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The Adverb
We have learnt that an adverb modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb. Let us consider the following sentences. 1. I run 2. In run fast. We have added the word fast to the first sentence and formed the second sentence. I run fast. The word fastdescribes the action run. It adds to the meaning of the verb. Therefore we call it adverb. It modifies the word run. Similarly consider the following sentences. 1. You are tall. 2. You are very tall. The addition of the word very adds to the meaning of the Adjective tall. So very is an adverb. It modifies the Adjective tall. Now consider the following sentences. 1. They are walking slowly. 2. They are walking very slowly. The word slowly in the first sentence modifies the verb are walking. It is an adverb. The word very in the second sentence adds to the meaning of the word slowly. So very is also an adverb. It modifies another adverb slowly. Note: 1. Adverbs sometimes modify phrases. Examples a. She was sitting close beside him. b. At what hour is the sun right above us? 1. Adverbs at the beginning of sentences modify the whole sentence rather than any particualr word. Examples a. Probably he is mistaken. b. Possibly it is as you say. Kinds of adverbs There are nine kinds of adverbs. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Adverbs Adverbs Adverbs Adverbs Adverbs Adverbs Adverbs Adverbs Adverbs of of of of of of of of of time frequency place manner degree or quantity affirmation and negation reason interrogation relation or relative adverb

1. Adverbs of time Definition

2 Adverbs of time indicates the time of action when. Examples a. b. c. d. Do it now. He came soon. We came today. They started early.

Explanation Now indicates the time of the action denoted by the verb do; soon shows the time when he came, today and earlyalso indicate time. We call them adverbs of time. 1. Adverbs of frequency or number Definition Adverbs of frequency show the frequency or how often. Examples a. He came once. b. Show it again. c. I warned you often. Explanation Once, again and often indicate number. They are adverbs of number. 1. Adverbs of place Definition Adverbs of place show the place where. Examples a. You have put it there. b. Come here. c. The school is near. Explanation The words there, here and near indicate place. They are adverbs of place. 1. Adverbs of manner Definition Adverbs of manner show the manner or how. Examples a. You have done it well. b. He acted foolishly. c. Do it slowly. Explanation Well, foolishly and slowly indicate the manner of the action done. They are adverbs of manner.

3 Note: Adverbs of manner includes nearly all those adverbs which are derived from adjectives and end in ly. 1. Adverbs of degree or quantity Definition Adverbs of degree or quantity show the degree or quantity how much, or in what degree or to what extent. Examples a. We are quite pleased. b. He is very hasty. c. You are wise enough to understand it. Explanation Quite, very and enough indicate the degree or extent of something. They are adverbs of degree or quantity 1. Adverbs of affirmation and negation Definition Adverb of affirmation and negation modifies and reinforces the positive and negative aspects of something. Examples a. Surely you are mistaken. b. He certainly went. c. I do not know him. Explanation Surely and certainly affirms the meaning in the sentence while not negates the meaning of the sentence. 1. Adverbs of reason Definition Adverbs of reason indicate reason. Examples a. Therefore he left. b. Hence we agreed. Explanation Therefore and hence indicate reason. Therefore they are adverbs of reason. 1. Adverbs of interrogation Definition Adverbs used in asking questions are called interrogative adverbs.

4 Examples a. Why did you not come? b. When do you need it? c. Where did he halt? Explanation Why, when and where are used to ask questions. They are interrogative adverbs. 1. Adverbs of relation or relative adverbs Definition A relative adverb relates or refers back to its anticident. Examples a. This the place where we met him. b. He does not tell me the reason why he was absent. Explanation The adverb where joins two clauses and it relates or refers back to the antecedent place; the adverb why also joins two clauses and relates to the antecedent reason. They are relative adverbs. Note: 1. All adverbs except the interrogative adverbs and relative adverbs are classified as simple adverbs. Therefore we can say that all adverbs can be grouped into three kinds a. Simple adverbs (time, place, number, manner, affirmation and negation, degree and reason). b. Interrogative adverbs. c. Relative adverbs. 1. Some adverbs may belong to more than one class. Examples She sings delightfully. (Adverb of manner) The weather is delightfully cool. (Adverb of degree) Dont go far. (Adverb of place) He is far now. (Adverb of degree) Forms of adverbs Some adverbs are the same in form as the corresponding preposition or adjective; that is, some words are used sometimes as adjectives, sometimes as prepositions and sometimes as adverbs. Adverbs and prepositions Examples 1. He walked on and on. In this sentence on is an adverb, modifying the verb walked. 2. We walked on the mat. Here on is a preposition showing the relationship between waked and the mat.

