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1he 220kv/11kv Lransmlsslon subsLaLlon ls slLuaLed ln
vaa[mangal on Lhe ouLsklrLs of bannur road lL geLs a supply of 220kv
afLer sLepplng down lL supplles four 11kv feeders one 66kv feeders

1hls subsLaLlon ls of Lhe laLesL Lrend wlLh Lhe hlgh class
Lech auLomaLed conLol sysLems WlLh Lhe collaboraLlons from
companles llke L1 A88 eLc Lhls subsLaLlon has every Lhlng ln
presLlne order 1he Lhlngs we can menLlon ln Lhls reporL are 8us bars
C1's 1's sLep down 1ransformer SwlLches Wave 1rap uC cables
Sub SLaLlon baLLery supply lnsulaLors used feeders LlghLnlng arresLors
eLc

now sLarLlng wlLh Lhe velns of Lhe subsLaLlon 1he busbars

8uS8A8

In electrical power distribution, a bus bar is a strip oI copper
or aluminium that conducts electricity within a switchboard, distribution
board, substation or other electrical apparatus. SUB STATIONS usually
use coyote or drake type oI Bus Bars.
The size oI the bus bar determines the maximum amount oI current that
can be saIely carried. Bus bars can have a cross-sectional area oI as little
as 10 mm
2
but electrical substations may use metal tubes oI 50 mm in
diameter (1,963 mm
2
) or more as bus bars. An aluminum smelter will
have very large bus bars used to carry tens oI thousands oI amperes to
the electrochemical cells that produce aluminum Irom molten salts.

Bus bars are typically either Ilat strips or hollow tubes as
these shapes allow heat to dissipate more eIIiciently due to their high
surIace area to cross-sectional area ratio. The skin eIIect makes 5060
Hz AC bus bars more than about 8 mm (1/3 in) thick ineIIicient, so
hollow or Ilat shapes are prevalent in higher current applications. A
hollow section has higher stiIIness than a solid rod oI equivalent current-
carrying capacity, which allows a greater span between busbar supports
in outdoor switchyards.
A bus bar may either be supported on insulators, or else insulation may
completely surround it. Bus bars are protected Irom accidental contact
either by a metal earthed enclosure or by elevation out oI normal reach.
Neutral bus bars may also be insulated. Earth bus bars are typically
bolted directly onto any metal chassis oI their enclosure. Busbars may be
enclosed in a metal housing, in the Iorm oI bus duct or busway,
segregated-phase bus, or isolated-phase bus.
Bus bars may be connected to each other and to electrical apparatus by
bolted, clamp, or welded connections. OIten joints between high-current
bus sections have matching surIaces that are silver-plated to reduce the
contact resistance. At extra-high voltages (more than 300 kV) in outdoor
buses, corona around the connections becomes a source oI radio-
Irequency interIerence and power loss, so connection Iittings designed
Ior these voltages are used.
Bus bars are typically contained inside switchgear, panelboards, or
busway. Distribution boards split the electrical supply into separate
circuits at one location. Busways, or bus ducts, are long busbars with a
protective cover. Rather than branching the main supply at one location,
they allow new circuits to branch oII anywhere along the route oI the
busway.

LIGHTNING ARRESTORS

We usually see an extra wire withv the transmission line.
Which is placed above the transmission lines. This wire is relatively
made oI a material with low resistance. This wire is used exclusively Ior
saIe guarding the transmission lines Irom lightning strikes. Further this
wire is grounded at the sub station. In case there is lightning strike, as
we know current preIers low resistance path, hence it`ll Ilow through the
low resistance lightning arrestor wire instead oI the transmission lines.
Thereby the sub station equipments & circuitry is protected Irom
necessary burn out due to high potential lightning strikes.
Thus the lightning arrestor provides an alternative path Ior conduction oI
lightning.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER & POTENTIAL
TRANSFORMERS.

In electrical engineering, a .urrent transformer (CT) is used
Ior measurement oI electric currents & Potential TransIormer is used Ior
measurement oI voltage. Current transIormers, together with voltage
transformers (VT) (potential transformers (PT)), are known as
instrument transformers. When current or voltage in a circuit is too
high to directly apply to measuring instruments, a current transIormer
produces a reduced current accurately proportional to the current in the
circuit, which can be conveniently connected to measuring and
recording instruments. A current transIormer also isolates the measuring
instruments Irom what may be very high voltage in the monitored
circuit. A P.T isolates the measuring instruments Irom what may be very
high voltage in the monitored circuit. Current transIormers & potential
transIormers are commonly used in metering and protective relays in the
electrical power industry.

