Programme on

Design, Construction, 0 & M of Transmission Lines for Civil Engineers

VOL-I

Engineering Staff College of India

An ISO 9001 : 2000 Certified Institution A Forum of The Institution of Engineers (India) Old Bombay Road, Gachi Bowli, Hyderabad 500 032

Programme on

Transmission Lines for Civil Engineers

14 - 25 November 2005 ESCI Campus, Hyderabad

[ Volume-.

Course Director M V S Birinchi Advisor & Head - Power & Energy Division, ESCI

Organised by

Power & Energy Division

Engineering Staff College of India

An ISO 9001 : 2000 Certified Institution

A Forum of The Institution

of Engineers (India)

Old Bombay Road, Gachi Bowli, Hyderabad - 500 032

Programme Code: P 474 Version: 1.0

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SELECT READINGS
(For Private Circulation Only)

--.eCONTENTS

1.

Introduction 1.1 1.2 1.3 Preamble Develppment of Power Systems in India Environmental and Ecological Awakening Privatisation Wave - impact on Transmission Systems in India Philosophies in Design of Transmission Lines New Concepts in Transmission Line Design Resume of Topics Covered in theManual

1.4 1.5
1.6 1.7 2.

Tower Types and Shapes 2.1 2.2 Scope Types of Towers 2.2.2 Self-Supporting Towers 2.2.3 Conventional Guyed Towers 2.2.4 Chainette Guyed TOINers Tower Shapes Tower Designation 2.4.2 Suspension Towers 2.4.3 Tension Towers 2.4.4 . Transposition Towers • 2.4.5 Special Towers

2.3 2.4

3.

Tower Geometry 3.1 Scope 3.2 Tower Anatomy 3.3' Bracinq System 3,4 Tower Extensions 3.5 Tower Outline 3.6 Tower Height 3.7 Tower Width 3.8 Cross-arm Spread 3.9 Typical lengths of Insulator Strings on Transmission lines in India

4.

Electrical Clearances 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Introduction Minimum Ground Clearance Minimum Clearance abcve Riversllakes Environmental Criteria for 800 kV Line Air Clearances - General Consideration Clearances and Swing Angles on Transmission lines in India Conductor Metal Air Clearances .

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Air Clearance - Analysis by CIGRE . Phase-to-Phase Air Clearances Clearance between Conductor & Groundwire Effect oi Spall Length on .Clearances 4.12 Cle~f~ncp.s at Power line Crossings 4.~3 Recommendation 4.8 4.9 4.10 4. 1 ~

~.
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ANNEXURES
Annexure I - Spacing between Conductors Annexure II - 'Swing Angle for 800 kV Anpara - Unnao Line for Insulator . Strings and Jumper . " APPENDIX - Investigation StucfleS on Clearances and Swing Angles for Indian Power System

5.

Design Parameters
5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Abstract Transmission Voltage Number of Circuits Climatic CQnditions Environmental and' Ecological Consideration. Conductor Earth Wire Insulator Strings Span

6.

loadings
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.S 6.7 6.8 6.9 hitroduction Requirements of loads on Transmission lines Nature of loads Loading"" riteria C Transverse loads (TR) - Reliability Condition (Normal Condition) . Transverse loads (TS) - Security Condition Transverse load (TM) during Construction and Maintenance - Safety Condition Vertical loads (VR) • Reliability ,Condition Vertical loads (VS) Security Condition . Vertical loads during Construction and Maintenance (VM) - Safety Condition longitudinal loads (LR) - Reliability Condition longitudinal loads (LS) - Security Conditbn longitudinal Loads during Construction and Maintenance (LM) - Safety Condition Loading Oomolnatlons under Reliability, Security and Safety Conditions Anti-cascading Checks . 8rokenwite Condition . Broken limb Condition for V' Insulator String

6.10 6.11 6.12

6.13

6.14
6.15 6.16 6.17 7.

Design of Tower Members 7.1 7.2. General 7.1.1 Technical Parameters Str~ssQAnalysis

7.3 7.4

7.5 7.6 7.7

7.8

7.9

7.2.1 list of Assumptions 7.2.2 Graphical Diagram Method 7.2.3 . Analytical Method 7.2.4 Computer-Aided Analysis 1.2.4.1 Plane - Truss Method or, 2-Dimensional Analysis 7.2.4.2 Space - Truss Method, or 3-Dimensional Analysis 7.2.5 Comparison of Various Methods of StrE'SS Analysis 7.2.6 Combination of Forces to detennine Maximum Stress in each member Member Selection Selection of Material 7.4.1 Use of hot rolled angie'steel sections 7.4.2 Minimum Flange Width 7.4.3 Minimum Thickness of Members 7.4A Grades of Steel Slendemess Ratio Limitations (KUR) Computation of UR for Different Bracing Systems Permissible Stresses in Tower Members 7.7.1 Curve-1 to curve-s 7.7.2 Reduction due to bit Ratio· Selection. of Members 7.8.1 • Selection of Members in Compression· 7.8.2 Selection of Members in Tension 7.8.3 Redundant Members Bolts and Nuts

Annexures I II

III IV
V

Conductor Details Earthwire DeSign Loads

VI Vii IX
X

VIII
XI

XII XIII
XIV XV 8.

Graphical Diagram Method Analytical Method Computer Aided Ana'ysis input for 3D Analysis Output Giving Summary of Critical Stresses Chemical Composition and Mechanical Properties of Mild Steel Chemica! Composlticn and Mechanical Properties of High Tensile Steel Section List Equal &;ction Commonly Used for Towers & As Per IS:808 (p,art - V) 1989 UR Consideration for Bracing System -in a Transmission Tower Permissible Axial· Stress in Compression Reference Table for Maximum Permissible length of Redundant Members Dimensions for Hexagon Bolts for Steel Structures

Testing· of Towers 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 ·8.S 8.9 Introduction Testing ReqUirements Description of a Tower TeSUng Station Calibration Assembly of Prototype Tower Rigging Arrangements and Location of the Loadcells Test Procedure Testing of Prototype Tower Special Requirements

8.10 Acceptance of Test Results 8.11 Material Testing 8.12 Presentation of Test R 3SUJtS
9,

Material, Fabrication, Galvani$in.g. Inspection and Storage

9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6
9, 7

Scope Material Quality Contro' Specific Requirements of Fa!)rication Operations in Fabrication Tolerances Shop ,Erection/Proto-type TO'Ner Assembly

s:

<r,J"

Galvanising
Inspection Packing and Storage Chemical Comp:>sitioo and Mechanical Properties of Mild Steel Chemical Composition and Mechanical Properties of High Tensile Steel (a) Properties of Equal Angle Sections as per IS : 808 (Part V) - 1989 (b) Properties of Uneq.Ja1Angle Sections as per l~ : 808 (Part V) - 1989 (c) Properties of Channel Sections Unit Weight of Plates Dimensions of Hexagon Bolts for Steel Structures Ultimate Strength of 30lts Properties of Anchor Bolts, Metric Screw Threads as per IS : 4218
. (Part-B)- ~976 wi:h 150

9.8 9.9

Annexures
I

II

:II
IV V VI

VII
Appendices Appendix I I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. Enclosures a. b. c. d. e. 10 g. h.

: Quality Assurance p:z.n Introcucnon Quality Objective" Quality Policy Organisation of Quality Control Department Quality Planning . Design and Drawings" Company Standards . Control on Inspection-EquipmentSrroolslGauges Material Management Incoming Material Inspection Pre-production In-Process Inspection " lnspecton and Testing of Anished (Galvanised) Material Storage, Packaging and Handling - A Sampling Plan for Incoming Material Sections, Accessories and Bought out Items Sampling Plan for Physical Properties. of Bolts, Nuts and Spring Washers Sampling Plan for Galvanising'Test for Threaded" Fasteners Formats for Inspection Report for Steel StackinglPreliminary-(QCD-I) Format for Report on Bend Test Format for Report on Testing of Physical Properties Format "for inspection Report for BoltsINuts-(QCD-2) Format for Test Report on Physlcat Properties of Bolts

i.

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Format for Test Rep<>'1 on Physical Properties of Nuts Format for Inspection rieport for Spring Washers - (OCD-3) Format for Inspectior: rieport for Accessories - (OCD-4) Format forInspectior ~ejJort for Steel Test Tower - (QCD-5)

- •. jj, ;

B. Sampling Plan for In-process Material (a) Procedure (b) Format for Quantity Control Report (c) Format for loading R~rt of Crates . (d) Format for Inspection and loading Report of Fabrication Shop (e) Format for Inspection ana loading Report of.Model Assembly (f) . Fonnat for Inspection and loading Report of Model Shop (g) - Format tor Out-right P..ejection Slip (h) Format for Rectifiable Rejection Slip (0 Format for Weekly Records of ShittWise Acid Strengths 01 Format for GalvanisiOf Process Inspection Report (k) Format for Galvanisin~ Inspection Report • (0 Format for Testing C'.cncentration of Prefluxing and Degreasing Solutions Appendix II: list of Machines req:Jired for a well-equipped Tower - Fabricating Appendix III : Workshop Chart . Appendix IV : Process Flow Chan: '"0f Fabrication of Tower Workshop

10. Design of Foundations

10.1 General 10.2 Types (/ Loads on Foundaticos 10.3 Basic Design Requiremerr s 10..! son Parameters . 10.5 Soil Investigation 10.6 Types ot Soil and Rock 107 Types of Foundations 10.8 Revetment on Foundation 10.9 SoH Resistances for Desifni:-,; Foundation 10.10 Design Procedure for Founoaoon 10.11 Concrete Technology for To.. er Foundation Designs v 10.12 Pull-out Tests on Tower Fouroanon 10.13 Skin F riction Tests -10.14 Scale Down Models of Founaation 10.15 Tests'on Submerged Soils 10.16 Investigation of Foundation ot Towers 10.17 Investigation of Foundation cf a Tower line in Service 10.18 Repairs of Foundations of a 70wer Une in Service 10.19 Foundation Defects and their Repairs Annexures Annexure _Annexure Annexure Annexure -I - II - III - IV

···1
Typical Illustrations Illustration - I Illustration - II
.... __ 4 __

Tower Foundation Design Calculation

IIIU::'UcllIUI,

.!_ _

ft.

III

Illustration Illustration Illustration Illustration Illustration Illustration

!!!ustration

- IV -V - VI - VII - VIII - 'IX

-

"

t1 r""
Uoes

11.

Construction of Transmission 11.1

11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5

11.6
11.7

11.8 11.9 11.10 11.11 ,i .12 11.13

Survey Manpower, Tools and Plants and Transport Facilities Environmental Consideration Statutory Regulation for Crossing of Roads, Power Lines, Telecommunication Lines, Railway Tracks, etc. Surveying Methods . Foundations Erection of Super Structure and Fixing of Tower Accessories Earthing Stringing of Conductors . Hot-Line Stringing of EH.V. lines Protection of Tower Footings Testing and Commissioning References

Annexures

OTHER CONTRIBUTORS
1. L.c. Jain, Ex-Member. CEA H.S, Sehra, Ex-Director. CEA Vipin Parikh

3.
l!f

Powergrid Corpn, of India

P.K. Dwivedi

10.

V.P. Nathwani SAE. New Delhi V. Narayanan

Dr. D.M. Lakhapati M.K. Mukherjee P. Bhattacharya N.T. Makijani RJ. Kulkarni Arun Arora

Krishnakumar
S.M. Saxena Rajesh Gupta K.V.S. Prasad G.K. Sharma E.V. Rao

4.

Central

Electricity Authority

11.

EMC Limited
Dr. P. Bose D.K. Roy

S.L. Narasimhan D.P. Kewalramani Raisuddin Karnail Singh A.K. Jain P;S. Aggarwal Alok Gupta Neeraj Kumar

12. Transrall Engg, Co. Pvt. Ltd., Mumhai D.C. Bagde 13. BREI.., Bangalore S. Chandra 14. UPSEB, Lucknow
V.B. Singh

s,

NHPC, Ltd.
S.B.C. Misra G.c. Tather V.P.M. Nair S.N. Dubey

Virendra Prakash
A.N. Sinha Surendra Narain v.K. Srivastava A.K. Tiwari

6.

NT PC Ltd. L.v. Rao A.P. Shatru S. Dasgupta

15.

GEB, Vadodara
VJ. Ambawani K.S. Dave

7. 8.

ABB, New Delhi

Mala Prasad

16. MPEB, Jabalpur

S.Z. Hussain Ashok Bajpai

SERC Ltd., Chennai

K. Murlidharan S..1. Mohan

17. Ltd. 18.

MSEB, Mumbal A.J. Khan BIS, New Delhi

S.K. Gupta S.S. Sethi Rachna Sehgal W.R. Paul

9.

KEC International L. Khubchandani

S.D. Dand G.D. Rathod B.N. Pai M. V. Subbarayudu M.N.Dedhia

19.

GERI, Vadodara
U.D. Dalir

P.L. Sehgal

AUTHORS
Chaper 1 Introduction
P.M. Ahluwalia "-N. P.~!:.!~

•
.~

V.D. Anand Chapter Chapter 2 3 Tower Types and Shapes Tower Geometry
M.L. Sachdeva

~ ~

H.S. Sehra Chapter Chapter Chapter

4

Electrical Clearances
M.L. Sachdeva

5 6

Design Parameters Loadings

Umesh Chandra

D. Choudhury
Chapter Chapter 7 Design of Towers Testing of Towers S.D. D,:!Ild
L. Khubchandani

Chapter Chapter

9 10:

: Tower Matcrlals, B.N. Pai

Fabrication,

Galvanisatlou,

Inspection and Storage

Design of Foundation S.M. Takalkar

D. Choudhury
Chapter 11: Construction of Transmission M.V. Subbarayudu Lines

··W·

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Acknowledgements
We acknowledge with thar cs for the contributions of various authors and sources in compiling this ecorse materiat This material is meant for training purpose.

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Transmission Line Manual

Chapter 1

Introduction
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CONTENTS
1.1 PREAMBLE 1.2 DEVELOPMENT OF POWER SYSTE~~S IN INDIA 1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGIC;...L AWAKE~ING 1.4 PRIVATISATION WAVE - IMPACT O~ TRANSMISSIOl', SYSTEMS IN INDIA
2

2
?

