailies Total Sundays 34 Total paid-for Sundays 25 National paid-for Sundays 13 11 Regional and local 13 paid-for Sundays Total free Sundays 9 Regional and local free Sundays 9
115 106 12 4 94 -
114 106 12 4 94 -
112 105 12 4 93 -
110 104 12 4 92 -
-0.90 -1.89 0.00 -2.13 20.00 20.00 -5.70 -1.88 -1.88 -8.84 -8.84
-1.79 -0.95 0.00 -1.08 -14.29 -14.29 -3.14 0.00 0.00 -5.77 -5.77 3.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.67 16.67
97 88 79 6 10 9 8 7 6 1,180 1,165 1,145 1,109 528 522 521 521 528 522 521 521 652 652 31 23 12 12 11 8 8 643 643 30 22 12 12 10 8 8 624 624 28 22 12 12 10 6 6 588 588
29 -14.71 22 -12.00 12 12 -8.33 10 -23.08 7 7 -22.22 -22.22
Source: Newspaper Society Database; ABC; WAN-IFRA assessment (free dailies) From 2006, dailies are not broken down into morning and evening titles any longer, because some publishers have brought forward publishing times so they now consider their titles to be dailies rather than evenings.
1 2
Total dailies 17,747 17,948 17,905 17,456 16,355 Total paid-for dailies 16,650 16,211 15,552 15,062 14,009 National paid-for dailies 11,820 5 11,479 5 11,198 5 10,920 6 10,430 7 Regional and local 4,830 4,732 4,354 4,142 3,579 paid-for dailies Morning paid-for dailies 1,340 8 Evening and afternoon 3,490 8 paid-for dailies Total free dailies 1,097 1,737 2,353 2,394 2,346 Regional and local free dailies 1,097 1,737 2,353 2,394 2,346 Total non-dailies 30,910 29,450 28,084 27,100 21,346 Total paid-for non-dailies 6,180 5,888 5,758 5,672 5,189 Regional and local 6,180 5,888 5,758 5,672 5,189 paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies 24,730 23,562 22,326 21,428 16,157 Regional and local 24,730 23,562 22,326 21,428 16,157 free non-dailies Total Sundays 14,753 13,960 13,170 12,370 11,998 Total paid-for Sundays 14,363 13,528 12,868 12,183 11,465 National paid-for Sundays 12,853 9 12,116 10 11,535 11 10,92912 10,212 13 Regional and local 1,510 1,412 1,333 1,254 1,253 paid-for Sundays Total free Sundays 390 432 302 187 533 Regional and local 390 432 302 187 533 free Sundays
-7.84 -15.86 -11.76 -25.90 113.86 113.86 -30.94 -16.04 -16.04 -34.67 -34.67 -18.67 -20.18 -20.55 -17.02 36.67 36.67
-6.31 -6.99 -4.49 -13.59 -2.01 -2.01 -21.23 -8.52 -8.52 -24.60 -24.60 -3.01 -5.89 -6.56 -0.08 185.03 185.03
Data as of January 2008 for regional newspapers Data as of January 2009 for regional newspapers 3 Data as of January 2010 for regional newspapers 4 Including Daily Mirror, Daily Star, The Sun, Daily Express, The Daily Mail, The Daily Telegraph, Financial Times, The Guardian, The Independent, The Times, The Daily Sport, and Racing Post 5 Regional titles 6 Including Metro as one title (7 editions) 7 Including Metro as one title (11 editions) and Record PM Scotland as one title (2 editions) 8 Including Metro as one title (11 editions) and Record PM Scotland as one title (3 editions) 9 Including Metro as one title (10 editions) and Record PM Scotland as one title (3 editions) 10 Including Metro as one title (10 editions) and Record PM Scotland as one title (2 editions) 11 Including Daily Star Sunday, News of the World, Sunday Mirror, The People, Sunday Sport, Sunday Express, The Mail on Sunday, Independent on Sunday, The Observer, Sunday Business, The Sunday Telegraph, The Sunday Times, and The Non-League Paper 12 Including Daily Star Sunday, News of the World, Sunday Mirror, The People, Sunday Sport, Sunday Express, The Mail on Sunday, Independent on Sunday, The Observer, The Sunday Telegraph, The Sunday Times, and The Non-League Paper
Source: 2005-2007 Newspaper Society Database, ABC/VFD; WAN-IFRA assessment (free dailies); 2008 Newspaper Society database; ABC; WAN assessment (free dailies) based on ABC data as of December 19, 2008; 2009 Newspaper Society database; ABC; WAN-IFRA assessment (free dailies) based on ABC data as of Dec 2009, except Record PM Scotland which is Jan-June 2009 From 2006, dailies are not broken down into morning and evening titles any longer, because some publishers have brought forward publishing times so they now consider their titles to be dailies rather than evenings
1 2
Data as of January 2007 for regional newspapers Jul-Dec 2007 for regional newspapers 3 Data as of January 2009 for regional newspapers 4 Data as of January 2010 for regional newspapers 5 Jan-Dec 2005; including Daily Mirror, Daily Star, The Sun, Daily Express, The Daily Mail, The Daily Telegraph, Financial Times, The Guardian, The Independent, The Times, and Racing Post 6 Jan-Dec 2008; including Daily Mirror, Daily Star, The Sun, Daily Express, The Daily Mail, The Daily Telegraph, Financial Times, The Guardian, The Independent, The Times, The Daily Sport, and Racing Post 7 Jan-Dec 2009; including Daily Mirror, Daily Star, The Sun, Daily Express, The Daily Mail, The Daily Telegraph, Financial Times, The Guardian, The Independent, The Times, and Racing Sport (Daily Sport was not audited by ABC in 2009) 8 Regional titles 9 Jan-Dec 2005; including Daily Star Sunday, News of the World, Sunday Mirror, The People, Sunday Sport, Sunday Express, The Mail on Sunday, Independent on Sunday, The Observer, Sunday Business, The Sunday Telegraph, and The Sunday Times 10 Jan-Dec 2006; including Daily Star Sunday, News of the World, Sunday Mirror, The People, Sunday Sport, Sunday Express, The Mail on Sunday, Independent on Sunday, The Observer, The Sunday Telegraph, and The Sunday Times 11 Jan-Dec 2007; Jan-Dec 2006; including Daily Star Sunday, News of the World, Sunday Mirror, The People, Sunday Sport, Sunday Express, The Mail on Sunday, Independent on Sunday, The Observer, The Sunday Telegraph, and The Sunday Times 12 Jan-Dec 2008; including Daily Star Sunday, News of the World, Sunday Mirror, The People, Sunday Sport, Sunday Express, The Mail on Sunday, Independent on Sunday, The Observer, The Sunday Telegraph, and The Sunday Times 13 Jan-Dec 2009; including Daily Star Sunday, News of the World, Sunday Mirror, The People, Sunday Express, The Mail on Sunday, Independent on Sunday, The Observer, The Sunday Telegraph, and The Sunday Times (Sunday Sport was not audited by ABC in 2009)
475
UNITED KINGDOM
4.a

(mln) Change (%) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008/04 2008/07
4.d
Cover prices (2009)

(British pound) min max
5.a

(%) Reached
Total dailies 5,459 Total paid-for dailies 5,215 National paid-for dailies 3,793 Regional and local 1,422 paid-for dailies Total free dailies 244 Regional and local 244 free dailies Total non-dailies 1,601 Total paid-for non-dailies 334 Regional and local 334 paid-for non-dailies Total free non-dailies 1,267 Regional and local 1,267 free non-dailies 1 Total paid-for Sundays 746 National paid-for Sundays 667 Regional and local 79 paid-for Sundays
1
5,386 5,134 3,783 1,351 252 252
5,198 4,867 3,574 1,293 331 331
5,283 4,674 3,479 1,195 609 609
5,104 4,490 3,360 1,130 614 614
-6.50 -13.90 -11.42 -20.53 151.64 151.64 -11.99 -13.47 -13.47 -11.60 -11.60 -18.36 -18.14 -20.25
-3.39 -3.94 -3.42 -5.44 0.82 0.82 -4.02 -3.02 -3.02 -4.36 -4.36 -5.29 -5.37 -5.97
Single copy Source: ABC
0.33
0.80
All adults Men Women Source: TGI/Kantar Media 2009
32.3 34.3 30.3
Age
1,593 1,535 1,468 1,409 319 304 298 289 319 304 298 289 1,274 1,231 1,171 1,120 1,274 1,231 1,171 1,120 719 643 76 678 606 72 643 577 67 609 546 63
16-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 + Total

