Convection 2

DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW

Finite control volume approach is very practical and useful, since it
does not generally require a detailed knowledge of the pressure and
velocityvariations withinthe control volume
Problems could be solved without a detailed knowledge of the flow
field
Unfortunately, there are many situations that arise in which details of
the flow are important and the finite control volume approach will not
yieldthe desiredinformation
How the velocity varies over the cross section of a pipe, how the
pressure and shear stress vary along the surface of an airplane wing
In these circumstances we need to develop relationships that apply at
a point, or at least in a very small region infinitesimal volume within a
givenflowfield. This approach- DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS
DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS PROVIDES VERY DETAILED KNOWLEDGE OF
AFLOWFIELD
Control volume analysis
Interior of the CV is
BLACK BOX
Differential analysis
All the details of the flow are
solved at every point within
the flow domain
Flow out
Flow in
Flow out
Control volume
F

Flow out
Flow out
Flow domain
F

Flow in
LINEAR MOTION AND DEFORMATION
General
motion
+
+
+
=
Translation Linear
deformation
Rotation
Angular
deformation
Element at t
0
Element at t
0
+t
TRANSLATION
If all points in the element have the same velocity which is
only true if there are no velocity gradients, then the
element will simply TRANSLATE from one position to
another.
vt
ut
v
u
O
O
LINEAR DEFORMATION
Because of the presence of velocity gradients, the element will
generally be deformed and rotated as it moves. For example,
consider the effect of a single velocity gradient
On a small cube having sides
x
u
c
c
z and y , x o o o
A O
B C
O
B C
A
u
u x
x
o
c
+
c
u
u x
x
o
c
+
c
x
y
u
u
u
x t
x
o o
c | |
|
c
\ .
C
A
y
x
x component of velocity of O and B = u
x component of velocity of A and C =
This difference in the velocity causes a STRETCHING of the volume
element by a volume
Rate at which the volume oV is changing per unit volume due
the gradient
x
x
u
u o
c
c
+
( )( ) t z y x
x
u
o o o o
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
x
u
c
c
( )
x
u
t
t
x
u
0 t
Lim
t d
V d
V
1
c
c
=
(
(

c
c
c
c

=
o
o
o
( )
z
w
y
v
x
u
t d
V d
V
1
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
o
o
If the velocity gradients are also present
z
w
&
y
v
c
c
c
c
This rate of change of volume per unit volume is called the
VOLUMETRIC DILATION RATE
Volume of the fluid may change as the element moves from one
location to another in the flow field
Incompressible fluid volumetric dilation rate = zero
Change in volume element = zero; fluid density = constant
(The element mass is conserved)
Variations in the velocity in the direction of velocity cause
LINEAR DEFORMATION
z
w
&
y
v
,
x
u
c
c
c
c
c
c
Linear deformation of the element does not change the shape of
the element
Cross derivates cause the element to ROTATE and undergo
ANGULAR DEFORMATION
x
v
,
y
u
c
c
c
c
Angular deformation of the element changes the shape of the
element
ANGULAR MOTION AND DEFORMATION
Consider x-y plane. In a short time interval ot line segment OA and
OB will rotate through angles ooand o| to the new positions OA
and OB
A O
B C
u
u y
y
o
c
+
c
v
v x
x
o
c
+
c
x
y
u
v
A O
B
C
u
y t
y
o o
| | c
|
c
\ .
v
x t
x
o o
c | |
|
c
\ .
o|
oo
x
y
B
A
Angular velocity of OA, e
OA
t
a
Lim
0 t
oA
o
o
o
e

=
t
x
v
x
t x
x
v
Tan o
o
o o
oo oo
c
c
=
c
c
= ~
For small angles
( )
x
v
c
c
- positive
oA
e
- counterclockwise
t
Lim
0 t
oB
o
| o
o
e

=
t
y
u
y
t y
y
u
Tan o
o
o o
o| o|
c
c
=
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
= ~
x
v
t
t
x
v
Lim
0 t
oA
c
c
=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

=
o
o
o
e
y
u
t
t
y
u
Lim
0 t
oB
c
c
=
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