1.5 PHILOSOPHIES. IN DESIGN OF TRA~ 5MISSIOK LINES

1.6 NEW CONCEPTS IN TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN 1.7 RESUME OF TOPICS COVERED IN T:~ MANUAL

3 3 3

Chapter 1

T&t\NSMISSION LINE MANUAL INTRODUCfION

1. i

PREAMBLE!

1.1.1 Electrical e~ergy, being the most convenient and cleanest form of energy. is finding the maximum usage the world ~ver for development and growth of economy a'nd ~ore generation. transmission and utilisation Of! the same in ever increasing quantltles as economically as the latest technological advancements p#rmit. Me receiving great attention. [The technical, e~ronmental and ecor.omic considerations i4~tJived in siting and development of power generation projects reql,1iredfor meeting the dema~d'-~{pr~el~c~,l energy are gradw,llyresuUillg in longer transmission distances and intrcductio:1 of higher and highe"r\transmission voltages. and use ofbigh voltage direct current transmission systems. {"Thus iiansmiSsiOn;systems with voltage iof 800 kVac and ± 6og~ are already in operation in some . of tile countries and those with 1000/1:.00 iN ac-anai150 kV de hive-ilsoDeen mtrocfliced ;nsome countries. In India. 66 kV. 132/110 kV, ~'30/220 kV. and 400 kVac. and ± 500 kV de systems are already in service and 800 kV ac systems are iII the' process of implementation. All these systems owe there reliable performance to a great extent t) dependable transmission lines. Tower constitute a very vital component of transmission lines. as these performs the important functions of supporting the power conductors and overhead ground wires at the requisite distances above ground level and maintaining appropriate inter -conductor spacings within permissible limits under all operating conditions. 1.1.2 With increase in transmission voltage levels. the heights as well as weights of towers have alsQ increase,d ands<> has their cost, The-transmission line towers constitute about 28 to 42 percent of the cosGtransmis~lon line. ('"Therefore optimisation of designs of towerSCin brln about si .nificant eco~x in the cost of transmission Jinc~ It is therefore imperative t at transmission 'Iine towers are designed so as to make use of materials and workmanship most effectively and efficiently. 1.1.3 The weight of a tower required for any specific applications is influenced to a great extent by the selection of tower configuration, choice of steel structurals for tower numbers. type of tower. types of connections etc. On the basis of experience and designing skill. a tower designer can produce tower designs conforming to the governing specifications and bring about optimum reduction in tower weight without sacrificing stability and reliability features of the finished tower which are very important for structural reliability of a transmission line. these depend not only on the designs of tower and its foun~.ation but also on the type of tower. development of structural arrangement of tower numbers, detailing of connections. quality of steel structural. accuracy in fabrication, proper soil investigations. ~se of foundations according to soil conditions at sites of tower installation. accuracy and adequate care 10 tower erection and proper maintenance of the erected towers.
. .I

1.1.4 ~epending on the manner in which the towers are supported these fall in the following two broad categories :. .. 1. Self supporting Towers -,

2. Guyed Towers

This Manual covers all aspects of designs of self supp-oxtin~ rowers and their foundations in a comprehensive manner.

i.a

DEVELOPMENT

OF POWER SYSfEMS IN INDIA

1.2.1 In India. development of power over the years has been phenomenal. The installed generating capacity has risen from a mere 2301 MW in 1950-51 to 85940 MW on 31st March. 1997. Matching with the installed zeneratine canacitv, transmission Systems have also grown. In t 950-51 rhprj> wp,..~ only about 2700 Circuit !{M.ot 132kV lines and 7500 Circuit Krn ot§6/78 kV lines. These have grown to about 1700 Circuit ~ of 5001{'VoT11VDC lines:3Zz"OOCirc·uhKm.of400 kV Iin~ 76400 CircuIt-Km' of 220 kV'li!le-s;g-7200-cricuTt~ of 132.kV lines an·i:{3i700·Circuit Km of 66 kV lines (tota1 245~200circuit Krns). Stro~ng i~t~~connected ·:trans.~}~§.iQn)~~QrJ{~··h~i.~~~~_':l_.~~~eloi;i~_~y J each ~1~~!!~Tty:1lo~irawithin the State boundaries, Regional Grids interconnecting State Transmissi"on-c;-ricfs have been built facilitating-un1nterfi:ij)te~ftransfer of power within the region. National Gridat BOOkV and 400 kV is in the process of coming up spear-headed by. Power Grid Corporation of India. Highlights af the power ._. systems in India are' given in Exhibits 1.1 to~L7. International comparisons with other countries are given in Exhibits 1.8 and 1.9.

1.3

ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOWGICAL

AWAKENING

1.3.1 Environmental and ecologicalconsiderations vr.e[(!_ ~.()tg_iyen sO.J1luc_h importance in the past in the .designs ottran~missionJ~I!~:~~~j"heir !()uti.ng. However. avai!4l.QiU!Y_9_f_mQr~.so.p.llis_t_i~~!ed has facilities made it possible to investigate intQJh.e.effects of e]e<;tricjlnd.mi.lgnetkJields associated with transmission line~.2na u1iderstan<rand beher appreciate the possible ~verse effects of~ above fi-eIds.-"·friorderto ·ens~re that these fields least affect the way of life and ecology, the conductor configuration, tower shapes and transmission line corridors are so chosen that the magnitudes of radio interference (RO. television interference (IVl). audio noise (AN) and electrostatic fields radiated by the transmission lines are within safe limits and ecology is affected the least. ' 1.4 PRIVATISATION

WAVE· IMPACf ON TRANSMISSION SYSfEMS IN INOlA

_ 1.4.1 Exhibit No.1.W gives an idea of the sector wise utilisation of funds as well as the total funds

allocated for Power from 1951 to 1992 and the outlay for the 8th Five year Plan period. It shows that against the norm Of at least 50$ of the total allocated funds being utilised (or Transmission and Distribution. the average availability of funds for Transmission and Distribution over the years 1951to 1997 has been 32%only. This has resulted in lopsided development of T&D systems leading to most of the chronic problems faced by the consumers. 1.4.2 Development of power systems being highly capital intensive but essential for overall growth of economy, induction of Private Sector in the development of generation as well as T&D systems is engaging the attention of the Govt. of India. Some headway has been made as regards generation projects. However, the same has yet to take place for the T&D sector. With privatisation corning through for this sector also, the transmission system will get impatus for faster development. . 1.4.3 Need-based funds for development of transmission and distribution system during the 9th Plan period are of the order of about Rs. 110 thousand crores. These are over and above the funds required for generation projects which are about Rs. 160,000 crores for the 9th Plan period. It may not be physically possible for the country to make available funds of this order in the Pu blic Sector. Privatisation of generation projects is already underway. Many IPPs have sponsored power generation projects which are actually not coming up physically. The main bottle-neck is transmission and distribution. Unless a Private Sector Company has the facility to make returns from the power project. their interest in actual execution will be limited. For privatisation in Power Sector to take momentum, it is imperative for privatisation to take place in transmission and distribution, not limiting to power generation only.

1.5

PHIWSOPHIES

IN DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION UNES

CBaor~IEC:826

. "Report on Loading and strength of Qverhead lines' carne out in !~~-~!J~l and 1991 the desi£,-n-ofir'il'n~!!1!ss!cn lines in Ini!~a CiS also in severalother countries was made as per desigr philosophy based on deterministic concept of Loadings and strengths with specified factors of safety (01 the different operating conditions. Consequent to consideration of the approach outlined in IEC .. 826. design philosophy based on probablistic conc~pt.\Vit_l1pro.yision.$r~levanttoIndian experience has.been finalised for TransmissionLine de-sign'a-?d the~~:xjsti~~!~~~0_~,1J>.~,t,l/~~~tj?-1l 1~5 code of practice IJfor use of structural' steel in overhead Iine-Towers has been recast accordingly,

1.6

N~W CONCEPTS IN 'lRAP'.lSMISSION liNe DESIGN-

The new concepts in transmission line design philosophy include the followi 19 major changes in the design method.(i)

(m
(iii)

Design based ..on limit load concept;

....

Use of prob~~!.~~tj,c_l!let1!~g_ ofJ?~.§ign; Use of Reliability levels in transmission lines

.---_.---...:_-------"

(iv)

Use of Co-ordi~ation il!__ §tf.en~ ..Qf line components; (v) Use of six basic wind speeds converted to l()..minutes average speeds corresponding to l()..meter hei.tht over mean retarding surface as the basis for wind loads on transmission lines instead of thr~e wind zones corresponding to 3~meter height ·overm~nretaidlr.:g-s-urface in use earlier: line corridors
'. -.

---

~--

design;

(vi) Consideration of the effects of terrain category and topographY~ftra.nsmission "in the design wind speeds: and ~~,-=-... • .c=···· (vii) 'Carrying out anticascading checks on all angle towers 1.7 RESUME dF TOPICS COVERED IN THE MANUAL

1.7.1 The topics covered in chapters 2 to 11 (if this Manual are briefly described below .. 1.7.2 Chapter 2 - Towers types and shapes 1.7.2.1 This chapter describes fully the types of towers, tower shapes aad designation of towers and brings out the essential differences between the various types of towers and the factors for preference of a particular type of tower to other types for some specific considerations. 1.7.3Chapter 3 - To~er Geometry

tower height. tower width at various levels and the spread of cross-arms. It also describes the various types of bracing systems, insulator stings. and gives details of their composition. typical details of 66 kV.· 132 kV. 220 kV and 400 kV insulator strings, values of angles of swing and corresponding electrical clearances for insulator strings and jumpers for transmission lines already in service in India, analytical calculations of electrical clearances on transmission lines etc.
Co,,,

1.7.3.1 This chapter describes the various portions of towers and details the factors which determine

1.7.4 Chapter 4:, - Electrical

Clearances

1. 7.4.1 This chapter co v ers the requirements regarding the minimum electrical clearances to be maintained at tower and at mid-span between live parts of transmission line and from live parts to tower members ~or the ~arious types of over voltages to which transmission lines of different voltage levels are subjected III service. It also deals with the minimum ground clearances, effect of span length on clearances and

the requirements regarding electrical clearances of power lines crossing over tete-communication circuits. railway tracks rivers. lakes etc.
1.7.5Chapter 5 - Design Parameters

1.7.5.1 This chapter covers the electrical, climatic and geological environmental and ecological considerations which influence the designs of transmission lines. It deals with the effects of shielding' of lee-ward conductors by the wind-ward conductors of bundle conductors, span terminologies and theirsignificance in tower design. conductor creap allowance etc. 1.7 _6Chapter
(3 -

Loadings

1.7.6.1 This chapter defines the various types of loads, gives methods for their estimation for snow-free regions, deals with the Reliability Requirements - climatic loading under normal condition security requirements - Failure containment under broken wire condition, safety requirements loadings under construction and Maintenance and Anticascading Requirements

1.7.7 Chapter

7 . Design of tower-members

1.7.7.1 This chapter describes the methods of analysis of stresses in plane trusses and space frames. and deals with selection of grades and sizes of steel structurals for tower members, use of high tensile steel and mild steel sections. slenderness ratio limits for members with calculated and uncalculated stresses, built-up members. permissible stresses in tower members and bolts, design of tower members and member connections. .
1.7.8Chapter 8 ~Testing' of Towers

1.7.8.1 This chapter deals with the purpose of testing of towers. describes a typical tower testing station, celebration of load cells. rigging arrangements. locations of load cells in the test set- up, testing procedure, sequence of test loading cases. acceptance of test results and testing of tower material, 1.7.9ChapteT 9 . Tower Materials. Fabrication. Galvanization. Inspection & Storage

1.7.9.1 This 'chapter deals with Material quality control. specific requirements of Fabrication covering preparation of structural assembly Drawings. shop Drawings and bill of materials, cutting means. operations in Fabrication such as straightening. cutting )i.e cropping, shearing, cutting, or saucing). binding, punching, drilling and marking tolerances, shop erection (horizontal or vertical), Method of Galvanising, Inspection as per quality assurances plan, packaging of finished members and their storage. The chapter highlights the significance of planing as it has great bearing on optimum utilisation of material and limiting the wastage. The chapter contains data on permissible Edge Security and Bolt Gauges, chemical and mechanical properties of Mild and High tensile steels, Properties of Equal/ Unequal Angles. channels. Plates, Bolts/Nuts, and Anchor Bolts. it also contains. a sample QAe List of Tower Fabricating Machinery; details of Galvanising Plant. and the tests conducted on fabricated members.

1.7.10 Chapter

10- Design of Foundations

1.7.10.1 This chapters deals with design requirements for various types of fou udations for :~df- supporting towers. It brings out the importance of soil investigations and testing. classiflcation c.f soils and excavations types of foundations and their application areas, procedure for their dc:>,gr.s etc. The chapter contains the permissible values of soil bearing capacities. permissible stress value =~1,,1 concrete, reinforcement bar details and procedure for testing of foundations. Application of lh~(.:;·.. vh,thods is .

demonstrated by typical detailed calculations of designs for different types of Foundations. The chapter describes methods tor investigating foundations and carrying out their repairs during construction stage and on lines in service.
1.-I. I I, Chapter

11 . Construction

oi Transmiasion Line:.

'.

1.7.11.1 This chapter covers all the stages from reconnaissance survey up to commissioning of lines. It deals with statutory regulations, line corridor selection from environmental angle, methods of tower erection. paying out of conductors under uncontrolled and controlled tension. final sagging. clamping in. spacer/vibration damper/ spacer damper installation, jumpering, live line stringing of EHV lines, protection of tower footings etc. It also covers the tests to be conducted before line energisation.

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EXHIBIT 1.1 Plan Outlays for Power Sector (f{s. C [on's)

For Plan First Plan (1951-56) Second Plan (1956-61) Fourth Plan (1968-74) Fifth Plan (197~) Slxtb Plan 098Q.85} . Seventh Plan (1985-90) Eighth Plan 0992-97) Generation· T&D
Total

t~"

283
310

110
116 321

393

699 1725 13851

25087

722
5413

2447
19264 34272 79571

9155·
22280

57291

NinthPJan
(1991-2002)

1,40,000

1.10.000

2,50,000

~~----------------------------------------------------------~

,-

EXHIBIT 1.2
lnsralled
;"

Generating
Uydro SSy 1917 6383 10883 ]4460 18307 18753 19194
19571)

Capacity

(M\
Yi-ar 1~61i51
I~;f)tllil 1~1711 ~'·I 1~17x;~I 19848:. NucIr-ar
Il

Thermal 174£

Tori,l
2301

n
42D
Ii,HI 1Il~6

2736
7810

46!l3
14fi13 26731;

15207 nOJO

4l~k% 63636 6("'{)S6

ti!f(itl':' i::~j(. 7(i75·~ S!)94.J

19S9·90
'.