5.c
Source: Advertising Association Yearbook Including regional and local free non-dailies and regional and local free Sundays
Media consumption
2005 (minutes per day) 2006 2007 2008 30.0 40 31.0 24.0 2009 25.0
4.b
Sales revenues
(British pound, mln) Change (%) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008/04 2008/07
National newspapers Regional and local newspapers 1

1
30.2
Source: Newspaper Society Database; JICREG Any regional daily
Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies Total paid-for non-dailies Regional and local paid-for non-dailies Total paid-for Sundays National paid-for Sundays Regional and local paid-for Sundays Excluding VAT
2,159.8 2,193.2 2,323.0 2,269.1 2,291.0 1,637.6 1,651.9 1,746.6 1,771.0 1,802.0 522.2 541.3 513.0 498.1 480.0 149.3 149.3 169.0 236.8 169.0 236.8
6.07 10.04 -6.36 58.61 58.61 8.87 8.36 14.53
0.97 1.75 -1.83 40.12 40.12 0.74 0.71 2.60
6.a
Online editions
Change (%) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008/04 2008/07
Total 1
1
1,232 1,537
24.76
713.7 753.3 753.1 771.3 777.0 655.2 689.5 692.3 705.0 710.0 58.5 63.8 60.8 65.3 67.0
Source: Newspaper Society Annual Industry Survey Total regional press websites
Source: Advertising Association Yearbook 2005
6.b
Online readership
Total dailies 1
1
24,232 36,859
52.11
Source: Newspaper Society Annual Industry Survey Total regional press websites
476
UNITED KINGDOM
6.c

Publishing company Website Unique visitors per month 1 (000) 36,981 30,711 26,000 20,907 19,855 11,397 2 9,348 6,400 2,839 3 2,501 5 1,680 1,180 6 911 8 900 840 690
Newspaper
The Guardian The Daily Telegraph Daily Mail The Sun The Times Financial Times The Independent Daily Mirror Metro London Evening Standard 4 The Scotsman Belfast Telegraph Online Manchester Evening News Daily Star Daily Record Daily Express
Guardian Newspapers Ltd Telegraph Group Ltd Associated Press Ltd News International Ltd News International Ltd Financial Times Ltd Independent Newspapers (UK) Ltd Trinity Mirror Plc Associated Newspapers Ltd Evening Standard Limited Johnston Press Belfast Telegraph Newspapers M.E.N. Media 7 Express Newspapers Trinity Mirror Plc Express Newspapers
guardian.co.uk telegraph.co.uk dailymail.co.uk thesun.co.uk timesonline.co.uk ft.com independent.co.uk mirror.co.uk metro.co.uk standard.co.uk www.scotsman.com belfasttelegraph.co.uk manchestereveningnews.co.uk dailystar.co.uk dailyrecord.co.uk express.co.uk
Source: ABCe UK (unique visitors data of all websites, except for those from Google Ad Planner); Google Ad Planner, data as of March 2010 (unique visitors data of The Daily Mail, Daily Mirror, Daily Star, The Daily Record, and Daily Express); WAN-IFRA from public sources
1 2 3
ABCe data as of December 2009, unless otherwise notified March 2009 September 2009 4 Former names: standard.co.uk (2008-2009), owned by Evening Standard Limited (2009) and Associated Newspapers Ltd (Oct 2008-March 2009); This Is London (until 2003), owned by Associated Northcliffe Digital 5 October 2009 6 October 2009 7 Media owner: Guardian Regional Media 9 July-Dec 2009
6.d

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
7.ac
(%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 0.76 0.73 0.71 0.69
16,320.4 16,956.0 18,120.0 19,380.0 19,380.0 41,929.3 41,687.4 45,729.2 47,998.9 51,442.1
18.75 22.69
0.00 7.17
Ad expenditure
0.94
0.90
0.91
0.85
7.ba

(British pound, mln) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
6.e
Broadband Internet
(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08 Press Newspapers Magazines Television Radio Cinema Outdoor Internet Total
9,898.7 13,013.2 15,605.2 17,276.0 18,354.0
85.42
6.24

6.f

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
7.aa
22.76
3.90
5,778 4,170 1,608 3,455 443 158 762 1,162 11,758
5,547 5,472 4,847 3,992 3,978 3,500 1,555 1,494 1,346 3,282 3,380 3,211 458 466 433 158 173 173 792 829 798 1,714 2,391 2,848 11,951 12,711 12,310
3,749 2,728 1,021 2,858 390 157 675 2,854 10,682
3,635 2,640 995 2,772 366 156 676 2,865 10,471
3,603 2,603 1,000 2,800 344 162 689 2,985 10,583
3,572 2,567 1,005 2,884 362 167 723 3,054 10,761
Source: Advertising Association; IAB; ZenithOptimedia Excludes 15% agency commission (10% agency commission for consumer magazine classified); excludes production costs; includes classified advertising; after discounts; magazines excludes directories; radio and TV sponsorship not included; Internet includes display advertising, classified advertising, paid-search listings, affiliate deals and partnerships/tenancies

2004 (British pound, bln) 2005 2006 2007 1,253 1,322 1,401 2008 1,443

7.ab
1,201

2004 (British pound, 000) 2005 2006 2007 20.8 21.8 23.0 2008 23.6
20.0
477
UNITED KINGDOM
7.c
Top advertising categories in national newspapers (2008)

Advertising sector Expenditure (British pound, 000) Household Vehicles Furniture/fittings Consumer telecoms Direct response Retail Savings Holidays/overseas travel Entertainment - broadcasting Airlines 126,000 102,000 69,000 63,200 58,400 50,400 42,500 39,700 38,100 36,600
Top advertising categories in regional newspapers (2009)

Advertising sector % of display ad expenditure 19.7 13.2 12.8 6.7 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.4 4.5 2.8
Total paid-for dailies National paid-for dailies Regional and local paid-for dailies 1 Total non-dailies Total paid-for non-dailies Regional and local paid-for non-dailies 2 Total free non-dailies Regional and local free non-dailies 3 Total paid-for Sundays National paid-for Sundays
2,455.0 2,369.0 2,374.0 2,126.6 1,757.1 1,256.0 1,269.0 1,302.0 1,233.1 1,106.5 1,199.0 1,100.0 1,073.0 893.0 650.6 1,794.0 1,683.0 1,674.4 1,419.8 1,057.7 616.0 586.0 589.9 481.4 351.5 616.0 586.0 589.9 481.4 351.5 1,178.0 1,097.0 1,084.5 938.4 1,178.0 1,097.0 1,084.5 938.4 365.0 365.0 350.0 343.0 350.0 343.0 307.2 307.2 706.2 706.2 243.6 243.6
-28.43 -11.90 -45.74 -41.04 -42.94 -42.94 -40.05 -40.05 -33.26 -33.26
-17.38 -10.27 -27.14 -25.50 -26.98 -26.98 -24.74 -24.74 -20.70 -20.70
Source: NMR via ZenithOptimedia
Retail Household Equipment Entertainment & Media Government, Social & Political Organisations Travel & Transport Motors Telecoms Finance Business & Industrial Pharmaceutical Source: NMR Jan-Dec 2009
Source: 2005-2006 Advertising Association Yearbook; 2007-2009 Advertising Association Warc Expenditure Report, www.warc.com/expenditurereport National newspapers: including supplements; quality national newspapers: excluding supplements; classified recruitment figures exclude online advertising paid for separately to a print campaign, this is included in Internet advertising expenditure.
1
Top national newspaper advertisers (2008)

Advertiser Expenditure (British pound, 000) 40,600 39,200 31,500 24,300 23,600 20,200 19,100 18,300 16,900 15,500
Top regional newspaper advertisers (2009)