=
o
o
o
e
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
y
u
- positive
oB
e
- clockwise
Rotation e
z
of the element about the z-axis is defined as the average
of the angular velocities e
oA
and e
oB
of the two mutually
perpendicular lines OA and OB. Thus, if counterclockwise rotation is
considered positive, it follows that
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
=
y
u
x
v
2
1
z
e
Rotation e
x
of the element about the x-axis
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
=
z
v
y
w
2
1
x
e
Rotation e
y
of the element about the y-axis
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
=
x
w
z
u
2
1
y
e
k

z
j

y
i

x
e e e e + + =
V
2
1
V curl
2
1
V = = e
Vorticity O is defined as the vector that is twice the rotation vector
V 2
Fluid element will rotate about the z axis as an undeformed block
(ie., e
oA
= - e
oB
) only when Otherwise, the
rotation will be associated with an angular deformation
x
v
y
u
c
c
=
c
c
y
u
x
v
c
c
=
c
c
Rotation around the z axis is zero.
0 V = V
Rotation and vorticity are zero;
FLOW FIELD IS IRROTATIONAL
In addition to rotation associated with derivatives
These derivatives can cause the fluid element to undergo an angular
deformation which results in change of shape
Change in the original right angle formed by the lines OA and
OB is SHEARING STRAIN o
o = oo + o|
o is positive if the original right angle is decreasing
Rate of Shearing Strain or Rate of Angular Deformation
x
v
&
y
u
c
c
c
c
x
v
y
u
t
t
y
u
t
x
v
Lim
0 t
t
Lim
0 t
c
c
+
c
c
=
(
(
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c

= |
.
|

\
|

=
o
o o
o
o
o
o

x
v
y
u
c
c
+
c
c
=

Rate of angular deformation is related to a corresponding shearing

stress which causes the fluid element to change in shape
x
v
y
u
c
c
=
c
c
Rate of angular deformation is zero;
Element is simply rotating as an
undeformed block
Rotation
Incompressible flow field
Fluid elements may translate, distort,
and rotote but do not grow or shrink
in volume
Compressible flow field
Fluid elements may grow or shrink in
volume as they translate, distort or
rotate
Volume = V
2
Volume = V
2
= V
1
Volume = V
1
Time = t
2
Volume = V
1
Time = t
1
Time = t
1
Time = t
2
(a)
(b)
CONSERVATION OF MASS OR CONTINUITY EQUATION
Time rate of change
of the mass of the
coincident system
Time rate of change of
the mass of the
contents of the
coincident control
volume
Net rate of flow of
mass through the
control surface
0 dA n

V V d
t
cs cv
=
}
- +
}
c

o
z y x
t
V d
t
cv
o o o

o c
c

}
c
- +
c
=
cs cv
sys
dA n

bV V bd
t t D
DB

o
x
1
y
1
z
1
dx
dy
dz
x
y
z
o x
o y
o z
j
i
K
z y u o o
( )
z y x
x
u
z y u o o o

o o
c
c
+
z x v o o
( )
z y x
y
v
z x v o o o

o o
c
c
+
( )
z y x
z
w
y x w o o o

o o
c
c
+
y x w o o
cs
dA n

V
z y u y x w z x v z y u z y x
t
o o o o o o o o o o o

+
c
c
0 dA n

V V d
t
cs cv
=
}
- +
}
c

o
( ) ( ) ( )
0 z y x
z
w
y x w z y x
y
v
z x v z y x
x
u
=
c
c
+ +
c
c
+ +
c
c
+ o o o

o o o o o

o o o o o

( ) ( ) ( )
0 z y x
z
w
z y x
y
v
z y x
x
u
z y x
t
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
o o o

o o o

o o o

o o o

0
z
w
y
v
x
u
t
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
t c
c
( )
x
u
c
c
+
( )
y
v
c
c
+

( )
0
z
w
=
c
c
+

0
z
w
z
w
y
v
y
v
x
u
x
u
t
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c

0
z
w
y
v
x
u
z
w
y
v
x
u
t
=
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c