1565
151;5 Ii'~:'i
:!Oii;')

43164 457&1
4ROM
S&:J7';9 54370 58110

199<1·~.1 ! i!.i91 ~!! I:i~.I<!:rI

1~1~r:I~l·i

20iJS

20379

J ~~14·~!:'1 19%·Yi;

2()O5
222S

2082~
20976
21645

60~)~6 5114:1

8:~287 SS019

1996·97

2225

~r-------'--------'----------------------------------

)()(l(1()

19jI)..~1 IIJ(;{)''''>I19~71

19?3-79

I~

19f19.~

1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 J~

I~

199:S-96 1996-97

y.,....

EXHIBIT 1.3 Etcctricity (jencratiol!

Nuclear
0 19li()-61 0 Hydro

Therrn a 1

2860
7837

2~98
YlIJO 1ti9Ti'

lY70·71
1978·79 i98!l-85 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92 1992-93 199:l-94 1994-9;) 1995-96 1996-97

1339 2770 4075·

2524A
52594 53948
62116

29961
4715~1

98836
178697

1508;)9
2·$S·1~B

4625
6140

. 71640

186550
2U~74{; :!247EiO 24t!190

21,4330

5530

6130
540{)
564(j

69870
82511 72383 68618

72760

i04f,{)

267397 299470
317158 ]7977"

792:l
9024

450000 400000

3~ '::'"
JOOOOO

~ ~ ~ ~

""'

,-

~
200000
150000

.. Nuclear
lID Hydro

,f! Th~!'!"u~':

100000 mXI 0

Year

exnrsrr
kn~{f; of Transmis:oion
Trau smtsslon
\'"J(';lS;:"

1.4 lines (CKM)

J·!~9fj.~

HI5f'·:;1

I~Jij!l·61 1~:70·1J

J98()·81

1.9H5·lHi J99()·91 199~·9:1 1995·9li

H'fPt
(,).)

lii:Y) 2~W) l·j,,:· :..r;·)x L!t"i):!

!

1667
:!:tXXh

lljlj 7

: ~~,.<
:;~~:'~~ .. ".
'

10:\

7952

:! ]i,:{~
O_ .. #..f:l
···J~I· -

:~:!."!.:if 7h~!)3
'J ....!.i'J :

!:~;J/2:!t} k v

: 111 I
.;ijjijl)

31384 5973lS 26752 1211?14

47M~
7!j()SI)

c~i)1.:<1:I X:-;ih':l
J&)f.)~I.)

·:·;-';:~:Jf

: xz.: II"
:-(. f···

I;V

X7(~·i5 :~~~7 Z'>HS2!

?'~.,,:: '..I,

.I: 1.:\

": ;:~:
: ~i ~~~..

~71):!

::s 7ti!.4
:-{~i~i}

31 I')'"
1fj2~~'J

.f77. !.;

vt;a;

::~":.~J:~

218H7

;4:.22£:'

l~.-----·----"------·----------------------------------------

r---~

Is U\'OC
S.aOOH'

I
, I

o lJO/~20 k.v i

!a 781661~4 H',

G !JUJlO,,"

1956-51

l~l

1~7i

198(),.81

19!1()..91 Veer

1992·93

19\1!).97

All India
Year

EXHIBIT J.5 power Requirement

Energy Requirement

Past Trend
Peak Load (MW)