Advertiser 1 DFS Furniture PLC COI Asda Stores Ltd O2 Ltd Lidl UK GmbH Marks & Spencer Orange Plc Argus Ltd T-Mobile Network Specsavers Optical Group Ltd Source: NMR Jan-Dec 2009
1
Including regional and local paid-for and free dailies, and regional and local paid-for and free Sundays 2 Regional and local paid-for weeklies 3 Regional and local free weeklies
2005 Display Classified Total 49.2 50.8 100
2006 50.5 49.5 100
(%) 2007 56.9 43.1 100
2008 59.8 40.2 100
2009 64.7 35.3 100
Asda Tesco British Sky Broadcasting DFS Furniture Wm Morrison Argos COI Boots Currys Group BT
Source: NMR via ZenithOptimedia
Top display advertisers
Source: 2005-2006 Advertising Association Yearbook; 2007-2009 WAN-IFRA calculation based on Advertising Association Warc Expenditure Report, www.warc.com/expenditurereport Total press, including supplements. Classified recruitment figures for national and regional newspapers exclude online advertising paid for separately to a print campaign, this is included in Internet advertising expenditure.
Top regional publishing companies (2009)

Publishing company Total circulation 1 (000) 95,881.7 7,949.2 7,148.5 6,609.6 3,672.8 1,971.2 1,968.1 1,730.0 1,723.4 1,253.0
Trinity Mirror plc Johnston Press plc Newsquest Media Group Northcliffe Media Ltd Associated Newspapers Ltd Archant Guardian Media Group D C Thomson & Co Ltd Midland News Association Ltd Tindle Newspapers Source: NS database
1
Data as of January 2010
478
UNITED KINGDOM
8.ba

Founded (year) Language Publishing company Circulation (000) English English English English English English English English English English English English English English News International Ltd Associated Newspapers Ltd Trinity Mirror plc Express Newspapers Telegraph Media Group Ltd Express Newspapers News International Ltd Financial Times Ltd Trinity Mirror plc Guardian News and Media Independent Newspapers (UK) Ltd Midland News Association Ltd Trinity Mirror plc D. C. Thomson & Co Ltd 2,863 2,113 1,226 785 703 678 522 401 353 301 187 129 92 77 Readership (000) 7,872 5,062 3,600 1,427 1,901 1,571 1,813 418 1,160 1,240 688 Tabloid Tabloid 1 Tabloid Tabloid Broadsheet Compact 2 Compact/Broadsheet 3 Broadsheet Tabloid Berliner 4 Compact 5 Tabloid Tabloid Broadsheet Format Full page ad rate Mono Colour (British pound) 40,159 32,508 29,000 17,388 46,000 23,426 16,645 40,400 9,980 11,400 50,975 45,612 36,800 23,426 59,000 31,500 27,195 56,300 12,974 18,000 -
Title
The Sun Daily Mail Daily Mirror Daily Star The Daily Telegraph Daily Express The Times Financial Times Daily Record The Guardian The Independent Express & Star 6 Liverpool Echo The Press & Journal 7
1 2
1964 1896 1903 1978 1855 1900 1785 1888 1895 1821 1986 1889 1879 1748
Source: ABC; NRS Jan 08-Jan 09 (readership); BRAD via ZenithOptimedia; ZenithOptimedia; Newspaper Society; Wikipedia Broadsheet until 1971 Broadsheet until 1977 3 Compact MondaySaturday, broadsheet Sunday 4 The Guardian switched to Berliner format on 12 September 2005. 5 The Independent switched from broadsheet to compact format in May 2004. 6 West Midlands 7 Aberdeen
Top national paid-for dailies (2009)

Title Founded (year) The Sun Daily Mail Daily Mirror Daily Star The Daily Telegraph Daily Express The Times Financial Times The Guardian The Independent Daily Sport Racing Post The Herald The Scotsman
1 2 3
Language
Publishing company
Circulation 1 (000)
Readership (000) 7,872 5,062 3,600 1,427 1,901 1,571 1,813 418 1,240 688 231 -
Format
Full page ad rate Mono Colour (British pound) 40,159 32,508 29,000 17,388 46,000 23,426 16,645 40,400 11,400 11,500 5,410 50,975 45,612 36,800 23,426 59,000 31,500 27,195 56,300 18,000 14,950 6,763
1964 1896 1903 1978 1855 1900 1785 1888 1821 1986 1991 1986 1783 1817
English English English English English English English English English English English English English English
News International Ltd Associated Newspapers Ltd Trinity Mirror plc Express Newspapers Telegraph Media Group Ltd Express Newspapers News International Ltd Financial Times Ltd Guardian News and Media Independent Newspapers (UK) Ltd Sport Media Group 6 Centurycomm Limited Newsquest (Herald & Times) Ltd Scotsman Publications Ltd
2,863 2,113 1,226 785 703 678 522 401 301 187 75 7 56 56 45
Tabloid Tabloid 2 Tabloid Tabloid Broadsheet Compact 3 Compact/Broadsheet 4 Broadsheet Berliner 5 Compact 8 Compact Tabloid Tabloid Broadsheet
Source: ABC; Press Gazette (Daily Sport circulation); NRS Jan 08-Jan 09 (readership); BRAD via ZenithOptimedia; ZenithOptimedia; Wikipedia 30 Nov 2009 3 Jan 2010 Broadsheet until 1971 Broadsheet until 1977 4 Compact MondaySaturday, broadsheet Sunday 5 The Guardian switched to Berliner format on 12 September 2005. 6 The Sport Media Group titles pulled out of the ABC audit in February 2009 and the company revealed in April 2009 that the newspapers had been loss-making for several months 7 Circulation May 2009; publisher's claim 8 The Independent switched from broadsheet to compact format in May 2004.
479
UNITED KINGDOM
Top regional paid-for dailies (2009)
Title Daily Record Express & Star 1 Liverpool Echo The Press & Journal 2 The Courier & Advertiser 3 Shropshire Star The Evening Chronicle 5 Evening Times 6 Leicester Mercury The Belfast Telegraph
1 2
Founded (year) 1895 1889 1879 1748 1801 1964 4 1885 1876 1874 1870
Language English English English English English English English English English English
Publishing company Trinity Mirror plc Midland News Association Ltd Trinity Mirror plc D. C. Thomson & Co Ltd D. C. Thomson & Co Ltd Midland News Association Ltd Trinity Mirror plc Newsquest Northcliffe Media Independent News & Media
Circulation (000) 353 129 92 77 68 66 64 64 62 61
Format Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Broadsheet Broadsheet Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid
Source: Newspaper Society; Wikipedia West Midlands Aberdeen 3 Dundee 4 The newspaper has been in circulation since Monday, October 5, 1964 inheriting a nightly circulation of around 19,000 from the old Shropshire edition of the Express & Star. 5 Newcastle 6 Glasgow
8.bb

Founded (year) 1999 2006 2006 2005 2007 2005 Language English English English English English English Publishing company Associated Newspapers Ltd NI Free Newspapers Ltd (News International) Associated Newspapers Ltd City AM Ltd Scottish Daily Record & Sunday Mail Ltd. (Trinity Mirror) Financial Times Group (Pearson) Circulation (000) 1,335 500 400 88 13 10 Format Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid Tabloid
Title Metro 1 thelondonpaper 2 London Lite 3 City AM Record PM Scotland 4 FTpm 5

1 2
Source: ABC UK; Wikipedia; FDN Newsletter Including 10 editions: London, Scotland, North West, Midlands, Yorkshire, North East, East Midlands, Merseyside (Liverpool), South Wales (Cardiff), South West Afternoon newspaper, distributed from 3 p.m. at 10 network rail stations in London 3 Noon newspaper; a replacement of Standard Lite 4 Including two editions: Edinburgh and Glasgow 5 The 2-page FTpm was launched in Edinburgh & Glasgow (September 2, 2005) and in Birmingham & Dublin (September 16, 2005); Manchester and Leeds followed (September 30, 2005). FTpm is distributed to office buildings after 4 p.m. (London only)
9.a
Employment
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
11.
Research (2009)
Total number of journalists 13,437 13,115 11,859 Total number of employees 52,889 49,246 41,395 Source: Newspaper Society Annual Survey All regional newspapers
9.b
11,230 37,928
-16.42 -28.29
Circulation is audited by Regional newspapers: ABC Readership is measured by Regional newspapers: JICREG; NRS; TGI; publishers surveys Methodology JICREG (Joint Industry Committee for Regional Press Research) uses a combination of researched and modelled data to produce readership data at postcode sector level for most regional and local newspapers.
Source: Newspaper Society
Salaries
Total salary costs All regional newspapers