0 V

.
t D
D
= V +

=
}
- +
}
c
volume control
of contents
cs cv
F dA n

V V V Vd
t

o
CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
RATE OF INCREASE
OF
x-MOMENTUM
RATE AT
WHICH x-
MOMENTUM
ENTERS
RATE AT
WHICH x-
MOMENTUM
ENTERS
- +
SUM OF THE
X-COMP
FORCES
APPLIED TO
FLUID IN CV
=
( )
z y x
t
u
V Vd
t
cv
o o o

o c
c
=
}
c
SURFACE FORCES
NORMAL STRESSES
SHEAR STRESSES
PRESSURE
BODY FORCES
GRAVITY FORCES
CORIOLIS FORCES
CENTRIFUGAL FORCES
o x
o y
o z
j
i
K
cs
dA n

V V
( ) z y u u o o
( ) z y x
x
u
z y u u
2
o o o

o o
c
c
+
( ) z x v u o o
( )
( )
z y x
y
uv
z y v u o o o

o o
c
c
+
( ) y x w u o o
( )
( )
z y x
z
uw
y x w u o o o

o o
c
c
+
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
LHS z y x
z
uw
z y w u
z y x
y
uv
z x v u z y x
x
u
z y u u
y x w u z x v u z y u u z y x
t
u
2
=
c
c
+ +
c
c
+ +
c
c
+ +

c
c
o o o

o o
o o o

o o o o o

o o
o o o o o o o o o

z y x
LHS
z
uw
y
uv
x
u
t
u
2
o o o

=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
( ) ( ) ( )
z y x
LHS
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
u
y
w
y
v
x
u
t
u
o o o

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z y x
LHS
Dt
Du
o
xx
o
xy
o
xz
o
yy
o
yz
o
yx
o
xy
o
xz
o
xx
First subscript denotes the direction of the normal to the
plane on which the stress acts
Second subscript denotes the direction of the stress
o x
o y
o z
j
i
K
z y
xx
o o o
z y x
x
z y
xx
xx
o o o
o
o o o
c
c
+
z x
yx
o o o
z y x
y
z x
yx
yx
o o o
o
o o o
c
c
+
z y P o o
z y x
x
P
z y P o o o o o
c
c
+
z y x
RHS
f
z y x x
P
x
zx
yx
xx
o o o
o
o
o
= +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c

x
f
z
zx
y
yx
x
xx
x
P
Dt
Du
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
o
o
o

CAUCHYS EQN
( ) V

.
3
2
x
u
2
xx
V
c
c
= o
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
x
v
y
u
xy
o
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
x
w
z
u
xz
o
( )
x
f
x
w
z
u
z x
v
y
u
y
V

.
3
2
x
u
2
x x
P
Dt
Du
+
(

|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+
(

V
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
=
( )
x
2
2
2
2
2
2
f V

.
3
2
z
w
y
v
x
u
x
z
u
y
u
x
u
x
P
Dt
Du
+
(

V
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+
(
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
y
2
2
2
2
2
2
f V

.
3 y
z
v
y
v
x
v
y
P
Dt
Dv
+
(

V
c
c
+
(
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=


x
f V

.
3 x
2
z
u
2
2
y
u
2
2
x
u
2
x
P
Dt
Du
+
(

V
c
c
+
(
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=


y
2
2
2
2
2
2
f V

.
3 y
z
v
y
v
x
v
y
P
Dt
Dv
+
(

V
c
c
+
(
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=


( )
x
2
2
2
2
2
2
f V

.
3 x
z
u
y
u
x
u
x
P
Dt
Du
+
(

V
c
c
+
(
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=


z
2
2
2
2
2
2
f V

.
3 z
z
w
y
w
x
w
z
P
Dt
Dw
+
(

V
c
c
+
(
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=


VISCOUS COMPRESSIBLE FLUID WITH CONSTANT VISCOSITY
f V

.
3
V

P
Dt
V

D
2
+ V V + V + V =


VISCOUS COMPRESSIBLE FLUID WITH CONSTANT VISCOSITY
f V

.
3
V

P
Dt
V

D
2
+ V V + V + V =


VISCOUS INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID WITH CONSTANT VISCOSITY
f V

P
Dt
V

D
2
+ V + V =
INVISCID INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID WITH CONSTANT VISCOSITY
f P
Dt
V

