P0FTRY ls one of Lhe Lhree ma[or Lypes of llLeraLure

Lhe oLhers belng prose and drama MosL poems make use of
hlghly conclse muslcal and emoLlonally charged language
Many also make use of lmagery flguraLlve language and
speclal devlces of sound such as rhyme oems are ofLen
dlvlded lnLo llnes and sLanzas and ofLen employ regular
rhyLhmlcal paLLerns or meLers Powever some poems are
wrlLLen ouL [usL llke prose and some are wrlLLen ln free
verse

a C8AL 18Aul1lCn ls Lhe passlng of songs sLorles and
poems from generaLlon Lo generaLlon by word of mouLh

b SCML 1?LS Cl CL18?

1 A CCnC8L1L CLM ls one wlLh a shape LhaL suggesLs lLs
sub[ecL (See handouL) Wllllam 8urford's A ChrlsLmas 1ree"
ls a concreLe poem



SLar

lf you are

A Love compasslonaLe

?ou wlll walk wlLh us Lhls year

We face a glaclal dlsLance who are here Puddl'd

AL your feeL



1he llnes of Lhe poem appear on Lhe page ln a shape of a
Lree and Lhe words sLar and aL your feeL appear ln
approprlaLe poslLlons aL Lhe Lop and boLLom

2 u8AMA1lC CL18? ls poeLry LhaL lnvolves Lhe
Lechnlques of drama

a A MCnCLCCuL ls a speech by one characLer ln a play
sLory or poem

3 An LlC8AM ls a shorL poem wlLh a slngle polnL usually
Lwo Lo four llnes long buL someLlmes more 1he word
llLerally means lnscrlpLlon" and Lhey orlglnally were
lnscrlbed on Lombs

4 l8LL vL8SL ls poeLry noL wrlLLen ln a regular rhyLhmlcal
paLLern or meLer lree verse seeks Lo capLure Lhe rhyLhms of
speech

3 1he PAlku ls a Lhreellne !apanese verse form A halku
seeks Lo convey a slngle vlvld emoLlon by means of lmages
from naLure Lach llne has a cerLaln amounL of
syllables Llne 1 3
Llne 2 7 Llne 3 3

6 L?8lC CL18? ls a hlghly muslcal verse LhaL expresses Lhe
observaLlons and feellngs of a slngle speaker 1hey were aL
one Llme sung buL noL Loday 1hey sLlll have a muslcal
quallLy LhaL ls achleved Lhrough rhyLhm and oLher devlces
such as alllLeraLlon and rhyme

a A SCnnL1 ls a 14 llne lyrlc poem usually wrlLLen ln
lamblc penLameLer


l 1he SPAkLSLA8LAn (LnCLlSP) sonneL conslsLs of Lhree
quaLralns (fourllne sLanzas) and a coupleL (Lwo llnes) usually
rhymlng abab cdcd efef gg 1he coupleL usually commenLs
on Lhe ldeas conLalned ln Lhe precedlng Lwelve llnes 1he
sonneL ls usually noL prlnLed wlLh sLanzas dlvlded buL a
reader can see dlsLlncL ldeas ln each


ll 1he L18A8CPAn (l1ALlAn) sonneL conslsLs of an ocLave
(elghL llne sLanza) and a sesLeL (slxllne sLanza) CfLen Lhe
ocLave rhymes abbaabba and Lhe sesLeL rhymes cdecde 1he
ocLave sLaLes a Lheme or asks a quesLlon 1he sesLeL
commenLs on or answers a quesLlon

7 A nA88A1lvL CLM ls one LhaL Lells a sLory

c SLAkL8 ls Lhe lmaglnary volce assumed by Lhe wrlLer of
a poem ln many poems Lhe speaker ls noL ldenLlfled by
name When readlng a poem remember LhaL Lhe speaker
and Lhe poeL are noL Lhe same person noL more Lhan an
acLor ls Lhe playwrlghL 1he speaker wlLhln Lhe poem may be
a person an anlmal a Lhlng or an absLracLlon

d S18uC1u8L Cl CL18?