5 So we see that the same word can be used either as an adverb or as a preposition. What part of speech a particular word is, depends upon its function in the sentence. Adverbs and Adjectives Examples 1. He tried hard. In this sentence Hard is an adverb modifying the verb tried. 2. It is a hard substance. In this sentence Hard is an Adjective, qualifying the noun substance. Here we see that like in the case of preposition, the same word can be use either as an adjective or an adverb. Therefore, only by observing how a word is used that we can tell what part of speech it is. Adverbs: Degrees of comparison Some adverbs like Adjectives have degrees of comparison. In the case of the following adverbs the comparative is formed by adding er to the positive and the superlative by adding est. Positive Near Soon Loud Long Comparative Nearer Sooner Louder Longer Superlative Nearest Soonest Loudest Longest

In the case of the following adverbs the comparative and the superlative are formed by adding more and mostrespectively to the positive. Positive Quickly Sweetly Happily Comparative More quickly More sweetly More happily Superlative Most quickly Most sweetly Most happily

The following adverbs form the degrees of comparison in an irregular way. Positive Well Ill Little Note: Only adverbs of manner, degree and time have degrees of comparison. Many adverbs like now, then, where, there, once etc can not be compared. Formation of adverbs Adverbs of manner are mostly formed from adjectives by adding ly. Examples Clever: Cleverly Wise : Wisely Comparative Better Worse Less Superlative Best Worst Least

6 Kind : Kindly When the adjective ends in y preceded by a consonant, the v is changed into I and ly is added. Examples Happy : Happily Ready : Readily Heavy : Heavily Some adverbs are made up of a noun and a qualifying adjective Examples Sometimes, meantime, meanwhile. Some adverbs are compounds of on (weakened to a) and a noun. Examples Afoot, abed, asleep. Some adverbs are compounds of a preposition and a noun. Examples Bedtimes, besides, today. Some adverbs are compounds of a preposition and an adjective. Examples Abroad, along, aloud. Some adverbs are compounds of a preposition and an adjective. Examples Within, without, before. Some adverbs are derived from pronouns. Examples The : there, then, thus He : here Who : where, when, how. Adverbs are also formed by compounding the adverbs derived from pronouns with prepositions. Examples Thereby, hereafter, wherein. Position of adverbs Adverbs of manner are generally placed after the verb or after the object. Examples It is raining heavily. The ship is going slowly. She speaks English well. Adverbs of place and time are also usually placed after the verb or after the object. Examples He will come here. I looked everywhere.

7 Hang the picture there. When there are two or more adverbs after a verb or its object, the normal order is : adverb of manner, adverb of place, adverb of time. Examples She sang well in the concert. We should go there tomorrow evening. He spoke earnestly at the meeting last night. Adverbs of frequency are normally put between the subject and the verb if the verb consists of only one word. If there is more than one word in the verb, they are put after te first word. Examples His wife never cooks. He has never seen a tiger. I have often told him to write neatly. Adverbs are placed after the verb where the verb is am/are/is/was. Examples I am never late for school. He is always at Home on Sundays. We are just off. The adverb is usually put before the auxiliary or the single verb be, when it is stressed. Examples "Abdul has come late again." "Yes, he always does come late." "When will you write the essay?" "But I already have written it." "Will you be free on Sundays?" "I usually am free on Sundays." The adverbs are in front of the auxiliaries have to and used to. Examples I often have to go to college on foot. He always used to agree with me. When an adverb modifies an adjective or another adverb, the adverb usually comes before it. Examples John is a rather lazy boy. The dog was quite dead. The book is very interesting. The adverb enough is always placed after the word that it modifies. Examples Is the box big enough? He was rash enough to interrupt. He spoke loud enough to be heard. As a general rule, the addverb only should be placed immediately before the word it modifies. Examples I worked only two sums. He has slept only three hours. However, in spoken English it is usually put before the verb to stress the meaning. Examples

