Ashwani gupta Telephone Phone" redirects here. For other uses, see Telephone (disambiguation) and Phone (disambiguation).

An Olivetti rotary dial telephone, c.1940s The telephone (from the Greek: , tle, "far" and , phn, "voice"), often colloquially referred to as a phone, is a telecommunications device that transmits and receives sound, most commonly the human voice. Telephones are a point-to-point communication system whose most basic function is to allow two people separated by large distances to talk to each other. Developed around the 1870s by Alexander Graham Bell and many others, it is now one of the most common appliances in the developed world, and has long been considered indispensable to businesses, households and governments. The word "telephone" has been adapted to many languages and is widely recognized around the world. All telephones have a microphone to speak into, an earphone which reproduces the voice of the other person, a ringer which makes a sound to alert the owner when a call is coming in, and a keypad (or in older phones a telephone dial or no manual device) to enter the telephone number of the telephone being called. The microphone and earphone are usually built into a handset which is held up to the face to talk. The keypad may be part of the handset or of a base unit to which the handset would be connected. A landline telephone is connected by a pair of wires to the telephone network, while a mobile phone or cell phone is portable and communicates with the telephone network by radio. A cordless telephone has a portable handset which communicates by radio with a base station connected by wire to the telephone network, and can only be used within a limited range of the base station. The microphone converts the sound waves to electrical signals, which are sent through the telephone network to the other phone, where they are converted back to sound waves by the earphone in the other phone's handset. Telephones are a duplex communications medium, meaning they allow the people on both ends to talk simultaneously. The telephone network, consisting of a worldwide net of telephone lines, fiberoptic cables, microwave transmission, cellular networks, communications satellites, and undersea telephone cables connected by switching centers, allows any telephone in the world to communicate with any other. Each telephone line has an identifying number called its telephone number. To initiate a telephone call, a conversation with another telephone, the user enters the other telephone's number into a numeric keypad on his/her phone. Graphic symbols used to designate telephone service or phone-related information in print, signage, and other media include (U+2121), (U+260E), (U+260F), and (U+2706). Although originally designed for voice communication, the system has been adapted for data communication such as Telex, Fax and dial-up Internet communication.

Ashwani gupta Early development Main article: Timeline of the telephone 1896 Telephone from Sweden Early telephone with hand-cranked generator Wooden hand-cranked wall telephone Candlestick phone Modern emergency telephone powered by sound alone A modern mobile phone, or cell phone

1844 Innocenzo Manzetti first mooted the idea of a speaking telegraph (telephone). 26 August 1854 Charles Bourseul published an article in a magazine L'Illustration (Paris) : "Transmission lectrique de la parole" [electric transmission of speech]. 26 October 1861 Johann Philipp Reis (18341874) publicly demonstrated the Reis telephone before the Physical Society of Frankfurt. 22 August 1865, La Feuille d'Aoste reported It is rumored that English technicians to whom Mr. Manzetti illustrated his method for transmitting spoken words on the telegraph wire intend to apply said invention in England on several private telegraph lines", however telephones were not demonstrated there until after Alexander Graham Bell received his patent in the United States of America in 1876. 28 December 1871 Antonio Meucci files a patent caveat (No. 3335) in the U.S. Patent Office titled "Sound Telegraph", describing communication of voice between two people by wire. 1874 Meucci, after having renewed the caveat for two years does not renew it again, and the caveat lapses. 6 April 1875 Bell's U.S. Patent 161,739 "Transmitters and Receivers for Electric Telegraphs" is granted. This uses multiple vibrating steel reeds in makebreak circuits. 11 February 1876 Gray invents a liquid transmitter for use with a telephone but does not build one. 14 February 1876 Elisha Gray files a patent caveat for transmitting the human voice through a telegraphic circuit. 14 February 1876 Alexander Bell applies for the patent "Improvements in Telegraphy", for electromagnetic telephones using undulating currents. 19 February 1876 Gray is notified by the U.S. Patent Office of an interference between his caveat and Bell's patent application. Gray decides to abandon his.