10.c
1,143.0 1,132.4 1,155.9 1,110.0
-3.97
Source: Newspaper Society Annual Survey
Newsprint costs
2005 (British pound) 2006 2007 2008 380 450 2009 511
Average per ton
375
Source: 2005-2006 Newspaper Society Annual Survey; 2008-2009 Production Journal Regional Newspapers
480
UNITED KINGDOM
12.
Taxes (2009)
% 18 0 0 18 18 18 18 30
15.a
Tax Standard VAT VAT on: Single copy sales Subscription sales Advertising Newsprint Composition Plant Tax on profits standard rate Source: Newspaper Society; Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu
Does any law exist governing publishing-house ownership, or the registration of shares in newspaper-publishing companies? Yes. Newspapers are regulated under the provisions of the Communications Act 2003 Is there any law prohibiting or restricting foreign companies or individuals from owning shares, and in particular, the majority of shares, of domestic daily newspapers? No Is there any law prohibiting daily newspaper or periodical publishers from operating radio or television stations in the same locality? Yes. The Communications Act 2003 stipulates that in every local area of the UK there must be at last three separate commercial media companies providing newspapers, radio, and terrestrial television (i.e. with a licence to broadcast on the ITV frequency). Nobody controlling more than 20% of national newspaper circulation may own more than 20% of an ITV licence. Nobody owning a regional ITV licence may control more than 20% of the newspaper market in that region. Nobody owning a regional ITV licence may own a local radio station with more than 45% coverage of the same area (in areas where there are three or more stations). Nobody owning a local newspaper may own a local radio station where the newspaper accounts for more than 50% of the circulation within the stations coverage area (in areas where there are three or more stations). So as to guarantee disclosure and transparency in the capital structure and to avoid silent partners, is there any law or rule permitting in any event the possibility of finding out who are the actual owners of a publishing company? The general provisions of UK company law concerning the registration of non-corporate publishers both require individuals to be named. Is there an antitrust law limiting concentration in the daily press? It is not illegal for any publishing group to be in a dominant position in the market, nor is there any illegal circulation threshold. The Communications Act 2003 and Enterprise Act 2000 govern newspaper mergers, newspaper transfers as well as cross media ownership, which do include the possibility of special public interest intervention and assessment in media cases, in addition to the application of competition/merger law. Is further regulation of media concentration expected? No
13.a
Are there subsidies for the purchase of newsprint? No Are loans granted at low rates for re-equipment or improving existing equipment? No, but plant may be depreciated at the usual straightline rate of 25% a year.
14.
Discounts (2009)
Discount on rates of Post Railroad Telephone Telegraph Telex Source: Newspaper Society
481
VATICAN
General economic situation The Vatican is supported financially by a variety of sources, including investments, real estate income, and donations from Catholic individuals, dioceses, and institutions. These help fund the Roman Curia (Vatican bureaucracy), diplomatic missions, and media outlets. The separate Vatican City State budget includes the Vatican museums and post office and is supported financially by the sale of stamps, coins, medals, and tourist mementos; by fees for admission to museums; and by publications sales. Moreover, an annual collection taken up in dioceses and direct donations go to a non-budgetary fund known as Peters Pence, which is used directly by the Pope for charity, disaster relief, and aid to churches in developing nations. The incomes and living standards of lay workers are comparable to those of counterparts who work in the city of Rome. for the first time in July. The decision was made so as to meet the radios rising costs, namely 21.4m euros a year. All advertisements would have to meet high moral standards. Pope Benedict XVI has personally approved Vatican Radios new experimental commercial venture. (See also the part Advertising in this Media Market Description). Performance of different types of newspapers There is one daily newspaper, LOsservatore Romano (The Roman Observer), the semi-official evening paper of the Holy See. It is published in eight different languages (listed by date of first publication):
- Daily and weekly in Italian (1861/1950) - Weekly in French (1949) - Weekly in English (1968) - Weekly in Spanish (1969) Performance of newspapers vs. other media - Weekly in Portuguese (1970) The media linked to the Holy See, the Vatican Television - Weekly in German (1971) Centre, the Vatican Radio, LOsservatore Romano daily, - Monthly in Polish (1980) the Vatican Publishing House, and the Vatican Polyglot - Weekly in Malayalam (2007) Press, are all instruments in the service of the pastoral mission of the Holy Father and the Holy See. The daily Italian edition of LOsservatore Romano is published in the afternoon, but with a cover date of the Vatican Radio (Italian: Radio Vaticana) is the official following day, a convention that sometimes results in broadcasting service of the Vatican. Set up in 1931, confusion. today its programs are offered in 47 languages, and are sent out on short wave (also DRM), medium wave, FM, Advertising satellite and the Internet. The Jesuit Order has been In May 2009, Vatican Radio announced it would start charged with the management of Vatican Radio since its broadcasting advertisements. A spokesman for the inception. Programming is produced by over two station head, Pope Benedict XVI, said between 200,000 hundred journalists located in 61 different countries. and 300,000 euros per year would be raised, adding that Vatican Radio produces more than 42,000 hours of the channel, set up in 1931, needed funds but that the simultaneous broadcasting covering international news, income would be used for new initiatives and new programmes. Electricity producer Enel was to be the first religious celebrations, in-depth programs, and music. brand name to be carried on the station, with its In May 2009, it was announced that Vatican Radio advertising transmitted in Italian, English, Spanish, would begin broadcasting commercial advertisements French and German. Source: CIA The World Factbook; Straits Times; AFP; BBC News; Wikipedia
482
VATICAN
3.a
Number of titles
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
0.00
0.00
Source: 2005-2008 WAN from public sources; 2009 WAN-IFRA assessment

3.b

(000) Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
0.00
0.00
Source: 2005-2006 WAN assessment; 2007 Catholic News Agency; 2008 WAN assessment; 2009 WAN-IFRA assessment
6.a
Online editions
Change (%) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009/05 2009/08
Dailies
0.00
0.00
Source: 2005-2008 WAN from public sources; 2009 WAN-IFRA assessment Map: CIA The World Factbook
2.a 8.ba

Founded Language Circulation Cover price usual max (year) (000) (euro) 1861 Italian 1 Format
Title

Age Total All individuals 000 % 1 100 LOsservatore Romano (The Roman Observer)
1.00 2.00 Broadsheet
Source: Catholic News Agency; Wikipedia
483
CHAPTER III
QUICK REFERENCE
QUICK REFERENCE
DAILY NEWSPAPER REACH (%)
Table 5.a in country reports (using most recent available figures)
Country All adults Men Women Main household shopper 76.4 52.3 50.3 74 62.7 40.8 71.4 10.8 45.0 35 49.8 77.2 66.6 54.2 50.6 8.4 32.9 82 80.8 -
Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Moldova Montenegro Netherlands, The Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom
75.0 53.8 32.9 60.5 46.1 74 62.6 80 41.7 71.4 11.7 45.4 96 56.4 46.2 34 49.3 77.6 24 84 36.0 68.1 82 55.3 84.5 52.6 9.3 40.8 60 46.2 39.8 82 81.7 25.2 32.3
76.9 57.8 37.1 48.1 76 59.6 46.3 73.5 14.7 49.9 58.7 34 48.6 79.3 14 42.3 71.5 82 59.0 89.3 59.5 10.4 46.3 65 48.4 47.6 82 84.8 26.0 34.3
73.2 50.0 29.0 43.3 72 63.9 37.5 69.4 8.9 41.6 58.7 34 49.9 75.9 10 29.7 64.9 81 50.9 80.0 46.3 8.5 35.4 45 44.1 32.4 82 78.5 24.6 30.3
486
QUICK REFERENCE
DAILY NEWSPAPER CONSUMPTION (minutes/day)
Table 5.c in country reports
Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 0.00 -27.84 -47.78 -5.88 -13.79 -31.60 -5.88 0.00 -0.32 -6.00 -11.11 -10.71 -13.42
Country Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Finland Germany Italy Lithuania Netherlands, The Norway Poland Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine
2005 54 43 19 28 43 46 20 18 45 17 29 37 50
2006 41 23 28 44 44 20 10 17 29 38 22
2007 28 79 16 31 9 17 28 38 43
2008 23 34 28 31 10 18 28 44 40
2009 19 32 28 64 24 31 9 16 25 34
NATIONAL DAILY NEWSPAPER CONSUMPTION (minutes/day)

Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 0.00 -3.03 0.00 -1.29 -
Country Bulgaria Croatia France Germany Greece Netherlands, The Poland Serbia United Kingdom
2005 40 12 32 25 45 -
2006 31 25 -
2007 32 63 31 40
2008 33 28 31 -
2009 32 28 31 -
REGIONAL AND LOCAL DAILY NEWSPAPER CONSUMPTION (minutes/day)

Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 0.00 -17.22 -4.00 0.00 0.93 4.17
Country Austria Bulgaria Croatia France Germany Netherlands, The Poland United Kingdom
2005 5 7 24 15 30
2006 31 25 15 30
2007 25 32 31
2008 25 28 32 24
2009 24 28 32 25
487
QUICK REFERENCE
NEWSPRINT COSTS (average per ton)
Table 10.c in country reports (using most recent available figures)
Country Average per ton National USD currency 527 14,827 7,700 490 518 540 560 480 541 370 583 30,000 9,360 515 2,169 16,900 22,000 500 6,250 511 483.49 776.69 555.56 612.5 647.5 750 700 666.67 751.39 725.49 809.72 552.28 759.12 635.8 695.19 531.11 740.49 625 767.81 798.44
Belgium (Belgium, euro) Czech Republic (Czech koruna) Estonia (Estonian kroon) Finland (Finland, euro) France (France, euro) Germany (Germany, euro) Greece (Greece, euro) Ireland (Ireland, euro) Italy (Italy, euro) Latvia (Latvian lat) Luxembourg (Luxembourg, euro) Macedonia (Macedonian denar) Moldova (Moldovan leu) Netherlands, The (Netherlands, euro) Poland (Poland, zloty) Russia (Russian ruble) Slovakia (Slovak koruna) Spain (Spain, euro) Ukraine (Ukraine, hryvnia) United Kingdom (British pound)
FOUR-COLOUR NEWSPAPERS: NUMBER OF TITLES

Table 10.a in country reports
Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 -17.86 23.08 -4.44 -5.41 -2.44 -3.48 -28.89 -50.00 0.00 8.33 40.00 -11.11 1.69 -27.27 0.00 -5.88 -2.27 0.00 -4.76 -1.52 -5.88 -60.00 0.00 0.97 0.00 -3.03 -14.29 -11.11 -
Country Austria Belgium Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Luxembourg Netherlands, The Norway Poland Portugal Slovakia Spain Sweden Ukraine
2005 17 28 13 90 37 41 201 61 79 45 4 18 96 27 5 36 77 59 43 11 139 150 -
2006 32 15 92 41 42 34 3 19 101 31 5 30 78 60 50 11 149 50
2007 28 16 88 40 45 199 34 5 18 103 31 29 70 62 50
2008 23 17 88 35 42 197 34 5 18 103 31 7 33 70 15 9 60
2009 23 16 86 35 40 194 32 2 18 104 7 32 60 8 -
488
QUICK REFERENCE
FORMATS OF DAILY NEWSPAPERS: NUMBER OF TITLES
Country Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Luxembourg Macedonia Moldova Netherlands, The Norway Poland Portugal Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom Broadsheets Tabloids 9 1 6 10 35 29 12 6 40 6 2 1 6 13 5 14 25 18 8 17 62 15 2 5 25 42 159 18 64 3 2 12 64 97 5 19 78 49 37 2 1 112 66 92 Other formats 6 1 81 6 8 6 1 10 3 6 22 41 -1
489
QUICK REFERENCE
COVER PRICES OF DAILY NEWSPAPERS
Table 4.d in country reports (price minimum, using most recent available figures)
Country Single copy National USD currency 10 1 0.2 3 7 12 5 1.2 0.8 1.09 0.5 80 290 0.9 1 0.2 0.35 10 0.7 5 1 10 1.2 1 10 0.3 0.5 0.5 9 1.6 0.3 0.33 0.10 1.39 0.14 0.61 0.37 2.24 0.44 1.76 1.11 1.51 0.74 0.4 4.52 1.25 1.39 0.29 0.71 4.02 0.97 0.10 1.39 1.59 0.38 1.47 0.15 0.30 0.74 0.69 1.22 1.47 0.04 0.52 Subscription * National USD currency 0.84 0.2 2 8 8.5 3.01 0.55 0.55 22.31 60 116 0.67 0.12 0.41 5 0.7 490 0.7 0.81 0.5 4.55 0.75 0.35 1.17 0.14 0.37 0.42 1.59 0.27 0.81 0.76 30.99 0.30 1.81 0.93 0.21 0.57 0.10 0.97 77.81 0.22 1.19 0.69 0.62 0.69 0.07 -
Albania (Albania, lek) Belgium (Belgium, euro) Bulgaria (Bulgaria, lev) Croatia (Croatia, kuna) Czech Republic (Czech koruna) Denmark (Danish krone) Estonia (Estonian kroon) Finland (Finland, euro) France (France, euro) Germany (Germany, euro) Greece (Greece, euro) Hungary (Hungary, forint) Iceland (Icelandic krona) Ireland (Ireland, euro) Italy (Italy, euro) Kosovo (Kosovo, euro) Latvia (Latvian lat) Lithuania (Lithuania, litas) Luxembourg (Luxembourg, euro) Macedonia (Macedonian denar) Netherlands, The (Netherlands, euro) Norway (Norwegian krone) Poland (Poland, zloty) Portugal (Portugal, euro) Serbia (Serbian dinar) Slovakia (Slovakia, EUR) Slovenia (Slovenia, euro) Spain (Spain, euro) Sweden (Swedish krona) Switzerland (Swiss franc) Ukraine (Ukraine, hryvnia) United Kingdom (British pound)
* Price of subscription divided by number of editions in a subscription period, unless otherwise notified in the respective country report
490
QUICK REFERENCE
TYPE OF NEWSPAPER SALES (%)
Table 4c. in country reports (using most recent available figures)
Country Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France (national press) France (regional press) Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Luxembourg Macedonia Netherlands, The Norway Poland Portugal Slovakia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine Single copy sales 10.52 46.10 95 95 80 66.50 15.50 36 47 12 67 41 34.60 97 31 88.70 91 91 41.90 4.40 97 7 22 74.50 33 65 68.80 18 10 67 Subscription sales 71.08 0.50 5 30.80 84.50 64 53 88 30 56 65.40 65 11.30 9 58.10 19.80 4 35 11.90 77 28 Home deliveries 0.50 3 20 30.80 70 10 45 1 8 0.40 90.10 7.60 90 Postal deliveries 51.90 2 18 20 11 2 65 1 8.60 38.60 3 0.10 78 12.20 Office Bulk (sponsored) Free deliveries deliveries distribution 5.33 12.24 2 4.50 2.70 3 3 1 1 57 1.60 2.90 0.70 3 60 8.30 5.10 5.40 5 3 2 Other 0.83 1 2.80 0.50 0.50 -
NEWSPAPER DISTRIBUTION COSTS (% of cover price)