Current transIormers are used extensively Ior measuring current like
PT`s Ior Voltage and monitoring the operation oI the power grid. Along
with voltage leads, revenue-grade CTs drive the electrical utility's watt-
hour meter on virtually every building with three-phase service and
single-phase services greater than 200 amp.
The CT & PT is typically described by its current ratio Irom primary to
secondary. OIten, multiple CTs are installed as a "stack" Ior various
uses. For example, protection devices and revenue metering may use
separate CTs & PT`s to provide isolation between metering and
protection circuits, and allows current transIormers with diIIerent
characteristics (accuracy, overload perIormance) to be used Ior the
devices.
Care must be taken that the secondary oI a current transIormer is not
disconnected Irom its load while current is Ilowing in the primary, as the
transIormer secondary will attempt to continue driving current across the
eIIectively inIinite impedance. This will produce a high voltage across
the open secondary (into the range oI several kilovolts in some cases),
which may cause arcing. The high voltage produced will compromise
operator and equipment saIety and permanently aIIect the accuracy oI
the transIormer.
The accuracy oI a CT & PT are directly related to a number oI Iactors
including:
O Burden
O Burden class/saturation class
O Rating Iactor
O Load
O External electromagnetic Iields
O Temperature and
O Physical conIiguration.
O The selected tap, Ior multi-ratio CTs

#ating fa.tor
Rating Iactor viqar is a Iactor by which the nominal Iull load current oI a
CT can be multiplied to determine its absolute maximum measurable
primary current. Conversely, the minimum primary current a CT can
accurately measure is "light load," or 10 oI the nominal current (there
are, however, special CTs designed to measure accurately currents as
small as 2 oI the nominal current). The rating Iactor oI a CT is largely
dependent upon ambient temperature. Most CTs have rating Iactors Ior
35 degrees Celsius and 55 degrees Celsius. It is important to be mindIul
oI ambient temperatures and resultant rating Iactors when CTs are
installed inside pad-mounted transIormers or poorly ventilated
mechanical rooms. Recently, manuIacturers have been moving towards
lower nominal primary currents with greater rating Iactors. This is made
possible by the development oI more eIIicient Ierrites and their
corresponding hysteresis curves.

STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER
In vaajmangal we noticed a step down transIormer which as
usuals steps down the voltage level. In this case it was Irom 220kv to
66kv. There was also provision to step down to other voltage levels
through a tap changer.
Lhe wlndlngs are colls wound around a ferromagneLlc core alrcore
Lransformers belng a noLable excepLlon

CCCLlnC S?S1LM lC8 1PL 18AnSlCML8
lor coollng We noLlced 1he ollfllled Lank ofLen has radlaLors Lhrough
whlch Lhe oll clrculaLes by naLural convecLlon some large Lransformers
employ forced clrculaLlon of Lhe oll by elecLrlc pumps alded by exLernal
fans or waLercooled heaL exchangers Cllfllled Lransformers undergo
prolonged drylng processes Lo ensure LhaL Lhe Lransformer ls
compleLely free of waLer vapor before Lhe coollng oll ls lnLroduced 1hls
helps prevenL elecLrlcal breakdown under load Cllfllled Lransformers
are equlppped wlLh 8uchholz relays whlch deLecL gas evolved durlng
lnLernal arclng and rapldly deenerglze Lhe Lransformer Lo averL
caLasLrophlc fallure Cllfllled Lransformers may fall rupLure and burn
causlng power ouLages and losses lnsLallaLlons of ollfllled Lransformer
lncludes flre proLecLlon measures such as walls oll conLalnmenL and
flresuppresslon sprlnkler sysLems
WL nC1lCLu A 88LA1PL8 ln 1PL 18AnSlC8ML8

S|||ca Ge| 8reather provldes an economlcal and efflclenL way
of keeplng a Lab over Lhe level Lhe molsLure enLerlng ln Lhe
1ransformer lL ls made of 8lue Slllca Cel Lo susLaln Lhe LesL of Llme
1hey are avallable ln Lwo varleLles vlz Clear vlew 1ype and Alumlnum
1ype
ct|o of S|||ca Ge| 8reather
1he sole funcLlon of Slllca Cel 8reaLher ls Lo dehydraLe (remove
molsLure) Lhe alr Lo remove dusL parLlcles of Lhe alr breaLhed ln by
Lhe Lransformer
peration & Working of Sili.a Gel Breather :
Silica Gel (Air dehydrating) breathers are transparent hollow cylinder
tubes which contain chemically pure silicium salt (Silica Gel) with
cobalt indicator. This grade oI Silica Gel is called as 'indicating grade
oI Silica Gel.