Early commercial instruments Early telephones were technically diverse. Some used a liquid transmitter, some had a metal diaphragm that induced current in an electromagnet wound around a permanent magnet, and some were "dynamic" - their diaphragm vibrated a coil of wire in the field of a permanent magnet or the coil vibrated the diaphragm. The dynamic kind survived in small numbers through the 20th century in military and maritime applications where its

Ashwani gupta ability to create its own electrical power was crucial. Most, however, used the Edison/Berliner carbon transmitter, which was much louder than the other kinds, even though it required an induction coil which was an impedance matching transformer to make it compatible with the impedance of the line. The Edison patents kept the Bell monopoly viable into the 20th century, by which time the network was more important than the instrument.

How to use of telephone Steps Mute or turn off the television before attempting to use the phone. Always say "Hello." Do not say anything else, unless you already know who is calling. Jokes, personal greetings, or random words can be off-putting to unknown callers. Use an approved company greeting when answering a business call. Do not just say "Hi," as some callers will consider this unprofessional. Allow the line to ring at least five times before hanging up. This gives the other party enough time to finish (or interrupt) whatever they may be doing and come to the phone. If you called just to chat, hang up at five rings, otherwise it may get bothersome to the other party. If possible, ask anyone you call if it is a good time to be calling. Do not simply launch into a monologue without checking to see whether the other person is busy. Be sure to state the purpose of the call early in the conversation, and thank the other person before you complete the call. Be patience and listen the caller carefully.

Tips

Have a pen and paper handy, or be ready at the keyboard to write down or type any addresses, phone numbers, dates, or other important facts that might be discussed during the call. Smile while you're talking. This has a proven positive effect on the conversation. If a person does not answer by five rings, assume that they are talking on the phone to another caller via call waiting. Excess ringing is annoying while attempting to talk to another person.

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Note that if you are in the southern United States, stating the purpose of the call too early can actually be considered very rude, and a Yankee(a person from Northeast US) may find people being abrupt to him or her on the phone without understanding why. In the South, you are likely to get much better results, especially if you have spoken to the person before, by asking the person how they are, how their day has been, etc., how their ___ holiday went, etc. What will probably seem like time-wasting chitchat to you can actually pay off markedly in the other person being willing to help you with what you need.

Telephone directory A telephone directory (also called a telephone book, phone book and white/yellow pages) is a listing of telephone subscribers in a geographical area or subscribers to services provided by the organization that publishes the directory. Its purpose is to allow the telephone number of a subscriber identified by name and address to be found. Types A telephone directory and its content may be known by the color of the paper it is printed on.

White pages generally indicates personal or alphabetic listings. Telephone directories using the name "White Pages" exist in 91 different countries.[1] Yellow pages, golden pages, A2Z, or classified directory is usually a "business directory," where businesses are listed alphabetically within each of many classifications (e.g., "plumbers"), almost always with paid advertising. Gray pages, sometimes called a "reverse telephone directory," allowing subscriber details to be found for a given number. Not available in all jurisdictions for reasons of privacy.

Other colors may have other meanings; for example, information on government agencies is often printed on blue or green pages. STD & ISD Services STD (full form) - Subscriber trunk Dialing service. ISD (full form) - International Subscriber Dialiing service.