(MkWh)
{988-89 1989-90 1990·91 1991-92 1992-93 1993·94 1994·95 1995-96 1996-97

206331 228662
246722
259000

33551
36327

3898()
41674 43636
54707 .58904 63490
63853

282739
324417

349346
376679 413490

~~~~-----------------------------------------------------.
3~XXl

zxooo
J;.

1zoeoo
1$0000

~ zxooo
Q

a..:ro

R.irnDellll

Pedl.-d

100000
j()OO()

0
191&-19

US\.90

I99C-9I

1991·92

Im·9]
Vellf'

1993-94

1m.9'

199,.96

1996-97

EXHIBIT 1.6
AU India
Year

Power

Requirement

Forecast

for 9th,

LGth , I I th Plan
Peak Load
(~tW)

Energy Requirement
(MkWh) 4362.'iR

19~fi-9R

i:~~;)R
;-1{:J]j;

469057
5(12254
:!(JQO-O I

i{-W;fl
9(){J93

535903

200 1-02 ~006-07 2011-12

569650
781863 1058440

95757
130944

176647

Source: 15th Electric Power Survey of India

1~Y----------------------------------------------------------'

c &erg)" Rec,lirement
CI

Puk Load

1991-91

2:000-01 Yeer

. 2011-12

11

f
\~

EXHIBrr 1.7
Revised Fund Requirement Generation T&D
(Rs. Billion)
Year

Capacity Addition (MW)

Generation 210 221 245 211 291 324 350 385

T&D

Total

97·98 98-99
;:1;:1.'}',
".'" 4 ......

6000
6500 1000 7750
8500

126 131
147 163 119 194

336 364 392 434 476

518

1)f).C)

01-02
02-03

9250 10000 11000 12125

03-()4
04-0S

210
231

560 616 679 4375

05-06
Total

424
2133

255
1642

78125

Source; The India Infrastructure

Report Published by Ministry of Finance Govt of India

~~--""'--""-----------"'--------------""----------------Tl~
600 SOO

10000

~
iQ 400

soco
~

~T&D
I'.lll.ll.3

ci!
300 200

CiOOO

-.-

Gcneratlco Caoacitv Additioo

100

o
Yeer

12

EXHIBIT 1.8 International Comparison of Installed Capacity and Generation

Installed Capacity (m\.) Generation (GWH)

Countr y/Year Argetina Bangladesh

1960

1970 6091

1980 '11988

1990 17128

1960

1970

1980

3474
4800

10459 22865

21727
45460
204723

39676 2653-

47 i'

990

2520
52892

. Brazil
Canada

23035
1167

China
Egypt

Finland
France Germany Greece
Hungary

2834

21851
28393 615 1465 5580 319
2

11233 42825 240180 4357 4312 36219 47540

33293

81999

104140· 98600

67000 3583 10422

62711 82585
5324

114378 59400
2639

139485 377518
300620 16910

2 It:

440:
618(

11738 13220 103410

99750

115900 7591
21185 146966 242605 9820 14541
61212 2300

371
45i

8628
12118 118986 2277

38710
246415 368770

3937
38901 341:

• 2488

8508

2477

India
Indonesia

16211 901
2197

Iran Iraq
Italy

350
17686
23657

680

4842 31247 2786 5300 1200

46824

6603 15995 11480 17554

9000

7617

22652 23876
112820
6981

274£ 2643(
2981 5320
_~'H

20123
1400

6758 852

17150
8000

30408
68262

Japan Korea (DPR) Mexico Norway Pakistan Pnillipines Poland Sri Lanka Sweden U.K.

~O48

6607 656 765 6316 94 36702 186534 66721 2402

3400 7318 12910 2334 5176 13110281 15301 62060 360327 166150 6972

143698 5500 16985 20238 2518 4632 24723

422

56548 194763
9500

29214"
21195

9131 6869 30703 1289

56240 115498 9139 10813 31121 26 2731 29307

302

2750 117423 359539 16500 28101 57606 8727

8666

7~'1

185741
571521

190:32 75759:

64532 816
60645

35000 66954 84099 15277 18032 121811

1668

5350{
11427~

108836

37999 ~5249 128201 3150 139515 298496 2807058 1652800

83033

. USA
USSR YugoslaviJ

21416 73643 630111 266757

14030

34189
73059 775396 333100 16470

34740 .136910 844188 292274 8928

249016
1639771

96695 284937 2354384 1293818 59435

740926
26024

Source: Power O{"vdopmen( in India 1995-96

13

EXHmIT 1.9 International Comparison of Electricity Prices

(Indian Cost Country Portugal Germany Italy Spain OECD United Denmark Luxembourg Ireland Netherlands Belgium Greece France India iource: Report on Energy Prices & Taxes - Lst Quarter 1995 Kingdom Industrial
397

Paise)

per

Kwh Domestic 591

339 316 268 258 227 221 221 215 202 191
197 184 211

647

528
582

378 406 666 384 432 415

561

341 .90
93

700~---------------------------------------------------------------~
600

soo

200

.100
0

...
1:
0

Ii

>-

>.

it

.~

e
~.

;1
'i
::>

-!

Ii:

G ....

.B

;'

-e

~
1i .<:

"Q

II

'(!

.:.

:z

1;

?"ntry
14

Sector-wise

EYJuaIT 1.10 Utilisation of Funds

for Power
(FigUft'S Rs. cror

SI. Period No.

Total Funds utilised for Power

Sector wise Utilisation Generation Amount

%

Transmission & Distribution Amount

132 115 301
291

Others Amount
23 95 %•.
9

1. 2.

1st ~Y. Plan (1951-56)

2nd F.Y. Plan (l956-61)

260

105 250
777

40 54 62 55 51 59 58
64

460 1252 1223

2931 1541 2473 18913 38169

51 . 25 24 24 26 27 29
25 26 23

21 14 21

3. 3ni F.Y. Plan (1961-66) 4.

5. Annual F.Y. Plan (1966-69) 4th F.Y. Plan (1969-74)

174 256 658 1058

324

676 1505 4467

1429 12116

768
2016 720 4706

23 14 13
II 10 10 6 10

6. 5th F.Y. Plan (1974-79)

7. Annual Plan (1979-80) 6th F.Y. Plan (1980-85) 7th F.Y. Plan (1985-90)

8. 9.

2091 3794
1092

24528
7003

64
67 75

9847 2375 266! 22432

10. Annual Plan (1990-91)

11. Annual Plan (1991-92) 12. 8th F.Y. Plan (192-91) Outlay

10470
13904

10373 49196

19 2S

870
8102

79730

62

15

,J

'\

'

Transmission Line Manual

Chapter 2

Tower Types and Shapes

..

CONTENTS
P:l!!~ 2.1

Scope Types of Towers

2.2

2.2.2 Self-Supporting Towers 2.2.3 Conventional Guyed Tower 2.2.4 Chainette Guyed Tower 2.3
2.4 Tower Shapes Tower Designation

7
7

,I.

• , • •
,

•.

7 8 8 8
S

2.4.2 Suspension Towers 2.4.3 Tension Towers

2.4.4 Transposition Towers

2.4.5

Special Tower

~..:" -

CHAPTER 2 TOWER TYPES AND SHAPES

2.1

SCOPE

sectio~s;'aiuminitim'sci:tiOns.·etc:.1oi{abfication of row., ~f heavy angle and long span crossing tti\\«\' transmission line tower designers have been endeavouring to -'some of the countries.namely Russia. Norway. France. -ate using single phase self-supporting lowers. ....Sid ~: develop towers with Stich shapes which blend with the environment. Other factors responsible rllr changes in ·supporuI.lg ro\vcrs usually ~!.ve._~<Ul~;:t;/rCcianguiar~,,~i.: " ~hapi.:'s or towers arc the need for the lise of higher four seI?~ate foot_il_l~s. Howe~we~ voltage narrow-be ',(-" transmissiou voltages, limitation of right-of-w ry availability, towers'having combined monoblock footings Olav he U('Z'c .. 'dePending t.ip~n O~~~!.l.t:.conW~iY.Sclt:supp~)rtillg-tower~' audible noise level, radio and T.V. interference, electrostatic fidd aspects, etc. The types and shapes 01 Transmission compared to guyc<riowers have higher Sled cousemm: Self . t' supporting';::;lowers arc also usc '..i ,": ,: ..'... ,., ., :4,,"~< Line Towers used ill India and in other countries arc ~. +....

2.1.1 The tower of various shapes had been used in the past without cOII.sidcri.llgdctrimentaJ. influence all the environment. With conservation environmentalists attracting the highest attention and the public becoming more and more conscious of the detrimental effects of transmission line towers on the environment and occupation of land.

steel conforming to IS: 8500 is not readily available in country, steel conforming to BS 4360 Gd j()B/ASTIv 5721JISNDE or any-other InternationallNallonal stand; . -~ used. Some of the countries as';;p~l~l\ US Aus~anada, 'Fran~i: etc., have explored usc of ()! material such as steel formed angle sections, tuhr'

such'

~in case the

••

--"

-'~

-._

~'.'-"'-"-

---,,'

<

.•

,_-

•••

~-

_.

__

,, __

._.-.

-.

--.--

~.-.

-.

,,-_.-

._-

•.•...•

----

••

---.---

.• ~

••

--

......

\.

Ht'p~h_L

!!!h ..

discl,,;scd in this chapter.

JJ

TYPES OF TO\\'!':RS

2.2.! The typcs of towc-s based on their constructional (cawr~'s. which arc in usc on the power transmission line arc ~j\Tj! below : I. sc!r-SUpp(lrlin~ Towers Conventional Guyed Towers 3. Chaincn« G~J)'i.:'': Towers

Compact tower may comprise fabric.ned steel body, c and groundwire peak, tined "'i'l' ;:,';llL.:,.:,! ":~""' ..: Compaction is also achieved by arrangemcm \.,,' ;'iL,using V insulator strings. etc, Compact Wwcrs have :-L'dn dimensiQ.ll~and require smaller right-or-way and arc sl!iL: for' in congestedareas and for upgrading~ :11:.:,:01;:,:::.: ' ~ ~ (he existing Transmission Lines also.

use:

Self-supporting

towers arc shown in Figures : ,\:.

2.2.3

Conventional Guyed Towe r comprise portal structufesJahri;::ned

2.2.3.1 Thesejowers

These arc discussed in the subsequent paragraphs. 2.2.2 Sclf-SupP',rting

Self-supporting

.~y".ail~ ·'Y',shapes ..and.Jlavc been used in some \If :

countries for EHV transmission lines upto 735 kv. T guys may he internal or external. Ihe·.... gu);cd·lc)\, including guy anchors occupy much larger land as compar to sel f-supporting 'to\\;ers as such this type construction finds application in long unoccupied. wa: land, hush tracts : in Canada, Sweden, Brazil. US~ etc.

Towers
broad based/narrow based latticed

ana

sted towers arc used in lndia and other countries. This type If rower has been in USc in India from the beginning of this century for EHV transmission lines. Self-supporting towers arc covered under Irnlian Standard US : S02) and other Nali,Ij]:iI and lntcrnauun.rl Standards. -nles~' are fabricated," Ilsill~ IcSrc:J. qualil); mild slt:d structurals or a combination "'- I.:sil:d qll:di!y I!lild .s.t~·l'l;lnd High tensile steel structurals c:()nJt'il1lili.~ [(I IS:206.:! an.l IS:8500 respectively. As H.T.

2.2.3.2 Compact guyed towers arc used on compact lin. The phases arc arranged in such a 'l"il:it'thc j';il:iS""2s,: not interspersed by grounded metal parts of Tower: T phases can be placed : in different configurations and ;: insulated from the supports. The conventional guycd !OWL

way

Tower Types and Shapes

~ ...

[1
0 ff-

~ ~
f:l

..:

= (j

5
o

!-<

"" 0
~

=
~
;:<:

i-

~ ~< ::.: 3 ~ t5
0
;;.

.W

oJ

..1

:.::

.:.::

f-

.:.:: :::

f:

~ ~
'J;

:J

:,j

-c

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__ ,

:..

;.,

:;. '-

:x:

v:

;-

""

~
Z
'.'

~ ~

Z -::

Z
-.

~
,.

....
S
-;

(.:t~

:>:

.::: -c

" ~0 ~ ~

:x: Z :...: >

~ < ..., ~
> _..

::

Tower Types and Shapes

INSULATED

TOWER BODY

CO;\U':\CT TOWER

.1.

MULTICIRCUIT TOWERS·

FIGURE 2

Tower Types and Shapes

(~

7.:

'"' c

;
~ ~ ~

~ ;:;

;-

..;

.;

~-

Tower Types 'lTld Shapes

... ,'l"

I
I

,-- ....

r- ..... ., ,

Tower Types and Shapes

(~
r

,-

til

....
~ ~
IX W

:z

f=
' a::

:s

£ :r.

E <r.

'

....:,.,.,._.

...

"'"

v.

;: ~

._
a;,
I

5 ...,

...

-. ~
_).

Tower Types and Shapes and compact guyed towers are shown in Figure 3. 2.2.4 Chainette Guyed Tower
(ii) (Hi) (iv)

HorizontaUWasp Waist Type Delta/Cat Head H-Structure Type

Chainette guyed tower is also known as cross rope suspension tower, and consists of two masts each of which . is supported by two guys and a cross rope which is connected to the tops of two masts and . supports the insulator strings and conductor bundles in horizontal formation .:

_,._
;

_. _ ..Fat: angle towers, the practice is"lo--use-thfee separate narrow based masts each for carrying one set Of bundle conductors or use self-supporting towers. Each . narrow based mast is supported with the help of two main guys. Typical chainette guyed towers for suspension and angle location are shown in Figure 4.
2.2.5 2.3 Guyed towers will be covered in a separate I Manual .--- _.TOWER SHAI)ES 'Tower shapes ill use are as follows:
(i)

In India, tower shapes at (0 and (ij) 'are used single circuit line whereas tower shape at (i) has been u: for double circuit and multi-circuit lines. In other countr al the above shapes have been used. Tower shape at (i; structurally mor~_~~ble and ideally suitable formultR:irc -.. ' Iin~ tower shape at (iJ) offer better performar from the consideration of audible noise, radio and televisi interference .ffe1ectrostatic potential gradient at ground leand at the edge of the right-Of-way. These towers shar are shown in Figures 1 & 2.

whereas

2.4

TOWER DESIGNATION Broadly, towers are designated as under: Suspension Tower Tension Tower

2.4.1
(i) (ii)

Vertical/barrel Type

DOUBLE

TENSION'

SUSPENSION INSULATOI{ STRlNG

FIGUJ.:.E () : ARRANGEMENT

OF INSPAN TRANSPOSLTION

------------------------------=-----------------------~--------1t
ii) v)

Tower Types and Shppes "

Transposition Tower Special Tower

Suspension Towers

2.4.4

Transposition

Towers

t,

rTii:nSPOSai!i~.tOwel'S'

.4.2

These towers are used on the lines for straight run

axe used to transpose the phase iJ, conductors in three sections in such a way that each phase ;"'1r by rotation occupies each of the three phase position in a ''# circuit. A typical transposition tower is shown in Figure 5. ",",

r tor small angle of deviation upto 2° or 5°. Conductor

on
In another transposition arrangement called 'in SPan transposition' (Figure 6) the transposition is carried out near a tension tower due to greater ground clearance 'available near the tower than in the mid span. Two multiple tension insulator strings arc connected back-toback through 11 strain ·plate. In the central phase strain plate, a single suspension insulator string having almost double the No. of insulator discs and air [Tap distance is 'suspended. Tne balance work comprises placement of jumpers.

ispensiou towers may be supported by means of I-Strlngs, -Strings; or a combination of I & V Strings. .4.3
Tension Towers

Tension towers also known as angle towers are used locations where the angle of deviation exceeds that .rmissible 011 suspension-rowers and/or where the towers 'c subject to uplift load~'1"hese towers are further classified ; 2"15"-15°, 15"-30°, 30!l41QolDeadend towers and are used .cording to the angle of deviation of line. One of the asses of angle towers .depending on the site conditions is so designated as Section Tower. The section tower is .troduced in the line atter 15 suspension towers to avoid iscadc failure. The design of such towers is checked for lcquacy both for angle location requirements as well as for Testing cascade failure. .

2.4.5

Special Tower

These towers are used at locations such as those involving long span river ,,;;..; v"ii~y .:r"... :--,:,,;,,c:t:>:L crossings. power line crossings ere. (ailing on the i:::e route.

,
"

-,

'Iransmission Line Manual

Chapter 3

Tower Geometry

'%"'~

.,
~ ~

. CONTENTS
Page 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
--"'.t''''''"
~,.n-l>

1 1 ~

Tower Anatomy Bracing System

.:

3
5

"
r: <,
r".
)
If.

Tower Extensions Tower Outline Tower Height Tower Width Cross-arm Spread Typical Lengths.of Insulator String on Transmission Licies in India

3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9

6 6· 23 26 28

Chapter 3

TOWER GEOMETRY
3.1 3.1.1 SCOPE The Chapter describes anatomy of tower and factors involved in determining the outlines of the towers. The selection of an optimum outline together with right type of bracing system contribute to a large extent in developing an economical design of transmission line tower. The geometry of a tower has also a bearing on aesthetic values. The tower anatomy and tower outline are discussed below: TOWER ANATOMY A tower is constituted of the following components as shown in Figure-1 Peak Cross Arm Boom Cage Tower Body Body Extension leg Extension Stub/Anchor Bolts and Base Plate Assembly A brief description of each component of the tower is given as under:

3.2
3.2.1

3.2.2
3.2.2.1

Peak

It is the portion of tower above the top cross arm in case of vertical configuration tower and above the boom in case of norizontat configuration tower. The function of the peak is to support the groundwire in suspension clamp and tension clamp at suspension and angle tower locations respectively. The height of the peak depends upon specified angle of shield and mid span clearance.
Cage

3.2.3

3._2.3.1 The portion between peak and tower body in vertical configuration towers is called Cage. The cress-section of cage is generally square and it may be uniform or tapered throughout its height depending upon loads. It comprises tower legs interconnected by bracings are used in the panel of cage where cross-arms are connected to the cage or where slope changes for proper distribution of torsion.

3.2.4

Cross-Arm

3.2.4.1 The function of a cross-arm in case of vertical configuration tower is to support conductor/ground wire. The number of cross arms depend upon number of circuits, tower configuration and conductor/groundwire arrangement. The cross-arm for ground wires consists of fabricated steel work and that for conductor may be insulated type or corisist of fabricated steel work. The dimension of a cross-arm depends upon the lir.e voltage, type and configuration of insulator string, minimum framing angle from the requirement of mechanical stress distribution etc. At large angle of line deviation, rectangular/trapezoidal cross-arm with pilot string on outer side are used to maintain live conductor to grounded metal clearance. The lower members of the cross -arm are called main members and the upper members as tie members/compression members depending upon direction of vertical loads.

--- -

- ----------

..

------

Tower Geometry.

~. ;.:r•.

U... W.

..........

Waist level Bracing To.... r body e leg Concrete level Body extension Stub Single Circuit Tower Double Circuit Tower Bracing-To.... r bo d y e ...
1"--...-"1

Verficat/Barrel

Type Towers

Boom level

Concrete level
;""

Ground level

7;<&/."V)\\

--J'

Horizontal/Wasp

Waist .. ype Tower' T

Figure 1: Tower Anatomy

Tower Geometry 3.2.5 3.2.5.1 Boom

It is generally a rectangular beam of uniform cross-section in the middle, but tapered in the end sections and form part of horizontal configura:tion towers (self supporting, guyed etc.) The boom is attached to the lower body and it supports power conductors. Tower Body

3.2.6

3.2.6.1 Tower body is the main portion of the tower to connecting cagelboom to the tower foundation or body extension or leg extension. It comprises tower legs inter-connected by bracings and redundant members. It is generally square in 'shape. In another arrangement, a tower body comprises two columns connected on one of their ends to the foundations and on the other ends to the boom to which conductors are attached through the insulator strings.

3.3
3.3.1

BRACING

SYSTEM

Peak, cage, tower body, body extension, leg extension, etc. comprises legs, bracings and redundants. The bracing and redundants are provided for inter-connecting the legs as also to afford desired slenderness ratio for economical tower design. The Framing Angle between bracings, main leg members and (both bracing and leg member) shall not be less than 150 Bracing patterns are single web system, double web or warren system, Pratt System, Portal System, Diamond Bracing system, and multiple bracing system. Each of the bracking system, shown in Figure '2, is described beiow. Single Web System

3.3.2

3.3.2.1 It comprises a system either of diagonals and struts or of diagonals only, In diagonal and strut system, struts are designed in compression while diagonals in tension, whereas in a system with all diagonals the members are designed both for tension and compressive loads to permit reversal ot the applied external shear. This system is particularly used for narrow base towers, in cross-arm griders and for porta! type towers. This system can be used with advantage for 66 kV single circuit lipe towers. It is preferable to keep the four faces identical in case of 66 kv single circuit tower using single web system as it results in lighter leg member sizes. Single web system has little application for wide base HV and EHV towers.

3.3.3

Double Web or Warren System

3.3.3.1 This system is made up with diagonal cross-bracings. Shear is equally distributed between the two diagonals. one in compression and other in tension. Both diagonals are designed for tension and compressive loads in order to permit reversal of externally applied shears. The diagonal bracings are connected at their cross points. The tension diagonal gives an effective support to the compres-sion diagonal at the point of their connections, and reduces the unsupported length of bracings which results in lighter sizes of bracinqs.mernbers, This system is used for both large and small towers and can be economically adopted-through out the cage and body of suspension and small angle towers and also in wide base large towers. In lower one or two panels in case of wide base towers. diamond or portal system of bracing is generally more suitable from the consideration of rigidity. These bracings result in better distribution of loads in legs and footings.

3.3.4

Pratt System

3.3.4.1 Shear is carried entirely by one of the diagonal members under tension. Other diagonal is assumed to be carrying no stress Struts, i.e.,horizontal member in compression are necessary at every panel

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Tower Geometry

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Warren System

Pratt

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Portal System
Hip Bracing

View 2-2
(f) Diamond Bracing System

(g)
Multiple Bracing System

(hI
Multiple Bracing System

(Lighter

Tower)

(Heavier Tower)

Figure 2: Bracing System

Tower Geometry

to provide continuity to the bracing system. Advantage of this system is that the sizes of diagonal members would be small because these are designed for high slenderness ratio in' order to make them in tension. This type of bracings result in large deflection of tower under heavy loadings, because the tension members are slender in cross-section than compression members for similar loading. If such a tower is over-loaded, the in-active diagonal will fail incompression due to larg'3 rl~fl'3'.:tk~~ in the pansl, although ihe active tension member can very well take the tension loads. This system of bracing impart torsional stresses in leg members of the square based tower and also result in unequal shears at the top of four stubs for the design. 3.3.5 Portal System (Shear Divided 50:50 between Diagonals K-System)