Table 10.ba in country reports (price minimum, using most recent available figures)
Country Belgium Croatia Czech Republic Estonia Finland Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Luxembourg Macedonia Netherlands, The Poland Slovakia Sweden Switzerland Ukraine Single copy sales 31 31 35 32 26 35 29 26 28 38 15 33 32 40 20 50 40 Home Postal deliveries deliveries 31 24 28 40 29 35 35 35 18 44 14 26 16.55 15 33 38 45 30 -
491
QUICK REFERENCE
VALUE ADDED TAX
Table 12 in country reports Tax rates (%)
Country Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro "Netherlands, The" Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Standard VAT 4 20 18 21 20 22 15 19 25 20 25 22 19.60 19 0 19 25 24.50 21.50 20 18 21 15 18 18 20 19.60 19 25 22 20 19 18 18 19 20 16 25 7.60 20 18 Single copy sales 0 10 0 17 20 10 5 9 0 9 0 22 2.10 7 4.50 5 7 13.50 4 5 21 3 5 5 7 6 0 7 5 9 10 8 19 8.50 4 6 2.40 0 0 Subscription sales 10 0 20 10 9 0 9 0 0 2.10 7 4.50 5 7 13.50 4 18 21 3 5 6 0 7 5 9 18 8 19 8.50 4 6 2.40 0 0 Advertising 20 21 20 22 19 25 20 0 19.60 19 19 25 24.50 21.50 20 18 15 19 25 22 20 19 18 19 20 16 25 7.60 20 18 Newsprint 20 21 20 22 19 25 20 0 19.60 19 19 25 24.50 21.50 4 18 15 19 25 22 5 19 18 19 20 16 25 7.60 20 18 Composition 20 21 20 22 19 25 20 0 6 19 4.50 25 24.50 21.50 4 18 15 19 25 22 20 19 18 19 16 25 7.60 20 18 Plant 20 21 20 22 19 25 20 0 6 4.50 25 24.50 21.50 20 18 3 19 25 20 19 18 19 16 25 7.60 20 18
492
QUICK REFERENCE
OTHER TAXES
Table 12 in country reports Tax rates (%)
Country Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Netherlands, The Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Tax on advertising 5 3 0.50 Tax on profits standard rate 34 34 10 20 10 21 32 21 26 33.33 25 22 25 16 18 12.50 33 15 15 30 35 22 28 19 25 16 24 10 19 21 35 26.30 8.50 25 30 Tax on profits for newspapers 34 34 10 20 21 32 21 33.33 25 16 18 12.50 33 15 30 22 33 28 25 16 24 19 35 26.30 25 Tax concessions for newspaper companies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -
493
QUICK REFERENCE
TRANSPORT & TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Table 14 in country reports Tariff reductions (%)
Country Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Luxembourg Macedonia Moldova Netherlands, The Norway Poland Portugal Russia Slovakia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Post 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 15 0 0 Railroad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Telephone 0 50 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Telegraph 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Telex 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -
TOTAL AMOUNT OF DIRECT SUBSIDIES

Table 13.b in country reports (national currencies, millions)
Country Austria (Austria, euro) Belarus (Belarusian ruble) Belgium (Belgium, euro) Denmark (Danish krone) Estonia (Estonian kroon) Finland (Finland, euro) France (France, euro) Italy (Italy, euro) Luxembourg (Luxembourg, euro) Norway (Norwegian krone) Portugal (Portugal, euro) Russia (Russian ruble) Sweden (Swedish krona) Ukraine (Ukraine, hryvnia) 2005 12.1 12,599.0 6.2 14 28 13.6 106 150 6.6 0.34 48.0 495 2006 12.9 13,000.0 6.0 14 29 13.6 101 150 7.1 240.0 0.27 150.6 495 20.4 2007 12.8 15,899.5 6.5 14 34.9 6.1 89 150 251.8 0.34 150.6 515 21.1 2008 12.8 17,000.0 6.5 14 36.4 0.5 92 150 7.7 0.31 139.8 530 18.9 2009 12.8 16,711.2 6.9 14 42 150 7.8 181.1 551 34.5 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 5.79 32.64 11.29 0.00 50.00 0.00 18.18 277.29 11.31 0.00 -1.70 6.15 0.00 15.38 0.00 1.30 29.54 3.96 82.54
494
QUICK REFERENCE
TOTAL AMOUNT OF DIRECT SUBSIDIES
Table 13.b in country reports (USD, million)
Country Austria Belarus Belgium Denmark Estonia Finland France Italy Luxembourg Norway Portugal Russia Sweden Ukraine 2005 15.12 5.86 7.75 2.33 2.22 17.00 132.50 187.50 8.25 0.43 1.70 66.27 2006 16.13 6.04 7.50 2.36 2.33 17.00 126.25 187.50 8.87 37.27 0.34 5.54 67.07 3.91 2007 17.53 7.39 8.90 2.57 3.05 8.36 121.92 205.48 42.97 0.47 5.89 76.18 4.07 2008 18.82 7.90 9.56 2.75 3.40 0.74 135.29 220.59 11.32 0.46 5.62 80.42 3.52 2009 17.78 5.98 9.58 2.61 3.72 208.33 10.83 5.69 72.03 4.24 Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 17.59 2.05 23.61 12.02 67.57 11.11 31.27 234.71 8.69 -5.53 -24.30 0.21 -5.09 9.41 -5.56 -4.33 1.25 -10.43 20.45
EMPLOYMENT: NUMBER OF JOURNALISTS AND EMPLOYEES