Ashwani gupta Singapore Telecommunications Limited (SingTel) which has a 31% stake in Bharti Airtel has got government approval to offer long distance services in India, a communication ministry official and two industry executives said. SingTel can carry STD and ISD traffic, offer communication and internet services to corporates and institutions. As per the existing policy, foreign direct holdings in telecom services has a cap of 74%. Industry sources said that SingTel has formed a JV with Bharti and Leela Lace Software Solutions of the Leela hospitality group to jointly hold 26% stake in the Indian JV. Bharti will hold 9.9% stake while Leela Lace Software Solutions will hold the rest. SingTel's proposal for national and international long distance licenses (NLD & ILD) had been pending with the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB), the nodal agency that clears all foreign investments into India, for about 15 months. Confirming the development, the Bharti spokesperson said: "Yes, the FIPB clearance has been obtained and Bharti will hold a 9.9% stake in the JV. Currently, as per sector regulator Trai's data, Bharti Airtel is the largest carrier of long distance services in India, on revenue terms. The Bharti spokesperson also clarified that SingTel would not compete with Bharti in the long distance space in India: "SingTel will not compete with Bharti in India. The NLD/ILD license obtained by SingTel will be used by it only for the limited purpose of serving some of its international corporate customers and this is no way will compete with Bharti's NLD/ILD business." The Bharti also added that SingTel would use its NLD and ILD network within India. The FIPB had first considered SingTel's proposal in November 2007, but did not clear it as the Singapore-based telco had failed to provide clarifications on two key issues its Indian partner for the proposed joint venture and additional details on the 'no-objection certificate' (NoC) given to it (SingTel) by Bharti Airtel. Again, in July 2008, the FIPB did not clear its proposal following objections from the home Ministry which pointed out that Singapore government-owned Temasek Holdings, which has a 56% stake in SingTel, had been fined by the Indonesian authorities for breaching competition laws in that country. Responding to a detailed query from ET, the SingTel spokesperson said the company 'won't be able to comment at this time'. SingTel also refused to state the name of its partners in the Indian JV. SingTel becomes the sixth international communications major to get approval for long distance services in India. At present, five global operators US-based AT&T and Verizon, British Telecom (BT), Cable & Wireless and France Telecom-- already offer NLD and ILD services in India. The business generated by the long-distance segment in India is estimated to be worth over Rs 13,000 crore annually. These foreign communication companies compete with Indian phone services firms such as Bharti

Ashwani gupta Airtel, Tata Communications, state-owned BSNL and Reliance Communications for a share of the country's NLD & ILD. (Electronics & Computer Science / Telecommunications) Brit a code of four or more digits, other than those comprising a subscriber's local telephone number, that determines the routing of a call [s(ubscriber) t(runk) d(ialling)] What is a Telegram? A telegram is a communication sent over a telegraph. Typically, a telegraph operator receives the communication, and then writes it out for the recipient. Telegrams can also be transmitted over the phone. Before the widespread use of phones and the Internet for communication, telegrams were the best way to convey information in a hurry; today, telegrams are quite rare in most parts of the world, and people in the West can sometimes actually have trouble finding a company which can send and receive telegrams. Telegrams started to be used in the 1800s, when inventors developed commercially successful telegraphy systems which could be used to relay messages. Originally, telegraphy could only be sent over wires, with wireless telegraphy debuting in 1895, making rapid communication even easier. However, telegraphy represented a very crude method of communication, with users utilizing a coded alphabet to communicate with each other. Telegraphy involves the transmission of electrical signals, which can be entered with a telegraph key on one end of the line, and then read with a corresponding key, or with the use of headphones which can be worn by the operator. Most telegraph operators around the world used Morse Code, an alphabet consisting of series of dots and dashes, to send messages. When someone arrives at a telegraph office to send a telegram, they write the message out as they wish it to be transmitted. Because the process can be timeconsuming, most people use a very specific written style which relies heavily on abbreviations and skipped words, rather than writing out full messages. Punctuation must also be written out in a telegram, with the most famous example of written punctuation being "STOP" for a period, and details are usually kept to a minimum. The telegraph operator transmits the message to the telegraph office closest to the recipient, and the receiving operator writes the message out so that it can be read by the recipient. Many telegraph companies offered delivery service historically, with a telegraph company employee dropping the telegram off at the home or business of the recipient, although people could also pick up messages in telegraph offices. Since telegrams were historically used for critical information which needed to be conveyed quickly, the arrival of a telegram could signal an emergency. Many militaries used telegrams to notify families of deaths or wounds in combat, which made the telegraph boy a dreaded figure in wartime, but telegrams could also bring good news, like the birth of a baby.