3.3.5.1 The diagonals and horizontal r.lembers are designed for both tension and compression forces. The horizontal members are supported at mid-length by the diagonals, one half of the horizontal mem- . bers is in compresslon and the other half intension. The portal system is used' for approximately the same size of panels as that for Pratt System of bracings in conjunction with warren system of bracings. It has been found advantageous to use the portal system for bottom panels, extensions and heavy river crossings towers when rigidity is a prime consideration. If hill side or comer extensions are anticipated. the portal panel is particularly attractive due to its versatility of application. 3.3.6 Diamond Bracing System

3.3.6.1 Somewhat similar to the Warren system, this bracing arrangement can also be derived from the Portal system by inverting every second panel. As for each of these systems. all diagonals are designed for tension and compression. Applicable to panel of approximately the same size as the pratt and portal systems, this arrangement has the advantage that the horizontal members carry no primary loads and are designed as redundant supports. 3.3.7 Multiple Bracing System

3.3.7.1 The EHV towers where the torsional ioads are of high magnitude, the cage width is kept large to resist the torsional roads. Standard V/arren system, if used, give longer unsupported lengths of iegs and bracings which increases the weight of tower dlsproportionately, for such tower, muitiple system of bracings is used. The advantage of this system in addition to reduction in forces in the bracings is that the unsupported lengths of leg members and bracings are reduced substantially thereby increasing their strength and reducing the member sizes. Although there is an increase in the number of bolts, fabrication and erection cost. yet the above system gives overall reduction in weight and cost of steel. The bracings on the transverse and longitudinal faces may be staggered as reduction in tower weight is achieved by staggering the bracings. The system is preferable only for suspension and medium angle towers. In heavy angle and dead end towers, in order to have more rigidity, bracing on transfers and longitudinal faces should not be staggered.

3.4 3.4.1

TOWER EXTENSIONS Body Extension Body extension is used to increase the height of tower with a view to obtaining the required minimum ground clearance over road crossings, river crossings, ground obstacles etc. Body extensions upto 7.5 m height in steps of 2.5 m can be used and thus form a part of standard tower. For body extensions having greater. heights say 25 m, the suitability of the standard tower is checked by r~ducing the span length and angle of deviation. Practice in the tower industry is also to specify negative body extension i.e. a portion of the tower body is truncated. For lines transversing in hilly terrain. r.egative body extension can be used in tension towers from consideration of economy.

._-_:.....:--_

.. _ ..- ..

6 3.4.2 leg Extensions

TowerGeometry

3.4.2.1 leg extensions are used either with anyone leg or any pair' of legs at locations where footings of the
towers are at different levels. Leg extensions are ge'1erally used in hilly regions to reduce benching or cutting. The aiignmem oi ieg extension is done with the first section of a tower. lnstsuanon of leg extension calls for high degree of expertise in tower erection.

3.4.3

Stubs/Anchor Bolts and Base Plate Assembly the tower bodylbody extension including leg extension to the foundations. Cleats are provided with the stub to offer resistance against uprooting "'f the stub. A stub set consists of four members whereas the number of anchor bolts depends upon uplift and shear on the bolts.

3.4.3.1 Stubs/anchor, bolts and base plate asse-mblyoonnect

3.5 3.5.1

TOWER OUTLINE
Tower Outline is fixed from the requirement of minimum ground clearance, terrain type, right of way limitation, electrical clearances etc. Tower outline is defined in terms of the following parameters: Tower Heights Minimum ground clearance Maximum sag including creep effect of conductor length of suspension insulator string assembly Vertical spacing between power conductors Location of ground wire Angle of shield Minimum mid span clearance Tension insulator Drop

3.5.1.1

3.5.1.2

Tower Width At Base or Ground level At Waist level At Cross-arm/Boom level

3.5.1.3

Cross Arm Spread Type of insulator string assembly Suspension, I-string or V-string. Tension Pilot Swing angle Suspension String Assembly Conductor jumper Phase to phase horizontal spacing Each of the above parameters is discussed in the subsequent

paragraphs

3.6 3.6.1

TOWER HEIGHT Minimum Ground Clearance

The minimum ground clearance is determined in accordance with Rule 77 of I.E. Rules-1956, Regulations

Tower Geometry

laid down by Power Telecommunication Oo-ordination Committee, Regulations for Power line Crossing on Railway Tracks-1987 laid down by Indian Railways and other applicable regulations laid down by differentNational Agencies like Indian Roa~:f,Congress, Ministryot Surface Transports etc. The values of clearances required for lines of different voltage ratings are given in Chapter 4 of this manual. 3.6.2 Maximum Sag including Effect of Conductor Creep

3.6.2.1 The

slze and type of conductor (AAC, ACSR. AAAC, ACAR, AACSR), climatic conditions(wind.temp,snow)and span length determined the conductor sag. The maximum sag 6f a conductor occurs at maximum temperature and still wind condition. TI1e maximum sag is considered in fixing the height a line support. In snowy region. the maximum sag may occur at QO and~ nilwindfor.icecoatedcoRduCtors~ ..---:--... --.-.-'-'-' _-.-. c· .-.-, .'

of

_
.'

3.6.2.2 Creep in a conductor 1Sdefined as permanent set in the conductor.

It is a continuous process and takes place throughout" its life. The rate of creep is higher.initialfy but decreases with time since in service. Creep compensation is provided by either of the following methods :Pretensioning of conductor before stringing Over tensioning of the conductor in the form of temperature correction By providing extra ground clearance By a combination of partly over ten~ioning of conductor and partly providing extra Ground clearance.

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

The procedure for determining sag and creep compensation in fE?spectof conductor is dealt with in Chapter 5 of this manua.1. 3.6.3 Maximum Sag of Groundwire/Minimum Mid Span Clearances/Angle
.i;;· .: _.

of Shield ,

Ihe function of groundwire is to provide.proteqipn ~q.the power qQndu~!ors against direct lightning stroke and to conduct the lightning current to the nearestearthed poiotwhen contacted by a lightrung stroke. The above functions are performed by ~he 9roufld wire (5) based on setection of angle of shied. mid span clearance and cOordination groundwire sag with that of conductor. The materiai and size of groundwire (galvanized stran~ steel, alumeweld,ACSR, ACAR, AAC, AACSR) depends upon the criteria for sag coordination and extent of mutual coupling. The effect of creep in galvanised stranded steel groundwire being negligible is not taken in account while deciding the sag. The location of groundwire (s) determine th~-f:1eightof groundwire·peak .. Single gr04ndwire has been used in India for transmission lin,~.Jo~e!9 ~pto 2?P kV having verticallbarrel type configuration and two groundwires for horizontaVwasp waist type towers of all voltages and 400 kV verticallbarrel type towers.

of

The detailed procedure for coordinati9r1 of ground~ire sag. with that of power conductor and values of mid span clearances and angle of_.s~ieldare dealt with in Chapters 4 and .5. . 3.6.4 Length of Insulator String Assembly

3.6.4.1 The length of suspension insulator string,in combination with minin:lUm ground clearance and maximum conductor sag determine the height 9f (i) lowest crossarm in case of verticallbarreVDelta type suspension tower and (ii)boom in case.ot horizontal wasp waist type suspension tower whereas the length of suspension insulated string in conjunction with phase to grounded metal clearance deter~ines the spacing between cross- arms in case of verticallbarrel type tower: The length of an Insulator string is a function of insulation level (Bll and Sll). power frequency voltage (service voltage dynamic over voltage) and service condit!ons (Pollution, attitude humidity). The depth of the jumper is affected by phase to grounded metal clearance which itself is determined from Bll Sll
. . i'"

-.---.------~-=.-.:.---.-

Tower Geometry service voltage, short circuit level, altitude, humidity etc. For determining electrical clearances, the length of the suspension insulator string is defined as the distance between the centre line of conductor and the point of contact of ball hook/anchor shackle with the hanger!U-bolt whereas the length of tension insulator string is defined as the distance between the point of attachment of the string to the strain plate at cross arm upto the jumper take off point of tension clamp. The length of V string for the purpose of determining .the height of tower is the vertical distance between the lower main me~ber of cross arm and,centre of lowest conducto.r. For preparing clearance. diagra~ the nearest bve part from the groun(1ed metal has to be considered, The number and size of dISCS., length of single and double suspension and tension string for various system voltages are given in Chapter 4 of this manual. . Typical arrangements of Insulator Strings are shown in Figures as indicated below: Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure Figure Figure Figure 9 Typical Insulator String Arrapgement for 220 kV AC Transmission Line Single Suspension Insulator Stiing for 400 kV AC Transmission Lines Typical Arrangement of Single' Suspension String for 400 kV lines with Twin Bundled Conductor .' '. _ Typical Arrangement of Double Suspension String (For 400 kV Lines with Twin Bundled Conductor) -. Single Tension Insulator String for 400 kV Transmission lines Typical Arrangementof Dout>!e'Tension String for 400 kV Lines with Twin Bundled Conductor ..... ;;;,.'-;;: 400 kV AC "V" Suspension with AGS Clamp for Twin Moose 400kV AC Quadruple V Suspension Set for ACSR Bersimis (35.1 5) Quadruple Deadend Assembly for 400 kV AC ACSR Bersimis 800 kV Single V-Suspension Insulator String for Quad "Moose" Bundle 2(31 pes. per String) 800 kV Single V-Suspension Insulator String for Quad "MC'ose" Bundle 2(29 pes. per String) '. 800 kV Double V-Suspension Insulator String for Quad "Moose" Bundle 2(31 pes. per String) ± 500 kV DC 'V" Suspension Insulator Strings for Four ACSR Bersimis Dia) ± 500 kV DC Quadruple Tension Insulator String Four ACSR Bersimis
.

-.-

.~.-

10
11

12

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Figt;re 13 Figure

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(35.1 mm

3.6.5

Vertical Spacing· between Power ConductorslMinimum Minimum Phase to Grounded Metal Clearances

Vertical

Phase to Phase Clearances/

3.6.5.1 The vertical spacing between power conductors and between power conductor and groundwire is controlled by mechanical considerations (galioein9/clashin~1 and electrical consideration) (phase to phase and phase to grounded metal Clearance requirements. The minimum phase tv phase and phase to grounded metal clearances are generally determined on the basis of lightning impulse levels for lines of voltages upto 300 kV. For lines voltages as are 300 kV, the minimum phase to phase and phase to grounded metal clearance are based on switching impulse level. The minimum phase to grounded metal clearance is affected by power frequency. The dynamic over voltage/service, voltage, altitude, humidity and temperature also. The minimum phase to groUrided metal clearance is ascertained from the lightning impulse level for lines upto 300 kV and switching impulse level for lines voltages above 300 kV as also power frequency dynamic over voltagel service voltaqe considering altitude, humidity and temperature also. The minimum phase to phase and phase grounded metal clearances for different VOltages for given BIL and SIL are given in Chapter 4 of the Manual. An illustration for calculating the spacing between two adjacent cross- arms or power conductors of a suspension and tension

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ca. I
.;

..-

Vlt..
I

:J .. '"

<:>

.... '" .-

-0

1
<:)

>t ,

.!:!ci Olec:Vle-

» ~:<

<0....:

oc oC

0N

OJ c,

.....
OJ

en

c:

01 u;

:J

u, <-

0 l-

~
I

e
..,_
0

C> U"\ N

C> -0

..-

OR

III .._
QJ

I~. t,

20

Tower Geometry

m p
.

.,II
i

n
,..
!
Q)

,.., +, '"
I1J Vl

<;

_L.
"0
to

o o

::J

.....

o en
t...

.S
Vl

..... ,-... o en
to

.S c,

::JV)

~,

lLJ ;:.-

>-

.~
QJ

e
I

..,
0

> .x:

CJ

c: ..,. .s:
a

QJ

'"
N

= en =
C;

-0 ::J

<0 ...:t
OJ
L.

'v .....

c:

C7'

~ _l.-·;:~.,,_..·."

:::l LL

en

to

.....,

c:: o ..... o

I
.. _ .... N

<> z

Tower Geometry

21

E
~.

V)

1:
V)

~ w co
0:::
Vl

L.J

<1
'::J 0 u, 0 ,._

'III

0' C '.._ Vl '-

I ! , i
i
!

0 .......

ro
::J

c
';jj
0

Ii

Q1

Cl.
III

::J Vl

>
L.J

Cl

> ~
If' +1

o o

OJ

'-

tz

::J 0'1

Ii<

c.i

22

Tower Geometry

r-

I
I

l.S';

'::J

u....

o
c::n

c:
'V1 '-

o
ro

c:
c:
If)

If)

::J

c:

rQJ

QJ

Cl.. ::J t... "'0

d
L..I

::J

ro

Cl

I~
!

> oX
If'I +1

<::> o

'lfl

N -0

co

OJ

::J u;

en

Tower Geometry

23

tower is given in Figures 17(a) and 17_(b}. Wherever elevation difference between two adjacent tower is considerable, the vertical clearances betWeen phases at the tension tower is determined by phase to phase switching/lightning impulse clearance between the highest point of the shielding ring/atoning horn of the tension insulator string of the lower phase and the lowest point of the jumper of the upper phase. 3.6.6 Tension Insulator Drop

3.6.6.1 The tension strin'g/assumes position along the line of catenary of the conductor and therefore its mclination with respect to horizontal varies with change in sag. Lote Tension Insulator Drop is-The-·' ve'1!cal displaceme!lt. of ~~jl1!I1QE~rl~gJ)Qifl_~r.t~t_tachment point of tension_string <!t st~~n plate. The drop is maxinlum under maximum s~gcondition,and !s lowest mminim.un:Lsag condition, Wil·ile drawing the clearance diagram it is necessary to check the ~Iearance of jU_l11pe~foLbothminimum and maximum drop conditions of insulatorstring," ,__ , . 3.6.6.2 In case of considerable difference in the elevations of ~djacenttowers, the jump~r leg and of insulator string of the tower at lower elevation may go due t~ nyJl point iying outside the span and the insulator drop may be n~ative leadingtg,insu~i<:!ent live conductor to grounded metal clear?nce between the jumper and the cross-ann. Under such cases, the jumper may be modified to obtain, the appropriate clearance. 3.7 3.7.1 3,7.2 TOWER WIDTH The width of the tower is specified at base, waist and cross-armlboom Base Width level.

~e

3.7.2.1 The spacing between the tower fc.otings i.e. base width at concrete level is the distance from the centre of gravity of the corner leg angle to that of the adjacentcorner leg angle. The width depends upon the magnitude of the physical loads imposed upon the towers (calculated from the size, type of conductors and wind loads) and also depends upon the height of the application of external loads trom ground ievei. Towers with larger base width result in low footing cost and lighter main leg members at the expense of knger bracing members. There isa particufaroaseWtaftiWhich-gfves-----, !he-liesf compromise and fo~ which total cos! of the tower and foundatlons is minimum. Through experience covering over a number of years, certain empirical relations have also been developed which are good guide in detef(1ining the base width. The base width of the tower is determined from the formula as given belcw : B ~ .
,c

8
M

=
= = =

fk;

Base width 01 tower at ground level in centimeters Overturning moment, in kg-m A constant

k"M

The value of K varies from 1.35 to 2.5 and 1.93 is an average value. The determination of the correct value of the constant for suspension and angle towers because of such a wide range suggested, may lead to differing results, With a view to arriving at a simpler relationship, Figures relating to total ~eight of tower and their base widths are tabulated in Table 3.2 .for typical towers of aUvoltage classes both single and double circuits. It is seen that the base width generally varies between 1/4 to 1/6 of the overall height of the tower upto concrete level- the values' may be 1/6 for suspensiontower, 1/5 for medium angle towers and 1/4 for heavy angle towers. Where the way leave is a problem, the design is optimized with the maximum permissible base width.

24

Tower Geometry ~. ,

.r

figure 17(al:Vertical Spacing Between

Power ConducTvrs

Two Adjacent Cross-arms ir, Case of Suspension Tower

or Two

e. should
.

be limited to

ec

Vertical spacing Height of hanger (1-1) (Considering from upper x-arm main member)

= =

for determinin:: minimum vertical spacinq for C! < t!1 for 91 < a < 92 H... +h b

(x, +B~C) or

S Cos 9,

(x, -B+C) Cos oC

H+t>+h H=(x2+B+C)-S S Cos 9,

Cos 92

;;

.. ,_.

b = {S+x,+8+C}

h = (a +off set) tan

ex:

a = b tan
a

= (S~+C)+Sin

ex:

ex:

whichever b=S Cos 1 +(x, +B+C) Cos ~} or (S+~+B+C) Cos ex: h=(a+off set) tan ec a= S Sin 0, +(x, +B+C) Sin <X or = (S+x" +B+C) sin oc Value of 'a' should correspond to greater value of 'b'

is greatel

Notes:

B C x, x2

9, 92

.=

Swing angle of the suspension strinq, Maximum swing angle of the suspension string_ Flange width of the nearest projecting angle section· Distance of centre of gravity of the main angle section· Electrical clearances corresponding to BIUSll Electrical clearances corresponding to"dynamic over voltage/power frequency voltage. length of suspension insulator string. The minimum value of string length shall be used for checking clearance underneath thei cross arm and maximum length for determining clearance . ~. tower body and other parts.

,f30t"h

.,

Tower Geometry

25

.~.

Figure 17IbI: Vertical ,Spating Bet'ileen two Adjacent Cross":,<lrms or two Power Conductors in Case of Tension Towers

Vertical spacing Y D b=

= Y+b+h

Y+b+h

= =

Depth of jumper terminal point below cross-arm level 1.10 x Maximum electrical clearance corresponding to Bllor D 'Cos 93 + (x,+B+C) Cos br (D+x2+B+C) Cos oc (a+St Sin 4l/2+off set) tan D Sin 93 +(x, +B+C) Sin or (D+X2+B+C) Since
ee

Sil

ee

h= a= a=

ee

b=D Cos 93+(x, +B+C) Cos oc or Whichever is greater D Cos 94 + (~+B+C) Cos oc h (a+St Sin ~/2+offset) tan oc

a a

= D Sin 9 =

3 + (x,+B+C) Si'n ee or D sin 94 +(~+B+C) Sin ec

Sag of minimum span excluding twice length of tension insulator string y' = Sag of the minimum span specified This value may be worked out for maximum sag as well as minimum sag and a relevant yalue is adopted.

26 Tower ~------------------------------------------------------------- Geometry

In medium and heavy angle towers, for the bracings to carry minimum possible loads, it is suggested that the base width and the slopes of the leg mAmoors may be adjusted in such a manner that the legs when extended may preferably meet at the line of action of the resultant loads. This reduces the forces in bracings to a large j<:nctBnt ~.~d a s!r~!"!ge!"~!"!d more ::;tab:6 tower i:mery.::::..

Typical slopes of bottom most leg merriber with vertical for various voltage rating tower are given in Table 3.1 Table 3.1 . Typi.cal Slopes of Tower Legs for Various
~-'.""" .. ..

Voltages

- ~..
Voltage Rating Type of Towers Suspension angle dead end Suspension angle dead end Slope of Leg 4°_9° 70-11 ° Upto 220 kV

,.

.~

II p
!i ;1
.'

8°-13° 8° 11° 12° 15°

400 kV and above

10°-1]0

I,
.1 ,I
H
li

I,
,

!I

i!

I'

3.7.3'
3.7.3.1

Width at Waist Level Width at the waist level is defined as the width at waist line in case of horizontatwasp ,-.",.si towers. For horizontal configuration, the width at "the waist level is found to vary from 111.5 tv 1/2.5 of base width depending upon the slope of theJ~g. Width of Cross-Arm Level

3.7.4
3.7.4.1

Width at cross-arm level is defined as the width of the tower at the level of lower cross- arm in case of barrel type tower. This width is mainly decided by torsion loading. The torsional stresses are evenly distributed on the four faces of the square configuration tower. The larger width reduces torsional forces transmitted to the bracings below that level and thus helps in reducing the forces in bracings of the tower body. The cage width is decided in a manner that the angle between lower main member and the tie member of the same cross-arm a nd that between bracings and belts is not less than 15° in line with the general structural engineering practices as an angle less than 15° may introduce bending stresses in the members. CROSS-ARM SPREAD

3.8 3.8.1

The cross arm spread of a suspension and a tension tower is a function of Basic Impulse Levell Switching Impulse Level and power frequency over voltage, configuration of insulator strings, angle of swings of suspension string in case of suspension tower and that of jumper in case of tension tower, phase to phase spacing etc. These parameters are described in Chapter 4 of the Manual. length of Cross-arm for Suspension Towers

3.8.2 3.8.2.1

Alternative-I:

Insulator String-I Configuration

>",:.;.

The length of the cross-arm is determined corresponding to nil ~.wing and two swing angles and the corresponding electrical air clearances (BIUSIUp.f. voltage) and such clearances from mechanical requirement (galloping/clashing of conductors). The two swing angles correspond to transverse

Tower Geometry

27

~~88

"0!"'~

crlc..;..jc6

C\iNci~

. VII'- """

~~ '2 ~~.88
> oX
o

; iiig;Z~ ~ .!!,. ~~
1:",_",

«4

~+-

-+

~
."'l "'tf
"'7Q)~r)

4-

r"""'0
U!

4-

III

-+

88Sl8 CZ)G)~,.: ,,' r.: rD ~

s C4
CZ)

~ ~S-

-4__ }-

~~

~!".~~

