1. Stress- Strain curve for 6061-T6 aluminum alloy Data was chosen to obtain a reasonably shaped curve.

6061-T6 Aluminum Alloy Stress-Strain Curve

350 300 250
Yield Strength = 276MPa Tensile Strength = 310 MPa

3. 4 Legs lo = 400mm A (cross section) = 50mm * 25mm P = 6,300,000N ll (leg length under load) = 397.6mm (completely elastic strain) a) The table legs are loaded in compression. The legs, which are shortened under loading, return to their original length when the load is removed; this indicates that all the strain is elastic. b) The cross section area will increase under compression; after the load is released the dimensions will return to their original values. #z = (lf lo) / lo = (397.6mm-400mm) / 400mm = -0.006 ! = -#y / #z therefore #y = -#z * ! = 0.006 * .30 = 0.0018 #y = (lf lo) / lo therefore lf = #y* lo + lo lf = (0.0018*25mm)+25mm = 25.045mm ! = -#x / #z therefore, #x = -! * #z = -0.30 *-0.006 = .0018 lf = (0.0018*50mm)+50mm = 50.09mm c) " = P/A = 6,300,000N / 4x(25.045*50.09)mm2 = 1255.5 MPa (NOTE multiplication by 4 in denominator to account for 4 legs) "z > 1255.5 MPa d) E = " / # = 1255.5 MPa / 0.006 = 209 GPa 4. a) Section 7.20 discusses two ways of incorporating a margin of error into engineering structural calculations for greater safety: design stress and safe stress. The design stress method assumes know conditions, and overestimates them to produce a conservative estimate. The safe stress method assumes know material properties and underestimates them to produce a conservative estimate. Design stress is usually preferred since it is based on the anticipated maximum applied stress instead of the yield strength of the material. b) Case 1- Safe Stress- because the yield strength of the material is known and wind is a factor effecting the yield strength Case 2- Design Stress- because the strength of the bed is unknown and must be estimated (determination of an applied stress) c) In both cases, the stresses are altered to provide a margin of error. The required truck bed strength will be overestimated, while the allowable wind speed will be underestimated.

Strain (%)

Failure Strain = 0.175 = 17.5%

200 150 100 50 0 0 4 8 12 Stress (MPa) 16 20

Slope = Modulus = 69GPa

2.

Annealed Pure Copper

E (GPa) G (GPa) 46 !(unitless) 0.34 "y (MPa) 69 "t (MPa) 200 Ductility (%EL) 45 n 0.44 K (MPa) 530

Copper

110

a) E = "y / # therefore # = "y / E = 69MPa / 110,000MPa = 0.000627 unitless # = (lf lo) / lo therefore lf = #* lo + lo lf = (0.000627*100mm)+100mm = 100.0627mm (0.0627mm stretched) b) ! = -#y / #z therefore #y = -#z* ! = -0.000627*0.34 = -0.0002132 rf = #* ro + ro = (-0.0002132*5mm)+5mm = 4.999mm c) %EL = % plastic strain at fracture = 45% or .45 Total #f = plastic strain + elastic strain = 0.45 + 0.000627 = 0.450627 #T = ln(1+#f) = ln(1+0.450627) = 0.3720 "T = K#Tn = 530MPa * 0.37200.44 = 343 MPa (NOTE that this is much higher than given value of 200 MPa above) d) "T, f = "f(1+#f) therefore "f = "T,f/(1+#f) "f = = 343 MPa / (1+0.450627) = 237 MPa This answer is questionable because 237 MPa is greater than the given tensile strength of 200 MPa, and we expect fracture strength in engineering stress terms to be below tensile strength. The fact that we have utilized Eqn 7.19 in a case where necking is likely helps explain this discrepancy. 1

5. a) For the brass specimen, the stress-strain behavior for which is shown in Figure 7.12, the tensile strength is 450MPa. From Figure 7.31, the hardness for brass corresponding to this tensile strength is about 125HB or 70HRB. b) The steel alloy (Figure 7.33) has a tensile strength of about 1970 MPa. This corresponds to a hardness of about 560HB or ~55HRC from the line (extended) for steels in Figure 7.31. c) Hardness tests are non-destructive, quick, and simple; they are often used for quality control. d) Strength-hardness correlations are material dependent. No overall relationship exists between the two values (strength and hardness). 6.

7.
Relaxation Modulus vs. Temp for PMMA
10000

1000

Relaxation Modulus MPa

100

0.01 hrs 10 hrs

E = E0 (1 ! 1.9 P + 0.9 P 2 )

" fs = " 0 e ( ! nP )
Plug in values at P= 0 to find 90 = E0 (1 ! 1.9(0) + 0.9(0) 2 )

10

1 0 20 40 60 80 Temperature C 100 120 140 160

E0 = 90GPa 220 = " 0 e " 0 = 220 MPa

( ! n ( 0 ))

The glass transition temperature will be 105 to 110 C The melt temperature will be around 140 or 150 C The 0.01 hour time yields larger values of Er than the 10 hour time, since less relaxation has been allowed to occur at the lower time values. This also influences the T[g] and T[m] estimates to some degree. 8. Use Equation 8.2, $r = " cos(%) cos(&), and the closely related Eqns 8.3 & 8.4. a) For " =12 MPa, % = 60 and & = 35 Eqn 8.3 gives a resolved shear stress of $r = 4.91 MPa. Since this is less than the critical stress, no yielding will occur. b) To reach the critical resolved shear stress, Eqn 8.4 shows that an applied tensile stress of 15.1 MPa would be needed.

Then find (n) by plugging in 25% values 60 = 220e("n(.25)) n = 5.197 Next solve for 50% values E = 90(1"1.9(.5) + 0.9(.5)2 ) = 24.75GPa

# fs = 220e("5.197*0.5) = 16.36MPa

c) If the slip plane normal angle were reoriented to 0, all possible slip directions would be at angles of 90 [cos(&)=0], giving a resolved shear stress of zero. At the opposite extreme, a slip plane normal angle of 90 [cos(%)=0] for any possible slip direction would also give a resolved stress of exactly zero. The max resolved shear stress would occur when both % & & = 45, when $r would equal 6 MPa.

9) Refer to Figs 8.15 and 8.19 a) The minimum yield strength of 25 MPa shown is at the point where d-1/2=0. This will be "0 = 25 MPa. The slope of the yield strength line represents kY and can be visually estimated as kY = 12.5 MPamm1/2 (or 0.395 MPam1/2). b) As suggested by the method above, "0 represents the minimum strength level of the material, which would occur at d-1/2=0, or d=! (the strength when there are no grain boundaries present, because there is only a single grain). c) A grain size of 2.0 x 10-3 mm gives d-1/2=22.36 mm-1/2. Given the constants from part (a), this should correspond to a strength of approximately 305 MPa. d) The brass in Fig 8.19 shows an undeformed yield strength of approximately 175 MPa (when no additional dislocation strengthening would exist). Here, the strength level would be entirely due to grain size and alloying (composition) effects. If the composition is the same as in Fig 8.15, then the grain size should be d-1/2=12 mm-1/2 or d=0.0069 mm.