The indicating grade oI Silica Gel, which is Iilled in the breather, is hard
blue crystals, which has considerable absorption power Ior moisture.
Silica Gel absorbs moisture signaling the saturation degree by changing
color as Iollows.
O Deep Blue Silica Gel completely dry
O Light Blue Silica Gel partly humid. (Absorbed water Ior about
15 oI its weight)
O Pink Silica Gel saturated with moisture. (Absorbed water Ior about
30 - 40 oI its weight)

For proper Iunctioning oI transIormer dehumidiIication oI Silica Gel
crystals & removal oI dust particles Irom breathed air is necessary.

Moisture is removed Irom Silica Gel crystals by heating it inside a
ventilated oven at to 150 C, until the color becomes deep blue again.

Dusts particles are Iiltered by the oil in the oil cup.Pressure value Ior air
passage into the breather are: 0.003 Kg/cm inlet or 0.005 Kg/cm outlet.
SWl1CPLS
A sub sLaLlon uses group operaLed dlsconnecL swlLches for subsLaLlon
swlLchlng appllcaLlons lncludlng verLlcalbreak sldebreak cenLer
break cenLer vee and double endbreak
volLage raLlngs for dlsconnecL swlLches range from 13 Lo 230 kv and all
swlLches can be supplled wlLh conLlnuous currenL raLlngs of 600 1200
and 2000 amp All swlLches excepL Lhe verLlcal break have copper llve
parL consLrucLlon Check Lhe lndlvldual web pages and caLalog
llLeraLure for Lhe raLlngs of each swlLch conflguraLlon
DEFINITION, FUNCTIONS, AND OBSERVATIONS
Substation class group operated air disconnect switches can be deIined
quite simply as mechanical
devices which conduct electrical current and provide an open point in a
circuit Ior isolation oI one oI the
Iollowing devices: circuit breaker, circuit switcher, power transIormer,
capacitor bank, reactor, or other.
The three most important Iunctions that disconnect switches must
perIorm are: (1) to open and close
reliably when called upon to do so, (2) to carry current continuously
without overheating, and (3) to
remain in the closed position under Iault current conditions. The Iirst
important Iunction listed above is
taken Ior granted by some purchasers who deem that all disconnect
switch types and their corresponding
manuIacturers are equal, thus reducing switches to a commodity item. In
truth and point oI logical Iact,
disconnect switches are the least commodity item oI any substation, as
they isolate the equipment which
can be taken out oI service when the equipment being isolated has a
problem. The disconnect switch
itselI, iI it has a problem, is very diIIicult to isolate Irom the system.
erroneously overlooked by some key decision makers; making the
selection oI the correct disconnect.



We can Iurther mention the companies manuIacturing the
sub station equipments, they are as Iollows-