D
+ V =
EULERS EQN
g
x
p
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
u

c
c
=
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
s
z
g
s
p
s
u
u
c
c

c
c
=
c
c

Along a stream line
g
gsinu
u
oz
os
ds
s
z
g ds
s
p
ds
s
u
u
c
c

c
c
=
c
c

gdz dp udu =
C gz P
2
u
2
= + +
C gz
2
u p
2
= + +

y
2
2
2
2
2
2
f V

.
3 y
z
v
y
v
x
v
y
P
Dt
Dv
+
(

V
c
c
+
(
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=


( )
x
2
2
2
2
2
2
f V

.
3 x
z
u
y
u
x
u
x
P
Dt
Du
+
(

V
c
c
+
(
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=


z
2
2
2
2
2
2
f V

.
3 z
z
w
y
w
x
w
z
P
Dt
Dw
+
(

V
c
c
+
(
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=


0 V

.
t D
D
= V +

Navier French mathematician Stokes English Mechanician

FOUR EQUATION AND FOUR UNKNOWNS U,V,W AND P
Mathematically well posed
Nonlinear, second order partial differential equations
Continuity equation
X- momentum
Y- momentum
Z- momentum
Relation between Stress and Rate
of Strain
Relation between Stress and Rate of Strain
In elasticity, the relationship between the stress and strain of a solid body within
the elastic limit is governedby Hookes Law.
The generalised Hookes law states that each of the six stress components may be
expressed as a linear function of the six components of strain and vice versa
The validity of this assumption has been verified by experiments for continuous,
homogenous and isotropic materials.
In a fluid, the physical lawconnection the stress and rate of strain can also be made
by the following simpleand reasonable assumptions:
a. The stress components may be expressed as a linear function of the rates of
strain components
b. The relations between stress components and rates of strain components
must be invariant to a coordinate transformation consisting of either a
rotation or a mirror reflectionof axes.
c. The stress components must reduce to the hydrostatic pressure p when all
the gradients of velocities are zero
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
D C B A
D C B A
D C B A
xy yy xx xy
xy yy xx yy
xy yy xx xx
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
c c o
c c o
c c o
where the As, Bs, Cs and Ds are constants to be determined. The
assumption (b) requires that the stress-rate of strain relation remains
unaltered with respect to a newcoordinate system.
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
D C B A
D C B A
D C B A
y x y y x x y x
y x y y x x y y
y x y y x x x x
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
c c o
c c o
c c o
(1)
(2)
u o u
o o
o
u o u
o o o o
o
u o u
o o o o
o
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
cos sin
sin cos
sin cos
xy
yy xx
y x
xy
yy xx yy xx
y y
xy
yy xx yy xx
x x
+

+
=
+

+
+
=
' '
' '
' '
Transformation of stress components
(3)
x
y
y
x' y'
o
x' x'
o
xx
o
xy
o
xy
o yy
o
1 X
1 Y
x
u
B
C
o
2 X
y
xy
o
yy
o
u
y
x
E
D
xy
o
xx
o
2 Y
x
o
Substituting equation (1) into equation (3)
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
D C B A
D C B A
D C B A
xy yy xx xy
xy yy xx yy
xy yy xx xx
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
c c o
c c o
c c o
u o u
o o
o
u o u
o o o o
o
u o u
o o o o
o
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
cos sin
sin cos
sin cos
xy
yy xx
y x
xy
yy xx yy xx
y y
xy
yy xx yy xx
x x
+

+
=
+

+
+
=
' '
' '
' '
(1)
(3)
( ) u c c
u
c c c c c c c c
o
2
2
2 2
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
sin D C B A
cos
D C B A D C B A D C B A D C B A
xy yy xx
xy yy xx xy yy xx xy yy xx xy yy xx
x x
+ + + +
+ + +
+
+ + + + + + +
=
' '
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) |
.
|

\
|
+ + + + |
.
|

\
|
+ + + +
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + + |
.
|

\
|
+ + + =
' '
u u u u u u
u u u c u u u c o
2 2 1
2
2 1
2
2 2 1
2
2 1
2
2 2 1
2
2 1
2
2 2 1
2
2 1
2
3
2 1
3
2 1
3
2 1
3
2 1
sin D cos
D
cos
D
sin C cos
C
cos
C
sin B cos
B
cos
B
sin A cos
A
cos
A
xy
yy xx x x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) |
.
|