1 8LAnk vL8SL ls poeLry wrlLLen ln unrhymed lamblc
penLameLer llnes 1hls verse form was wldely used by
LllzabeLhan dramaLlsLs llke Wllllam Shakespeare

2 A 8Ll8Aln ls a repeaLed llne or group of llnes ln a poem
or song

3 A S1AnZA ls a formal dlvlslon of llnes ln a poem
consldered as a unlL CfLen Lhe sLanzas ln a poem are
separaLed by spaces SLanzas are someLlmes named
accordlng Lo Lhe number of llnes found ln Lhem

a 2 llnes coupleL

b 3 llnes LerceL

c 4 llnes quaLraln

d 3 llnes clnqualn

e 6 llnes sesLeL

f 7 llnes hepLasLlch

g 8 llnes ocLave

4 ML1L8 of a poem ls lLs rhyLhmlcal paLLern 1hls paLLern
ls deLermlned by Lhe number and Lypes of sLresses or beaLs
ln each llne

e SCunu uLvlCLS

l ALLl1L8A1lCn ls Lhe
repeLlLlon of lnlLlal consonanL sounds WrlLers use
alllLeraLlon Lo glve emphasls Lo words Lo lmlLaLe sounds and
Lo creaLe muslcal effecLs

1here wlll come sofL ralns

and Lhe smell of Lhe ground

and swallows clrcllng

wlLh Lhelr shlmmerlng sound

ll ASSCnAnCL ls Lhe
repeLlLlon of vowel sounds followed by dlfferenL consonanLs
ln Lwo or more syllables

1 weak and weary" ln 1he 8aven"

lll CCnSCnAnCL ls Lhe
repeLlLlon ln Lwo or more words of flnal consonanLs ln
sLressed syllables

1 addread"

lv ulALLC1 ls Lhe form of a
language spoken by people ln a parLlcular reglon or group
ronunclaLlon vocabulary and senLence sLrucLure are
affecLed by dlalecL

v CnCMA1CCLlA ls Lhe
use of words LhaL lmlLaLe sounds Whlrr Lhud slzzle buzz
and hlss are Lyplcal examples

vl 8LL1l1lCn ls Lhe use
more Lhan once of any elemenL of language a sound a
word a phrase a clause or a senLence oeLs use many
klnds of repeLlLlon AlllLeraLlon assonance rhyme and
rhyLhm are repeLlLlons of cerLaln sounds and sound paLLerns

vll 8Ll8Aln ls a repeaLed llne
or group of llnes

vlll 8P?ML ls Lhe repeLlLlon of
sounds aL Lhe ends of words

1 Lnd rhyme occurs when Lhe rhymlng words come aL Lhe
end of llnes

2 lnLernal rhyme occurs when Lhe rhymlng words appear ln
Lhe same llne

lx 8P?ML SCPLML ls a
regular paLLern of rhymlng words ln a poem 1he rhyme
scheme of a poem ls lndlcaLed by uslng dlfferenL leLLers of Lhe
alphabeL for each new rhyme

x 8P?1PM ls Lhe paLLern
of beaLs or sLresses ln spoken or wrlLLen language Some
poems have a very speclflc paLLern or meLer whereas prose
and free verse use Lhe naLural rhyLhms of everyday speech

f WA?S 1C MLAnlnC

l Ll1L8AL LAnCuACL
uses words ln Lhelr ordlnary senses lL ls Lhe opposlLe of
flguraLlve language

ll llCu8A1lvL LAnCuACL
ls wrlLlng or speech noL meanL Lo be lnLerpreLed llLerally

1 SlMlLL uses llke or as" Lo make a comparlson

a 8eLween Lwo unllke ldeas

b !lm ls as fasL as 8lck noL a slmlle

c !lm runs llke a deer slmlle

2 ML1APC8 one Lhlng ls spoken of as Lhough lL were
someLhlng else

a uCLS nC1 uSL LlkL C8 AS

b !lm ls a deer

3 lMACL8? ls a word or phrase LhaL appeals Lo one or more
of Lhe flve senses slghL hearlng Louch LasLe or smell
WrlLers use lmages Lo recreaLe sensory experlences ln
words

4 A8Cu? ls a work done ln lmlLaLlon of anoLher usually ln
order Lo mock lL buL someLlmes [usL ln fun 1he followlng
llnes are Lewls Carroll's parody of Lhe famlllar chlldren's
rhyme 1wlnkle 1wlnkle LlLLle SLar"



1wlnkle Lwlnkle llLLle baL!

Pow l wonder whaL you're aL!

up above Lhe world you fly

Llke a LeaLray ln Lhe sky



3 L8SCnlllCA1lCn ls a Lype or flguraLlve language ln
whlch a nonhuman sub[ecL ls glven human characLerlsLlcs


oeLry ls one of Lhe Lhree ma[or Lypes of llLeraLure
Lhe oLhers belng prose and drama MosL poems make use of
hlghly conclse muslcal and emoLlonally charged language
Many also make use of lmagery flguraLlve language and
speclal devlces of sound such as rhyme oems are ofLen
dlvlded lnLo llnes and sLanzas and ofLen employ regular
rhyLhmlcal paLLerns or meLers Powever some poems are
wrlLLen ouL [usL llke prose and some are wrlLLen ln free
verse

a C8AL 18Aul1lCn ls Lhe passlng of songs sLorles and
poems from generaLlon Lo generaLlon by word of mouLh

b SCML 1?LS Cl CL18?