Sl. No. Electrical S Allied !tem
Description
Approved Nakes / Brands
1 L!CHTN!NC ARRESTERS ELPRO / !NDELEC / ABB / ER!CO
2 Hv C!RCU!T BREAKERS
2.1 vACUUN S!ENENS
2.2 SF6 ABB
3 CURRENT TRANSFORNERS PRACAT! / KAPPA / AE
4 vOLTACE TRANSFORNERS PRACAT! / KAPPA / AE
S TRANSFORNERS
S.1 O!L F!LLED K!RLOSKAR / UN!vERSAL / vOLTANP
S.2 DRY TYPE K!RLOSKAR / UN!vERSAL NACNET!C / vOLTANP
6 Lv BOARDS, NCC Electro Allied Product / AC POWER / System Control
7 BATTERY EX!DE
8 BATTERY CHARCER CALDYNE
CAPAC!TORS EPCOS (S!ENENS) / NEPTUNE
10 CONTACTORS S STARTERS ABB / S!ENENS
11 FUSES S FUSE BASES S!ENENS / LST / CE
12 SW!TCH FUSE S FUSE SW!TCH
UN!TS
S!ENENS / SCHNE!DER / CE / LST / ABB
13 SELECTOR SW!TCHES S ROTARY
SW!TCHES
KAYCEE / SALZER
14 A!R C!RCU!T BREAKERS ABB / SCHNE!DER / S!ENENS / CE
1S NOULDED CASE C!RCU!T BREAKERS ABB / SCHNE!DER / LST / CE
16 N!N!ATURE C!RCU!T BREAKERS LECRAND / SCHNE!DER / ABB / S!ENENS
17 RES!DUAL CURRENT C!RCU!T
BREAKERS (RCCB)
LECRAND / SCHNE!DER / ABB / S!ENENS
18 PUSH BUTTONS S!ENENS / R!SHAB
1 RELAYS ABB / CE / S!ENENS / LST
20 T!NERS LECRAND / SCHNE!DER / S!ENENS / ABB
21 !ND!CAT!NC LANPS S!ENENS / R!SHAB
22 NCB D!STR!BUT!ON BOARDS LECRAND / SCHNE!DER / S!ENENS / ABB
23 D!C!TAL NEASUR!NC !NSTRUNENTS ENERCON / LST / HPL
24 D!C!TAL K!LO WATT HOUR NETERS LST / ENERCON / HPL
2S L!CHT F!XTURES S LANPS
(!NDUSTR!AL, CONNERC!AL S
DECORAT!vE)
2S.1 !NTERNAL PH!L!PS / HAvELLS
2S.2 EXTERNAL PH!L!PS / KL!TE / BA]A]
26 HT S LT CABLES (POWER S
CONTROL)
HAvELLS / F!NOLEX
27 TELEPHONE CABLES
27.1 CATSE S CAT6 CRADE SCHNE!DER / SYST!NAX / ANP
28 PvC !NSULATED COPPER W!RES F!NOLEX (FRLS) / POLYCAB
2 PvC R!C!D CONDU!TS v!P / UN!vERSAL / K!N]AL
30 NS CONDU!TS SUPRENE / BHARAT / ECON
31 CR!NP!NC TYPE LUCS DOWELLS / 3D / BRACO
32 HT CABLE SEAL!NC K!TS REYCHEN
33 CABLE CLANDS BRACO / CONET / DOWELLS
34 !NDUSTR!AL SOCKETS !N
SHEETSTEEL ENCLOSURE W!TH
NCB
LECRAND / CL!PSAL / HENKEL
3S CE!L!NC ROSE ANCHOR / L!SHA
36 L!CHT!NC S POWER CONTROL
SW!TCHES, RECEPTACLES
ANCHOR RONA (TRESA) / NK (WRAPAROUND) /
CRABTREE / SCHNE!DER
37 CE!L!NC FANS S EXHAUST FANS CRONPTON / BA]A] / HAvELLS
38 TERN!NALS ELNEX / CONNECTWELL / WACO
3 CHANCE OvER SW!TCHES HPL

WAVE TRAP

Line trap also is known as Wave trap. What it does is trapping the high
Irequency communication signals sent on the line Irom the remote
substation and diverting them to the telecom/teleprotection panel in the
substation control room (through coupling capacitor and LMU).
The Line trap offers high impedan.e to the high frequen.
.ommuni.ation signals thus obstru.ts the flow of these signals in to
the substation busbars. If there were not to be there, then signal loss
is more and .ommuni.ation will be ineffe.tive/probabl impossible.

SUB STATI BATTE#IES

Substation batteries typically provide DC supplies Ior protection and
control equipment (principally relays), and also provide trip and close
current to circuit breakers.
Baterries are used to supply 3 types oI loads in sub stations.
1. Continuous loads- loads which require continuous battery supply.
Example- relays, emergency lights, energised coils etc.
2. Discontinuous loads- loads which require only a portion oI battery
duty cycle. Example- Iire system actuators.
3. Momentary loads- loads which occur one or more times during
battery duty cycles. Example- switch gears.

We noticed that lead acid batteries were used.
batteries are charged via a motor-generator set, and the genset and
battery condition are monitored at regular intervals throughout the
day.


UNDERGROUND CABLES IN SUBSTATIONS

We noticed cables running through under ground tunnels in
the sub station, these were meant to connect the station devices.

These cables connect the various equipments in the substation to
the monitoring systems. These also included station power
supplies. These were 3 core cables as we noticed .



CONCLUSION- THESE WERE THE THINGS WE NOTICED &
LEARNT FROM THE VISIT TO THE SUB STATION. IT WAS
QUITE AN RESOURCEFUL TRIP.