\
|
+ + + + |
.
|

\
|
+ + + +
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + + |
.
|

\
|
+ + + =
' '
u u u u u u
u u u c u u u c o
2 2 1
2
2 1
2
2 2 1
2
2 1
2
2 2 1
2
2 1
2
2 2 1
2
2 1
2
3
2 1
3
2 1
3
2 1
3
2 1
sin D cos
D
cos
D
sin C cos
C
cos
C
sin B cos
B
cos
B
sin A cos
A
cos
A
xy
yy xx x x
(4)
We know that
u

u
c c
u u
c c c c
c
u u
c c c c
c
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
cos sin
sin cos
sin cos
xy yy xx y x
xy
yy xx yy xx
y y
xy
yy xx yy xx
x x
+

+
=
+

+
+
=
' '
' '
' '
(5)
Substituting eqn (5) in eqn (3)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
1 1
1
1 1
1
1 1
2 2
2
2
2
2 2 1
2
2 1
2
2 2 1
2
2 1
2
D cos C sin
B
sin
A
sin C cos
B
cos
A
sin C cos
B
cos
A
xy
yy xx x x
+ |
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + + |
.
|

\
|
+ + =
' '
u u u
u u u c u u u c o
(6)
Comparing eqn (4) and eqn (6)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) |
.
|

\
|
+ + + + |
.
|

\
|
+ + + +
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + + |
.
|

\
|
+ + + =
' '
u u u u u u
u u u c u u u c o
2 2 1
2
2 1
2
2 2 1
2
2 1
2
2 2 1
2
2 1
2
2 2 1
2
2 1
2
3
2 1
3
2 1
3
2 1
3
2 1
sin D cos
D
cos
D
sin C cos
C
cos
C
sin B cos
B
cos
B
sin A cos
A
cos
A
xy
yy xx x x
(4)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
1 1
1
1 1
1
1 1
2 2
2
2
2
2 2 1
2
2 1
2
2 2 1
2
2 1
2
D cos C sin
B
sin
A
sin C cos
B
cos
A
sin C cos
B
cos
A
xy
yy xx x x
+ |
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + + |
.
|

\
|
+ + =
' '
u u u
u u u c u u u c o
(6)
A B A = =
2 1
B A B = =
2 1
C C B A C = = = =
2 3 3 1
D D D = =
2 1
2 2
2 1
3
B A A A
C

=

=
0
3
= D
( )
xy yy xx xy
xy yy xx yy
xy yy xx xx
B A
C
D C A B
D C B A
c c o
c c o
c c o
2

+ =
+ + =
+ + + =
(7)
It should be noted that the corresponding transformation applied to
y x y y
&
' ' ' '
o o
Nowlet us consider the newcoordinate system(x
1
, y
1
) which is related
to the original coordinate system(x, y) by
y y and x x = =
1 1
Thus, the new coordinate system is a mirror reflection of the original
system with respect to the y-axis. With reference to the new
coordinate system, the velocity components are
v v and u u = =
1 1
Rates of strain and stresses are
xx x x
x
u
x
u
c c =
c
c
=
c
c
=
1
1
1 1
yy y y
y
v
y
v
c c =
c
c
=
c
c
=
1
1
1 1
xy y x
y
u
x
v
y
u
x
v
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
1
1
1
1
1 1
xy y x
yy y y
xx x x
o o
o o
o o
=
=
=
1 1
1 1
1 1
(8)
(9)
Equations (8) and (9) into equation (7)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2
1
1 1
y x y y x x y x
y x y y x x y y
y x y y x x x x
B A
C
D C A B
D C B A
c c o
c c o
c c o

+ =
+ + =
+ + =
(10)
According to assumption (b), the relations between stress components and rates of
strain components must be invariant to a coordinate transformation consisting of
either a rotation or a mirror reflection of axes, Equation (7) and (10) independent of
the coordinatesystem. Hence, C = 0
( )
xy yy xx xy
xy yy xx yy
xy yy xx xx
B A
C
D C A B
D C B A
c c o
c c o
c c o
2