1 A CCnC8L1L CLM ls one wlLh a shape LhaL suggesLs lLs
sub[ecL (See handouL) Wllllam 8urford's A ChrlsLmas 1ree"
ls a concreLe poem



SLar

lf you are

A Love compasslonaLe

?ou wlll walk wlLh us Lhls year

We face a glaclal dlsLance who are here Puddl'd

AL your feeL



1he llnes of Lhe poem appear on Lhe page ln a shape of a
Lree and Lhe words sLar and aL your feeL appear ln
approprlaLe poslLlons aL Lhe Lop and boLLom

2 u8AMA1lC CL18? ls poeLry LhaL lnvolves Lhe
Lechnlques of drama

a A MCnCLCCuL ls a speech by one characLer ln a play
sLory or poem

3 An LlC8AM ls a shorL poem wlLh a slngle polnL usually
Lwo Lo four llnes long buL someLlmes more 1he word
llLerally means lnscrlpLlon" and Lhey orlglnally were
lnscrlbed on Lombs

4 l8LL vL8SL ls poeLry noL wrlLLen ln a regular rhyLhmlcal
paLLern or meLer lree verse seeks Lo capLure Lhe rhyLhms of
speech

3 1he PAlku ls a Lhreellne !apanese verse form A halku
seeks Lo convey a slngle vlvld emoLlon by means of lmages
from naLure Lach llne has a cerLaln amounL of
syllables Llne 1 3
Llne 2 7 Llne 3 3

6 L?8lC CL18? ls a hlghly muslcal verse LhaL expresses Lhe
observaLlons and feellngs of a slngle speaker 1hey were aL
one Llme sung buL noL Loday 1hey sLlll have a muslcal
quallLy LhaL ls achleved Lhrough rhyLhm and oLher devlces
such as alllLeraLlon and rhyme

a A SCnnL1 ls a 14 llne lyrlc poem usually wrlLLen ln
lamblc penLameLer


l 1he SPAkLSLA8LAn (LnCLlSP) sonneL conslsLs of Lhree
quaLralns (fourllne sLanzas) and a coupleL (Lwo llnes) usually
rhymlng abab cdcd efef gg 1he coupleL usually commenLs
on Lhe ldeas conLalned ln Lhe precedlng Lwelve llnes 1he
sonneL ls usually noL prlnLed wlLh sLanzas dlvlded buL a
reader can see dlsLlncL ldeas ln each


ll 1he L18A8CPAn (l1ALlAn) sonneL conslsLs of an ocLave
(elghL llne sLanza) and a sesLeL (slxllne sLanza) CfLen Lhe
ocLave rhymes abbaabba and Lhe sesLeL rhymes cdecde 1he
ocLave sLaLes a Lheme or asks a quesLlon 1he sesLeL
commenLs on or answers a quesLlon

7 A nA88A1lvL CLM ls one LhaL Lells a sLory

c SLAkL8 ls Lhe lmaglnary volce assumed by Lhe wrlLer of
a poem ln many poems Lhe speaker ls noL ldenLlfled by
name When readlng a poem remember LhaL Lhe speaker
and Lhe poeL are noL Lhe same person noL more Lhan an
acLor ls Lhe playwrlghL 1he speaker wlLhln Lhe poem may be
a person an anlmal a Lhlng or an absLracLlon

d S18uC1u8L Cl CL18?

1 8LAnk vL8SL ls poeLry wrlLLen ln unrhymed lamblc
penLameLer llnes 1hls verse form was wldely used by
LllzabeLhan dramaLlsLs llke Wllllam Shakespeare

2 A 8Ll8Aln ls a repeaLed llne or group of llnes ln a poem
or song

3 A S1AnZA ls a formal dlvlslon of llnes ln a poem
consldered as a unlL CfLen Lhe sLanzas ln a poem are
separaLed by spaces SLanzas are someLlmes named
accordlng Lo Lhe number of llnes found ln Lhem

a 2 llnes coupleL

b 3 llnes LerceL

c 4 llnes quaLraln

d 3 llnes clnqualn

e 6 llnes sesLeL

f 7 llnes hepLasLlch

g 8 llnes ocLave

4 ML1L8 of a poem ls lLs rhyLhmlcal paLLern 1hls paLLern
ls deLermlned by Lhe number and Lypes of sLresses or beaLs
ln each llne

e SCunu uLvlCLS

l ALLl1L8A1lCn ls Lhe
repeLlLlon of lnlLlal consonanL sounds WrlLers use
alllLeraLlon Lo glve emphasls Lo words Lo lmlLaLe sounds and
Lo creaLe muslcal effecLs