Country Albania Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Hungary Iceland Italy Latvia Luxembourg Moldova Netherlands, The Norway Poland Portugal Russia Serbia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Number of Journalists Employees 305 1,236 7,200 3,100 2,200 2,112 829 3,420 5,389 15,556 1,800 6,491 470 452 3,248 3,000 2,294 87,200 405 5,392 40,000 11,230 827 25,000 9,529 1,182 16,460 3,500 582 12,971 1,275 1,124 7,962 8,800 10,357 6,199 285,000 7,185 970 11,064 25,528 15,368 50,000 37,928
495
QUICK REFERENCE
NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES (including journalists)
Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 8.70 -13.28 -9.85 -12.50 -5.76 -31.21 -6.62 -28.29 2.04 -3.39 -13.85 -5.32 -30.00 -3.02 -13.15 -5.03 -
Country Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Hungary Italy Latvia Netherlands, The Norway Portugal Russia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom
2005 17,250 23,000 1,363 9,500 18,259 4,000 13,764 11,575 8,800 305,200 25,528 15,184 52,889
2006 16,250 23,000 9,880 1,402 3,900 13,857 1,275 10,709 9,000 5,942 310,500 11,591 50,000 49,246
2007 41,000 10,005 1,403 4,100 13,726 10,077 8,800 6,199 311,200 11,667 32,322 41,395
2008 24,500 9,863 1,372 17,384 5,000 13,375 9,168 300,100 11,064 15,368 -
2009 25,000 9,529 1,182 16,460 3,500 12,971 7,962 285,000 37,928
NUMBER OF JOURNALISTS
Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 10 4.28 -0.96 -10 0.34 55.63 -18.45 -14.76 -16.42 -2.37 4.76 -28.6 -11.9 -1.43 -0.77 -18.18 -3.45 1.29 -7.96 -13.83 -
Country Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Hungary Italy Luxembourg Netherlands, The Norway Portugal Russia Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom
2005 7,000 2,844 2,000 795 3,246 5,441 2,000 6,469 302 3,983 3,100 102,300 5,392 13,437
2006 7,250 2,850 2,000 2,099 894 3,387 1,900 6,660 308 3,757 3,000 2,037 106,400 40,000 13,115
2007 7,200 3,100 2,000 3,086 987 3,420 2,050 6,731 3,654 3,000 2,294 107,600 10,597 11,859
2008 1,266 2,100 2,958 941 5,467 15,677 2,200 6,723 464 3,529 101,200 -
2009 1,236 2,200 2,112 829 5,389 15,556 1,800 6,491 470 3,248 87,200 11,230
496
QUICK REFERENCE
SALARIES (national currencies, millions)
Table 9.b in country reports
Change (%) 2009/05 2009/08 -21.62 4.81 30.36 30.60 -22.22 -0.51 -29.08 -7.65 -
Country Bulgaria (Bulgaria, lev) Czech Republic (Czech koruna) Estonia (Estonian kroon) Finland (Finland, euro) Italy (Italy, euro) Latvia (Latvian lat) Portugal (Portugal, euro) Russia (Russian ruble) Spain (Spain, euro) Sweden (Swedish krona) United Kingdom (British pound)
2005 68 828 259 312 935 30,300 485 1,132
2006 75 920 282 327 948 7,271 77 44,700 649 5,726 1,156
2007 954 51,200 637 1,110
2008 261 985 55,700 686 -
2009 203 980 39,500 633 -
OWNERSHIP
Table 15.a in country reports Regulations on:
Ownership registration Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Luxembourg Macedonia Moldova Netherlands, The Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom (*) see country report Yes No No Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes (*) Yes No No No Yes No No No No Yes (*) No No Yes No Yes No (*) No Yes No No Yes No Yes Foreign ownership No No No No No No No No Yes No No No No (*) No No No No No Yes No No No No No Yes No No No No (*) No No No No Cross media ownership Yes No (*) No Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes No No (*) No (*) No No (*) No No Yes Yes Yes No (*) Yes No (*) No Yes Transparency of capital structure Yes No No Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes No No Yes (*) No Yes No (*) Yes Yes No No No (*) Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Concentration Concentration regulations planned? No No No Yes Yes No No No Yes No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes (*) No Yes No No No No No Yes No
Yes No (*) No (*) Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes (*) Yes No No No Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No (*) Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes
497
QUICK REFERENCE
CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATES
Country 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9a 9b 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29a 29b 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia & Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Malta Man, Isle of (4) Moldova Monaco Montenegro (5) Netherlands, The Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Currency lek euro (1) euro (1) Belarusian ruble euro (1) marka lev kuna Cypriot pound (2) euro (1) Czech koruna Danish krone Estonian kroon Danish krone euro (1) euro (1) euro (1) Gibraltar pound euro (1) forint Icelandic krona euro (1) euro (1) euro (1) (3) Latvian lat Swiss franc litas euro (1) Macedonian denar Maltese lira euro (1) British pound Moldovan leu euro (1) euro (1) euro (1) Norwegian krone zloty euro (1) new leu (6) Russian ruble euro (1) Currency Code ALL EUR EUR BYR EUR BAM BGN HRK CYP EUR CZK DKK EEK DKK EUR EUR EUR GIP EUR HUF ISK EUR EUR EUR LVL CHF LTL EUR MKD MTL EUR GBP MDL EUR EUR EUR NOK PLN EUR RON RUB EUR 2005 102.93 0.80 0.80 2150.00 0.80 1.43 1.57 5.98 0.47 x 23.99 6.00 12.59 6.00 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.55 0.80 199.94 62.92 0.80 0.80 x 0.56 1.25 2.78 0.80 48.92 0.35 x 0.55 12.60 0.80 0.80 0.80 6.44 3.24 0.80 2.94 28.29 0.80 2006 102.91 0.80 0.80 2151.67 0.80 1.61 1.57 5.84 0.46 x 22.63 5.94 12.47 5.94 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.56 0.80 210.83 70.10 0.80 0.80 x 0.56 1.25 2.75 0.80 50.31 0.34 x 0.54 13.59 0.80 0.80 0.80 6.42 3.12 0.80 2.82 27.19 0.80 2007 1 USD = * 93.23 0.73 0.73 2,151.50 0.73 1.43 1.43 5.37 0.43 x 20.33 5.44 11.45 5.44 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.50 0.73 184.02 64.23 0.73 0.73 x 0.51 1.20 2.53 0.73 45.79 0.31 x 0.50 12.42 0.73 0.73 0.73 5.86 2.77 0.73 2.45 25.58 0.73 2008 85.59 0.68 0.68 2151.50 0.68 1.34 1.34 4.94 x 0.68 17.1 5.1 10.71 5.1 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.54 0.68 172.7 88.59 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.49 1.08 2.38 0.68 42.36 x 0.68 0.54 10.58 0.68 0.68 0.68 5.65 2.41 0.68 2.53 24.87 0.68 2009 96.65 0.72 0.72 2792.60 0.72 1.41 1.41 5.29 x 0.72 19.09 5.36 11.29 5.36 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.64 0.72 202.37 125.04 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.51 1.09 2.49 0.72 44.62 x 0.72 0.64 11.33 0.72 0.72 0.72 6.30 3.12 0.72 3.06 31.82 0.72
* Yearly average interbank rates
498
QUICK REFERENCE
CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATES
Country 41 42a 42b 43a 43b 44 45 46 47 48 49 Serbia (5) Slovakia Slovakia Slovenia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican Currency Serbian dinar (7) Slovak koruna euro (1) tolar euro (1) euro (1) Swedish krona Swiss franc hryvnia British pound euro (1) Currency Code RSD SKK EUR SIT EUR EUR SEK CHF UAH GBP EUR 2005 67.07 31.09 x 193.33 x 0.80 7.47 1.25 5.16 0.55 0.80 2006 69.36 29.71 x 191.09 x 0.80 7.38 1.25 5.22 0.54 0.80 2007 1 USD = * 59.71 24.74 x x 0.73 0.73 6.76 1.20 5.18 0.50 0.73 2008 56.14 21.42 x x 0.68 0.68 6.59 1.08 5.37 0.54 0.68 2009 67.97 x 0.72 x 0.72 0.72 7.65 1.09 8.14 0.64 0.72
* Yearly average interbank rates
(1) As of 1 January 2002, the euro is the sole currency for transactions in the European Monetary Union; some non-EMU states use it as well (2) Northern Cyprus uses the new Turkish lira (YTL) (3) Serbian dinar (RSD) is also in circulation (4) There is also a Manx pound (5) Montenegro federated with Serbia, first as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, after 2003, in a looser union of Serbia and Montenegro; Montenegro held an independence referendum in the spring of 2006, allowing Montenegro to formally declare its independence on 3 June 2006; Serbia declared that it was the successor state to the union of Serbia and Montenegro (6) Introduced from July 1, 2005 (7) In Kosovo both the euro and the Serbian dinar are legal
Sources: CIA The World Factbook (countries, currencies, and codes); www.OANDA.com (exchange rates)
499
CONTACTS
Name Ingrid Kluwick Katrien Kiekens Michel Siklosi Ognian Zlatev Dr. Stjepan Malovic Ante Gavranovic Jan Pochman Adam Rue Maige Prm Elina Tompuri Sabine Ozil-Quintas Jean-Pierre Raffoux Christian Eggert Andras Math Ragnar Karlsson Michelle Morrisroe Federico Megna Justina Tauginiene Christian Stoehr Tom Nauta Geir E. Engen Maciej Hoffman Marina Davydova Marija Stanojevic Dr. Branislav Ondrasik Alenka Pfajfar Eric Cordero Moniz Fredrik Rogberg Waltraud Stalder Oleksii Pogorelov Sergei Cherniavskii Natalia Boiko Steve Brown Job Title & Company/Organization Assistant to Managing Director, Austrian Newspaper Association (Verband sterreichischer Zeitungen) Vlaamse Dagbladpers (VDP) Journaux Francophones Belges (JFB) Managing Director, Media Development Center Professor, University Dubrovnik & Zadar Director, Binozapress publishing house Media Services Coordinator, Czech Publishers' Association Consultant, Danish Newspaper Publishers Association Acting Secretary, Estonian Newspaper Association Projects Assistant, Finnish Newspapers' Association Syndicat de la Presse Quotidienne Nationale Syndicat de la Presse Quotidienne Regionale Referent Verlagswirtschaft, Bundesverband Deutscher Zeitungsverleger (BDZV) Research Director, Ringier Researcher, Statistics Iceland Research and Information Officer, National Newspapers of Ireland Head of Economic Analysis and Research Department, FIEG Project Manager, TNS LT Research Manager, Saint-Paul Luxembourg Secretary General, Dutch Newspaper Publishers' Association Assistant Director, Norwegian Media Businesses Association Director General, Izba Wydawcow Prasy Deputy Executive Director, PR Director, Guild of Press Publishers Media Research Coordinator / Strategic Marketing & Media Research Institute (SMMRI) Slovak Press Publishers Association (ZVPT) Researcher, Marketing Consulting and Research d.o.o. Asociacion de Editores de Diarios Espanoles (AEDE) Research Analyst, Swedish Newspapers Publishers Association Verband Schweizer Presse General Director, Ukrainian Association of Press Publishers (UAPP) Head of the Industry Information Division, Ukrainian Association of Press Publishers (UAPP) Head of the Committee on Industry Research, Ukrainian Association of Press Publishers (UAPP) Intelligence Manager, Newspaper Society Country Austria Belgium Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France France Germany Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands, The Norway Poland Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine United Kingdom Telephone +43 1 533 79 79-413 +32 (0)2 558 97 64 +32 (0)2 558 97 81 (359 2) 988 9265 +385 98 3223213 +385 98 354 965 +420 221 733 527 '+4533974216 +372 646 1005 +358 50 331 6608 +33 1 53 20 90 66 +33 1 40 73 85 94 +49 (30) 72 62 98 221 36-1-460-2750 +354 5281051 +353 1 6689099 39-6-4881683 +37052106657 +352 4993 9003 +31 (0)20-4309171 +47 22 86 12 47 +48 22 828 59 30 +7 495 228-7697 '+381113284057 +421 918 312 172 +386 1 420-49-25 + 34 91 425 10 85 +46-70-957 40 32 + 41 44 318 64 64 +38044-425-5787 +38044-425-5787 +38044-425-5787 +44 20 76930412 Fax +43 1 533 79 79-422 +32 (0)2 558 97 78 +32 (0)2 558 97 89 (359 2) 988 9265 +385 1 3890 291 +420 222 322 961 '+4533142325 +372 631 1210 +33 1 53 20 01 89 +33 1 47 20 48 94 +49 (30) 72 62 98 225 +354 5281199 +353 1 6689872 39-6-46201455 +37052106601 +352 4993 9092 +31 (0)20-4309199 + 48 22 827 87 17 +7 495 661-9139 '+381112626430 +421 2 6820 3660 +386 1 420 49 60 + 41 44 318 64 62 +38044-425-5787 +38044-425-5787 +38044-425-5787 +44 20 74363873 E-mail ingrid.kluwick@voez.at katrien.kiekens@dagbladpers.org michel.siklosi@jfb.be ozlatev@mediacenterbg.org stjepan.malovic@zg.t-com.hr ante.gavranovic1@zg.t-com.hr pochman@unievydavatelu.cz ar@danskedagblade.dk eall@eall.ee elina.tompuri@sanomalehdet.fi ozil@spqn.fr jpraffoux@spqr.fr eggert@bdzv.de andras.math@ringier.hu ragnar.karlsson@statice.is mmorrisroe@cullencommunications.ie megna@fieg.it justina.tauginiene@tns-global.com christian.stoehr@saint-paul.lu t.nauta@nuv.nl ge@mediebedriftene.no info@iwp.pl pr@gipp.ru marija.stanojevic@ipsos.com brano.ondrasik@gmail.com alenka.pfajfar@valicon.net ecordero@aede.es fr@tu.se waltraud.stalder@schweizerpresse.ch pogorelov@uapp.org serg@uapp.org steve_brown@newspapersoc.org.uk
500
WPT 2010 Europe ISBN 978-2-918652-05-2 EAN 9782918652052