+ =
+ + =
+ + + =
(7)
p D =
According to assumption(c), Eqn. (7) gives
2
2
=
B A
The constant (A-B)/2 in the last equation of
equation (10) is the proportionality constant
connecting the shearing stress and rate of
shearing strain which is generally denoted by
the dynamic coefficient of viscosity,
xy xy xy
yy yy
xx xx
p
y
v
x
u
B
p
y
v
x
u
B
c o
c o
c o
2
2
2
= =

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+ =

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+ =
The relations between stress and rate of strain in the two dimensional case given in
equation(7) are reduced to

3
2
= B
The relations between stress and rate of strain can be extended to three dimensional
flows. They are
xz zx zx zx
zy yz yz yz
yx xy xy xy
zz zz
yy yy
xx xx
p
z
w
y
v
x
u
B
p
z
w
y
v
x
u
B
p
z
w
y
v
x
u
B
o c o
o c o
o c o
c o
c o
c o
= = =
= = =
= = =

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+ =

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+ =

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+ =
2
2
2
2
2
2
The sum of the three normal stresses is
For an incompressible fluid,
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= V V + = + + +
z
w
y
v
x
u
q . q . B p
zz yy xx
3 2 3 o o o
0 = V q .
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= V V + = + + +
z
w
y
v
x
u
q . q . B p
zz yy xx
3 2 3 o o o
For an incompressible fluid,
0 = V q .
The sum of the three normal stresses is
p
zz yy xx
=
+ +
3
o o o
DESIRABLE SITUATIONS OF TURBULENT FLOW
To transfer the required heat between a solid and an adjacent fluid such as in the
cooling coils of an air conditioner or a boiler of a power plant would require an
enormously large heat exchanger if the flowwere laminar
Turbulence is also of importance in the mixing of fluids. Smoke froma stack would
continue for miles as a ribbon of pollutant without rapid dispersion within the
surrounding air if the flowwere laminar rather than turbulent
Although there is mixing on a molecular scale (laminar flow), it is several orders of
magnitude slower and less effective than the mixing on a macroscopic scale
(turbulent flow). It is considerably easier to mix creaminto a cup of coffee (turbulent
flow) than to thoroughly mixtwo colors of a viscous paint (laminar flow)
DESIRABLE SITUATIONS OF LAMINAR FLOW
Pressure drop in pipes - power requirements for pumping can be considerably
lower if the flowis laminar rather than turbulent
Blood flow through a persons arteries is normally laminar, except in the largest
arteries with high blood flowrates
Aerodynamic drag on an airplane wing can be considerably smaller with laminar
flowpast it than with turbulent
DEFINITION OF TURBULENCE:
Taylor and Von Karman (1937)
Turbulence is an irregular motion which in general makes its
appearance in fluids, gaseous or liquids, when they flow past solid
surfaces or even when neighbouring streams of same fluid past over
one another
Turbulent fluid motion is an irregular condition of flow in which
various quantities show a random variation with time and space
coordinates, so that statistically distinct average values can be
discerned
MEAN MOTION AND FLUCTUATIONS
'
u
u
Time (t)
u
t
0
t
0
+T
t
u
u u u ; u u u =
' '
+ = ( )
+
=
T t
t
dt t , z , y , x u
T
1
u
o
o
( )
(
(
(

+
=
(
(
(

+
=
+
=
'
} } } } }
T t
t
dt u
T t
t
dt u
T
1
T t
t
dt u
T t
t
dt u
T
1
T t
t
dt u u
T
1
u
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
| | 0 T u u T
T
1
T u
T t
t
dt u
T
1
u
o
o
= =
(
(
(

+
=
'
}
}
' '
+
= =
T t
t
dt
T
1
_______
o
o
2
u
2
u
MEAN MOTION AND FLUCTUATIONS
0 u
( )
( )
u
2
1
u
______
Intensity Turbulence
T
o
t
o
t
dt
2
u
T
1
2
u
(
(
(