~~~~

.... "
-;

~~~

V)

0)

t-

-r

r-

-t

----if

.., .N

CJ

l>_

o.!!

c .. o>

.s

888881 _ c_qq .... _...

000--

- - - --

-5
o ...

Ci

...

'0

4> Q.

8 >.
o
.:t!

:0:.

Q>

~.
(3

>. .>t:
~<coo
o.

en

c:

>.

~<(X)o

(f)Z

_0

....:

28

Tower Geometry load {maximum) and vertical load and transverse load (average) and vertical load. At nil and medium swing angle the electrical air clearance corresponds to lightning impulse level for lines having voltages upto 300 kV And to switching impulse level for lines having voltages upto 300 kVand to switching impulse level for lines having voltages above 300 kV volta.ge and at maximum swing angle the electrical air clearance corresponds to power frequency dynRmi~ (''fer vo!tage!:-2!~d '.'c!t age.

3.8.2.2 Alternative-II: Suspension Insulator String-V Configuration

The length of the cross-arm is determined oorresponding to electrical clearances(BIUSIL) and the angle of the V-insulator string. The criteria for determining electrical clearances iil case of lines upto 300 kVand those exceedinq 300 kV is same as applicable in case of i--lnsulatoi string.

3.8.2.3 The electrical clearance diagrams considering length and configuration

of string and electrical air clearances (Ref. Chapter 4) are drawn to determine the length of cross arm and the same is checked against galloping/clashing depending upon the exposure of the lines to such conditions.

The electrical clearance diagrams for suspension tower with I and V - string is given in Figure 18. The analytical calculations for electrical clearances are given in Annexure-I where reference is to be made to Figure 20. 3.8.4 Length of Cross-arm for Tension Towers

3.8.4.1 On tension tower without the pilot string, the length of cross-arm is determined corresponding to Nil swing and swing angles specified for the jumper and the corresponding electrical air clearances (BIUSIL Power frequency voitage). The length of cross-arm is also determined with jumper swing limited to 15: w,ttl tne use ~t p;iot strmq and the cO;;SSpOIIGing electrical air clearance (BlUSH ..).

3.8.4.2 The electrical clearance diagrams considering length of tension string. jurnoerswinq ang:~, electrical air clearances,angle deviation of the line are drawn and cross arm length is arrived at For large angle towers (60°)/ and dead end towers, provision 0: unequal cross-arms, rectangular: trapezoidal cross-arm and use of pilot Insulators Strings and links may be considered where necessary for determining the cross-arm length. The electrical clearance diagram of a tension tower is giver in Figu~e 19. The analytical calculation for electrical clearance is given in Annexure-I where reference is to be made to Figure 21.

of

3.9
3.9.1

TYPICAL LENGTHS OF INSULATOR STRING ON TRANSMISSION LINES IN INDIA

Typical details of insulator strings (suspension and tension) and swing and clearance of suspension insulator strings and jumpers for existing lines in India are given in Tables 3.3 and 3.4. Typical Swing Angles and Electrical Clearances for Tension String (Sing!e/Doub!e) Jumper accptcd !~:::!;~ are given in Table 3.5.

:n

Tower Geometry

29

'1-,

J--.--

Figure 18: Electrica!

C:earc:1~:;: Diagram Suspension

Tower

Notes:

C 8 S
8, 82

=
= = = = = =

X, X2

<1>2

= =

Distance of centre of gravity of the main angle sections Flange Widt~ of the nearest projecting angle sections connected to main angle members, Length of suspension string Swing angle of the suspension string M tximum swing angle of the suspension string Electrical clearance corresponding to SIUSIL Electrical clearance corresponding to dynamic over voltage power frequency voltage Maximum swing angle of '.' String 1/2 of the included angle of V String I-String S Sin 8,+X,+8+C or S Sin 02 + X2 +8+C V-String

Length of X-arm

'.

30

Tower Geometry

o = Depth
length

of Jumper

"1
1.10 x Maximum electrical clearanee corresponding St Sin_!_+ D Sin 93 +Xl+B+C to BI,L or Sil ,~

of cross arm =

or _ St Sin ~ + D Sin 84 +X2+B+C

"'2

~ = Angle

of line deviation clearance Xl 3", Jumper swing and corresponding 64 = Maximum jumper swing and corresponding clearance X2

Figure

19: Electrical

Clearance

Oiagra:n

Tension

Tower

',,=...

Tower Geometry

31

".-1'

"-"~ .... ....

:

."
~~

- ·-·--i.T---

flH
41
I

'--".",

VI

V)

~----~--------lM----------~

wb

~----+r-------lB------------~~

..

~ ..•

Figure 20: Electrical Clearance Diagram-Suspension (Annexure-l : Analytical Calculations)'

Tower

32
~

Tower Geometry

/'1

\
p

<.

)-

>

r~
.

xtl

\
wb

~--------~----l8------------~~

-----

_____

1.

S=String length

Figure 21 : Electrical Clearance -Tension Tower (Annexure-l : Analytical Calculations)

.~

Tower Geometry TABLE 3.3 Typical Details of the Insulator Strings Adopted in India on Transmission lines at 66 leV to 800 kV AC and ± 500 kV HVDC
-.-.

33

Ir -.

Line Voltage (kV)

Suspension String

Tension String

Type

No. of _ Discs

length (mm)

TypeS

No. of discs
--

Length (mm)

66

132

I
I.

220 400 00C

SIS DIS SIS DIS SIS DIS

SIS VIS
DiS V(A Towers) V(B&C Towers} .. ~ers) ! S.rS (Pilot D&E To~· j • V Wilot O&E Towers) V I

5 2x5 9 2x9 14 2x14 23 2x38 2x40 I 2x35

1)(40

965 1255 1630 .1915 2340 2640 3850 7120

srr orr srr

.OfT
Quadff

SfT OfT

2x6 10 2x10

OfT

2x25
2x23 4)(38
I

15

1070 1575 1620 2175 2915 3345 5450 8450

i
I
I

r40
800

I
I
! ,

I'

POWER GRID

4)(35

UPSEB

!I
Note: (i) (ii) (iii)

2x40 2)(29 2x31

.II
I

7000 7550 7800 7000 7250

Quadff

4x35

See Fig.14 , I & 15

Quad/T

2)(31

•
I

I
I

9800

i;

See 16

:=ig .

..

i,;~

Size of discs for insulator strings upto and including 220 kV Voltages is 255x145 mm. Size of discs for suspension and tension strjngs for 400 kv voltage is 280x145 mm/255x 145 mm and 280x170 mm respectively. Size of discs for 800 kV system of POWERGRiO are 255x145 mm of 120 KN discs for DIS and SIS (Pilot O&E towers) and V (pilot for O&E towers) and 280x170 mm of 210 KN for V CA, B & C towers) and quad tension string. In case of UPSEB. the size of disc is 320x195 mm of 300 KN both for suspension and tension strings.

TABLE 3.4 Typical Swing Angles and Electrical Clearances fer Suspension tnsutator Strings in India on Transmission Lines at 66 kV to 600 AC and ± 500 kV HVDC Sf. No. Line Voltage (kV) Assumed Value of Swing of Suspension String from Vertical (degrees)

adopted

Minimum Clearances Specified (mm)

1.

66

15° 30°
45°

60°

915 760 610 610

(,'.
34
Tower Geometry

_.
~

~~~

__

'~~~~~~_1~_~_~_~_a_4~~~d_J~~~~~~~~~~ 30° 45° 60°

3.

220

J.------------+-..;._
4.
5.

..
o

~-

•• ".-

...

-.~

••

-.-.-_+_---------_i

400
I-String

800
l-Strinq

Power Grid-

55°/64
V-String Power Grid UPSEB
0

20° 25° 41°

105 to 115° V=90°

TABLE 3.5 Typical Swing Angles and Electrical Clearances for Tension String (Single/Double) Jumper adopted in India on Transmission lines at 66 kV to 800 kV and ±500 kVHVDC

SI. No.

line Voltage (kV)

Assumed Value of Swing of Jumper from Vertical (Degrees)

Minimum Clearances Specifiej (n".rn)

II
!I

1.

66

10° 20" 30° 10° 20° 30

0

915 610 610 . 1530 1070 1070 I 1675 3050 1860

?130

'I I I

2.

132

3. 4. 5.

220 400 ± 800

10° 20° 20° 40°

Power Grid

"

II 5600 4400 5000 5500

-~- ._.----."

I II
Ii

15°/20° 25°/30°

I, ii

Ii

40°/45°
UPSEB

i!