8 I only worked two sums. He has only slept three hours. Parsing of adverbs Model He writes clearly. Clearly adverb of manner, positive degree, modifies the verb writes. To parse an adverb state its 1. Kind 2. Degree of comparison 3. Construction

Definition
Adverbs are words that modify

a verb (He drove slowly. How did he drive?) an adjective (He drove a very fast car. How fast was his car?) another adverb (She moved quite slowly down the aisle. How slowly did she move?)

As we will see, adverbs often tell when, where, why, or under what conditions something happens or happened. Adverbs frequently end in -ly; however, many words and phrases not ending in -ly serve an adverbial function and an -ly ending is not a guarantee that a word is an adverb. The words lovely, lonely, motherly, friendly, neighborly, for instance, are adjectives:

That lovely woman lives in a friendly neighborhood.

If a group of words containing a subject and verb acts as an adverb (modifying the verb of a sentence), it is called an Adverb Clause:

When this class is over, we're going to the movies.

When a group of words not containing a subject and verb acts as an adverb, it is called an adverbial phrase. Prepositional phrasesfrequently have adverbial functions (telling place and time, modifying the verb):

He went to the movies. She works on holidays. They lived in Canada during the war.

And Infinitive phrases can act as adverbs (usually telling why):

She hurried to the mainland to see her brother. The senator ran to catch the bus.

But there are other kinds of adverbial phrases:

He calls his mother as often as possible.

Click on "Lolly's Place"

to read and hear Bob Dorough's "Get Your Adverbs Here" (from Scholastic Rock, 1974). Schoolhouse Rock and its characters Like adjectives, adverbs can have comparative and superlative forms to show andother elements are trademarks and degree. service marks of American Broadcasting Walk faster if you want to keep up with me. Companies, Inc. Used The student who reads fastest will finish first. with permission. Adverbs can modify adjectives, but an adjective cannot modify an adverb. Thus we would say that "the students showed a really wonderful attitude" and that "the students showed a wonderfully casual attitude" and that "my professor is really tall, but not "He ran real fast." We often use more and most, less and least to show degree with adverbs:

With sneakers on, she could move more quickly among the patients. The flowers were the most beautifully arranged creations I've ever seen. She worked less confidently after her accident. That was the least skillfully done performance I've seen in years.

The as as construction can be used to create adverbs that express sameness or equality: "He can't run as fast as his sister." A handful of adverbs have two forms, one that ends in -ly and one that doesn't. In certain cases, the two forms have different meanings:

He arrived late. Lately, he couldn't seem to be on time for anything.

In most cases, however, the form without the -ly ending should be reserved for casual situations:

She certainly drives slow in that old Buick of hers. He did wrong by her. He spoke sharp, quick, and to the point.

Adverbs often function as intensifiers, conveying a greater or lesser emphasis to something. Intensifiers are said to have three different functions: they can emphasize, amplify, or downtone. Here are some examples:

Emphasizers:
o o o o

I really don't believe him. He literally wrecked his mother's car. She simply ignored me. They're going to be late, for sure. The teacher completely rejected her proposal. I absolutely refuse to attend any more faculty meetings. They heartily endorsed the new restaurant. I so wanted to go with them. We know this city well. I kind of like this college. Joe sort of felt betrayed by his sister. His mother mildly disapproved his actions. We can improve on this to some extent. The boss almost quit after that. The school was all but ruined by the storm.

Amplifiers:
o o o o o

Downtoners:
o o o o o o

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Adverbs (as well as adjectives) in their various degrees can be accompanied by premodifiers:

She runs very fast. We're going to run out of material all the faster

This issue is addressed in the section on degrees in adjectives.

For this section on intensifiers, we are indebted to A Grammar of Contemporary English by Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. Longman Group: London. 1978. pages 438 to 457. Examples our own.