}
+
'
'
= =
u u 2
2
u
2
u
2
u u
2
u
'
+ +
'
= +
'
=
( )
u u 2
2
u
2
u
2
u
________
________
_______ ______
'
'
+ + =
( ) | | 0 zero
T
u
T t
t
dt u
T
u
T t
t
dt u u
T
1
________ o
o
o
o
u u
= =
(
(
(

+
' =
+
' =
} }
'
0
________
u u
=
'
u . u
2
u
2
u
_______ ______
+ =
'
( )( )
v u u v v u
v u v v u u
uv
______ ______ ______
_________ __________
____
' ' ' '
+
'
+
'
+
+ + = =
v u
v u
uv
______ ____
' '
+
+ =
RULES
f f =
g f
____
g f + = +
g . f
____
g . f =
s
f
s
___
f
c
c
=
c
c
= ds f
______
ds . f
REYNOLDS EQUATIONS AND REYNOLDS STRESSES
0
z
w
y
v
x
u
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
(
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
2
z
u
2
2
y
u
2
2
x
u
2
x
P
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
u

(
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
2
z
v
2
2
y
v
2
2
x
v
2
y
P
z
v
w
y
v
v
x
v
u
t
v

(
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
2
z
w
2
2
y
w
2
2
x
w
2
z
P
z
w
w
y
w
v
x
w
u
t
w

p p p ; w w w ; v v v ; u u u
'
+ =
'
+ =
'
+ =
'
+ =
0
z
w
y
v
x
u
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
0
z
_____
w w
y
_____
v v
x
_____
u u
=
c
'
+ c
+
c
'
+ c
+
c
'
+ c
x
__
u
x
u
x
_____
u u
c
'
c
+
c
c
=
c
'
+ c
0
z
w
y
v
x
u
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
(
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
2
z
u
2
2
y
u
2
2
x
u
2
x
P
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
u

( ) ( )
(
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
|
.
|

\
|
c
+
c
c
2
z
u
2
2
y
u
2
2
x
u
2
x
P
z
uw
y
uv
x
2
u
t
u

t
u
t
__
u
t
u
t
_____
u u
c
c
=
c
'
c
+
c
c
=
c
'
+ c
Flows Steady Mean for zero
t
u
=
c
c
( )
x
u
u 2
x
____
2
u
x
2
u
x
____
2
u
x
__________
2
u u
x
___
2
u
c
c
+
c
'
c
=
c
c
+
c
'
c
=
c
'
+ c
=
c
c
x
u
u 2
x
____
2
u
x
___
2
u
c
c
+
c
'
c
=
c
c
y
____
v u
y
u
v
y
v
u
y
___
uv
c
' '
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
( )( )
y
___
u v
____
v u
____
v u v u
y
___ __________
v v u u
y
___
uv
c
|
|
.
|

\
|
' + ' + ' ' + c
=
c
' + ' + c
=
c
c
z
____
w u
z
u
w
z
w
u
z
___
uw
c
' '
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
x
__
p
x
p
x
_____
p p
c
'
c
+
c
c
=
c
'
+ c
x
p
x
_____
p p
c
c
=
c
'
+ c
(
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
(
(
(
(

c
' ' c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
' ' c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
' c
2
z
u
2
2
y
u
2
2
x
u
2
x
p
z
____
w u
z
u
w
z
w
u
y
____
v u
y
u
v
y
v
u
x
u
u 2
x
____
2
u

(
(
(
(

c
' ' c
+
c
' ' c
+
c
' c

(
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z
____
w u
y
____
v u
x
____
2
u
2
z
u
2
2
y
u
2
2
x
u
2
x
p
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
z
w
y
v
x
u
u


(
(
(
(

c
' ' c
+
c
' ' c
+
c
' c

(
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z
____
w u
y
____
v u
x
____
2
u
2
z
u
2
2
y
u
2
2
x
u
2
x
p
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
(
(
(
(

c
' ' c
+
c
' ' c
+
c
' c

V +
c
c
=
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z
____
w u
y
____
v u
x
____
2
u
u
2
x
p
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
(
(
(
(

c
' ' c
+
c
' c
+
c
' ' c

V +
c
c
=
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z
____
w v
y
____
2
v
x
____
v u
v
2
y
p
z
w
w
y
v
v
x
v
u
(
(
(
(