Ashwani gupta Other word can say telegramA telegram is a text message sent by wire using Morse code to tap out dits and daaahs. The code would then be transcribed into language, printed out and delivered by boys on bicycles. It was the fastest means of communication in the mid 19th century. Telegrams were obviously slower than telephone calls, but could be put into code for military use. Telegrams provided a written record of the communications to reduce the chances of misunderstandings and disputes. They were the preferred way to send very important information until a few decades ago. Telegrams can still be send all over the world, if necessary within a couple of hours. For the delivery details to countries all over the world you can use several different online services.

How to send a telegram Sending a telegram has never been this easy. Just follow a few simple steps and your telegram will be on its way. Step 1: Select a telegram product. Telegrams Online offers telegram products for all kind of occasions. Step 2: Create an account or Log-in to our site. When you are a new user, you have to enter your personal details first. Once you have created an account, your data will be stored so that log-in will be easy in the future. Step 3: Compose your message. Please, give an enter after every line. If you like, you can spell and check the message easily by pressing our Spell & Check Message button. Step 4: Enter the recipient's address. Make sure the telegram will be sent to the right address. Incomplete or wrong addresses can cause delay in delivery. Step 5: Check - and edit if necessary - the provided information on the order preview page before you send the telegram. Step 6: Enter payment details We accept most major credit and debit cards e.g. Mastercard, Visa, Switch, Solo and American Express (AmEx).

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Who invited telegram? Samuel Morse, who was born in Charleston, Massachusetts in April of 1791, invented the first electric telegraph. He patented the telegraph in 1854. How long will it take to deliver a Western Union Telegram message? Messages received prior to 6:00 p.m. eastern time, on Monday through Thursday will be delivered the next day to any point in the continental United States (excluding P.O. Boxes and rural routes). Messages received on Friday before 6:00 p.m., eastern time, will be delivered on the following Monday. Messages received Friday after 6:00 p.m., eastern time, Saturday and Sunday will be delivered on the following Tuesday. Special delivery schedules may apply for holidays. How do I pay for a Western Union Telegram message? You may bill the charges to one of the following bank cards: MasterCard , Visa or American Express . How will I know when the Western Union Telegram message is delivered? Coming soon - instant delivery tracking through Airborne, our deliverer of choice. What happens if the Western Union Telegram cannot be delivered? Reasonable efforts will be made to deliver the telegram to the intended recipient at the address provided by the sender. However, the Telegram will be returned to the sender directly if the delivery is not possible. So they still do deliver, but it seems that rather than having telegraph agents deliver, they use Airborne to do the presentation. You have to ask what the point of this is, since you could just send the message direct by Airborne and have it arrive faster. But if it's nostalgia you want--and who ever put an Airborne ticket in a scrapbook?--give Western Union a call. ADVERTISING Definition Its a publication of information regarding articles (product) put up for sales such that it presents a method to bring producer in touch with customer. - Advertising promotes sales - It is a pivot of modern trade, commerce and business. Functions of Advertising i) To prepare grounds for new product by way of introducing to customer by actual launching. ii) It enhance the goodwill of the company among customer.

Ashwani gupta iii) Advertising helps the product to stand against its competitors product. Economic implications of Advertising i) Information to consumer - An advertisement informs consumer about the market condition like, goods available in market, their characteristics, model best suited to the needs of the consumer and so on. ii) Broadening the market - advertisement broadens the market by familiarizing the consumer with new products, thus increasing the dealers. - This tends to increase the demand and thus production and consequently lower the cost of product. iii) Lowering selling cost - Lowers the cost per contact e.g. one news paper places the product in front of so many buyers. The expenditure on this will be too less than paying so many salesmen to tell about the products to the customers. iv) Encouraging competition - advertisement brings the product in stream of similar products very soon. v) Criticism - Advertisement, however, been criticized due to (a) misinforming the consumers, and (b) concentrating the market in the hands of few, who can invest heavily on the advertisement.