WAN IFRA - World Press Trends Europe 2010

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WORLD PRESS TRENDS EUROPE

WAN-IFRA WORLD PRESS TRENDS 2010 EUROPE

CONTACTS ............................................................................. 500

WAN-IFRA WORLD PRESS TRENDS 2010 EUROPE

WAN-IFRA WORLD PRESS TRENDS 2010 EUROPE

TITLES & CIRCULATIONS

10,003 65,890 13,759 315,870 3,464 95,322 504,308

10,572 64,470 14,543 333,374 3,439 93,640 520,038

11,396 62,021 14,809 336,645 3,351 92,440 520,662

11,944 59,895 14,133 340,128 3,300 87,228 516,628

29.80 -10.62 5.15 13.09 -5.58 -7.92 5.72

4.81 -3.43 -4.56 1.03 -1.52 -5.64 -0.77

PAID-FOR DAILIES: AVERAGE CIRCULATION PER TITLE

WAN-IFRA WORLD PRESS TRENDS 2010 EUROPE

TITLES & CIRCULATIONS

65 4,826 1,016 5,643 271 22,199 34,020

183 5,240 1,127 7,188 340 25,817 39,895

285 4,921 1,468 9,239 319 25,824 42,056

302 4,541 1,830 8,642 326 21,178 36,819

364.62 8.87 166.38 72.15 81.11 39.40 45.44

5.96 -7.72 24.66 -6.46 2.19 -17.99 -12.45

FREE DAILIES: AVERAGE CIRCULATION PER TITLE

WAN-IFRA WORLD PRESS TRENDS 2010 EUROPE

TITLES & CIRCULATIONS

10,068 70,716 14,775 321,513 3,735 117,521 538,328

10,755 69,710 15,670 340,562 3,779 119,457 559,933

11,681 66,942 16,277 345,884 3,670 118,264 562,718

12,246 64,436 15,963 348,770 3,626 108,406 553,447

32.15 -9.48 12.99 14.06 -1.33 -1.38 7.68

4.84 -3.74 -1.93 0.83 -1.20 -8.34 -1.65

PAID-FOR AND FREE DAILIES: AVERAGE CIRCULATION PER TITLE

WAN-IFRA WORLD PRESS TRENDS 2010 EUROPE

TITLES & CIRCULATIONS

2006 Paid-for dailies

2007 Free dailies

DAILY NEWSPAPER CIRCULATION (000 copies, worldwide)

2006 Paid-for dailies

2007 Free dailies

WAN-IFRA WORLD PRESS TRENDS 2010 EUROPE

INTERNET SUBSCRIBERS (000)

BROADBAND SUBSCRIBERS (000)

MOBILE CELLULAR SUBSCRIPTIONS (000)

WAN-IFRA WORLD PRESS TRENDS 2010 EUROPE

WAN-IFRA WORLD PRESS TRENDS 2010 EUROPE

LANGUAGES OF TOP 50 PAID-FOR DAILIES

WAN-IFRA WORLD PRESS TRENDS 2010 EUROPE

No.titles 2009* 29 2 16 33 22 12 70 15 22 81 32 11 2 51 85 357 2 40 31 1 9 85 9 17 2 22 6 12 4 7 4 29 75 38 20 69 541 4 12 9 7 139 84 79 41 104 1

2005 29 2 16 33 28 7 60 13 21 84 31 11 2 53 85 368 2 39 38 2 8 89 22 2 21 6 10 4 7 4 35 77 43 15 46 491 2 13 10 8 139 88 91 42 106 1

2006 28 2 17 33 28 7 63 15 21 86 30 12 2 53 85 370 2 39 30 1 9 86 21 2 21 6 10 4 8 4 29 77 44 16 61 521 3 10 10 8 140 85 91 39 106 1

2007 28 2 17 33 26 7 64 15 22 82 32 13 2 53 85 359 2 42 30 3 9 85 8 18 2 23 6 10 4 9 4 29 74 49 19 70 510 4 15 9 8 140 84 90 50 106 1

2008 28 2 16 33 22 12 70 15 22 82 32 12 2 52 85 358 2 41 29 3 9 84 8 17 2 24 6 11 4 7 4 29 74 49 19 75 495 4 18 9 7 140 84 87 51 105 1

2009 29 2 16 33 22 12 70 15 22 81 32 11 2 51 85 357 2 40 31 1 9 85 9 17 2 22 6 12 4 7 4 29 75 38 20 69 541 4 12 9 7 139 84 79 41 104 1

WAN-IFRA WORLD PRESS TRENDS 2010 EUROPE

WAN-IFRA WORLD PRESS TRENDS 2010 EUROPE

WAN-IFRA WORLD PRESS TRENDS 2010 EUROPE

WAN-IFRA WORLD PRESS TRENDS 2010 EUROPE

WAN-IFRA WORLD PRESS TRENDS 2010 EUROPE

WAN-IFRA WORLD PRESS TRENDS 2010 EUROPE

No.titles 2009* 9 19 13 39 7 73 22 6 42 61 347 20 1 61 7 11 1 19 67 28 9 51 517 2 2 1 80 79 11 92

2005 10 19 18 34 5 75 22 5 43 61 358 22 1 68 8 10 1 26 69 32 6 42 468 2 3 1 84 91 26 94

2006 10 19 18 36 7 76 21 6 44 61 360 19 1 65 8 10 1 19 69 32 6 43 496 2 3 1 81 91 26 94

2007 10 19 16 35 6 73 22 6 44 61 349 19 1 62 8 11 1 19 66 38 9 51 485 2 1 80 90 12 94

2008 9 19 13 39 7 73 22 6 43 61 348 18 1 61 7 19 66 38 9 56 470 2 1 80 87 15 93