c
' c
+
c
' ' c
+
c
' ' c

V +
c
c
=
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z
____
2
w
y
____
w v
x
____
w u
w
2
z
p
z
w
w
y
w
v
x
w
u
(
(
(
(

c
' ' c
+
c
' ' c
+
c
' c

V +
c
c
=
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z
____
w u
y
____
v u
x
____
2
u
u
2
x
p
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
(
(
(
(

c
' ' c
+
c
' c
+
c
' ' c

V +
c
c
=
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z
____
w v
y
____
2
v
x
____
v u
v
2
y
p
z
w
w
y
v
v
x
v
u
(
(
(
(

c
' c
+
c
' ' c
+
c
' ' c

V +
c
c
=
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z
____
2
w
y
____
w v
x
____
w u
w
2
z
p
z
w
w
y
w
v
x
w
u
(

V +
c
c
=
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
u
2
x
p
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
(

V +
c
c
=
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
v
2
y
p
z
w
w
y
v
v
x
v
u
(

V +
c
c
=
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
w
2
z
p
z
w
w
y
w
v
x
w
u
Steady state Navier Stokes
equations, if the velocity
components and pressure
components are replaced by
mean components or time
averages
Resultant surface force per unit area due to the additional terms
(
(
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
(
(
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
(
(
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
z
'
zz
y
'
yz
x
'
xz
k
z
'
yz
y
'
yy
x
'
xy
j
z
'
xz
y
'
xy
x
'
xx
i P
o
t
t
t o t
t
t
o
___
2
u
'
xx
'
= o
___
2
v
'
yy
'
= o
___
2
w
'
zz
'
= o
___
v u
'
xy
' '
= o
___
w u
'
xz
' '
= o
___
w v
'
yz
' '
= o
(
(
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c

V +
c
c
=
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z
'
xz
y
'
xy
x
'
xx
u
2
x
p
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
t
o

(
(
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c

V +
c
c
=
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z
'
yz
y
'
yy
x
'
xy
v
2
y
p
z
w
w
y
v
v
x
v
u
t o t

(
(
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c

V +
c
c
=
(

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z
'
zz
y
'
yz
x
'
xz
w
2
z
p
z
w
w
y
w
v
x
w
u
o
t
t

zz yz xz
yz yy xy
xz xy xx
o t t
t o t
t t o
' '
' ' '
' ' '
___
2
w
___
w v
___
w u
___
w v
___
2
v
___
v u
___
w u
___
v u
___
2
u
' ' ' ' '
' ' ' ' '
' ' ' ' '



=
In turbulent flow, laminar stresses must be increased by additional
streses REYNOLDS STRESSES (1895 - Reynolds)
Laminar flow shear stress
caused by random motion
of molecules
Turbulent flow as a series of
random three dimensional eddies
(1)
(2)
Velocity profile
u = u(y)
u
1
< u
2
A A
u
( ) u u y =
Average velocity
profile
Turbulent
eddies
A A
u
y
y
_____
v u
dy
du
turb lam
' '
= + = t t t
Laminar flow
0 v 0 u 0
_____
v u =
'
=
'
=
' '

VISCOUS SUBLAYER : t
lam
>>> t
turb
OVERLAP LAYER: t
lam
~ t
turb
TURBULENT LAYER: t
lam
<<< t
turb
lam
t
turb
t
Pipe centerline
t
r
R
( ) r t
w
t
Pipe wall Viscous sublayer
Overlap
layer
Outer
layer
( ) u r
r
R
VISCOUS SUBLAYER
OVERLAP LAYER
TURBULENT LAYER
5 y y u <
+ +
=
+
30 y 5 05 . 3 y ln 5 u <
+
<
+
=
+
30 y 5 . 5 y ln 5 . 2 u >
+
+
+
=
+
t

t
t
v
t
u
u
u ;
w
u ;
yu
y =
+
= =
+
30 y 5 . 5 y ln 5 . 2 u >
+
+
+
=
+
5 y ; y u <
+ +
=
+
30 y 5 05 . 3 y ln 5 u <
+
<
+
=
+
Pipe centerline
Experimental data
25
u
u*
20
15
10
5
1
0
10 10
2
10
3
10
4
yu*
Viscous sublayer