Ii Ii I' I!
_j "

II

To"'}'er Geometry

----------------------------------------------------------for Electrical Clear~nces on Transmission lines (Refer Figures

35

ANNEXURE-I

Analyticai

Calculation

20 and 21)

1.0 NOTATIONS H

= 0, & 02 =

Height of hanger Overall length of suspenston insulator String upto the lower tip of corona control ring. Swing angles of suspension insulator string Specified electrical clearances to be maintained at swing angles corresponding to 9, & 02 respectively. Flange width of tl">enearest projecting angle sections connected to main and tie angle members. Distance of centre of gravity of main angle section Angle between main and inclined tie members of top. middle and bottom cross-arms. Vertical distance trom underneath the cross-arm to nearest tip of corona control ring from centre line of tower corresponding to & O2, Vertical distance from underneath the cross-arm to the farthest tip of corona control ring from centre line of tOWH corresponding to 0, & 02' Horizontal distance from centre line of tower to nearest tip of corona control ring corresponding to a, & 02' Horizontal distance frorn centre line of tower to the farthest tip of corona control ring corresponding to 0, & 02' Half width of tower body at top cross arm level Half width of tower body at level corresponding to ~t1' ~t2 Half \Nidth of tower body at level corresponding to Xn' X,2' Slopes of legs h6Ig:.: of Corona control ring Length of top. middle. bottom cross arm from centre line of tower body. Spacir.g between the conductors of bundle or jumpers. Height of too, middle and bottom cross arms Angle of deviation of line Jumper depth

X" X2
8 C
ec T'ocU':X

= = =
S
:= :=

Y.. Y2 Y,. Y2

a,

X". XQ = XII'

\;:

W.
W!1'W,: W".W ..
:=

!3y
M

'r

=
:=

=
:= := :=

Z
III

LpL",l;:

ht·h",.h~

....
36
Tower Geometry CLEARANCE ON SUSPENSION STRINGS

2.0 ELECTRICAL
2.1
At Angle of Swing

Electrical clearance Available

K' =Y 1 -(B+C) ,.
,;;,H +(S-M) Cos 9, -

M . Sin 9,
2
-

- (B+C)

Xl
X:>

~ = Y2 - (8 + C) = H +(S - M) Cos 92 2.2

Electrical Clearance from Tower Body

M SIn 02
2

- (B+C)

Horizontal Clearance =

(Xu - WIl) Cos B ~ X,

Xn

L, - S. Sin
H + S. Cos W 12) Cos

a, - M Cos'O, a, + N Sin
2 2

(B+C)

Y1 ::::
Horizontal Clearance

9,-(B+C)

(X12 -

f3 z x,

02

2.3

N Cos 92 - (B+C) 2 Y2 = H + S. Cos 92 + M Sin 92 - (B+C) 2 Electrical Clearance from lower Cross-ARM Tie (Inclined) Member
t2 :::: ~ -

S. Sin O2 -

..

tan OCm (Lower X-arm) =

hm

Perpendicular distance to Tie member from the line point" is shortest. If If

<Xm

< 0" then clearan~e is required to be computed at swing angle of string corresponding
> 9, and less than 92, then the clearance

to

0<:",

ocm

is minimum when angle of swing is

e,

Distance from lower tip of corona control ring to lower cross-arm tip p

=P

= (Lm :-

L, ) + S. Sin 9, - N Cos 9,
2
. ::"; V - (H + S (

Clearance available

Cos a1 +

~ Sin

a,) -

p tan a",J COS ~ • (8+G) ~ Xl

= [ V - Y1 • P tan a...J
IV
Similar check shall be made for 92

2
Cos

a.n - (8+c) ~ ~

Tower Geometry

37

3.0 ELECTRICAL C~EARANCESON TENSION STRINGS 3.1

1\
I

Electrical crear~n('!:e with Reference to Undemeath of Cruss-arm

1 C" ••• : __ V.Vft f~

~f'" v.

_1_ .....

Eiectricai Clearance

Clearance

= t + 0 Cos 9

1-

Clearance = t + 0 Cos 92 3.2 Clearance from Tower Body SWING ANGLE 9, Shift deviation.

2 Z Sin 92 2

Z Sin 91 -

(8+C) ~ Xl (8+C) ~ ~

= = =

Projected length of Tension Insulator String upto Jumper connection for angle of

Cross-arm Length L1-

(Shift + 0 Sin 81 + Z Cos 91) 2 (S. Sin! + o Sin 91 + Z Cos 9,)

=
3.3

WI + Y tan

f3

Clearance available from tower body = (XI- WI)Cos f3 (B+C) ;;::: X, Clearance from Low Cross-Arm Tie (Inclined) Member
h

tan

ec .m

= -----

'"
Wnit

Lrr. AG = V Y ; BH

= AG -

Z Sin 9,

KH = (Lm-LI)

+ Shift + 0 Sin 9, -Z 2

Cos 9,

KG == KH + Z Cos 9, AI

= AG-GI = AG = BH -

KG tan

""m
ocm

BJ = BH - JH

KH. tan

Clearance a~ailable from middle X-arm

= AE = AI Cos ""m-

(B+C~~.X,

--~

1)

o
•. 1

.:.;.

-"'"'\

~
-.

Transmission Line Manual

Chapter 4

Electrical Clearances

c:,
~

,..

CONTENTS
Page 4.1 4.2 Introduction Minimum Ground Clearance I 1 1

.. >
1

•
,j
t"'1 )

4.3. Minimum Clearance above Rivers/Lakes ~,

4.4 Environmental Criteria for 800 kV Line Air Clearance - General Consideration Clearance and Swing Angles on Transmission Lines in India Conductor Metal Air Clearances Air Clearance-Analysis by CIGRE

2
2'

'0

4.5 4.6
4.7 4.8 4.9

2 3
4 5 6

:....

Phase-to-Phase Air Clearances

~~-..

4.10 Clearance between Conductor & Groundwire 4.11 Effect of Span Length on Clearance 4.12 Clearance at Power Line Crossings 4.13 Recommendation

7 7 8

ANNEXURES Annexure I - Spacing between Conductor 11 12 16

Annexure II - Swing Angle for 800 kV Anpara - Unnao Line for Insulator Strings and Jumper APPENDIX - Investigation Studies on Clearance and Swing Angles for Indian Power System

Chapter 4

ELECTRICAL CLEARANCES
:'

..

4.1

Introduction
._ _ '. .• . ::f ..~ '. • ..•. ,"' • '. .. .•

t;!~::.·

The design of a transmission line .tower i$ di~tin91JY. ~lassi1ied .into f'!lechani~a"design ~.~: ~1~t~~1 design. The parameters which affect the design ot a·towec are di.§CU~ in.Chapter-V. ~hereas;-!oadings arid mechanical design of a tower are _ discussed in, Chapters 6 ~ ~of the Manual •.. in:th"(s ·.chapter. the aspects leading to electrical design of a are •.therefQr~: dis~ss~. Th~· electii~i ,desjgn of tower, intact, involVes fixation of external insulation ·against different electrical phenomena. The external insulation comprises self restoring air and solid insulation in the formot insulator strings consisting of disc insulators, long rod insulators etc. The .electrical insulation ot a tower lsa fu~tion of steady. state operating voltage of the system arid various events that occur in the system (energisation. re-;energisation;-t~ult occurrence and its clearance, lightning strokes etc.). For system upto and including 245 kV voltage rating, the tower insulation is determined from the power frequenCy voltage and lightning impulse requirement whereas for system above 245 kV rating, the power frequency and switching impulse voltages are the governing cntena. The other factors which affect the electrical insulation are climatic conditions - altitude. relative humidity, pollution, etc. The various factors and statutory regulations.which affect the electrical design- of a tower are discussed as hereunder. .. .

to.wer·

i.

4.2

Minimum Ground Clearance

The minimum clearance above ground as per sub rule 4 of Rule 77 of I.E.Ruies AC system and for ± 500 kV HVDC system. as adopted in. India are as under: Vrltage (kV) Nominal Highest (System)
I I I

1956 (latest revision) for

Minimum gro~:-;d crcarance (:TIm)

66 72 5500

132 145 6100

220 245 7000

400 420 8800

.000 12400

+ 500

--

12500

To the above ctearance an a;::!j:!;onal clearance of 150 nun is added to provide for uneven ground profile and possible sagging error 4.3 Minimum Clearance above Rivers/Lakes

In case of accessible trczenriversrlakes, the minimum clearance above frozen riversllakes should be equal to the minimum ground clearance given in 4.2 above. . . The minimum clearance of Power Conductor over the highest flood 'eveHn case of non navigable rivers shall bt: as follows: ' .

System Voltage (kV)

Minimum clearance above highest flood level (mm)·

72 145 245 420 800 + 500

3650 4300 5100 6400 9400 6750

"(The maximum height of an object over the hlghes! flood 'evel of non-navigable rivers Is considered as 3000 mm)

~':: ~_. ...

.' .'.

"..~
, For navigable rivers, clearances are fixed in relation to the tallest mast in consultation with the concerned navigation~lIport authorities.

,.

tI

.....
A A

Environmental

Criteria for 800kV Une

"The Standing EHV committee of CEA (Working Group 9: Interference) have laid down the following environmental criteri~ for 800 kV lines: .",. Radio Interference should not exceed 50 dB for 80% of time duration during the year. For Television Interference, the minimum signal to noise ratio should be 30 dB. Audible noise "should be less than 55 dB (A). Electros'SlJic field at 2 m above ground below the outer most phase should be ~qlJa! to or !ess than 1QkV!mbnd equal to Of less than 2 kV/m at the edg~ of right of way.

To compJy with the above environmental requirements minimum ground clearance of about 15000 mm has been adopted in India for 800 kV lines.

4.5

Air Clearances -

General Consideration

The air clearances applicable to transmission fines are categorised as minimum ground clearance, phase to grounded metal clearance, phase to phase clearance, clearance between power conductor and groundwire, clearance between power lines crossing each other, power lines crossing telecommunication lines. railway tracks, roads etc.

The phase to grounded metal clearances is a function of power frequency voltage and lightning impulse voltage in case of the transmission lines of voltage rating upto and including 245 kV and power frequency voltage and switching impulse voltage for lines above 245 kV voltage rating. The power frequency voltage is expressed in terms of service voltage or service voltage modified by events such as faults. sudden change of loads, ferranti effect,linear resonance, ferroresonance, open conductor, induced resonance from coupled circuits, etc. A line is subjected to lightning impulses due to shielding failure (direct stroke to power conductor). back flashover from tower to power conductors, voltage induction from nearby objects etc.

The switching impulse voltage originates from line energisation, line reclosing, fault occurrence and clearing, switching off capacitive current (restriking effect) including Hne dropping and capacitor bank switching, switching of inductive currents (current chopping effect) including transformer magnetising currents and reactor switching, speclal switching operations lncludi!"!g seriescapacitors, resonant ferro resonant circuits and secondary switching.

The air gap clearances tor phase to phase lightning impulse withstand voltages are the same as those for phase to ground lightning impuls~ withstand voltages.

4.6

Clearances

and Swing Angles on Transmission

lines

in India

Conductor metal clearances generally adopted in the country for transmission lines 66 kV and above are given as under:

System voltage

Single Suspension Insulator String Swing from vertical {degree} Nil 15 30 45 60 Minimum clearance (mm) 915 915 760 610 610 1530 '1530 1370 1220 _. 1070 2130 1980 1830 1675

Jumper Swing. from verticaf (degree) Nil Minimum clearance {mm} 915

(kV)
72AC

10
20 30

915
61.0 '610

145AC

Nil
15 30 45 60._. -

..
......

};

-.

--

Nil 10 20 30
.,.

--:--

~-

__

._.

1530 1530 1070 1070

.

--

_,'

245 AC

Nil 15 30 45 60

Nil 10 20

--

---

2130 2130 1675

-3050 3050 1860

--

420AC

Nil
22 44

3050 3050 1860

Nil 20 40 40

800AC +500 V-Strings Notes: DC NiI*

<-------

Discussed in the Appendix 3750

----->
1600

have been adopted.

(i) (ii)

Electrical clearance for suspension towers should be adopted for single suspension strings. For road crossings. tension towers should be adopted. The details of insulator string adopted in the country for transmission nnes 66 kV and above voltage are given in Chapter III_. Conductor Metal Air Clearances

4.7 4.7.1

System Voltage

The air clearances for AC system given in document 11 (secretariat 48) of IEC referred in CfGRE document "Tower Top Geometry - WIG 22.06" issued in June '1995 and for DC system on the basis of values adopted by Power Grid for their ± 500 kV HVDC Rihand-Dadri line are given beloYf: System Voltage (kV) Air Clearance (mm] 4.1.2 Lightning and Switching '72 145 245 420 800 AC ---------------> 1200 1560 ±500 DC 1150

<-------------190 390 Over-voltage

<---------------

-------------->

650

The air clearances corresponding to lightning impulse and switching over-voltages tor AC system as per IEC 71-2 (1996) and for DC system as adopted by Power Grid for their + 500 HVDC Rlhand-Dadri line are given as under. -

:'-".

.-

-,

System Voltage -;

impulse ~thstand

.....

_.'

Voltage - Sll
-r

-(kVp)
Bll

Air Clearances (mm)

-

-Sil
i

(kY.) -

.. "]

-.

,--

--

Bll
I

Rod Strudure 5.
. .....

.Conductor Strudure

,Rod structure 7.

--

Conductor Strudure

1.
-72AC" 145 AC.....

2. : 325 550
'.

3.

550
245AC 420AC
.-

. ~5.0_.
1050
"

--

--- . --'.

4.
-.

6.

-1700 .. 1900 2400 2600 3800 3900

. 630
1100 .300 1900 2100 2600 2850 3900 _ 4200

----

.._",

--

---

l .. ··

--

--2900 3400 5600 6400 . 3750

1300 1425 1950 2100 1800

950 1050 1425 1550 1000 by' CIGRE

2200 2600 4200 4900

800 AC

±500 4.8

DC

--

--

Air Clearance ~ Analysis

4.8.1 As asequel to adoption of structural design based on reliability concept. CIGRE SC-22 WG06 had taken up study on tower top geometery to ascertain the swing angles cl th.:: I:lsulalor Slr.ngs air clearances .. etc. for the same meteorological data used for determining the structural strength.. The WG based on CIGRE Publication 72 had interalia worked out air clearances corresponding to lightning and switching surges under still air condition/small swing angle in Document "Tower Top Geometry" - June 1995 as given below. Nominal Voltage uR (kV) Highest Voltage for Equipment u., (kV) 2. 123 245 Lightning Impulse Withstand Voltage (kV) Switching Impulse Withstand Voltage (kV) 4.

I I

-,
Minimum Phaseto-Earth Air Clearance (mm) 5. 940 1130 1760
·07" ,...,'v

-i>_(f

1.
110 230

3.
450 550 850 950

---.

1050
400 420 1175 1300 1425 1300 1425 1550

-850 950 1050 950 1050 1175

--

2180 2430 2800 3250' 2800 3250 3900

500

525

'.

Values recommended for adoption are given separately.