Using Adverbs in a Numbered List

Within the normal flow of text, it's nearly always a bad idea to number items beyond three or four, at the most. Anything beyond that, you're better off with a vertical list that uses numbers (1, 2, 3, etc.). Also, in such a list, don't use adverbs (with an -ly ending); use instead the uninflected ordinal number (first, second, third, fourth, fifth, etc.). First (not firstly), it's unclear what the adverb is modifying. Second (not secondly), it's unnecessary. Third (not thirdly), after you get beyond "secondly," it starts to sound silly. Adverbs that number in this manner are treated as disjuncts(see below.)

Adverbs We Can Do Without

Review the section on Being Concise for some advice on adverbs that we can eliminate to the benefit of our prose: intensifiers such as very, extremely, and really that don't intensify anything and expletive constructions ("There are several books that address this issue.")

Kinds of Adverbs
Adverbs of Manner She moved slowly and spoke quietly. Adverbs of Place She has lived on the island all her life. She still lives there now. Adverbs of Frequency She takes the boat to the mainland every day. She often goes by herself. Adverbs of Time She tries to get back before dark. It's starting to get dark now. She finished her tea first. She left early. Adverbs of Purpose She drives her boat slowly to avoid hitting the rocks. She shops in several stores to get the best buys.

Positions of Adverbs
One of the hallmarks of adverbs is their ability to move around in a sentence. Adverbs of manner are particularly flexible in this regard.

Solemnly the minister addressed her congregation. The minister solemnly addressed her congregation.

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The minister addressed her congregation solemnly.

The following adverbs of frequency appear in various points in these sentences:

Before the main verb: I never get up before nine o'clock. Between the auxiliary verb and the main verb: I have rarely written to my brother without a good reason. Before the verb used to: I always used to see him at his summer home.

Indefinite adverbs of time can appear either before the verb or between the auxiliary and the main verb:

He finally showed up for batting practice. She has recently retired.

Order of Adverbs
There is a basic order in which adverbs will appear when there is more than one. It is similar to The Royal Order of Adjectives, but it is even more flexible.

THE ROYAL ORDER OF ADVERBS

Verb Beth swims Dad walks Tashonda naps Manner enthusiastically impatiently Place in the pool into town in her room Frequency every morning every afternoon every morning Time before dawn before supper before lunch. Purpose to keep in shape. to get a newspaper.

In actual practice, of course, it would be highly unusual to have a string of adverbial modifiers beyond two or three (at the most). Because the placement of adverbs is so flexible, one or two of the modifiers would probably move to the beginning of the sentence: "Every afternoon before supper, Dad impatiently walks into town to get a newspaper." When that happens, the introductory adverbial modifiers are usually set off with a comma.

More Notes on Adverb Order

As a general principle, shorter adverbial phrases precede longer adverbial phrases, regardless of content. In the following sentence, an adverb of time precedes an adverb of frequency because it is shorter (and simpler):

Dad takes a brisk walk before breakfast every day of his life.

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A second principle: among similar adverbial phrases of kind (manner, place, frequency, etc.), the more specific adverbial phrase comes first:

My grandmother was born in a sod house on the plains of northern Nebraska. She promised to meet him for lunch next Tuesday.

Bringing an adverbial modifier to the beginning of the sentence can place special emphasis on that modifier. This is particularly useful with adverbs of manner:

Slowly, ever so carefully, Jesse filled the coffee cup up to the brim, even above the brim. Occasionally, but only occasionally, one of these lemons will get by the inspectors.

Inappropriate Adverb Order

Review the section on Misplaced Modifiers for some additional ideas on placement. Modifiers can sometimes attach themselves to and thus modify words that they ought not to modify.

They reported that Giuseppe Balle, a European rock star, had died on the six o'clock news.

Clearly, it would be better to move the underlined modifier to a position immediately after "they reported" or even to the beginning of the sentence so the poor man doesn't die on television. Misplacement can also occur with very simple modifiers, such as only and barely:

She only grew to be four feet tall.

It would be better if "She grew to be only four feet tall."