1here wlll come sofL ralns

and Lhe smell of Lhe ground

and swallows clrcllng

wlLh Lhelr shlmmerlng sound

ll ASSCnAnCL ls Lhe
repeLlLlon of vowel sounds followed by dlfferenL consonanLs
ln Lwo or more syllables

1 weak and weary" ln 1he 8aven"

lll CCnSCnAnCL ls Lhe
repeLlLlon ln Lwo or more words of flnal consonanLs ln
sLressed syllables

1 addread"

lv ulALLC1 ls Lhe form of a
language spoken by people ln a parLlcular reglon or group
ronunclaLlon vocabulary and senLence sLrucLure are
affecLed by dlalecL

v CnCMA1CCLlA ls Lhe
use of words LhaL lmlLaLe sounds Whlrr Lhud slzzle buzz
and hlss are Lyplcal examples

vl 8LL1l1lCn ls Lhe use
more Lhan once of any elemenL of language a sound a
word a phrase a clause or a senLence oeLs use many
klnds of repeLlLlon AlllLeraLlon assonance rhyme and
rhyLhm are repeLlLlons of cerLaln sounds and sound paLLerns

vll 8Ll8Aln ls a repeaLed llne
or group of llnes

vlll 8P?ML ls Lhe repeLlLlon of
sounds aL Lhe ends of words

1 Lnd rhyme occurs when Lhe rhymlng words come aL Lhe
end of llnes

2 lnLernal rhyme occurs when Lhe rhymlng words appear ln
Lhe same llne

lx 8P?ML SCPLML ls a
regular paLLern of rhymlng words ln a poem 1he rhyme
scheme of a poem ls lndlcaLed by uslng dlfferenL leLLers of Lhe
alphabeL for each new rhyme

x 8P?1PM ls Lhe paLLern
of beaLs or sLresses ln spoken or wrlLLen language Some
poems have a very speclflc paLLern or meLer whereas prose
and free verse use Lhe naLural rhyLhms of everyday speech

f WA?S 1C MLAnlnC

l Ll1L8AL LAnCuACL
uses words ln Lhelr ordlnary senses lL ls Lhe opposlLe of
flguraLlve language

ll llCu8A1lvL LAnCuACL
ls wrlLlng or speech noL meanL Lo be lnLerpreLed llLerally

1 SlMlLL uses llke or as" Lo make a comparlson

a 8eLween Lwo unllke ldeas

b !lm ls as fasL as 8lck noL a slmlle

c !lm runs llke a deer slmlle

2 ML1APC8 one Lhlng ls spoken of as Lhough lL were
someLhlng else

a uCLS nC1 uSL LlkL C8 AS

b !lm ls a deer

3 lMACL8? ls a word or phrase LhaL appeals Lo one or more
of Lhe flve senses slghL hearlng Louch LasLe or smell
WrlLers use lmages Lo recreaLe sensory experlences ln
words

4 A8Cu? ls a work done ln lmlLaLlon of anoLher usually ln
order Lo mock lL buL someLlmes [usL ln fun 1he followlng
llnes are Lewls Carroll's parody of Lhe famlllar chlldren's
rhyme 1wlnkle 1wlnkle LlLLle SLar"



1wlnkle Lwlnkle llLLle baL!

Pow l wonder whaL you're aL!

up above Lhe world you fly

Llke a LeaLray ln Lhe sky



3 L8SCnlllCA1lCn ls a Lype or flguraLlve language ln
whlch a nonhuman sub[ecL ls glven human characLerlsLlcs

THFHF
1he messag1one
T0tF ALLlLude a wrlLer Lakes Loward Lhe sub[ecL or audlence of a poem 1he sub[ecL of Lhe poem ls
crocodlles 1he auLhor's aLLlLude Lowards crocodlles ls LhaL Lhey are dangerous 1he Crocodlle" Pow
doLh Lhe llLLle crocodlle lmprove hls shlnlng Lall And pour Lhe waLer of Lhe nlle Cn every golden scale!
Pow cheerfully he seems Lo grln Pow neaLly spreads hls claws And welcomes llLLle flshes ln WlLh genLly
smlllng [aws!e polnL of vlew and ldea of Lhe poem