4.8.2 The conductor to grounded metal cfearances under still wind and deflected ins~l~tor strings as per CIGRE Doc of June 95 adcoted in other countries are given Tables A-1 and A-2. 4.8.3 The correlation between wind pressure (speed) arid maximum angle of swings of suspension strings (both 1& adopted in other countries indicates that these pressures fall in the range of 40% V) to 70% of ultimate wind pressure. Further, these wind pressures correspond to wind speeds characterised by retlllT'! pe!i~ of 2 to 5 ;:~CiiS Cigai.t5( PUWt:1 jf~querlCy voitage in case of I-string
and lightning/switching surges i~ <j3se of V-strings. For the reduced angle of swing (100 to 2(0), occasionally a characteristic WirKJ _speed is specified corresponding to lightning/switching over voltages in case of l-suspenslon r pilot suspension string. .

4.9

Phase-ta-Phase

Air Clearances

..

4.9.1 Phase-to-pnase verfical and horizo tal separation between Power Conductors of the same circuit _...

. in Paras 4.7 & 4.8.

4.9.1.1Ughtning Impulse
'.

or different circuitS.on..thasame.towe .will bee$fablished by conductor metal clearances discussed However minimu clearances between phases as given in IEC 71:'2 (1996) are reproduced below:

Standard lightning Impulse withstand voltage (kVp)

Minimum Air Clearance (mm) Rod Structure Conductor Structure

325 450 550

630

900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100 2350' 2600 2850
3100

---

650 750 850 950 1050 1175 1300 1425 1550 1675 1800 1950 2100

---

..
1600 1700 1900 2200 2400 2600 2900 3100 3300 3600 3900

3350 3600 3900 4200

..
1"---''''

4.9.1.2 Switching Impulse

Standard Switching Impulse withstand Voltage Phase Voltage (kVp)
"'___ A_

Minimum Phase to Phase Clearance (mm)

.

*"'t.... __

Phase to Phase Value t'nase to t:arm value

I .. 0':'0

tV

r IIcl::it::

Voltage (kVp)

Con9uClor-Conduct or Parallel

i Rod-Conductor

750 850 850 950 950 1050 1050 1175 1300 1425 1550
4.10 Clearance

--

1..5

1.5 1.5 1.6 1,5 1.1 1.5 1.6

.
._.

·0

.- ....

1·7 1.7 1.6

Between Conductor

1125 1215 1360 1425 1615 1575 1680 1763 2210 2423 2480

3600 3900 4200 6100 7200 7600

3700

2300' 2600 2900 3100

•..-.,.

2600 3100 3400 36Po

42 46 0 50

9000, 9400·\.

740P

1
'-

& Groundwlre

4.10.1 Clearance between Conductor

& Groundwire

"At Tower"

The height and location of grounct.vires shall be such that line joining the groundwire to the outermost conductor shall make an angle with the vertical equal to desired shield angle. The angle of shield, which is governed by the height of tower: and adopted for various voltage transmission lines in India is given as

under:

.
Line Voltage (kV) Highest (System) Angle of Shield of Groundwire (6,

72 30

145

245 30

420 20

800 20

±500 10

30

The location of groundwire is related to the position of power conductor which is fixed depending upon length and configuration of insulator string, swing of insulator string. electrical clearances etc. Ontransmission lines having wider conductor spacing, two groundwires are provided. The protective zone between two groundwires forms a semicircle with the line connecting two groundwires forming the base diam~ter in case of horizontal configuration tower. The middle phase conductor shall not fall within this semi-circle.

4.10.2 Clearance between Conductor

& Groundwire

"At Midspan"

The mid span clearance between the conductor and grounawires is kej:l more than the clearance at lower to avoid flash over from groundwire to conductor when hit by the lightning stroke. The usual practice in this regard is to maintain groundwire sag 90% of that of conductor at r:linimum temperature condition for normal span ensuring that the sag of groundwire does not exceed that cif conductor under any loading conditlon. This arrangement also improve angle of shield in the middle of span. fhe minimum mid-span clearances for different voltages rating lines are given as under: Voltage (kV) Highest (System) Minimum mid span clearance (mm)

72 3000

145 6100

245 8500

420 9000

800 12400

±500
850Ct

4.11

Effect of Span length

em Clearances

The effect of span lengthonclearanCf}S can be defined under elec.t!icataod mechanical fEtqUirement. The. air clea~nces from the electrical. requirements are tittle effected by, tbe., sRaO Ie.ngth. but· me.chanical requireme~ such as non-synchronou5 movement of conductor, galloping. and dancing do.neceSsitate:higher controlled by providing antigalloping devicEt viz. d~tC).pjngpenduJums, phase to pbase· ties, sproilers. etc. In the absence of antigalloping de.vices, the. line: artha spans. in the lioe; which are e.xPQ:le¢ tQ g~llop.ing, are provided with air clearances so that when the wires approach. each·other no. flashove.fU.kes. plaoe~ ThE); procedure for determining. the horizontal and v~rticaL clearances ag~ast~galloping is. avaiJabklln published literature (Ref. 1&2). Larger spans may be encount~red eni:ot.ll&.transmission lines traversing: partJ~' plain· and partly hilly terrain or totally ~iIIy terrain. The· normaltQWers used,QQ.such Does.can Qe,.u$e<;i (onger: (Qf span provided the angle Of tine deviation is smaller tban for which the. tower is desJgn~d· 304 t!1~J~Uf.l1_Qf_... adjac~nt spans. does not.exceed thepermissi~e Inlit.·· TheinCfeas.e·lil weighf sPan is. take.n qar.e by reinforcing the cross-ann. ~e tower capacity chart furnished. by: the ~ow.e(con(raqtors in Ind;a gO.nerally. Bmit the increase in sum of adjacent span. equivale.nt to reduclion. in line deviation of 1° in· case 01 suspension tower (0.-2'nd 3° to 4° in case of te.nsion: towers (~ .. 15°, 15" ~ 300. 30~ .. 60~). wliho.ut a effecting the air clearances. The criteria behind this concept could. be. reduction in swing. angle.. due to. relative more increase in vertical load than in the transverse load and thereby afford more clearances automatically. The spacing between the phases of a transmission line in various countries is, based onme formula. a.E +b.f Where f is sag plus length of suspension string (unless specified otherwise) a&b are constant and E is the. iine voltage The formulae adopted by various countries are given in Annexure-I. \Nherever long spans are involved enroute auansrorsslon line in India. the practice is to check the tower crossarm spread corresponding· to spaCing be.tween the phases .arrived at from anyone formula which, gives tne conservative value. The swing, of insulator string depends upon wind load·and vertical load. Xha minimum phase to phase electrical clearances are given in para 4.9. 4.12

du~tQ 'N!•. _' _'!d -,.._...... v

cleara~~

~e

~!~'?e:.? ~.~~':~~:k~~t~ ~AeqU?1i?e loading,gallOping: III the span dancing ~~~:~~~~ me. ~~eet Sh~ddj"9. and CaD: be COOQuclQr",
............... '.. U.'Q
lU.

~J.VII~

VJL lUC;f

Clearances

at Power Une Crossings Eac.h Other

4.12.1. Power lines Crossing

The minimum electrical clearances between lowest power conductor of crossing line over the crossed line as per Rule 87 of IE Rule 1956 is given as under: Voltage Rating of Crossed Une (kV) Highest (System) Voltage Rating of Crossing Une (kV) Nominal Highest

72

145

245

420

800

Minimum Electrical Clearance (mm)

132 220 400

66

72

145 245 420 800

2440 3050 4580 5490 7940

.3050 3050 4580 5490 7940

4580 4580 4580 5490 7940

5490 5490 5490 5490 7940

7940 7940 7940 7940 7940

. 4.12.2

Power

lines

Crossing

CommunIcation

Unes

The miniri)Uin ¢Iearance to be maintained between a power line and a communication line, as per "Code of Telecommunication lines of Crossings with Overhead Power lines" should be as follows: .. . , .
of Practice·forProt~ction

Voltage (kV)
t

.!'!ofT'Jn~!

ct>

~32

22C

100

--

~Highest

. 72 2440
.'

145 2750

245

420 ·4480

tJOO
7900

MinlmumC!learance between power conductor crossing telecommunication line· (mm)

3050

..

..,.

-.,.

-as per "Regulations

The minimum vertical clearance between the lowest conductor of a power line crossing the railway track for Power Una Crossings of Railway Tracks - 1981" shall be-as follows:

The minimum vertical clearance above rail track as' atso highest working point of the job when crane is . deployed ·arid the.lowest.RQint of any co~ctor of crossing including ground wire under condition of maximum sag is given as uilder: .

.... ~
Voltage (kV) Nomina' 66
132

Minimum Clearance (mm) Highest

72

Above Rail Track

14,100 14,600.

Over Crane
2,000 2,500 3,500 6,000 9,500

-I

,
I

I
J
• ,, __ _..t

220
400

145 245
420 800

15,400
17,900 22,000

,I
..
'-",

4.12.4

Power Lines Running

Along or Across the Roads

The minimum clearance above ground for 66 kV and above voltage power lines running along or across the road shall be 6.1 m as per Rules 77 of I.E. Rules 1956 provided the requirement stipulated i:1 Sub-Rule (4) of Rule 77 of IE Rules 1956 is met. As per electrostatic field effect of EHV transmission fines, the minimum clearance for line passing ov?r the road shall be corresponding to field gradient of 10 kV/m. It shoul1 not permit a short circuit current more than 5 mA through an individual when touching a vehicle standing below the line. 4.13 4.13.1 Recommendation Air clearances and swing angles for various system voltage ratings are recommended as under:
_. _.,

System voltage (kV)

Singl'3 Suspension Swing from vertical (degree)

NIl

Insulator String Minimum clearance (mm)' .

915 915 760

Jumper Swing from

.
72AC

verncat (degree)
Nil 10 20 30

Minimum clearance (mm)

915 915

15
30

45 60 145 AC
Nil

610 610 1530

610 610 1530

Nil·

,f

15 30 45 60
ft'

1530 1370 1220 1070 2130

10 20 30

1530 1070 1070

245AC
Jt

Nil

Nil
l~) 2(;

.5
30 45 60 400AC Nil 22 44

1~80
'1830 . 1675

2130 2130 1675

r:

i>

'~

- 3050 3050 1860

Nil
2;)

40.

3050 3050

1850 -,

aOOAC Zones 1& Nil 22 4S ,560015100 4400 1300 560015100 4400 1300 5600/5100 4400 1300

Nil
15 30 Nil 20 40 Nil 22

II

5100 4400 1300 5100 4400 1300 5100 4400 1300

Zones III &IV

Nil

27
55

Zones V & VI

Nil
30 60

45

4.13.2

The spacing between conductors for long spans shall be estabftshed from the following formulae: Vertical Clearance

C 1)

0.75'

Jf

75

r,

V,

150

Horizontal Clearance (m)

0.6;-

vf~-;

ik

150
Sag at 75" C length of Insulator String in metres. Une Voltage in kV

<-

Where

f75

Ik
V

= =

' ..... ,_'

.. ~ .. ". -~.-' ,~

4
Nominal Voltage : 500 kV . Conductor : ACSR 410mm 2x4

~ 40r----+----+-~~~~+_--~

...

Insulator Strings:

320mm x 26 pes. double stroin

.,
.J,

..... o 30r---~----~~_+--_r+_--~
::J

Depth of Jumper: 5,OOOmm Catenary Angle : OCI

+ ocz=

5°

Without With

reinforcement

reinforcement

wire
spacer _ ......-

And reinforcement

Mean wind speed during 10 minutes [m/sec] Figure I : Swing characteristics of jumper conductor carried out in Jopon. based on test

Where.

"--!
I

(0) Suspension

Insulator

Strings

eo'

L.

Length of insulator strings Line deviation angle pilot Suspension Insulator

(b) Jurnper(without Strings)

Figure 2 : Air clearances for 800 kV Anpcrc - Unncc line 10

ANNEXURE -I : SPACING BETWEEN CONDUCTORS

Germany

t~_

Austria

Belgium

O.75Jf+11:

+ ~m

(Vertical)

O. 62Jf+

11: + ~m

(Horizontal)

France

U.S.A.

O. 75V+3.26~

inch

Poland

- t t: r t! - --,,- +40

+ 11: +

l~O m (Vertical)

Sweden

6.5~+0.7vcm

Czechoslovakia

25+V+7~-cm

Canada In which
f

Max. Sag Sag at 40° C Length of Insulator String (assumed as 4 m) VoHage in kV Actual span in m limited to 450 m Reference span in m (50 m) Reference Voltage in I<V (5 kV) Sag at 15° C -

.'

·c

u o
0..

~ a I

E ::J

'"

Ja

.2

~ ~
GI

1:

.. .. c
~

I
e
It)

I
0

....
II

o~ 010
(0-

I'~

It)

ci;:

GI

..

·F~ 8-8
It)

8.§

0 <'l

::::>

g a.

~ ....

..

u;Q

(')

I.

-~
CDo
~

,
-0
C ell

~ :J

~ ~

CI C o 'of o

-.::

'" go en
IV "5

=a

1)

"0

(')

C\I

~
CtI

c .j

CI

S
:::l
C
t: C

..£ c

<IICO>

.... ....~
~u::

III

c,'oc~
C);)..:

::::>

C <t!

-c

c. c

.2
g>
-c
.S
C> III C CII III
')
:; ~

o co

'0
G)

~
0(1
0

.1..- CIl

~
C\I

.~
0

;~

-;

-;
'of

._
C>

.,... ·H o·j

"t)

-0 '0

~~

Il)

I-

~ f-

c Ui
:J

i -----------t-----~------J g.

- ~~
Ell)
ell;;'" 00
II)

C>

'0

12

....

..§

'" g_

CD

"00 C~

i:

~ . .,...
.(\1

...

c oc

"Oc

:10 -, ,~

... .2 g
W

8 c..c
(I)

g-~ ...0 :::

<D

...
o

l! :0 <II C

~o

oi;

o o
10

I--

o ,.._
('oj

'

10

... M

o o N

10

...

> .JI!
o
10

;;.;,t:.

o
C\I

o
C\I

(»

~~~-+--~-~r-;--t--t--r~--+-~-4--+-~~--~-4~

.... q
~

13

I 'EI ...
~
G)

a.

~.

"",

0"'" NO

I--

10

cq

....

:;; o 10 ....
8

:;;
(')

Cii

I.
E
III C III

010 0(')

~d

(l)

....

...
~ ~

III N

?:c

...

E s
o
G>

'i c
100
00

s· o e.
oX

«!~

010

00

10 ....

.2

Qi

O!

"' ~ c o "'
14