Adjuncts, Disjuncts, and Conjuncts

Regardless of its position, an adverb is often neatly integrated into the flow of a sentence. When this is true, as it almost always is, the adverb is called an adjunct. (Notice the underlined adjuncts or adjunctive adverbs in the first two sentences of this paragraph.) When the adverb does not fit into the flow of the clause, it is called a disjunct or a conjunct and is often set off by a comma or set of commas. A disjunct frequently acts as a kind of evaluation of the rest of the sentence. Although it usually modifies the verb, we could say that it modifies the entire clause, too. Notice how "too" is a disjunct in the sentence immediately before this one; that same word can also serve as an adjunct adverbial modifier: It's too hot to play outside. Here are two more disjunctive adverbs:

Frankly, Martha, I don't give a hoot. Fortunately, no one was hurt.

Conjuncts, on the other hand, serve a connector function within the flow of the text, signaling a transition between ideas.

If they start smoking those awful cigars, then I'm not staying. We've told the landlord about this ceiling again and again, and yet he's done nothing to fix it.

At the extreme edge of this category, we have the purely conjunctive device known as the conjunctive adverb (often called the adverbial conjunction):

Jose has spent years preparing for this event; nevertheless, he's the most nervous person here. I love this school; however, I don't think I can afford the tuition.

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Authority for this section: A University Grammar of English by Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaum. Longman Group: Essex, England. 1993. 126. Used with permission. Examples our own.

Some Special Cases

The adverbs enough and not enough usually take a postmodifier position:

Is that music loud enough? These shoes are not big enough. In a roomful of elderly people, you must remember to speak loudly enough.

(Notice, though, that when enough functions as an adjective, it can come before the noun:

Did she give us enough time?

The adverb enough is often followed by an infinitive:

She didn't run fast enough to win.

The adverb too comes before adjectives and other adverbs:

She ran too fast. She works too quickly.

If too comes after the adverb it is probably a disjunct (meaning also) and is usually set off with a comma:

Yasmin works hard. She works quickly, too.

The adverb too is often followed by an infinitive:

She runs too slowly to enter this race.

Another common construction with the adverb too is too followed by a prepositional phrase for + the object of the preposition followed by an infinitive:

This milk is too hot for a baby to drink.

Relative Adverbs
Adjectival clauses are sometimes introduced by what are called the relative adverbs: where, when, and why. Although the entire clause is adjectival and will modify a noun, the relative word itself fulfills an adverbial function (modifying a verb within its own clause). The relative adverb where will begin a clause that modifies a noun of place:
My entire family now worships in the church where my great grandfather used to be minister.

The relative pronoun "where" modifies the verb "used to be" (which makes it adverbial), but the entire clause ("where my great grandfather used to be minister") modifies the word "church." A when clause will modify nouns of time:
My favorite month is always February, when we celebrate Valentine's Day and Presidents' Day.

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And a why clause will modify the noun reason:

Do you know the reason why Isabel isn't in class today?

We sometimes leave out the relative adverb in such clauses, and many writers prefer "that" to "why" in a clause referring to "reason":

Do you know the reason why Isabel isn't in class today? I always look forward to the day when we begin our summer vacation. I know the reason that men like motorcycles.

Authority for this section: Understanding English Grammar by Martha Kolln. 4rth Edition. MacMillan Publishing Company: New York. 1994.

Viewpoint, Focus, and Negative Adverbs

A viewpoint adverb generally comes after a noun and is related to an adjective that precedes that noun:

A successful athletic team is often a good team scholastically. Investing all our money in snowmobiles was probably not a sound idea financially.

You will sometimes hear a phrase like "scholastically speaking" or "financially speaking" in these circumstances, but the word "speaking" is seldom necessary. A focus adverb indicates that what is being communicated is limited to the part that is focused; a focus adverb will tend either to limit the sense of the sentence ("He got an A just for attending the class.") or to act as an additive ("He got an A in addition to being published." Although negative constructions like the words "not" and "never" are usually found embedded within a verb string "He has never been much help to his mother." they are technically not part of the verb; they are, indeed, adverbs. However, a so-called negative adverb creates a negative meaning in a sentence without the use of the usual no/not/neither/nor/never constructions:

He seldom visits. She hardly eats anything since the accident. After her long and tedious lectures, rarely was anyone awake.